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Ru R, Chen G, Liang X, Cao X, Yuan L, Meng M. Sea Cucumber Derived Triterpenoid Glycoside Frondoside A: A Potential Anti-Bladder Cancer Drug. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020378. [PMID: 36678249 PMCID: PMC9861588 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a highly recurrent disease and a common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite recent developments in diagnosis and therapy, the clinical outcome of bladder cancer remains poor; therefore, novel anti-bladder cancer drugs are urgently needed. Natural bioactive substances extracted from marine organisms such as sea cucumbers, scallops, and sea urchins are believed to have anti-cancer activity with high effectiveness and less toxicity. Frondoside A is a triterpenoid glycoside isolated from sea cucumber, Cucumaria frondosa. It has been demonstrated that Frondoside A exhibits anti-proliferative, anti-invasive, anti-angiogenic, anti-cancer, and potent immunomodulatory effects. In addition, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) has also been shown to have potent anti-cancer effects in various tumors models, such as liver cancer, breast cancer, and bladder cancer. However, very few studies have investigated the effectiveness of Frondoside A against bladder cancer alone or in combination with CpG-ODN. In this study, we first investigated the individual effects of both Frondoside A and CpG-ODN and subsequently studied their combined effects on human bladder cancer cell viability, migration, apoptosis, and cell cycle in vitro, and on tumor growth in nude mice using human bladder cancer cell line UM-UC-3. To interrogate possible synergistic effects, combinations of different concentrations of the two drugs were used. Our data showed that Frondoside A decreased the viability of bladder cancer cells UM-UC-3 in a concentration-dependent manner, and its inhibitory effect on cell viability (2.5 μM) was superior to EPI (10 μM). We also showed that Frondoside A inhibited UM-UC-3 cell migration, affected the distribution of cell cycle and induced cell apoptosis in concentration-dependent manners, which effectively increased the sub-G1 (apoptotic) cell fraction. In addition, we also demonstrated that immunomodulator CpG-ODN could synergistically potentiate the inhibitory effects of Frondoside A on the proliferation and migration of human bladder cancer cell line UM-UC-3. In in vivo experiments, Frondoside A (800 μg/kg/day i.p. for 14 days) alone and in combination with CpG-ODN (1 mg/kg/dose i.p.) significantly decreased the growth of UM-UC-3 tumor xenografts, without any significant toxic side-effects; however, the chemotherapeutic agent EPI caused weight loss in nude mice. Taken together, these findings indicated that Frondoside A in combination with CpG-ODN is a promising therapeutic strategy for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhen Ru
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Gengzhan Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xudong Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N6N5, Canada
| | - Lihong Yuan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Correspondence: (L.Y.); (M.M.); Tel.: +86-020-39352201 (L.Y. & M.M.)
| | - Minjie Meng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Correspondence: (L.Y.); (M.M.); Tel.: +86-020-39352201 (L.Y. & M.M.)
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Luo Y, Fu X, Ru R, Han B, Zhang F, Yuan L, Men H, Zhang S, Tian S, Dong B, Meng M. CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Induces Apoptosis of Human Bladder Cancer Cells via Caspase-3-Bax/Bcl-2-p53 Axis. Arch Med Res 2020; 51:233-244. [PMID: 32139108 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the anti-cancer effect of unmethylated cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine (CpG)-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) on human bladder cancer UM-UC-3 cells, our study was carried out. METHODS The viability of cells (UM-UC-3, T24 and SV-HUC-1) with CpG ODN treatments was examined by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Apoptosis and cell cycle phase were determined by flow cytometry analysis. Pre-apoptosis factors of caspase-3, p53, B-cell lymphoma 2 associated X protein (Bax) and anti-apoptosis factor of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) were detected by western blot. RESULTS Experimental results showed that the viability of human bladder cancer cells (UM-UC-3 and T24) with CpG ODN treatment was decreased and the viability of human normal urothelial cells (SV-HUC-1) with CpG ODN treatment was increased with time-dependance manner. Moreover, CpG ODN increased the apoptosis rate of UM-UC-3 cells and arrested more cells in G0G1 phase. Furthermore, the expression of caspase-3, p53 and Bax were increased and the expression of Bcl-2 was decreased with CpG ODN treatment on UM-UC-3 cells. CONCLUSION CpG ODN promoted the proliferation of normal urinary transitional epithelial cells (SV-HUC-1) and inhibited the cell viability of human bladder cancer cells (UM-UC-3 and T24) in vitro. CpG ODN induced the apoptosis of human bladder cancer (UM-UC-3) cells in a cascade progress via enhancing the expression of caspase-3, p53 and Bax, and inhibiting the expression of Bcl-2 with significant time-dependancy. CpG ODN inhibited cell cycle distribution of human bladder cancer (UM-UC-3) cells with more cells were arrested in G0G1 phase. This study suggested that the CpG ODN is the potential candidate on human bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Luo
- School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyi Fu
- School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruizhen Ru
- School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Han
- School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fafu Zhang
- School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Yuan
- School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongsheng Men
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Rat Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shulin Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sujuan Tian
- School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Dong
- School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minjie Meng
- School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Luo Y, Dong Y, Liang S, Yuan L, Men H, Zhang S, Tian S, Fu X, Dong B, Meng M. CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide Promotes Apoptosis of Human Bladder Cancer T24 Cells Via Inhibition of the Antiapoptotic Factors. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 18:1533033819873636. [PMID: 31547786 PMCID: PMC6759714 DOI: 10.1177/1533033819873636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Unmethylated cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide, a synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide, has been used as an adjuvant in clinic and in the antitumor activity. However, the antitumor mechanism of cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide against human bladder cancer is unknown. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the cytotoxicity and molecular mechanism of anticancer effect of cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide on T24 cells (a human bladder cancer cell line). Methods: The cytotoxic activity of cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide was examined by cell viability assay in the presence and absence of 5-fluorouracil, respectively. Apoptosis and cell-cycle phase distribution were detected by flow cytometry analysis. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide cytotoxicity, the expression of antiapoptotic factors (B-cell lymphoma-2 and Survivin, β-actin as control) in RNA, and protein level was assayed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and automated capillary Western blot. Results: The inhibition ratio of T24 cells treated with both cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide and 5-fluorouracil was higher than those treated with either cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide or 5-fluorouracil alone. In the combination group (cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide and 5-fluorouracil), the apoptosis rate was significantly increased, and more cells were arrested at “S” and “G2/M” phases compared to those in cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide or 5-fluorouracil alone. Furthermore, the expression of antiapoptotic factors was decreased by cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide alone or combined with 5-fluorouracil. Conclusion: Cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide promoted apoptosis and enhanced the chemosensitivity of 5-fluorouracil in T24 cells. Cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide downregulated the expression of antiapoptotic factors and inhibited cell-cycle phase by arresting more cells at “S” and “G2/M” phases. This study indicated the potential ability of cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide as a candidate drug for human bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Luo
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuhang Dong
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengran Liang
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lihong Yuan
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | | | | | - Sujuan Tian
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyi Fu
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Dong
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Minjie Meng
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Wei H, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Zou J, Lin Q, Duan Y. One-Step Self-Assembly of Multifunctional DNA Nanohydrogels: An Enhanced and Harmless Strategy for Guiding Combined Antitumor Therapy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:46479-46489. [PMID: 31747745 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
DNA nanostructure-based drug delivery system (DDS) has become an advanced therapeutic strategy for cancer because of its unsurpassed editability, intrinsic biodegradability, and tunable multifunctionality. An intelligent DNA nanosystem integrating targeting, immunostimulation, and chemotherapy was constructed based on unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligonucleotides (CpG ODNs) DNA nanohydrogels (CpG-MUC1-hydrogel). By facile one-step self-assembly, the cross-shaped DNAs (C-DNAs) assembled from pH-responsive I-motif sequences and targeted MUC1 aptamer-immunoadjuvant CpG-fused sequences (CpG-MUC1) were integrated into DNA nanohydrogels with controllable size by the hybridization of DNA linkers. Subsequently, DOX was successively intercalated into the base pairs of CpG-MUC1-hydrogel, resulting in CpG-MUC1-hydrogel/Dox that would disassemble and release DOX and CpGs at acidic conditions. After MUC1-mediated internalization, CpG-MUC1-hydrogel/Dox dissociated in the endo/lysosomes and induced favorable apoptosis of tumor cells. Afterward, liberated CpGs triggered vast cytokine secretion from immune cells which elicited potent immune response against malignancy. Notably, CpG-MUC1-hydrogel induced an apoptosis effect on MCF-7 cells via significantly increasing the Bax/Bcl2 ratios and a higher level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) on RAW264.7 cells than naked CpGs. Our results demonstrated that self-assembled CpG-MUC1-hydrogel represented an attractive DDS for precise delivery, potent immunostimulating activity, and considerable combination efficiency with few adverse effects, which is expected to make breakthroughs in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Wei
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R China
| | - Zhao Zhao
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R China
| | - Yimin Wang
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R China
| | - Jiang Zou
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R China
| | - Qingyu Lin
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R China
| | - Yixiang Duan
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R China
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Zong S, Li J, Yang L, Huang Q, Hou G, Ye Z, Ye M. Mechanism of bioactive polysaccharide from Lachnum sp. acts synergistically with 5-fluorouracil against human hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:15548-15562. [PMID: 30770552 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The antimetabolite 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a widely used antitumor agent, however the overall response rate to 5-FU as a single agent is usually limited. Herein, how Lachnum expolysaccharide (LEP-2a), a type of active polysaccharide isolated from Lachnum sp., acted synergistically with 5-FU on HepG2 cells was investigated. It was found that LEP-2a notably enhanced 5-FU sensitivity in HepG2 cells in a synergistic manner. After combination treatment of 5-FU and LEP-2a, Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway were inactivated. In addition, combination treatment induced generation of reactive oxygen species, decreased the levels of intracellular antioxidant enzymes and triggered mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Furthermore, 5-FU combined with LEP-2a also resulted in p53 activation and NF-κB inhibition, and cell cycle arrest in the S phase as well as cell metastasis stagnation. Interestingly, LEP-2a treatment also blocked the DNA damage repair procedure. These findings demonstrate that LEP-2a enhanced 5-FU sensitivity and combination of 5-FU and LEP-2a exerts synergistic antitumor efficiency through multiple approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zong
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jinglei Li
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qianli Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guohua Hou
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ziyang Ye
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ming Ye
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Han X, An L, Yan D, Hiroshi M, Ding W, Zhang M, Xu G, Sun Y, Yuan G, Wang M, Zhao N, Sun J, Zhu X, Du P. Combined antitumor effects of P-5m octapeptide and 5-fluorouracil on a murine model of H22 hepatoma ascites. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:1586-1592. [PMID: 30186375 PMCID: PMC6122418 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study has demonstrated that P-5m octapeptide (P-5m) has therapeutic potential in metastatic human hepatocarcinoma, possibly through the modulation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the antitumor effect of P-5m combined with 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) on the treatment of hepatoma 22 (H22) hepatocarcinoma malignant ascites in a mouse model. The inhibitory effect on the growth of mouse ascites tumors was monitored by measuring body weight gain, survival time, ascites volume, numbers of tumor cells, DNA synthesis and peritoneal capillary permeability analysis. The present data revealed a significant reduction in ascites volume and cell count in mice that were treated with P-5m plus 5-Fu. Furthermore, the median survival time in mice in the combination group was prolonged compared with the disease control group. Moreover, a significant reduction in the total H22 ascites cell count in mice from the combination group was observed when compared with the disease control group. P-5m plus 5-Fu was able to induce the cell cycle arrest and inhibit the peritoneal capillary permeability of the mice. To conclude, the present study indicated that P-5m may have therapeutic potential in ascites caused by hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Beihua University, Changchun, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Liping An
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Beihua University, Changchun, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Matsuura Hiroshi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 5202192, Japan
| | - Weiguang Ding
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 5202192, Japan
| | - Mengchuan Zhang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Beihua University, Changchun, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Guangyu Xu
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Beihua University, Changchun, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Beihua University, Changchun, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Guangxin Yuan
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Beihua University, Changchun, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Manli Wang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Beihua University, Changchun, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Nanxi Zhao
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Beihua University, Changchun, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Jingbo Sun
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Beihua University, Changchun, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Peige Du
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Beihua University, Changchun, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
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Liu S, Li X, Li Q, Liu H, Shi Y, Zhuo H, Li C, Zhu H. Silencing Livin improved the sensitivity of colon cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil by regulating crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:7707-7715. [PMID: 29740490 PMCID: PMC5934728 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. Currently, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) remains a widely used chemotherapeutic drug in the treatment of CRC; however, 5-FU resistance during treatment has become a common problem. Livin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, is considered to be associated with tumor resistance to chemotherapy. In the present study, Livin-silenced cells were generated by introducing a lentivirus into HCT116 and SW620 colon cancer cell lines. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining was used as an indicator of cell death. Western blot analysis was performed to detect protein expression levels, and transmission electron microscopy was used to assess autophagy. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 5-FU in colon cancer cells was evaluated using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. The results of the present study confirmed that silencing Livin significantly enhanced colon cancer cell death in the presence of 5-FU, increased expression levels of various apoptosis- and autophagy-associated proteins and augmented chemotherapeutic sensitivity to 5-FU. Furthermore, the present study demonstrated that this effect may be reversed when autophagy or apoptosis was inhibited, indicating that apoptosis and autophagy were involved in this process. The protein kinase B signaling pathway and B-cell lymphoma-2 expression levels significantly decreased following Livin knockdown, suggesting they may contribute to the regulation of apoptosis and autophagy crosstalk, which caused the Livin knockdown-induced cell death observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, Yucheng People's Hospital, Yucheng, Shandong 251200, P.R. China
| | - Hongjun Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yulong Shi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Hongqing Zhuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Chensheng Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Huijuan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy Intravenous Admixture Services, Kaifeng Children's Hospital of Henan Province, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, P.R. China
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Yoon TM, Kim SA, Lee DH, Lee JK, Park YL, Lee KH, Chung IJ, Joo YE, Lim SC. Livin enhances chemoresistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:3667-3673. [PMID: 28440463 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The responsiveness of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) to chemotherapy widely affects prognosis. Overcoming chemoresistance is necessary to improve prognoses in patients with advanced HNSCC. Evasion of apoptosis by cancer cells is a major cause of chemoresistance. Livin, a member of the human inhibitors of apoptosis protein family, is highly expressed in various human cancer tissues and is associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis in human cancers. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of Livin in the susceptibility to popularly used chemotherapeutic drugs such as cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil (FU) and docetaxel in human HNSCC cell lines (SNU1041, PCI1 and PCI50 cells). Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were performed to determine mRNA and protein expression levels. Cell viability and apoptosis assays were used to assess the functional effects of small-interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Livin. Each HNSCC cell line had different sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs. Livin knockdown significantly enhanced cytotoxicity to cisplatin, 5-FU and docetaxel in human HNSCC cells. Livin knockdown induced apoptosis and enhanced chemotherapy-induced apoptosis to cisplatin, 5-FU and docetaxel. Consistent with this, Livin-knockdown cells showed greater expression of cleaved caspases-3 and -7 and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase compared with that in control cells after cisplatin, 5-FU, or docetaxel treatment. In conclusion, our results suggest that siRNA-mediated Livin knockdown enhanced the chemosensitivity of the three HNSCC cell lines to cisplatin, 5-FU and docetaxel. Although further investigations are required to support these findings, our results demonstrated that novel therapeutic strategies with combined use of siRNA targeting Livin and chemotherapeutic agents may have applications in the treatment of advanced HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Mi Yoon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwanju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Ae Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwanju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwanju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Kyoo Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwanju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Lan Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwanju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwanju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Joo Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwanju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Joo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwanju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwanju 501-757, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Raltitrexed (RTX) is an antimetabolite drug used as a chemotherapeutic agent for treating colorectal cancer, malignant mesothelioma, and gastric cancer. The antitumor capacity of RTX is attributed to its inhibitory activity on thymidylate synthase (TS), a key enzyme in the synthesis of DNA precursors. The current study is aimed at investigating the potential antitumor effects of RTX in liver cancer. Using the HepG2 cell line as an in vitro model of liver cancer, we evaluated the effects of RTX on cell proliferation employing both a WST-8 assay and a clone formation efficiency assay. In addition, we monitored the ultrastructure changes of HepG2 cells in response to RTX with transmission electric microscopy. To investigate the mechanism underlying the regulation of cell proliferation by RTX, we analyzed cell cycle using cell flow cytometry. Moreover, real-time PCR and Western blot analyses were conducted to examine expression levels of cell cycle regulatory proteins cyclin A and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), as well as their mediators tumor suppressor genes p53 and p16. Our results demonstrate that RTX inhibits HepG2 proliferation by arresting the cell cycle at G0/G1. This cell cycle arrest function was mediated via downregulation of cyclin A and CDK2. The observed elevated expression of p53 and p16 by RTX may contribute to the reduction of cyclin A/CDK2. Our study indicates that RTX could serve as a potential chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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10
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Taghavi Pourianazar N, Gunduz U. Changes in apoptosis-related gene expression and cytokine release in breast cancer cells treated with CpG-loaded magnetic PAMAM nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2016; 515:11-19. [PMID: 27717915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) can function as an immune adjuvant. Previously, we showed that stimulation of breast cancer cells with CpG-ODN conjugated with PAMAM dendrimer-coated magnetic nanoparticles (DcMNPs) has induced apoptosis. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the expression levels of some apoptosis-regulating genes in several human breast cancer cells treated with CpG/DcMNPs. Treated MDA-MB231 cells showed an increase in Noxa and Bax gene expression levels, whereas the expression level of Survivin decreased. Similarly, Noxa gene was overexpressed in treated MCF7 cells. In treated SKBR3 cells, a decline in the c-Flip mRNA level was determined. Furthermore, release of cytokines, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α, was determined in cell culture supernatants. CpG/DcMNP treatment leads to an increase in the release of IL-6 in MDA-MB231 and SKBR3 cells, whereas release of IL-10 and TNF-α did not change significantly. It is indicated that CpG-ODN may show its cytotoxic effect by regulating the expression of apoptosis-related genes and the release of cytokine in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ufuk Gunduz
- Middle East Technical University, Department of Biotechnology, 06800, Ankara, Turkey; Middle East Technical University, Department of Biological Sciences, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
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Liu F, Chang H, Xu W, Zhai Y. The effects of Livin shRNA on the response to cisplatin in HepG2 cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 10:2957-2961. [PMID: 26722271 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is a lethal malignancy with poor prognosis, partially due to tumor metastasis, recurrence and resistance to chemo- or radio-therapy. Cisplatin can inhibit cancer cell DNA replication, and is widely used in the clinical treatment of tumors. The present study aimed to generate eukaryotic expression vectors for Livin shRNA and to examine the effects of Livin shRNA on the chemosensitivity of HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Eukaryotic expression vectors for Livin shRNA (pSD11-U6/Neo/GFP/Livin) were designed and constructed. The HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cell line was transfected with this vector using the liposome method. The expression levels of Livin mRNA and protein were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. The rate of cell growth inhibition was measured using MTT assay following treatment of the cells with cisplatin (2.0 mg/l). DNA sequencing confirmed that the construction of the eukaryotic expression vector for Livin shRNA had been successful. Transfection of these vectors into HepG2 cells led to a significant reduction in the expression levels of Livin mRNA and protein (P<0.05). Cisplatin treatment was associated with significantly higher rates of cell growth inhibition in HepG2 cells transfected with Livin shRNA compared with those that were not transfected (P<0.05). The vectors constructed in the present study produced effective inhibition of the Livin gene in HepG2 cells and increased the chemosensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfeng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Hong Chang
- Department of General Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Yunpeng Zhai
- Department of General Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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