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Kato H, Takahashi Y, Suzuki H, Ohashi K, Kawashima R, Nakamura K, Sakai K, Hori C, Takasuka TE, Kato M, Shimizu M. Identification and characterization of methoxy- and dimethoxyhydroquinone 1,2-dioxygenase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0175323. [PMID: 38259078 PMCID: PMC10880611 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01753-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
White-rot fungi, such as Phanerochaete chrysosporium, are the most efficient degraders of lignin, a major component of plant biomass. Enzymes produced by these fungi, such as lignin peroxidases and manganese peroxidases, break down lignin polymers into various aromatic compounds based on guaiacyl, syringyl, and hydroxyphenyl units. These intermediates are further degraded, and the aromatic ring is cleaved by 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene dioxygenases. This study aimed to characterize homogentisate dioxygenase (HGD)-like proteins from P. chrysosporium that are strongly induced by the G-unit fragment of vanillin. We overexpressed two homologous recombinant HGDs, PcHGD1 and PcHGD2, in Escherichia coli. Both PcHGD1 and PcHGD2 catalyzed the ring cleavage in methoxyhydroquinone (MHQ) and dimethoxyhydroquinone (DMHQ). The two enzymes had the highest catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) for MHQ, and therefore, we named PcHGD1 and PcHGD2 as MHQ dioxygenases 1 and 2 (PcMHQD1 and PcMHQD2), respectively, from P. chrysosporium. This is the first study to identify and characterize MHQ and DMHQ dioxygenase activities in members of the HGD superfamily. These findings highlight the unique and broad substrate spectra of PcHGDs, rendering them attractive candidates for biotechnological applications.IMPORTANCEThis study aimed to elucidate the properties of enzymes responsible for degrading lignin, a dominant natural polymer in terrestrial lignocellulosic biomass. We focused on two homogentisate dioxygenase (HGD) homologs from the white-rot fungus, P. chrysosporium, and investigated their roles in the degradation of lignin-derived aromatic compounds. In the P. chrysosporium genome database, PcMHQD1 and PcMHQD2 were annotated as HGDs that could cleave the aromatic rings of methoxyhydroquinone (MHQ) and dimethoxyhydroquinone (DMHQ) with a preference for MHQ. These findings suggest that MHQD1 and/or MHQD2 play important roles in the degradation of lignin-derived aromatic compounds by P. chrysosporium. The preference of PcMHQDs for MHQ and DMHQ not only highlights their potential for biotechnological applications but also underscores their critical role in understanding lignin degradation by a representative of white-rot fungus, P. chrysosporium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kato
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | - Keisuke Ohashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Koki Nakamura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kiyota Sakai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chiaki Hori
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Masashi Kato
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
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2
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Tian K, Yu Y, Qiu Q, Sun X, Meng F, Bi Y, Gu J, Wang Y, Zhang F, Huo H. Mechanisms of BPA Degradation and Toxicity Resistance in Rhodococcus equi. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010067. [PMID: 36677360 PMCID: PMC9862853 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) pollution poses an increasingly serious problem. BPA has been detected in a variety of environmental media and human tissues. Microbial degradation is an effective method of environmental BPA remediation. However, BPA is also biotoxic to microorganisms. In this study, Rhodococcus equi DSSKP-R-001 (R-001) was used to degrade BPA, and the effects of BPA on the growth metabolism, gene expression patterns, and toxicity-resistance mechanisms of Rhodococcus equi were analyzed. The results showed that R-001 degraded 51.2% of 5 mg/L BPA and that 40 mg/L BPA was the maximum BPA concentration tolerated by strain R-001. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and multicopper oxidases played key roles in BPA degradation. However, BPA was toxic to strain R-001, exhibiting nonlinear inhibitory effects on the growth and metabolism of this bacterium. R-001 bacterial biomass, total protein content, and ATP content exhibited V-shaped trends as BPA concentration increased. The toxic effects of BPA included the downregulation of R-001 genes related to glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate metabolism, and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. Genes involved in aspects of the BPA-resistance response, such as base excision repair, osmoprotectant transport, iron-complex transport, and some energy metabolisms, were upregulated to mitigate the loss of energy associated with BPA exposure. This study helped to clarify the bacterial mechanisms involved in BPA biodegradation and toxicity resistance, and our results provide a theoretical basis for the application of strain R-001 in BPA pollution treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejian Tian
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Yue Yu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Qing Qiu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Xuejian Sun
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Fanxing Meng
- Jilin Province Water Resources and Hydropower Consultative Company of P.R. China, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yuanping Bi
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, No. 5268, Renmin Main Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jinming Gu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Yibing Wang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Fenglin Zhang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Hongliang Huo
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun 130117, China
- Jilin Province Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment and Resource Engineering, Changchun 130117, China
- Northeast China Low Carbon Water Pollution Treatment and Green Development Engineering Research Center, Changchun 130117, China
- Correspondence:
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3
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Efficient degradation of hydroquinone by a metabolically engineered Pseudarthrobacter sulfonivorans strain. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:588. [PMID: 36048304 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Pseudarthrobacter sulfonivorans strain Ar51 can degrade crude oil and multi-substituted benzene compounds efficiently at low temperatures. However, it cannot degrade hydroquinone, which is a key intermediate in the degradation of several other compounds of environmental importance, such as 4-nitrophenol, g-hexachlorocyclohexane, 4-hydroxyacetophenone and 4-aminophenol. Here we co-expressed the two subunits of hydroquinone dioxygenase from Sphingomonas sp. strain TTNP3 with different promoters in the strain Ar51. The strain with 2 hdnO promoters exhibited the strongest hydroquinone catabolic activity. However, in the absence of antibiotic selection this ability to degrade hydroquinone was lost due to plasmid instability. Consequently, we constructed a hisD knockout strain, which was unable to synthesise histidine. By introducing the hisD gene onto the plasmid, the ability to degrade hydroquinone in the absence of antibiotic selection was stabilised. In addition, to make the strain more stable for industrial applications, we knocked out the recA gene and integrated the hydroquinone dioxygenase genes at this chromosomal locus. This strain exhibited the strongest activity in catabolizing hydroquinone, up to 470 mg/L in 16 h without antibiotic selection. In addition, this activity was shown to be stable when the strain has cultured in medium without antibiotic selection after 20 passages.
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4
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Sharma V, Kumar R, Sharma VK, Yadav AK, Tiirola M, Sharma PK. Expression, purification, characterization and in silico analysis of newly isolated hydrocarbon degrading bleomycin resistance dioxygenase. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:533-544. [PMID: 31724125 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present investigation, we report cloning, expression, purification and characterization of a novel Bleomycin Resistance Dioxygenase (BRPD). His-tagged fusion protein was purified to homogeneity using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography, yielding 1.2 mg of BRPD with specific activity of 6.25 U mg-1 from 600 ml of E. coli culture. Purified enzyme was a dimer with molecular weight ~ 26 kDa in SDS-PAGE and ~ 73 kDa in native PAGE analysis. The protein catalyzed breakdown of hydrocarbon substrates, including catechol and hydroquinone, in the presence of metal ions, as characterized via spectrophotometric analysis of the enzymatic reactions. Bleomycin binding was proven using the EMSA gel retardation assay, and the putative bleomycin binding site was further determined by in silico analysis. Molecular dynamic simulations revealed that BRPD attains octahedral configuration in the presence of Fe2+ ion, forming six co-ordinate complexes to degrade hydroquinone-like molecules. In contrary, in the presence of Zn2+ ion BRPD adopts tetrahedral configuration, which enables degradation of catechol-like molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, Pb, India
| | - Rajender Kumar
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | - Marja Tiirola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Pushpender Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, Pb, India.
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5
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Zharikova NV, Zhurenko EY, Iasakov TR, Korobov VV, Erastov AS, Markusheva TV. Conversion of 4-Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid by the Pseudomonas sp. 36DCP Strain. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683819020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Ootsuka M, Nishizawa T, Hasegawa M, Kurusu Y, Ohta H. Comparative Analysis of the Genetic Basis of Branched Nonylphenol Degradation by Sphingobium amiense DSM 16289 T and Sphingobium cloacae JCM 10874 T. Microbes Environ 2018; 33:450-454. [PMID: 30518740 PMCID: PMC6308004 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me18077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched nonylphenol (BNP), a degradation product of nonylphenol polyethoxylates, exerts estrogenic effects on various organisms. The genes underlying BNP degradation by Sphingobium amiense DSM 16289T were analyzed by complete genome sequencing and compared with those of the versatile BNP-degrading Sphingobium cloacae JCM 10874T. An opdA homolog (opdADSM16289) encoding BNP degradation activity was identified in DSM 16289T, in contrast with JCM 10874T, possessing both the opdA homolog and nmoA. The degradation profile of different BNP isomers was examined by Escherichia coli transformants harboring opdADSM16289, opdAJCM10874, and nmoAJCM10874 to characterize and compare the expression activities of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Ootsuka
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Tomoyasu Nishizawa
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.,Ibaraki University College of Agriculture
| | - Morifumi Hasegawa
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.,Ibaraki University College of Agriculture
| | - Yasurou Kurusu
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.,Ibaraki University College of Agriculture
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.,Ibaraki University College of Agriculture
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7
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Xu B, Xiong C, Deng M, Li J, Tang X, Wu Q, Zhou J, Yang Y, Ding J, Han N, Huang Z. Genetic diversity of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase in the fecal microbial metagenome. J Basic Microbiol 2017; 57:883-895. [PMID: 28745827 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Catechol 1,2-dioxygenase is the key enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of the aromatic ring of catechol. We explored the genetic diversity of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase in the fecal microbial metagenome by PCR with degenerate primers. A total of 35 gene fragments of C12O were retrieved from microbial DNA in the feces of pygmy loris. Based on phylogenetic analysis, most sequences were closely related to C12O sequences from Acinetobacter. A full-length C12O gene was directly cloned, heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and biochemically characterized. Purified catPL12 had optimum pH and temperature pH 8.0 and 25 °C and retained 31 and 50% of its maximum activity when assayed at 0 and 35 °C, respectively. The enzyme was stable at 25 and 37 °C, retaining 100% activity after pre-incubation for 1 h. The kinetic parameters of catPL12 were determined. The enzyme had apparent Km of 67 µM, Vmax of 7.3 U/mg, and kcat of 4.2 s-1 for catechol, and the cleavage activities for 3-methylcatechol, 4-methylcatechol, and 4-chlorocatechol were much less than for catechol, and no activity with hydroquinone or protocatechuate was detected. This study is the first to report the molecular and biochemical characterizations of a cold-adapted catechol 1,2-dioxygenase from a fecal microbial metagenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Caiyun Xiong
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Meng Deng
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Junjun Li
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xianghua Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Junpei Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yunjuan Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Junmei Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Nanyu Han
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zunxi Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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8
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Ferraroni M, Da Vela S, Kolvenbach BA, Corvini PFX, Scozzafava A. The crystal structures of native hydroquinone 1,2-dioxygenase from Sphingomonas sp. TTNP3 and of substrate and inhibitor complexes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1865:520-530. [PMID: 28232026 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of hydroquinone 1,2-dioxygenase, a Fe(II) ring cleaving dioxygenase from Sphingomonas sp. strain TTNP3, which oxidizes a wide range of hydroquinones to the corresponding 4-hydroxymuconic semialdehydes, has been solved by Molecular Replacement, using the coordinates of PnpCD from Pseudomonas sp. strain WBC-3. The enzyme is a heterotetramer, constituted of two subunits α and two β of 19 and 38kDa, respectively. Both the two subunits fold as a cupin, but that of the small α subunit lacks a competent metal binding pocket. Two tetramers are present in the asymmetric unit. Each of the four β subunits in the asymmetric unit binds one Fe(II) ion. The iron ion in each β subunit is coordinated to three protein residues, His258, Glu264, and His305 and a water molecule. The crystal structures of the complexes with the substrate methylhydroquinone, obtained under anaerobic conditions, and with the inhibitors 4-hydroxybenzoate and 4-nitrophenol were also solved. The structures of the native enzyme and of the complexes present significant differences in the active site region compared to PnpCD, the other hydroquinone 1,2-dioxygenase of known structure, and in particular they show a different coordination at the metal center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ferraroni
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff", Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Stefano Da Vela
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff", Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Boris A Kolvenbach
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland.
| | - Philippe F X Corvini
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Scozzafava
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff", Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
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9
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Complete Genome Sequence of the Nonylphenol-Degrading Bacterium Sphingobium cloacae JCM 10874T. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/6/e01358-16. [PMID: 27932652 PMCID: PMC5146444 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01358-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sphingobium cloacae JCM 10874T can degrade phenolic endocrine-disrupting chemicals, nonylphenol, and octylphenol. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of the JCM 10874T strain.
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10
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Marchlewicz A, Guzik U, Wojcieszyńska D. Over-the-Counter Monocyclic Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Environment-Sources, Risks, Biodegradation. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2015; 226:355. [PMID: 26478634 PMCID: PMC4600096 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-015-2622-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the increased use of monocyclic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has resulted in their presence in the environment. This may have potential negative effects on living organisms. The biotransformation mechanisms of monocyclic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the human body and in other mammals occur by hydroxylation and conjugation with glycine or glucuronic acid. Biotransformation/biodegradation of monocyclic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the environment may be caused by fungal or bacterial microorganisms. Salicylic acid derivatives are degraded by catechol or gentisate as intermediates which are cleaved by dioxygenases. The key intermediate of the paracetamol degradation pathways is hydroquinone. Sometimes, after hydrolysis of this drug, 4-aminophenol is formed, which is a dead-end metabolite. Ibuprofen is metabolized by hydroxylation or activation with CoA, resulting in the formation of isobutylocatechol. The aim of this work is to attempt to summarize the knowledge about environmental risk connected with the presence of over-the-counter anti-inflammatory drugs, their sources and the biotransformation and/or biodegradation pathways of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Marchlewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Urszula Guzik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Danuta Wojcieszyńska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
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11
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Liu S, Su T, Zhang C, Zhang WM, Zhu D, Su J, Wei T, Wang K, Huang Y, Guo L, Xu S, Zhou NY, Gu L. Crystal structure of PnpCD, a two-subunit hydroquinone 1,2-dioxygenase, reveals a novel structural class of Fe2+-dependent dioxygenases. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:24547-60. [PMID: 26304122 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.673558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic microorganisms have evolved a variety of pathways to degrade aromatic and heterocyclic compounds. However, only several classes of oxygenolytic fission reaction have been identified for the critical ring cleavage dioxygenases. Among them, the most well studied dioxygenases proceed via catecholic intermediates, followed by noncatecholic hydroxy-substituted aromatic carboxylic acids. Therefore, the recently reported hydroquinone 1,2-dioxygenases add to the diversity of ring cleavage reactions. Two-subunit hydroquinone 1,2-dioxygenase PnpCD, the key enzyme in the hydroquinone pathway of para-nitrophenol degradation, catalyzes the ring cleavage of hydroquinone to γ-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde. Here, we report three PnpCD structures, named apo-PnpCD, PnpCD-Fe(3+), and PnpCD-Cd(2+)-HBN (substrate analog hydroxyenzonitrile), respectively. Structural analysis showed that both the PnpC and the C-terminal domains of PnpD comprise a conserved cupin fold, whereas PnpC cannot form a competent metal binding pocket as can PnpD cupin. Four residues of PnpD (His-256, Asn-258, Glu-262, and His-303) were observed to coordinate the iron ion. The Asn-258 coordination is particularly interesting because this coordinating residue has never been observed in the homologous cupin structures of PnpCD. Asn-258 is proposed to play a pivotal role in binding the iron prior to the enzymatic reaction, but it might lose coordination to the iron when the reaction begins. PnpD also consists of an intriguing N-terminal domain that might have functions other than nucleic acid binding in its structural homologs. In summary, PnpCD has no apparent evolutionary relationship with other iron-dependent dioxygenases and therefore defines a new structural class. The study of PnpCD might add to the understanding of the ring cleavage of dioxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiheng Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100
| | - Tiantian Su
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100
| | - Cong Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100
| | - Wen-Mao Zhang
- the Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071
| | - Deyu Zhu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100
| | - Jing Su
- the College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong 250353, and
| | - Tiandi Wei
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100
| | - Kang Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100
| | - Yan Huang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100
| | - Liming Guo
- the Rizhao Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Rizhao Health Bureau, Rizhao, Shandong 276826, China
| | - Sujuan Xu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100
| | - Ning-Yi Zhou
- the Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240,
| | - Lichuan Gu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100,
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Li F, Wang J, Nastold P, Jiang B, Sun F, Zenker A, Kolvenbach BA, Ji R, François-Xavier Corvini P. Fate and metabolism of tetrabromobisphenol A in soil slurries without and with the amendment with the alkylphenol degrading bacterium Sphingomonas sp. strain TTNP3. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 193:181-188. [PMID: 25038377 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Transformation of ring-(14)C-labelled tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) was studied in an oxic soil slurry with and without amendment with Sphingomonas sp. strain TTNP3, a bacterium degrading bisphenol-A. TBBPA degradation was accompanied by mineralization and formation of metabolites and bound-residues. The biotransformation was stimulated in the slurry bio-augmented with strain TTNP3, via a mechanism of metabolic compensation, although this strain did not grow on TBBPA. In the absence and presence of strain TTNP3, six and nine metabolites, respectively, were identified. The initial O-methylation metabolite (TBBPA-monomethyl ether) and hydroxytribromobisphenol-A were detected only when strain TTNP3 was present. Four primary metabolic pathways of TBBPA in the slurries are proposed: oxidative skeletal rearrangements, O-methylation, ipso-substitution, and reductive debromination. Our study provides for the first time the information about the complex metabolism of TBBPA in oxic soil and suggests that type II ipso-substitution could play a significant role in the fate of alkylphenol derivatives in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Peter Nastold
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, Muttenz, CH, 4132, Switzerland
| | - Bingqi Jiang
- Fujian Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, No.10, Huan Bei San Cun, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Feifei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Armin Zenker
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, Muttenz, CH, 4132, Switzerland
| | - Boris Alexander Kolvenbach
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, Muttenz, CH, 4132, Switzerland
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, 210023, Nanjing, China; Institute for Marine Science & Institute for Climate and Global Change Research, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, 210093, Nanjing, China.
| | - Philippe François-Xavier Corvini
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, 210023, Nanjing, China; Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, Muttenz, CH, 4132, Switzerland
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Guzik U, Hupert-Kocurek K, Marchlewicz A, Wojcieszyńska D. Enhancement of biodegradation potential of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase through its immobilization in calcium alginate gel. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Hydroquinone: environmental pollution, toxicity, and microbial answers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:542168. [PMID: 23936816 PMCID: PMC3727088 DOI: 10.1155/2013/542168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hydroquinone is a major benzene metabolite, which is a well-known haematotoxic and carcinogenic agent associated with malignancy in occupational environments. Human exposure to hydroquinone can occur by dietary, occupational, and environmental sources. In the environment, hydroquinone showed increased toxicity for aquatic organisms, being less harmful for bacteria and fungi. Recent pieces of evidence showed that hydroquinone is able to enhance carcinogenic risk by generating DNA damage and also to compromise the general immune responses which may contribute to the impaired triggering of the host immune reaction. Hydroquinone bioremediation from natural and contaminated sources can be achieved by the use of a diverse group of microorganisms, ranging from bacteria to fungi, which harbor very complex enzymatic systems able to metabolize hydroquinone either under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Due to the recent research development on hydroquinone, this review underscores not only the mechanisms of hydroquinone biotransformation and the role of microorganisms and their enzymes in this process, but also its toxicity.
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Wojcieszyńska D, Hupert-Kocurek K, Guzik U. Factors affecting activity of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase from 2-chlorophenol-degradingStenotrophomonas maltophiliastrain KB2. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2013.796456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Guzik U, Hupert-Kocurek K, Sitnik M, Wojcieszyńska D. High activity catechol 1,2-dioxygenase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain KB2 as a useful tool in cis,cis-muconic acid production. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2013; 103:1297-307. [PMID: 23536173 PMCID: PMC3656225 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-013-9910-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
This is the first report of a catechol 1,2-dioxygenase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain KB2 with high activity against catechol and its methyl derivatives. This enzyme was maximally active at pH 8.0 and 40 °C and the half-life of the enzyme at this temperature was 3 h. Kinetic studies showed that the value of K m and V max was 12.8 μM and 1,218.8 U/mg of protein, respectively. During our studies on kinetic properties of the catechol 1,2-dioxygenase we observed substrate inhibition at >80 μM. The nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the S. maltophilia strain KB2 catechol 1,2-dioxygenase has high identity with other catA genes from members of the genus Pseudomonas. The deduced 314-residue sequence of the enzyme corresponds to a protein of molecular mass 34.5 kDa. This enzyme was inhibited by competitive inhibitors (phenol derivatives) only by ca. 30 %. High tolerance against condition changes is desirable in industrial processes. Our data suggest that this enzyme could be of use as a tool in production of cis,cis-muconic acid and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Guzik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland.
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Collado N, Buttiglieri G, Kolvenbach BA, Comas J, Corvini PFX, Rodríguez-Roda I. Exploring the potential of applying proteomics for tracking bisphenol A and nonylphenol degradation in activated sludge. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:2309-2314. [PMID: 23121986 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A significant percentage of bisphenol A and nonylphenol removal in municipal wastewater treatment plants relies on biodegradation. Nonetheless, incomplete information is available concerning their degradation pathways performed by microbial communities in activated sludge systems. Hydroquinone dioxygenase (HQDO) is a specific degradation marker enzyme, involved in bisphenol A and nonylphenol biodegradation, and it can be produced by axenic cultures of the bacterium Sphingomonas sp. strain TTNP3. Proteomics, a technique based on the analysis of microbial community proteins, was applied to this strain. The bacterium proteome map was obtained and a HQDO subunit was successfully identified. Additionally, the reliability of the applied proteomics protocol was evaluated in activated sludge samples. Proteins belonging to Sphingomonas were searched at decreasing biomass ratios, i.e. serially diluting the bacterium in activated sludge. The protein patterns were compared and Sphingomonas proteins were discriminated against the ones from sludge itself on 2D-gels. The detection limit of the applied protocol was defined as 10(-3) g TTNP3 g(-1) total suspended solids (TSSs). The results proved that proteomics can be a promising methodology to assess the presence of specific enzymes in activated sludge samples, however improvements of its sensitivity are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Collado
- LEQUIA, Institute of the Environment, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain; ICRA, Catalan Institute for Water Research, Carrer Emili Grahit, 101, Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
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Ferraroni M, Steimer L, Matera I, Bürger S, Scozzafava A, Stolz A, Briganti F. The generation of a 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate 1,2-dioxygenase by single point mutations of salicylate 1,2-dioxygenase – Rational design of mutants and the crystal structures of the A85H and W104Y variants. J Struct Biol 2012; 180:563-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kolvenbach B, Corvini PX. The degradation of alkylphenols by Sphingomonas sp. strain TTNP3 – a review on seven years of research. N Biotechnol 2012; 30:88-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wojcieszyńska D, Hupert-Kocurek K, Jankowska A, Guzik U. Properties of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase from crude extract of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain KB2 immobilized in calcium alginate hydrogels. Biochem Eng J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Branching of the p-nitrophenol (PNP) degradation pathway in burkholderia sp. Strain SJ98: Evidences from genetic characterization of PNP gene cluster. AMB Express 2012; 2:30. [PMID: 22681853 PMCID: PMC3485097 DOI: 10.1186/2191-0855-2-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic microbial degradation of p-nitrophenol (PNP) has been classically shown to proceed via ‘Hydroquinone (HQ) pathway’ in Gram-negative bacteria, whereas in Gram-positive PNP degraders it proceed via ‘Benzenetriol (BT) pathway’. These pathways are characterized by the ring cleavage of HQ and BT as terminal aromatic intermediates respectively. Earlier reports on PNP degradation have indicated these pathways to be mutually exclusive. We report involvement of both ‘HQ’ and ‘BT’ ring cleavage pathways in PNP degradation by Burkholderia sp. strain SJ98. Genetic characterization of an ~41 Kb DNA fragment harboring PNP degradation gene cluster cloned and sequenced from strain SJ98 showed presence of multiple orfs including pnpC and pnpD which corresponded to previously characterized ‘benzenetriol-dioxygenase (BtD)’ and ‘maleylacetate reductase (MaR)’ respectively. This gene cluster also showed presence of pnpE1 and pnpE2, which shared strong sequence identity to cognate sub-units of ‘hydroquinone dioxygenase’ (HqD). Heterologous expression and biochemical characterization ascertained the identity of PnpE1 and PnpE2. In in vitro assay reconstituted heterotetrameric complex of PnpE1 and PnpE2 catalyzed transformation of hydroquinone (HQ) into corresponding hydroxymuconic semialdehyde (HMS) in a substrate specific manner. Together, these results clearly establish branching of PNP degradation in strain SJ98. We propose that strain SJ98 presents a useful model system for future studies on evolution of microbial degradation of PNP.
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Arora PK, Jain RK. Metabolism of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol in a gram negative bacterium, Burkholderia sp. RKJ 800. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38676. [PMID: 22701692 PMCID: PMC3368897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol (2C4NP) degrading bacterial strain designated as RKJ 800 was isolated from a pesticide contaminated site of India by enrichment method and utilized 2C4NP as sole source of carbon and energy. The stoichiometric amounts of nitrite and chloride ions were detected during the degradation of 2C4NP. On the basis of thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, chlorohydroquinone (CHQ) and hydroquinone (HQ) were identified as major metabolites of the degradation pathway of 2C4NP. Manganese dependent HQ dioxygenase activity was observed in the crude extract of 2C4NP induced cells of the strain RKJ 800 that suggested the cleavage of the HQ to γ-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde. On the basis of the 16S rRNA gene sequencing, strain RKJ 800 was identified as a member of genus Burkholderia. Our studies clearly showed that Burkholderia sp. RKJ 800 degraded 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol via hydroquinone pathway. The pathway identified in a gram negative bacterium, Burkholderia sp. strain RKJ 800 was differed from previously reported 2C4NP degradation pathway in another gram-negative Burkholderia sp. SJ98. This is the first report of the formation of CHQ and HQ in the degradation of 2C4NP by any gram-negative bacteria. Laboratory-scale soil microcosm studies showed that strain RKJ 800 is a suitable candidate for bioremediation of 2C4NP contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar Arora
- Environmental Biotechnology, Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR), Chandigarh, India.
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Da Vela S, Ferraroni M, Kolvenbach BA, Keller E, Corvini PFX, Scozzafava A, Briganti F. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of hydroquinone dioxygenase from Sphingomonas sp. TTNP3. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 68:588-90. [PMID: 22691794 PMCID: PMC3374519 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309112012341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hydroquinone dioxygenase (HQDO), a novel Fe(II) ring-fission dioxygenase from Sphingomonas sp. strain TTNP3 which oxidizes a wide range of hydroquinones to the corresponding 4-hydroxymuconic semialdehydes, has been crystallized. The enzyme is an α(2)β(2) heterotetramer constituted of two subunits of 19 and 38 kDa. Diffraction-quality crystals of HQDO were obtained using the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method at 277 K from a solution consisting of 16% PEG 4000, 0.3 M MgCl(2), 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5. The crystals belonged to the monoclinic space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 88.4, b = 125.4, c = 90.8 Å, β = 105.3°. The asymmetric unit contained two heterotetramers, i.e. four copies of each of the two different subunits related by noncrystallographic 222 symmetry. A complete data set extending to a maximum resolution of 2.5 Å was collected at 100 K using a wavelength of 0.980 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Da Vela
- Dipartimento di Chimica ‘Ugo Schiff’, Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino FI, Italy
| | - Marta Ferraroni
- Dipartimento di Chimica ‘Ugo Schiff’, Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino FI, Italy
| | - Boris A. Kolvenbach
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Eva Keller
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Philippe F. X. Corvini
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Scozzafava
- Dipartimento di Chimica ‘Ugo Schiff’, Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino FI, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Briganti
- Dipartimento di Chimica ‘Ugo Schiff’, Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino FI, Italy
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An unexpected gene cluster for downstream degradation of alkylphenols in Sphingomonas sp. strain TTNP3. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 93:1315-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3451-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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