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Averill JR, Lin JC, Jung J, Jung H. Novel insights into the role of translesion synthesis polymerase in DNA incorporation and bypass of 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:4295-4312. [PMID: 38416579 PMCID: PMC11077093 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is the first-line chemotherapeutic agent in colorectal cancer, and resistance to 5-FU easily emerges. One of the mechanisms of drug action and resistance of 5-FU is through DNA incorporation. Our quantitative reverse-transcription PCR data showed that one of the translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases, DNA polymerase η (polη), was upregulated within 72 h upon 5-FU administration at 1 and 10 μM, indicating that polη is one of the first responding polymerases, and the only TLS polymerase, upon the 5-FU treatment to incorporate 5-FU into DNA. Our kinetic studies revealed that 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine triphosphate (5FdUTP) was incorporated across dA 41 and 28 times more efficiently than across dG and across inosine, respectively, by polη indicating that the mutagenicity of 5-FU incorporation is higher in the presence of inosine and that DNA lesions could lead to more mutagenic incorporation of 5-FU. Our polη crystal structures complexed with DNA and 5FdUTP revealed that dA:5FdUTP base pair is like dA:dTTP in the active site of polη, while 5FdUTP adopted 4-enol tautomer in the base pairs with dG and HX increasing the insertion efficiency compared to dG:dTTP for the incorrect insertions. These studies confirm that polη engages in the DNA incorporation and bypass of 5-FU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameson R Averill
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Jackson C Lin
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - John Jung
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Hunmin Jung
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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2
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Lichimo K, Sowa DJ, Tetenych A, Warner MM, Doubleday C, Dev HS, Luck C, Andres SN. Myxococcus xanthus translesion DNA synthesis protein ImuA is an ATPase enhanced by DNA. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4981. [PMID: 38591662 PMCID: PMC11002988 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Translesion DNA synthesis pathways are necessary to ensure bacterial replication in the presence of DNA damage. Translesion DNA synthesis carried out by the PolV mutasome is well-studied in Escherichia coli, but ~one third of bacteria use a functionally homologous protein complex, consisting of ImuA, ImuB, and ImuC (also called DnaE2). Numerous in vivo studies have shown that all three proteins are required for translesion DNA synthesis and that ImuC is the error-prone polymerase, but the roles of ImuA and ImuB are unclear. Here we carry out biochemical characterization of ImuA and a truncation of ImuB from Myxococcus xanthus. We find that ImuA is an ATPase, with ATPase activity enhanced in the presence of DNA. The ATPase activity is likely regulated by the C-terminus, as loss of the ImuA C-terminus results in DNA-independent ATP hydrolysis. We also find that ImuA binds a variety of DNA substrates, with DNA binding affinity affected by the addition of ADP or adenylyl-imidodiphosphate. An ImuB truncation also binds DNA, with lower affinity than ImuA. In the absence of DNA, ImuA directly binds ImuB with moderate affinity. Finally, we show that ImuA and ImuB self-interact, but that ImuA is predominantly a monomer, while truncated ImuB is a trimer in vitro. Together, with our findings and the current literature in the field, we suggest a model for translesion DNA synthesis, where a trimeric ImuB would provide sufficient binding sites for DNA, the β-clamp, ImuC, and ImuA, and where ImuA ATPase activity may regulate assembly and disassembly of the translesion DNA synthesis complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi Lichimo
- Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease ResearchMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Dana J. Sowa
- Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease ResearchMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Andriana Tetenych
- Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease ResearchMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Monica M. Warner
- Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease ResearchMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Caitlin Doubleday
- Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease ResearchMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Harman S. Dev
- Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease ResearchMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Catie Luck
- Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease ResearchMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Sara N. Andres
- Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease ResearchMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
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3
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Sonobe R, Yang P, Suzuki MM, Shinjo K, Iijima K, Nishiyama N, Miyata K, Kataoka K, Kajiyama H, Kondo Y. Long noncoding RNA TUG1 promotes cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer via upregulation of DNA polymerase eta. Cancer Sci 2024. [PMID: 38558246 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance is a major cause of high mortality and poor survival in patients with ovarian cancer (OVCA). Understanding the mechanisms of chemoresistance is urgently required to develop effective therapeutic approaches to OVCA. Here, we show that expression of the long noncoding RNA, taurine upregulated gene 1 (TUG1), is markedly upregulated in samples from OVCA patients who developed resistance to primary platinum-based therapy. Depletion of TUG1 increased sensitivity to cisplatin in the OVCA cell lines, SKOV3 and KURAMOCHI. Combination therapy of cisplatin with antisense oligonucleotides targeting TUG1 coupled with a drug delivery system effectively relieved the tumor burden in xenograft mouse models. Mechanistically, TUG1 acts as a competing endogenous RNA by downregulating miR-4687-3p and miR-6088, both of which target DNA polymerase eta (POLH), an enzyme required for translesion DNA synthesis. Overexpression of POLH reversed the effect of TUG1 depletion on cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity. Our data suggest that TUG1 upregulation allows OVCA to tolerate DNA damage via upregulation of POLH; this provides a strong rationale for targeting TUG1 to overcome cisplatin resistance in OVCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Sonobe
- Division of Cancer Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Peng Yang
- Division of Cancer Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Fourth Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Miho M Suzuki
- Division of Cancer Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Keiko Shinjo
- Division of Cancer Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenta Iijima
- Division of Cancer Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nishiyama
- Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kanjiro Miyata
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kajiyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kondo
- Division of Cancer Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Venkadakrishnan J, Lahane G, Dhar A, Xiao W, Bhat KM, Pandita TK, Bhat A. Implications of Translesion DNA Synthesis Polymerases on Genomic Stability and Human Health. Mol Cell Biol 2023; 43:401-425. [PMID: 37439479 PMCID: PMC10448981 DOI: 10.1080/10985549.2023.2224199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication fork arrest-induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) caused by lesions are effectively suppressed in cells due to the presence of a specialized mechanism, commonly referred to as DNA damage tolerance (DDT). In eukaryotic cells, DDT is facilitated through translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) carried out by a set of DNA polymerases known as TLS polymerases. Another parallel mechanism, referred to as homology-directed DDT, is error-free and involves either template switching or fork reversal. The significance of the DDT pathway is well established. Several diseases have been attributed to defects in the TLS pathway, caused either by mutations in the TLS polymerase genes or dysregulation. In the event of a replication fork encountering a DNA lesion, cells switch from high-fidelity replicative polymerases to low-fidelity TLS polymerases, which are associated with genomic instability linked with several human diseases including, cancer. The role of TLS polymerases in chemoresistance has been recognized in recent years. In addition to their roles in the DDT pathway, understanding noncanonical functions of TLS polymerases is also a key to unraveling their importance in maintaining genomic stability. Here we summarize the current understanding of TLS pathway in DDT and its implication for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ganesh Lahane
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Arti Dhar
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Wei Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Krishna Moorthi Bhat
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Tej K. Pandita
- Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Audesh Bhat
- Center for Molecular Biology, Central University of Jammu, UT Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Zhong J, Liu J, Huang Z, Zheng Y, Chen J, Ji J, Chen T, Ke Y. A prognostic pyroptosis-related LncRNA classifier associated with the immune landscape and therapy efficacy in glioma. Front Genet 2022; 13:1026192. [PMID: 36353102 PMCID: PMC9637659 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1026192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Glioma has the highest fatality rate among intracranial tumours. Besides, the heterogeneity of gliomas leads to different therapeutic effects even with the same treatment. Developing a new signature for glioma to achieve the concept of “personalised medicine” remains a significant challenge. Method: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) were searched to acquire information on glioma patients. Initially, correlation and univariate Cox regression analyses were performed to screen for prognostic pyroptosis-related long noncoding RNAs (PRLs). Secondly, 11 PRLs were selected to construct the classifier using certain algorithms. The efficacy of the classifier was then detected by the “timeROC” package for both the training and validation datasets. CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE packages were applied for comparing the differences (variations) in the immune landscape between the high- and low-risk groups. Finally, the therapeutic efficacy of the chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy were assessed using the “oncoPredict” package, survival analysis, and the tumour immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) score, respectively. Results: A classifier comprising 11 PRLs was constructed. The PRL classifier exhibits a more robust prediction capacity for the survival outcomes in patients with gliomas than the clinical characteristics irrespective of the dataset (training or validation dataset). Moreover, it was found that the tumour landscape between the low- and high-risk groups was significantly different. A high-risk score was linked to a more immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. According to the outcome prediction and analysis of the chemotherapy, patients with different scores showed different responses to various chemotherapeutic drugs and immunotherapy. Meanwhile, the patient with glioma of WHO grade Ⅳ or aged >50 years in the high risk group had better survival following radiotherapy. Conclusion: We constructed a PRL classifier to roughly predict the outcome of patients with gliomas. Furthermore, the PRL classifier was linked to the immune landscape of glioma and may guide clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yiquan Ke
- *Correspondence: Taoliang Chen, ; Yiquan Ke,
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Latancia MT, Moreno NC, Leandro GS, Ribeiro VC, de Souza I, Vieira WKM, Bastos AU, Hoch NC, Rocha CRR, Menck CFM. DNA polymerase eta protects human cells against DNA damage induced by the tumor chemotherapeutic temozolomide. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 2022; 878:503498. [PMID: 35649682 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human DNA polymerases can bypass DNA lesions performing translesion synthesis (TLS), a mechanism of DNA damage tolerance. Tumor cells use this mechanism to survive lesions caused by specific chemotherapeutic agents, resulting in treatment relapse. Moreover, TLS polymerases are error-prone and, thus, can lead to mutagenesis, increasing the resistance potential of tumor cells. DNA polymerase eta (pol eta) - a key protein from this group - is responsible for protecting against sunlight-induced tumors. Xeroderma Pigmentosum Variant (XP-V) patients are deficient in pol eta activity, which leads to symptoms related to higher sensitivity and increased incidence of skin cancer. Temozolomide (TMZ) is a chemotherapeutic agent used in glioblastoma and melanoma treatment. TMZ damages cells' genomes, but little is known about the role of TLS in TMZ-induced DNA lesions. This work investigates the effects of TMZ treatment in human XP-V cells, which lack pol eta, and in its complemented counterpart (XP-V comp). Interestingly, TMZ reduces the viability of XP-V cells compared to TLS proficient control cells. Furthermore, XP-V cells treated with TMZ presented increased phosphorylation of H2AX, forming γH2AX, compared to control cells. However, cell cycle assays indicate that XP-V cells treated with TMZ replicate damaged DNA and pass-through S-phase, arresting in the G2/M-phase. DNA fiber assay also fails to show any specific effect of TMZ-induced DNA damage blocking DNA elongation in pol eta deficient cells. These results show that pol eta plays a role in protecting human cells from TMZ-induced DNA damage, but this can be different from its canonical TLS mechanism. The new role opens novel therapeutic possibilities of using pol eta as a target to improve the efficacy of TMZ-based therapies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela T Latancia
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Natália C Moreno
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovana S Leandro
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Izadora de Souza
- Departamento de Clínica e Oncologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - André Uchimura Bastos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Carlos Hoch
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Clarissa R R Rocha
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Clínica e Oncologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos F M Menck
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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7
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Daks A, Fedorova O, Parfenyev S, Nevzorov I, Shuvalov O, Barlev NA. The Role of E3 Ligase Pirh2 in Disease. Cells 2022; 11:1515. [PMID: 35563824 PMCID: PMC9101203 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53-dependent ubiquitin ligase Pirh2 regulates a number of proteins involved in different cancer-associated processes. Targeting the p53 family proteins, Chk2, p27Kip1, Twist1 and others, Pirh2 participates in such cellular processes as proliferation, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis and cellular migration. Thus, it is not surprising that Pirh2 takes part in the initiation and progression of different diseases and pathologies including but not limited to cancer. In this review, we aimed to summarize the available data on Pirh2 regulation, its protein targets and its role in various diseases and pathological processes, thus making the Pirh2 protein a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Daks
- Institute of Cytology RAS, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (O.F.); (S.P.); (I.N.); (O.S.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nickolai A. Barlev
- Institute of Cytology RAS, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (O.F.); (S.P.); (I.N.); (O.S.)
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8
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Fenteany G, Sharma G, Gaur P, Borics A, Wéber E, Kiss E, Haracska L. A series of xanthenes inhibiting Rad6 function and Rad6-Rad18 interaction in the PCNA ubiquitination cascade. iScience 2022; 25:104053. [PMID: 35355521 PMCID: PMC8958325 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) triggers pathways of DNA damage tolerance, including mutagenic translesion DNA synthesis, and comprises a cascade of reactions involving the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme Uba1, the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Rad6, and the E3 ubiquitin ligase Rad18. We report here the discovery of a series of xanthenes that inhibit PCNA ubiquitination, Rad6∼ubiquitin thioester formation, and the Rad6–Rad18 interaction. Structure-activity relationship experiments across multiple assays reveal chemical and structural features important for different activities along the pathway to PCNA ubiquitination. The compounds that inhibit these processes are all a subset of the xanthen-3-ones we tested. These small molecules thus represent first-in-class probes of Rad6 function and the association of Rad6 and Rad18, the latter being a new inhibitory activity discovered for a small molecule, in the PCNA ubiquitination cascade and potential therapeutic agents to contain cancer progression. Alpha-based HTS for PCNA ubiquitination modulators Target-based characterization of hits A series of xanthenes that inhibit Rad6 functions and Rad6–Rad18 interaction
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9
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Abstract
DNA lesions arising from both exogenous and endogenous sources occur frequently in DNA. During DNA replication, the presence of unrepaired DNA damage in the template can arrest replication fork progression, leading to fork collapse, double-strand break formation, and to genome instability. To facilitate completion of replication and prevent the generation of strand breaks, DNA damage tolerance (DDT) pathways play a key role in allowing replication to proceed in the presence of lesions in the template. The two main DDT pathways are translesion synthesis (TLS), which involves the recruitment of specialized TLS polymerases to the site of replication arrest to bypass lesions, and homology-directed damage tolerance, which includes the template switching and fork reversal pathways. With some exceptions, lesion bypass by TLS polymerases is a source of mutagenesis, potentially contributing to the development of cancer. The capacity of TLS polymerases to bypass replication-blocking lesions induced by anti-cancer drugs such as cisplatin can also contribute to tumor chemoresistance. On the other hand, during homology-directed DDT the nascent sister strand is transiently utilised as a template for replication, allowing for error-free lesion bypass. Given the role of DNA damage tolerance pathways in replication, mutagenesis and chemoresistance, a more complete understanding of these pathways can provide avenues for therapeutic exploitation. A number of small molecule inhibitors of TLS polymerase activity have been identified that show synergy with conventional chemotherapeutic agents in killing cancer cells. In this review, we will summarize the major DDT pathways, explore the relationship between damage tolerance and carcinogenesis, and discuss the potential of targeting TLS polymerases as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlynn Ai Li Ler
- Biochemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michael P. Carty
- Biochemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway, Galway, Ireland
- DNA Damage Response Laboratory, Centre for Chromosome Biology, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Michael P. Carty,
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Wenmaekers S, Viergever BJ, Kumar G, Kranenburg O, Black PC, Daugaard M, Meijer RP. A Potential Role for HUWE1 in Modulating Cisplatin Sensitivity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051262. [PMID: 34065298 PMCID: PMC8160634 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is a widely used antineoplastic agent, whose efficacy is limited by primary and acquired therapeutic resistance. Recently, a bladder cancer genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knock-out screen correlated cisplatin sensitivity to multiple genetic biomarkers. Among the screen’s top hits was the HECT domain-containing ubiquitin E3 ligase (HUWE1). In this review, HUWE1 is postulated as a therapeutic response modulator, affecting the collision between platinum-DNA adducts and the replication fork, the primary cytotoxic action of platins. HUWE1 can alter the cytotoxic response to platins by targeting essential components of the DNA damage response including BRCA1, p53, and Mcl-1. Deficiency of HUWE1 could lead to enhanced DNA damage repair and a dysfunctional apoptotic apparatus, thereby inducing resistance to platins. Future research on the relationship between HUWE1 and platins could generate new mechanistic insights into therapy resistance. Ultimately, HUWE1 might serve as a clinical biomarker to tailor cancer treatment strategies, thereby improving cancer care and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Wenmaekers
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.W.); (B.J.V.); (O.K.)
- Department of Oncological Urology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan J. Viergever
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.W.); (B.J.V.); (O.K.)
- Department of Oncological Urology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gunjan Kumar
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; (G.K.); (P.C.B.)
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Onno Kranenburg
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.W.); (B.J.V.); (O.K.)
| | - Peter C. Black
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; (G.K.); (P.C.B.)
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Mads Daugaard
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; (G.K.); (P.C.B.)
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (R.P.M.)
| | - Richard P. Meijer
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.W.); (B.J.V.); (O.K.)
- Department of Oncological Urology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (R.P.M.)
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11
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Marima R, Hull R, Penny C, Dlamini Z. Mitotic syndicates Aurora Kinase B (AURKB) and mitotic arrest deficient 2 like 2 (MAD2L2) in cohorts of DNA damage response (DDR) and tumorigenesis. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res 2021; 787:108376. [PMID: 34083040 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aurora Kinase B (AURKB) and Mitotic Arrest Deficient 2 Like 2 (MAD2L2) are emerging anticancer therapeutic targets. AURKB and MAD2L2 are the least well studied members of their protein families, compared to AURKA and MAD2L1. Both AURKB and MAD2L2 play a critical role in mitosis, cell cycle checkpoint, DNA damage response (DDR) and normal physiological processes. However, the oncogenic roles of AURKB and MAD2L2 in tumorigenesis and genomic instability have also been reported. DDR acts as an arbitrator for cell fate by either repairing the damage or directing the cell to self-destruction. While there is strong evidence of interphase DDR, evidence of mitotic DDR is just emerging and remains largely unelucidated. To date, inhibitors of the DDR components show effective anti-cancer roles. Contrarily, long-term resistance towards drugs that target only one DDR target is becoming a challenge. Targeting interactions between protein-protein or protein-DNA holds prominent therapeutic potential. Both AURKB and MAD2L2 play critical roles in the success of mitosis and their emerging roles in mitotic DDR cannot be ignored. Small molecule inhibitors for AURKB are in clinical trials. A few lead compounds towards MAD2L2 inhibition have been discovered. Targeting mitotic DDR components and their interaction is emerging as a potent next generation anti-cancer therapeutic target. This can be done by developing small molecule inhibitors for AURKB and MAD2L2, thereby targeting DDR components as anti-cancer therapeutic targets and/or targeting mitotic DDR. This review focuses on AURKB and MAD2L2 prospective synergy to deregulate the p53 DDR pathway and promote favourable conditions for uncontrolled cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahaba Marima
- SA-MRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Rodney Hull
- SA-MRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Clement Penny
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Zodwa Dlamini
- SA-MRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
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12
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McPherson KS, Zaino AM, Dash RC, Rizzo AA, Li Y, Hao B, Bezsonova I, Hadden MK, Korzhnev DM. Structure-Based Drug Design of Phenazopyridine Derivatives as Inhibitors of Rev1 Interactions in Translesion Synthesis. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1126-1132. [PMID: 33314657 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rev1 is a protein scaffold of the translesion synthesis (TLS) pathway, which employs low-fidelity DNA polymerases for replication of damaged DNA. The TLS pathway helps cancers tolerate DNA damage induced by genotoxic chemotherapy, and increases mutagenesis in tumors, thus accelerating the onset of chemoresistance. TLS inhibitors have emerged as potential adjuvant drugs to enhance the efficacy of first-line chemotherapy, with the majority of reported inhibitors targeting protein-protein interactions (PPIs) of the Rev1 C-terminal domain (Rev1-CT). We previously identified phenazopyridine (PAP) as a scaffold to disrupt Rev1-CT PPIs with Rev1-interacting regions (RIRs) of TLS polymerases. To explore the structure-activity relationships for this scaffold, we developed a protocol for co-crystallization of compounds that target the RIR binding site on Rev1-CT with a triple Rev1-CT/Rev7R124A /Rev3-RBM1 complex, and solved an X-ray crystal structure of Rev1-CT bound to the most potent PAP analogue. The structure revealed an unexpected binding pose of the compound and informed changes to the scaffold to improve its affinity for Rev1-CT. We synthesized eight additional PAP derivatives, with modifications to the scaffold driven by the structure, and evaluated their binding to Rev1-CT by microscale thermophoresis (MST). Several second-generation PAP derivatives showed an affinity for Rev1-CT that was improved by over an order of magnitude, thereby validating the structure-based assumptions that went into the compound design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Silva McPherson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Angela M Zaino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Radha C Dash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Alessandro A Rizzo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Bing Hao
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Irina Bezsonova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - M Kyle Hadden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Dmitry M Korzhnev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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13
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Patel SM, Dash RC, Hadden MK. Translesion synthesis inhibitors as a new class of cancer chemotherapeutics. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 30:13-24. [PMID: 33179552 PMCID: PMC7832080 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1850692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Translesion synthesis (TLS) is a DNA damage tolerance mechanism that replaces the replicative DNA polymerase with a specialized, low-fidelity TLS DNA polymerase that can copy past DNA lesions during active replication. Recent studies have demonstrated a primary role for TLS in replicating past DNA lesions induced by first-line genotoxic agents, resulting in decreased efficacy and acquired chemoresistance. With this in mind, targeting TLS as a combination strategy with first-line genotoxic agents has emerged as a promising approach to develop a new class of anti-cancer adjuvant agents. Areas covered: In this review, we provide a brief background on TLS and its role in cancer. We also discuss the identification and development of inhibitors that target various TLS DNA polymerases or key protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in the TLS machinery. Expert opinion: TLS inhibitors have demonstrated initial promise; however, their continued study is essential to more fully understand the clinical potential of this emerging class of anti-cancer chemotherapeutics. It will be important to determine whether a specific protein involved in TLS is an optimal target. In addition, an expanded understanding of what current genotoxic chemotherapies synergize with TLS inhibitors will guide the clinical strategies for devising combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema M Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Radha Charan Dash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, CT, United States
| | - M Kyle Hadden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, CT, United States
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14
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Saha P, Mandal T, Talukdar AD, Kumar D, Kumar S, Tripathi PP, Wang QE, Srivastava AK. DNA polymerase eta: A potential pharmacological target for cancer therapy. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:4106-4120. [PMID: 33184862 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades, intensive research has been carried out to improve the survival rates of cancer patients. However, the development of chemoresistance that ultimately leads to tumor relapse poses a critical challenge for the successful treatment of cancer patients. Many cancer patients experience tumor relapse and ultimately die because of treatment failure associated with acquired drug resistance. Cancer cells utilize multiple lines of self-defense mechanisms to bypass chemotherapy and radiotherapy. One such mechanism employed by cancer cells is translesion DNA synthesis (TLS), in which specialized TLS polymerases bypass the DNA lesion with the help of monoubiquitinated proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Among all TLS polymerases (Pol η, Pol ι, Pol κ, REV1, Pol ζ, Pol μ, Pol λ, Pol ν, and Pol θ), DNA polymerase eta (Pol η) is well studied and majorly responsible for the bypass of cisplatin and UV-induced DNA damage. TLS polymerases contribute to chemotherapeutic drug-induced mutations as well as therapy resistance. Therefore, targeting these polymerases presents a novel therapeutic strategy to combat chemoresistance. Mounting evidence suggests that inhibition of Pol η may have multiple impacts on cancer therapy such as sensitizing cancer cells to chemotherapeutics, suppressing drug-induced mutagenesis, and inhibiting the development of secondary tumors. Herein, we provide a general introduction of Pol η and its clinical implications in blocking acquired drug resistance. In addition; this review addresses the existing gaps and challenges of Pol η mediated TLS mechanisms in human cells. A better understanding of the Pol η mediated TLS mechanism will not merely establish it as a potential pharmacological target but also open possibilities to identify novel drug targets for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Saha
- Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Tanima Mandal
- Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anupam D Talukdar
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Division of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Prem P Tripathi
- Cell Biology & Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Qi-En Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amit K Srivastava
- Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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15
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Fenteany G, Gaur P, Sharma G, Pintér L, Kiss E, Haracska L. Robust high-throughput assays to assess discrete steps in ubiquitination and related cascades. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:21. [PMID: 32228444 PMCID: PMC7106726 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00262-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ubiquitination and ubiquitin-like protein post-translational modifications play an enormous number of roles in cellular processes. These modifications are constituted of multistep reaction cascades. Readily implementable and robust methods to evaluate each step of the overall process, while presently limited, are critical to the understanding and modulation of the reaction sequence at any desired level, both in terms of basic research and potential therapeutic drug discovery and development. Results We developed multiple robust and reliable high-throughput assays to interrogate each of the sequential discrete steps in the reaction cascade leading to protein ubiquitination. As models for the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme, the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, the E3 ubiquitin ligase, and their ultimate substrate of ubiquitination in a cascade, we examined Uba1, Rad6, Rad18, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), respectively, in reconstituted systems. Identification of inhibitors of this pathway holds promise in cancer therapy since PCNA ubiquitination plays a central role in DNA damage tolerance and resulting mutagenesis. The luminescence-based assays we developed allow for the quantitative determination of the degree of formation of ubiquitin thioester conjugate intermediates with both E1 and E2 proteins, autoubiquitination of the E3 protein involved, and ubiquitination of the final substrate. Thus, all covalent adducts along the cascade can be individually probed. We tested previously identified inhibitors of this ubiquitination cascade, finding generally good correspondence between compound potency trends determined by more traditional low-throughput methods and the present high-throughput ones. Conclusions These approaches are readily adaptable to other E1, E2, and E3 systems, and their substrates in both ubiquitination and ubiquitin-like post-translational modification cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Fenteany
- HCEMM-BRC Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.
| | - Paras Gaur
- HCEMM-BRC Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- HCEMM-BRC Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Lajos Pintér
- Visal Plus Ltd., Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Ernő Kiss
- HCEMM-BRC Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Lajos Haracska
- HCEMM-BRC Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.
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16
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Abstract
DNA contains information that must be safeguarded, but also accessed for transcription and replication. To perform replication, eukaryotic cells use the B-family DNA polymerase enzymes Polδ and Polɛ, which are optimized for accuracy, speed, and processivity. The molecular basis of these high-performance characteristics causes these replicative polymerases to fail at sites of DNA damage (lesions), which would lead to genomic instability and cell death. To avoid this, cells possess additional DNA polymerases such as the Y-family of polymerases and the B-family member Polζ that can replicate over sites of DNA damage in a process called translesion synthesis (TLS). While able to replicate over DNA lesions, the TLS polymerases exhibit low-fidelity on undamaged DNA and, consequently, must be prevented from replicating DNA under normal circumstances and recruited only when necessary. The replicative bypass of most types of DNA lesions requires the consecutive action of these specialized TLS polymerases assembled into a dynamic multiprotein complex called the Rev1/Polζ mutasome. To this end, posttranslational modifications and a network of protein-protein interactions mediated by accessory domains/subunits of the TLS polymerases control the assembly and rearrangements of the Rev1/Polζ mutasome and recruitment of TLS proteins to sites of DNA damage. This chapter focuses on the structures and interactions that control these processes underlying the function of the Rev1/Polζ mutasome, as well as the development of small molecule inhibitors of the Rev1/Polζ-dependent TLS holding promise as a potential anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro A Rizzo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Dmitry M Korzhnev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States.
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17
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Jiraskova K, Hughes DJ, Brezina S, Gumpenberger T, Veskrnova V, Buchler T, Schneiderova M, Levy M, Liska V, Vodenkova S, Di Gaetano C, Naccarati A, Pardini B, Vymetalkova V, Gsur A, Vodicka P. Functional Polymorphisms in DNA Repair Genes Are Associated with Sporadic Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility and Clinical Outcome. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:E97. [PMID: 30591675 PMCID: PMC6337670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA repair processes are involved in both the onset and treatment efficacy of colorectal cancer (CRC). A change of a single nucleotide causing an amino acid substitution in the corresponding protein may alter the efficiency of DNA repair, thus modifying the CRC susceptibility and clinical outcome. We performed a candidate gene approach in order to analyze the association of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in the genes covering the main DNA repair pathways with CRC risk and clinical outcome modifications. Our candidate polymorphisms were selected according to the foremost genomic and functional prediction databases. Sixteen nsSNPs in 12 DNA repair genes were evaluated in cohorts from the Czech Republic and Austria. Apart from the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, which occurred as the main prognostic factor in all of the performed analyses, we observed several significant associations of different nsSNPs with survival and clinical outcomes in both cohorts. However, only some of the genes (REV3L, POLQ, and NEIL3) were prominently defined as prediction factors in the classification and regression tree analysis; therefore, the study suggests their association for patient survival. In summary, we provide observational and bioinformatics evidence that even subtle alterations in specific proteins of the DNA repair pathways may contribute to CRC susceptibility and clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Jiraskova
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - David J Hughes
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Group, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Stefanie Brezina
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Tanja Gumpenberger
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Veronika Veskrnova
- Department of Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Videnska 800, 140 59 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomas Buchler
- Department of Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Videnska 800, 140 59 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Michaela Schneiderova
- Department of Surgery, General University Hospital in Prague, U Nemocnice 499/2, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Levy
- Department of Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Thomayerova 815/5, 140 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Vaclav Liska
- Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
- Department of Surgery, Medical School in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej svobody 80, 304 600 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
| | - Sona Vodenkova
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 2411/87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Cornelia Di Gaetano
- Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology; Genomic Variation in Human Populations and Complex Diseases, IIGM Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Alessio Naccarati
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
- Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology; Genomic Variation in Human Populations and Complex Diseases, IIGM Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Barbara Pardini
- Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology; Genomic Variation in Human Populations and Complex Diseases, IIGM Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Veronika Vymetalkova
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
- Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
| | - Andrea Gsur
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Pavel Vodicka
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
- Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
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18
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Gu W, Sun S, Kahn A, Dacus D, Wendel SO, McMillan N, Wallace NA. Cervical cancer cell lines are sensitive to sub-erythemal UV exposure. Gene 2019; 688:44-53. [PMID: 30517878 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
High risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are the causative agent in virtually every cervical cancer as well as a host of other anogenital and oropharyngeal malignancies. These viruses must activate DNA repair pathways to facilitate their replication, while avoiding the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis that can accompany DNA damage. HPV oncoproteins facilitate each of these goals, but also reduce genome stability. Our data dissect the cytotoxic and cytoprotective characteristics of HPV oncogenes in cervical cancer cells. These data show that while the transformation of keratinocytes by HPV oncogene leaves these cells more sensitive to UV, the oncogenes also protect against UV-induced apoptosis. Cisplatin and UV resistant cervical cancer cell lines were generated and probed for their sensitivity to genotoxic agents. Cervical cancer cells can acquire resistance to one DNA crosslinking agent (UV or cisplatin) without gaining broad tolerance of crosslinked DNA. Further, cisplatin resistance may or may not result in sensitivity to PARP1 inhibition.
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Suk Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Anthony Berdis
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
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20
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Szwajczak E, Fijalkowska IJ, Suski C. The importance of an interaction network for proper DNA polymerase ζ heterotetramer activity. Curr Genet 2018; 64:575-580. [PMID: 29189894 PMCID: PMC5948306 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0789-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Precisely controlled mechanisms have been evolved to rescue impeded DNA replication resulting from encountered obstacles and involve a set of low-fidelity translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases. Studies in recent years have brought new insights into those TLS polymerases, especially concerning the structure and subunit composition of DNA polymerase zeta (Pol ζ). Pol ζ is predominantly involved in induced mutagenesis as well as the bypass of noncanonical DNA structures, and it is proficient in extending from terminal mismatched nucleotides incorporated by major replicative DNA polymerases. Two active forms of Pol ζ, heterodimeric (Pol ζ2) and heterotetrameric (Pol ζ4) ones, have been identified and studied. Here, in the light of recent publications regarding induced and spontaneous mutagenesis and diverse interactions within Pol ζ holoenzyme, combined with Pol ζ binding to the TLS polymerase Rev1p, we discuss the subunit composition of Pol ζ in various cellular physiological conditions. Available data show that it is the heterotetrameric form of Pol ζ that is involved both during spontaneous and induced mutagenesis, and underline the importance of interactions within Pol ζ when an increased Pol ζ recruitment occurs. Understanding Pol ζ function in the bypass of DNA obstacles would give a significant insight into cellular tolerance of DNA damage, genetic instability and the onset of cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szwajczak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Iwona J Fijalkowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Catherine Suski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warszawa, Poland.
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21
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Shanbhag V, Sachdev S, Flores JA, Modak MJ, Singh K. Family A and B DNA Polymerases in Cancer: Opportunities for Therapeutic Interventions. Biology (Basel) 2018; 7:E5. [PMID: 29301327 DOI: 10.3390/biology7010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA polymerases are essential for genome replication, DNA repair and translesion DNA synthesis (TLS). Broadly, these enzymes belong to two groups: replicative and non-replicative DNA polymerases. A considerable body of data suggests that both groups of DNA polymerases are associated with cancer. Many mutations in cancer cells are either the result of error-prone DNA synthesis by non-replicative polymerases, or the inability of replicative DNA polymerases to proofread mismatched nucleotides due to mutations in 3'-5' exonuclease activity. Moreover, non-replicative, TLS-capable DNA polymerases can negatively impact cancer treatment by synthesizing DNA past lesions generated from treatments such as cisplatin, oxaliplatin, etoposide, bleomycin, and radiotherapy. Hence, the inhibition of DNA polymerases in tumor cells has the potential to enhance treatment outcomes. Here, we review the association of DNA polymerases in cancer from the A and B families, which participate in lesion bypass, and conduct gene replication. We also discuss possible therapeutic interventions that could be used to maneuver the role of these enzymes in tumorigenesis.
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22
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Szwajczak E, Fijalkowska IJ, Suski C. The CysB motif of Rev3p involved in the formation of the four-subunit DNA polymerase ζ is required for defective-replisome-induced mutagenesis. Mol Microbiol 2017; 106:659-672. [PMID: 28941243 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic DNA replication is performed by high-fidelity multi-subunit replicative B-family DNA polymerases (Pols) α, δ and ɛ. Those complexes are composed of catalytic and accessory subunits and organized in multicomplex machinery: the replisome. The fourth B-family member, DNA polymerase zeta (Pol ζ), is responsible for a large portion of mutagenesis in eukaryotic cells. Two forms of Pol ζ have been identified, a hetero-dimeric (Pol ζ2 ) and a hetero-tetrameric (Pol ζ4 ) ones and recent data have demonstrated that Pol ζ4 is responsible for damage-induced mutagenesis. Here, using yeast Pol ζ mutant defective in the assembly of the Pol ζ four-subunit form, we show in vivo that [4Fe-4S] cluster in Pol ζ catalytic subunit (Rev3p) is also required for spontaneous (wild-type cells) and defective-replisome-induced mutagenesis - DRIM (pol3-Y708A, pol2-1 or psf1-100 cells), when cells are not treated with any external damaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szwajczak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | - Iwona J Fijalkowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | - Catherine Suski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
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23
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Abstract
The ability for DNA polymerases (Pols) to overcome a variety of obstacles in its path to maintain genomic stability during replication is a complex endeavor. It requires the coordination of multiple Pols with differing specificities through molecular control and access to the replisome. Although a number of contacts directly between Pols and accessory proteins have been identified, forming the basis of a variety of holoenzyme complexes, the dynamics of Pol active site substitutions remain uncharacterized. Substitutions can occur externally by recruiting new Pols to replisome complexes through an "exchange" of enzyme binding or internally through a "switch" in the engagement of DNA from preformed associated enzymes contained within supraholoenzyme complexes. Models for how high fidelity (HiFi) replication Pols can be substituted by translesion synthesis (TLS) Pols at sites of damage during active replication will be discussed. These substitution mechanisms may be as diverse as the number of Pol families and types of damage; however, common themes can be recognized across species. Overall, Pol substitutions will be controlled by explicit protein contacts, complex multiequilibrium processes, and specific kinetic activities. Insight into how these dynamic processes take place and are regulated will be of utmost importance for our greater understanding of the specifics of TLS as well as providing for future novel chemotherapeutic and antimicrobial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Trakselis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University , Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Matthew T Cranford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University , Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Aurea M Chu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University , Waco, Texas 76798, United States
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24
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Chen Y, Sugiyama T. NGS-based analysis of base-substitution signatures created by yeast DNA polymerase eta and zeta on undamaged and abasic DNA templates in vitro. DNA Repair (Amst) 2017; 59:34-43. [PMID: 28946034 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Translesion synthesis (TLS) is the mechanism in which DNA polymerases (TLS polymerases) bypass unrepaired template damage with high error rates. DNA polymerase η and ζ (Polη and Polζ) are major TLS polymerases that are conserved from yeast to humans. In this study, we quantified frequencies of base-substitutions by yeast Polη and Polζ on undamaged and abasic templates in vitro. For accurate quantification, we used a next generation sequencing (NGS)-based method where DNA products were directly analyzed by parallel sequencing. On undamaged templates, Polη and Polζ showed distinct base-substitution profiles, and the substitution frequencies were differently influenced by the template sequence. The base-substitution frequencies were influenced mainly by the adjacent bases both upstream and downstream of the substitution sites. Thus we present the base-substitution signatures of these polymerases in a three-base format. On templates containing abasic sites, Polη created deletions at the lesion in more than 50% of the TLS products, but the formation of the deletions was suppressed by the presence of Polζ. Polζ and Polη cooperatively facilitated the TLS reaction over an abasic site in vitro, suggesting that these two polymerases can cooperate in efficient and high fidelity TLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhang Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Tomohiko Sugiyama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
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25
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Yamanaka K, Chatterjee N, Hemann MT, Walker GC. Inhibition of mutagenic translesion synthesis: A possible strategy for improving chemotherapy? PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006842. [PMID: 28817566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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26
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Abstract
Life as we know it, simply would not exist without DNA replication. All living organisms utilize a complex machinery to duplicate their genomes and the central role in this machinery belongs to replicative DNA polymerases, enzymes that are specifically designed to copy DNA. "Hassle-free" DNA duplication exists only in an ideal world, while in real life, it is constantly threatened by a myriad of diverse challenges. Among the most pressing obstacles that replicative polymerases often cannot overcome by themselves are lesions that distort the structure of DNA. Despite elaborate systems that cells utilize to cleanse their genomes of damaged DNA, repair is often incomplete. The persistence of DNA lesions obstructing the cellular replicases can have deleterious consequences. One of the mechanisms allowing cells to complete replication is "Translesion DNA Synthesis (TLS)". TLS is intrinsically error-prone, but apparently, the potential downside of increased mutagenesis is a healthier outcome for the cell than incomplete replication. Although most of the currently identified eukaryotic DNA polymerases have been implicated in TLS, the best characterized are those belonging to the "Y-family" of DNA polymerases (pols η, ι, κ and Rev1), which are thought to play major roles in the TLS of persisting DNA lesions in coordination with the B-family polymerase, pol ζ. In this review, we summarize the unique features of these DNA polymerases by mainly focusing on their biochemical and structural characteristics, as well as potential protein-protein interactions with other critical factors affecting TLS regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Vaisman
- a Laboratory of Genomic Integrity , National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Roger Woodgate
- a Laboratory of Genomic Integrity , National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
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27
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Nikolova T, Roos WP, Krämer OH, Strik HM, Kaina B. Chloroethylating nitrosoureas in cancer therapy: DNA damage, repair and cell death signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:29-39. [PMID: 28143714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chloroethylating nitrosoureas (CNU), such as lomustine, nimustine, semustine, carmustine and fotemustine are used for the treatment of malignant gliomas, brain metastases of different origin, melanomas and Hodgkin disease. They alkylate the DNA bases and give rise to the formation of monoadducts and subsequently interstrand crosslinks (ICL). ICL are critical cytotoxic DNA lesions that link the DNA strands covalently and block DNA replication and transcription. As a result, S phase progression is inhibited and cells are triggered to undergo apoptosis and necrosis, which both contribute to the effectiveness of CNU-based cancer therapy. However, tumor cells resist chemotherapy through the repair of CNU-induced DNA damage. The suicide enzyme O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) removes the precursor DNA lesion O6-chloroethylguanine prior to its conversion into ICL. In cells lacking MGMT, the formed ICL evoke complex enzymatic networks to accomplish their removal. Here we discuss the mechanism of ICL repair as a survival strategy of healthy and cancer cells and DNA damage signaling as a mechanism contributing to CNU-induced cell death. We also discuss therapeutic implications and strategies based on sequential and simultaneous treatment with CNU and the methylating drug temozolomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Nikolova
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Wynand P Roos
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver H Krämer
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Herwig M Strik
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Baldinger Strasse, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thierry Magnaldo
- Life Sciences, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, France
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29
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Kim JK, Yeom M, Hong JK, Song I, Lee YS, Guengerich FP, Choi JY. Six Germline Genetic Variations Impair the Translesion Synthesis Activity of Human DNA Polymerase κ. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1741-1754. [PMID: 27603496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
DNA polymerase (pol) κ efficiently catalyzes error-free translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) opposite bulky N2-guanyl lesions induced by carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. We investigated the biochemical effects of nine human nonsynonymous germline POLK variations on the TLS properties of pol κ, utilizing recombinant pol κ (residues 1-526) enzymes and DNA templates containing an N2-CH2(9-anthracenyl)G (N2-AnthG), 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG), O6-methyl(Me)G, or an abasic site. In steady-state kinetic analyses, the R246X, R298H, T473A, and R512W variants displayed 7- to 18-fold decreases in kcat/Km for dCTP insertion opposite G and N2-AnthG, with 2- to 3-fold decreases in DNA binding affinity, compared to that of the wild-type, and further showed 5- to 190-fold decreases in kcat/Km for next-base extension from C paired with N2-AnthG. The A471V variant showed 2- to 4-fold decreases in kcat/Km for correct nucleotide insertion opposite and beyond G (or N2-AnthG) compared to that of the wild-type. These five hypoactive variants also showed similar patterns of attenuation of TLS activity opposite 8-oxoG, O6-MeG, and abasic lesions. By contrast, the T44M variant exhibited 7- to 11-fold decreases in kcat/Km for dCTP insertion opposite N2-AnthG and O6-MeG (as well as for dATP insertion opposite an abasic site) but not opposite both G and 8-oxoG, nor beyond N2-AnthG, compared to that of the wild-type. These results suggest that the R246X, R298H, T473A, R512W, and A471V variants cause a general catalytic impairment of pol κ opposite G and all four lesions, whereas the T44M variant induces opposite lesion-dependent catalytic impairment, i.e., only opposite O6-MeG, abasic, and bulky N2-G lesions but not opposite G and 8-oxoG, in pol κ, which might indicate that these hypoactive pol κ variants are genetic factors in modifying individual susceptibility to genotoxic carcinogens in certain subsets of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Kwon Kim
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Yeom
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyung Hong
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Insil Song
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sam Lee
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Jeong-Yun Choi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Human cells possess tightly controlled mechanisms to rescue DNA replication following DNA damage caused by environmental and endogenous carcinogens using a set of low-fidelity translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases. These polymerases can copy over replication blocking DNA lesions while temporarily leaving them unrepaired, preventing cell death at the expense of increasing mutation rates and contributing to the onset and progression of cancer. In addition, TLS has been implicated as a major cellular mechanism promoting acquired resistance to genotoxic chemotherapy. Owing to its central role in mutagenesis and cell survival after DNA damage, inhibition of the TLS pathway has emerged as a potential target for the development of anticancer agents. This review will recap our current understanding of the structure and regulation of DNA polymerase complexes that mediate TLS and describe how this knowledge is beginning to translate into the development of small molecule TLS inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry M Korzhnev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
| | - M Kyle Hadden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut , 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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Mantso T, Goussetis G, Franco R, Botaitis S, Pappa A, Panayiotidis M. Effects of hyperthermia as a mitigation strategy in DNA damage-based cancer therapies. Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 37-38:96-105. [PMID: 27025900 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Utilization of thermal therapy (hyperthermia) is defined as the application of exogenous heat induction and represents a concept that is far from new as it goes back to ancient times when heat was used for treating various diseases, including malignancies. Such therapeutic strategy has gained even more popularity (over the last few decades) since various studies have shed light into understanding hyperthermia's underlying molecular mechanism(s) of action. In general, hyperthermia is applied as complementary (adjuvant) means in therapeutic protocols combining chemotherapy and/or irradiation both of which can induce irreversible cellular DNA damage. Furthermore, according to a number of in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies, hyperthermia has been shown to enhance the beneficial effects of DNA targeting therapeutic strategies by interfering with DNA repair response cascades. Therefore, the continuously growing evidence supporting hyperthermia's beneficial role in cancer treatment can also encourage its application as a DNA repair mitigation strategy. In this review article, we aim to provide detailed information on how hyperthermia acts on DNA damage and repair pathways and thus potentially contributing to various adjuvant therapeutic protocols relevant to more efficient cancer treatment strategies.
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Singh B, Li X, Owens KM, Vanniarajan A, Liang P, Singh KK. Human REV3 DNA Polymerase Zeta Localizes to Mitochondria and Protects the Mitochondrial Genome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140409. [PMID: 26462070 PMCID: PMC4604079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ (POLG) is the only polymerase known to be present in mammalian mitochondria. A dogma in the mitochondria field is that there is no other polymerase present in the mitochondria of mammalian cells. Here we demonstrate localization of REV3 DNA polymerase in the mammalian mitochondria. We demonstrate localization of REV3 in the mitochondria of mammalian tissue as well as cell lines. REV3 associates with POLG and mitochondrial DNA and protects the mitochondrial genome from DNA damage. Inactivation of Rev3 leads to reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, reduced OXPHOS activity, and increased glucose consumption. Conversely, inhibition of the OXPHOS increases expression of Rev3. Rev3 expression is increased in human primary breast tumors and breast cancer cell lines. Inactivation of Rev3 decreases cell migration and invasion, and localization of Rev3 in mitochondria increases survival and the invasive potential of cancer cells. Taken together, we demonstrate that REV3 functions in mammalian mitochondria and that mitochondrial REV3 is associated with the tumorigenic potential of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Singh
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Xiurong Li
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Kjerstin M. Owens
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Ayyasamy Vanniarajan
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Ping Liang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharine’s, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keshav K. Singh
- Departments of Genetics, Pathology, Environmental Health, Center for Free Radical Biology, Center for Aging and UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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33
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Mohni KN, Thompson PS, Luzwick JW, Glick GG, Pendleton CS, Lehmann BD, Pietenpol JA, Cortez D. A Synthetic Lethal Screen Identifies DNA Repair Pathways that Sensitize Cancer Cells to Combined ATR Inhibition and Cisplatin Treatments. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125482. [PMID: 25965342 PMCID: PMC4428765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response kinase ATR may be a useful cancer therapeutic target. ATR inhibition synergizes with loss of ERCC1, ATM, XRCC1 and DNA damaging chemotherapy agents. Clinical trials have begun using ATR inhibitors in combination with cisplatin. Here we report the first synthetic lethality screen with a combination treatment of an ATR inhibitor (ATRi) and cisplatin. Combination treatment with ATRi/cisplatin is synthetically lethal with loss of the TLS polymerase ζ and 53BP1. Other DNA repair pathways including homologous recombination and mismatch repair do not exhibit synthetic lethal interactions with ATRi/cisplatin, even though loss of some of these repair pathways sensitizes cells to cisplatin as a single-agent. We also report that ATRi strongly synergizes with PARP inhibition, even in homologous recombination-proficient backgrounds. Lastly, ATR inhibitors were able to resensitize cisplatin-resistant cell lines to cisplatin. These data provide a comprehensive analysis of DNA repair pathways that exhibit synthetic lethality with ATR inhibitors when combined with cisplatin chemotherapy, and will help guide patient selection strategies as ATR inhibitors progress into the cancer clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem N. Mohni
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Petria S. Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jessica W. Luzwick
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Gloria G. Glick
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Christopher S. Pendleton
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Lehmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Pietenpol
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David Cortez
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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34
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Abstract
DNA replication in cancer cells is accompanied by stalling and collapse of the replication fork and signalling in response to DNA damage and/or premature mitosis; these processes are collectively known as 'replicative stress'. Progress is being made to increase our understanding of the mechanisms that govern replicative stress, thus providing ample opportunities to enhance replicative stress for therapeutic purposes. Rather than trying to halt cell cycle progression, cancer therapeutics could aim to increase replicative stress by further loosening the checkpoints that remain available to cancer cells and ultimately inducing the catastrophic failure of proliferative machineries. In this Review, we outline current and future approaches to achieve this, emphasizing the combination of conventional chemotherapy with targeted approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Dobbelstein
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences, Ernst Caspari Haus, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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35
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Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight is a major etiologic factor for skin cancer, the most prevalent cancer in the United States, as well as premature skin aging. In particular, UVB radiation causes formation of specific DNA damage photoproducts between pyrimidine bases. These DNA damage photoproducts are repaired by a process called nucleotide excision repair, also known as UV-induced DNA repair. When left unrepaired, UVB-induced DNA damage leads to accumulation of mutations, predisposing people to carcinogenesis as well as to premature aging. Genetic loss of nucleotide excision repair leads to severe disorders, namely, xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), trichothiodystrophy (TTD) and Cockayne syndrome (CS), which are associated with predisposition to skin carcinogenesis at a young age as well as developmental and neurological conditions. Regulation of nucleotide excision repair is an attractive avenue to preventing or reversing these detrimental consequences of impaired nucleotide excision repair. Here, we review recent studies on molecular mechanisms regulating nucleotide excision repair by extracellular cues and intracellular signaling pathways, with a special focus on the molecular regulation of individual repair factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Shah
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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36
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Kotov IN, Siebring-van Olst E, Knobel PA, van der Meulen-Muileman IH, Felley-Bosco E, van Beusechem VW, Smit EF, Stahel RA, Marti TM. Whole genome RNAi screens reveal a critical role of REV3 in coping with replication stress. Mol Oncol 2014; 8:1747-59. [PMID: 25113059 PMCID: PMC5528584 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
REV3, the catalytic subunit of translesion polymerase zeta (polζ), is commonly associated with DNA damage bypass and repair. Despite sharing accessory subunits with replicative polymerase δ, very little is known about the role of polζ in DNA replication. We previously demonstrated that inhibition of REV3 expression induces persistent DNA damage and growth arrest in cancer cells. To reveal determinants of this sensitivity and obtain insights into the cellular function of REV3, we performed whole human genome RNAi library screens aimed at identification of synthetic lethal interactions with REV3 in A549 lung cancer cells. The top confirmed hit was RRM1, the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), a critical enzyme of de novo nucleotide synthesis. Treatment with the RNR-inhibitor hydroxyurea (HU) synergistically increased the fraction of REV3-deficient cells containing single stranded DNA (ssDNA) as indicated by an increase in replication protein A (RPA). However, this increase was not accompanied by accumulation of the DNA damage marker γH2AX suggesting a role of REV3 in counteracting HU-induced replication stress (RS). Consistent with a role of REV3 in DNA replication, increased RPA staining was confined to HU-treated S-phase cells. Additionally, we found genes related to RS to be significantly enriched among the top hits of the synthetic sickness/lethality (SSL) screen further corroborating the importance of REV3 for DNA replication under conditions of RS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya N Kotov
- Clinic of Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, 8044 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ellen Siebring-van Olst
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip A Knobel
- Clinic of Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, 8044 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Victor W van Beusechem
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Egbert F Smit
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf A Stahel
- Clinic of Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, 8044 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas M Marti
- Clinic of Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, 8044 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Abstract
The collective somatic mutations observed in a cancer are the outcome of multiple mutagenic processes that have been operative over the lifetime of a patient. Each process leaves a characteristic imprint--a mutational signature--on the cancer genome, which is defined by the type of DNA damage and DNA repair processes that result in base substitutions, insertions and deletions or structural variations. With the advent of whole-genome sequencing, researchers are identifying an increasing array of these signatures. Mutational signatures can be used as a physiological readout of the biological history of a cancer and also have potential use for discerning ongoing mutational processes from historical ones, thus possibly revealing new targets for anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Saeed Eshtad
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Serena Nik-Zainal
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK. [2] East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
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38
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Roerink SF, van Schendel R, Tijsterman M. Polymerase theta-mediated end joining of replication-associated DNA breaks in C. elegans. Genome Res 2014; 24:954-62. [PMID: 24614976 PMCID: PMC4032859 DOI: 10.1101/gr.170431.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
DNA lesions that block replication fork progression are drivers of cancer-associated genome alterations, but the error-prone DNA repair mechanisms acting on collapsed replication are incompletely understood, and their contribution to genome evolution largely unexplored. Here, through whole-genome sequencing of animal populations that were clonally propagated for more than 50 generations, we identify a distinct class of deletions that spontaneously accumulate in C. elegans strains lacking translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerases. Emerging DNA double-strand breaks are repaired via an error-prone mechanism in which the outermost nucleotide of one end serves to prime DNA synthesis on the other end. This pathway critically depends on the A-family polymerase theta, which protects the genome against gross chromosomal rearrangements. By comparing the genomes of isolates of C. elegans from different geographical regions, we found that in fact most spontaneously evolving structural variations match the signature of polymerase theta-mediated end joining (TMEJ), illustrating that this pathway is an important source of genetic diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcel Tijsterman
- Department of Toxicogenetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Lin YC, Li L, Makarova AV, Burgers PM, Stone MP, Lloyd RS. Molecular basis of aflatoxin-induced mutagenesis-role of the aflatoxin B1-formamidopyrimidine adduct. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1461-8. [PMID: 24398669 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a known carcinogen associated with early-onset hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is thought to contribute to over half a million new HCCs per year. Although some of the fundamental risk factors are established, the molecular basis of AFB1-induced mutagenesis in primate cells has not been rigorously investigated. To gain insights into genome instability that is produced as a result of replicating DNAs containing AFB1 adducts, site-specific mutagenesis assays were used to establish the mutagenic potential of the persistent ring-opened AFB1 adduct, AFB1-formamidopyrimidine (AFB1-FAPY). This lesion was highly mutagenic, yielding replication error frequencies of 97%, with the predominant base substitution being a G to T transversion. This transversion is consistent with previous mutational data derived from aflatoxin-associated HCCs. In vitro translesion synthesis assays demonstrated that polymerase (pol) ζ was the most likely candidate polymerase that is responsible for the G to T mutations induced by this adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chih Lin
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences and Cancer Biology Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Alena V Makarova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA and
| | - Peter M Burgers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA and
| | - Michael P Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - R Stephen Lloyd
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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40
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Lee WL, Huang JY, Shyur LF. Phytoagents for cancer management: regulation of nucleic acid oxidation, ROS, and related mechanisms. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2013; 2013:925804. [PMID: 24454991 DOI: 10.1155/2013/925804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of oxidized nucleic acids causes genomic instability leading to senescence, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis. Phytoagents are known to reduce the risk of cancer development; whether such effects are through regulating the extent of nucleic acid oxidation remains unclear. Here, we outlined the role of reactive oxygen species in nucleic acid oxidation as a driving force in cancer progression. The consequential relationship between genome instability and cancer progression highlights the importance of modulation of cellular redox level in cancer management. Current epidemiological and experimental evidence demonstrate the effects and modes of action of phytoagents in nucleic acid oxidation and provide rationales for the use of phytoagents as chemopreventive or therapeutic agents. Vitamins and various phytoagents antagonize carcinogen-triggered oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals and/or activating endogenous defence systems such as Nrf2-regulated antioxidant genes or pathways. Moreover, metal ion chelation by phytoagents helps to attenuate oxidative DNA damage caused by transition metal ions. Besides, the prooxidant effects of some phytoagents pose selective cytotoxicity on cancer cells and shed light on a new strategy of cancer therapy. The “double-edged sword” role of phytoagents as redox regulators in nucleic acid oxidation and their possible roles in cancer prevention or therapy are discussed in this review.
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Nachtergael A, Charles C, Spanoghe M, Gadenne M, Belayew A, Duez P. Measurement of translesion synthesis by fluorescent capillary electrophoresis: 7,8-dihydro-8-oxodeoxyguanosine bypass modulation by natural products. Anal Biochem 2013; 440:23-31. [PMID: 23711721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Translesion synthesis (TLS) relies on a series of specialized DNA polymerases able to insert a base either correctly or incorrectly opposite a lesion on a DNA template strand during replication or post-repair synthesis. To measure the correct or mutagenic outcome of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxodeoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) bypass by TLS DNA polymerases, a capillary electrophoresis (CE) method with fluorescent label has been developed. Two oligonucleotides were designed and hybridized: (i) a 72-mer oligonucleotide framing one 8-oxodG at position 40 and (ii) the 39-mer oligonucleotide complementary to the first strand from the 3' end to the lesion and labeled at the 5' end with a fluorochrome. After incubation with FHs 74 Int human intestinal epithelial cell nuclear proteins, in the presence of either deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) or deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP), and denaturation, the resulting elongated oligomers were analyzed by fluorescent capillary electrophoresis. This primer extension assay was then validated in terms of linearity (linear range=0.5-2.5 nM), detectability (limits of detection and quantification=0.023 and 0.091 nM, respectively), and precision (total precisions=8.1% and 3.7% for dATP and dCTP, respectively, n=9). The addition of some natural phytochemicals to the reaction mix significantly influences the outcome of TLS either in an error-free way or in a mutagenic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Nachtergael
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Université de Mons (UMONS), 7000 Mons, Belgium.
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Roy A, Roy Chattopadhyay N. Reasons of carcinogenesis indicate a big-bang inside: a hypothesis for the aberration of DNA methylation. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:50-7. [PMID: 23623297 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer involves various sets of altered gene functions which embrace all the three basic mechanisms of regulation of gene expression. However, no common mechanism is inferred till date for this versatile disease and thus no full proof remedy can be offered. Here we show that the basic mechanisms are interlinked and indicate towards one of those mechanisms as being the superior one; the methylation of cytosines in specific DNA sequences, for the initiation and maintenance of carcinogenesis. The analyses of the previous reports and the nucleotide sequences of the DNA methyltransferases strongly support the assumption that the mutation(s) in the DNA-binding site(s) of DNA-methyltransferases acts as a master regulator; though it continues the cycle from mutation to repair to methylation. We anticipate that our hypothesis will start a line of study for the proposal of a treatment regime for cancers by introducing wild type methyltransferases in the diseased cells and/or germ cells, and/or by targeting ligands to the altered binding domain(s) where a mutation in the concerned enzyme(s) is seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roy
- SDOT Office, Haldia Township Telephone Exchange Campus, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, P.O. Haldia Township, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal 721607, India.
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Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have become a popular vertebrate model to study embryological development, because of unique advantages not found in other model systems. Zebrafish share many gene functions with other vertebrates including humans, making zebrafish a useful system for studying cancer etiology. However, systematic studies of DNA damage and repair pathways using adult or embryonic zebrafish have not been extensively reported. The zebrafish genome contains nearly all the genes involved in different DNA repair pathways in eukaryotes, including direct reversal (DR), mismatch repair (MMR) nucleotide excision repair (NER), base excision repair (BER), homologous recombination (HR), non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and translesion synthesis (TLS). It also includes the genes of the p53-mediated damage recognition pathway. Therefore, zebrafish provide an ideal model for gaining fundamental insights into mechanisms of DNA damage and repair, especially during embryological development. This review introduces recent work on different DNA damage and repair studies in zebrafish, with special emphasis on the role of BER in zebrafish early embryological development. AP endonuclease 1 (Apex1), a critical protein in the BER pathway, not only regulates BER but also controls cyclic AMP response binding protein (Creb1), which itself regulates ∼25% of eukaryotic coding sequences. In addition, Apex1 indirectly regulates levels of p53. As these findings also occur in murine B cells, they illustrate the usefulness of the zebrafish system in elucidating fundamental mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Sheng Pei
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 401122, China; Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Phyllis R Strauss
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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