Is YouTube a reliable source of health-related information? A systematic review

How Informative Is YouTube Regarding Feeding in Infants with Cleft Lip and Palate?

OBJECTIVE

To assess the characteristics of popular videos on YouTube about the feeding of infants with cleft lip and palate (CLP) and analyze the adequacy of information provided by them.

DESIGN

A cross-sectional design was used.

METHODS

YouTube was systematically searched for consecutive relevant videos about the feeding of infants with CLP, using predefined keyword combinations, without any limitations on language or duration. Scrutiny of the top 50 videos for each keyword combination was performed and a self-designed data-extraction sheet was used. A content adequacy index was developed by an expert group, and used to assess content adequacy, classifying it into categories from excellent to poor.

RESULTS

From an initial retrieval of 200 videos, 42 were included in the final assessment. The videos originated from nine different countries, with more than half coming from the USA and in English. Five of the videos came from the channel of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association. Content adequacy analysis showed that no video could be classified as excellent, while 33.3% were classified as optimal, 21.4% as suboptimal and 45.2% as poor.

CONCLUSIONS

The content adequacy of the majority of videos on YouTube, relating to the feeding of infants with CLP was inadequate, with only one third of them achieving optimal content adequacy. Efforts must be made to develop informative and standardized videos for social media and video-sharing platforms, perhaps through professional associations to ensure that families with an infant with CLP receive appropriate information.

A quality assessment of YouTube as an information resource for tonsillectomy

PURPOSE

Online resources are increasingly being utilised by patients to guide their clinical decision making, as an alternative or supplement to the traditional clinical-patient relationship. YouTube is an online repository of user and community generated videos, which is one of the most popular websites globally. We undertook a study to examine the quality of information presented in YouTube videos related to tonsillectomy.

METHODS

We completed a systematic search of YouTube in May 2023 and identified 88 videos for inclusion in our study. Videos were published in the English language, focussing on tonsillectomy and tonsillectomy recovery, and were greater than 2 min in length. We recorded video quality metrics and two authors independently analysed the quality of information using three validated quality assessment tools described in the literature including the modified DISCERN, Global Quality Score, and the JAMA Benchmark Criteria.

RESULTS

The overall quality of the information was low with mean quality scores of Modified DISCERN (1.8 ± 1.3), GQS (2.6 ± 1.2), and JAMA Benchmark Criteria (1.6 ± 0.7). Information published by medical sources including medical professionals, healthcare organisations, and medical education channels scored significantly higher compared to non-medical sources across all quality measures and were of moderate overall quality and usefulness: Modified DISCERN (2.5 ± 1.1 vs 0.8 ± 0.9, z = -6.0, p < 0.001), GQS (3.2 ± 1.0 vs 1.7 ± 0.9, z = -5.7, p < 0.001), and JAMA (1.9 ± 0.8 vs 1.1 ± 0.3, z = -5.2, p < 0.001). Videos published during or after 2018 scored higher on Modified DISCERN (z = -3.2,p = 0.001) but not on GQS or JAMA. Video quality metrics such as total view count, likes, and comments, and channel subscriber count, did not correlate with higher video quality. However, amongst videos published by authoritative medical sources, total view count correlated positively with higher Modified DISCERN quality scores (p = 0.037).

CONCLUSION

The overall quality and usefulness of YouTube videos on tonsillectomy is of low quality, but information published by authoritative medical sources score significantly higher. Clinicians should be mindful of increasing use of online information sources such as YouTube when counselling patients. Further research is needed in the medical community to create engaging, high-quality content to provide guidance for patients.

Dacryocystorhinostomy videos on YouTube as a source of patient education

BACKGROUND

To determine the quality and reliability of DCR YouTube videos as patient education resources and identify any associated factors predictive of video quality.

METHODS

A YouTube search was conducted using the terms "Dacryocystorhinostomy, DCR, surgery" on 12th of January 2022, with the first 50 relevant videos selected for inclusion. For each video, the following was collected: video hyperlink, title, total views, months since the video was posted, video length, total likes/dislikes, authorship (i.e. surgeon, patient experience or media companies) and number of comments. The videos were graded independently by a resident, a registrar and an oculoplastic surgeon using three validated scoring systems: the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), DISCERN, and Health on the Net (HON).

RESULTS

The average number of video views was 22,992, with the mean length being 488.12 s and an average of 18 comments per video. The consensus JAMA, DISCERN and HON scores were 2.1 ± 0.6, 29.1 ± 8.8 and 2.7 ± 1.0, respectively. This indicated that the included videos were of a low quality, however, only DISCERN scores had good interobserver similarity. Videos posted by surgeons were superior to non-surgeons when considering mean JAMA and HON scores. No other factors were associated with the quality of educational content.

CONCLUSION

The quality and reliability of DCR related content for patient education is relatively low. Based on this study's findings, patients should be encouraged to view videos created by surgeons or specialists in preference to other sources on YouTube.

Contents analysis of thyroid cancer-related information uploaded to YouTube by physicians in Korea: endorsing thyroid cancer screening, potentially leading to overdiagnosis

BACKGROUND

Thyroid cancer overdiagnosis is a major public health issue in South Korea, which has the highest incidence rate. The accessibility of information through the Internet, particularly on YouTube, could potentially impact excessive screening. This study aimed to analyze the content of thyroid cancer-related YouTube videos, particularly those from 2016 onwards, to evaluate the potential spread of misinformation.

METHODS

A total of 326 videos for analysis were collected using a video search protocol with the keyword "thyroid cancer" on YouTube. This study classified the selected YouTube videos as either provided by medical professionals or not and used topic clustering with LDA (latent dirichlet allocation), sentiment analysis with KoBERT (Korean bidirectional encoder representations from transformers), and reliability evaluation to analyze the content. The proportion of mentions of poor prognosis for thyroid cancer and the categorization of advertising content was also analyzed.

RESULTS

Videos by medical professionals were categorized into 7 topics, with "Thyroid cancer is not a 'Good cancer'" being the most common. The number of videos opposing excessive thyroid cancer screening decreased gradually yearly. Videos advocating screening received more favorable comments from viewers than videos opposing excessive thyroid cancer screening. Patient experience videos were categorized into 6 topics, with the "Treatment process and after-treatment" being the most common.

CONCLUSION

This study found that a significant proportion of videos uploaded by medical professionals on thyroid cancer endorse the practice, potentially leading to excessive treatments. The study highlights the need for medical professionals to provide high-quality and unbiased information on social media platforms to prevent the spread of medical misinformation and the need for criteria to judge the content and quality of online health information.

A content-quality and optimization analysis of YouTube as a source of patient information for bipolar disorder

Background

The goal of this study was to identify and evaluate the use of Arabic YouTube videos on BD as a resource for patient education.

Methods

A cross-sectional evaluation of YouTube videos as a source of information for patients with BD in Arabic was performed. The study was observational and, because it did not involve human subjects, it followed the STROBE guidelines whenever possible. The quality of the videos was assessed using the validated DISCERN instrument. The search strategy involved entering the term "bipolar disorder" in the YouTube search bar, and only YouTube videos in Arabic were included.

Results

A total of 58 videos were included in this study after removing duplicates and videos unrelated to BD (Figure 1). The most common source of videos was others (38%), followed by physician (33%), educational (26%), and hospital (3%). Resources covering symptoms and prognosis were mostly in the "others" category (41%). The resources or videos that covered treatment options were mainly created by physicians (41%). However, resources or videos that included a personal story mainly belonged to the "others" category (67%).

Conclusion

Visual health-related instructional resources still have a significant shortage. This study highlights the poor quality of videos about serious illnesses like BD. Evaluation and promotion of the creation of visual health-related educational resources should be the primary goal of future study.

Unpacking the Role of YouTube Influencers in Shaping Healthy Attitudes and Behaviors in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background Social media, notably YouTube (Google LLC, Mountain View, California, United States), has transformed global communication and access to information. In Saudi Arabia, with high internet usage, YouTube influencers play a significant role in shaping health attitudes and behaviors. This study investigates the impact of YouTube influencers on health behaviors among Saudi Arabian residents, considering the unique cultural and socio-demographic context. Methods We conducted a community-based cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia. We surveyed a convenience sample of 703 young Saudi participants from September 2022 to March 2023. Data collection utilized an anonymous online questionnaire distributed via popular social media platforms. The questionnaire covered sociodemographic information, health habits, perceptions of influencers, and their impact on health attitudes. Descriptive statistics, including percentages, frequencies, means, and standard deviations, were employed to summarize participant characteristics and health-related variables. Pearson's chi-square test was utilized to compare response variables among different groups. Results Findings show significant gender disparities in health habits, with males more likely to smoke but females less physically active (p<0.01). Influencers were perceived as encouraging healthy habits by 71.7% of participants, yet 55.6% also believed they promoted unhealthy habits. Positive outcomes included dietary improvements (62.6%) and smoking cessation (20.5%). People preferred healthcare influencers the most (66.8%), followed by sports and fashion influencers. Conclusions This study highlights YouTube influencers' substantial influence on health behaviors in Saudi Arabia. It suggests the potential for influencers, especially in healthcare, to contribute positively to public health. Viewer discernment is essential due to varying influencer impacts. These findings underscore the complex role of YouTube influencers in shaping health behaviors and suggest avenues for targeted health interventions.

Content quality and reliability of YouTube videos on oral appliance therapy for obstructive sleep apnea: A systematic analysis

INTRODUCTION

YouTube's popularity as a health information source raises concerns about credibility due to the absence of peer review. Therefore, this study assessed the content quality and reliability of YouTube videos related to oral appliance therapy for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

METHODS

Videos were systematically searched on August 20, 2023, using terms determined through Google Trends. Videos were included based on predefined criteria and independently assessed by two researchers. Video demographics were extracted. Video quality was evaluated using audio-visual (AV) quality, video information and quality index (VIQI), global quality score (GQS), and reliability using a modified DISCERN tool (mDISCERN). High and low-content videos were defined based on the customized 10-point scoring system. Inter- and intra-examiner reliability of scoring system were calculated.

RESULTS

Most videos were educational (46.3%), presented by dental sleep medicine specialists (42.6%), and aimed at laypersons (63%), with the majority originating from the United States (79.6%). The final 54 videos were categorized as high-content (n = 29, 54%) and low-content (n = 25, 46%). High-content videos had more views, comments, and longer video durations (7.07 ± 6.04 min). Significant differences (p < .05) were observed among high and low-content videos in total VIQI, mDISCERN, GQS, and TCS. Moderate correlations were found between GQS and TCS (r = 0.721), mDISCERN and VIQI (r = 0.649), GQS and VIQI (r = 0.601), and AV quality and VIQI (r = 0.531).

CONCLUSION

The study highlights variable content quality and reliability of YouTube videos on oral appliance therapy for OSA, emphasizing the need for guidelines to enhance their educational value and deliver reliable, evidence-based information to patients.

Evaluation of the quality and content of YouTube videos as an educational resource in developing patients' inhaler use skills

BACKGROUND

YouTube has educational videos on inhalers. However, their content and quality are not adequately known.

OBJECTIVES

This study investigated the quality and content of educational YouTube videos on inhalers.

METHODS

This descriptive study analyzed 178 YouTube videos on inhalers between May and July 2022. Two researchers independently evaluated the videos. The Global Quality Score (GQS), Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) Benchmark Criteria, and Inhaler Application Checklist (IAC) were used to assess the quality and content of the videos. Spearman's correlation, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, ANOVA, and Post hoc analysis Bonferroni test were used for data analysis.

RESULTS

The videos had a mean GQS score of 3.70 ± 1.24, and JAMA score of 2.22 ± 0.60. A negative correlation was between the quality score of the videos and views, likes, comments, duration, and likes/views (respectively; r = -0.237 p < 0.005, r = -0.217 p < 0.003, r = -0.220 p < 0.005, r = -0.147, p < 0.005). The videos narrated by nurses and doctors had significantly higher mean JAMA and GQS scores than others (p = 0.001). The videos missed some procedural steps [gargling (29.1%), adding no more than five ml of medication and device cleaning (41.9%), and exhaling through the nose (37.5%)]. Videos uploaded by individual missed significantly more procedural steps than professional organizations (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

YouTube videos about inhaler techniques have a moderate level of quality. Videos uploaded by doctors and nurses as content narrators were of higher quality. The videos missed some procedural steps. Individual video uploaders had higher missed procedural steps. Counseling should be provided to patients regarding the reliability of online information.

Suprapubic catheter change: Evaluating YouTube videos as a resource for teaching junior doctors

Objectives

The objectives of this study are to assess the current level of experience and teaching practices for SPC change at our institution and, second, to assess the quality of YouTube videos as an educational tool for teaching SPC change.

Methods

A survey was conducted of 40 JMOs at our institution regarding SPC change. The first 20 YouTube videos on SPC change were included for analysis. A JAMA and DISCERN score was calculated for each video. Using linear regression, the association between collected variables and the assigned JAMA and DISCERN scores were determined.

Results

The survey showed that 18 (45%) of JMOs had done an SPC change. None had received formal teaching. The consensus was that the quality of the YouTube videos was poor. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the score assigned to videos by each scoring system (Pearson's r 0.81, p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant association between video quality as measured by either of the scoring systems and number of views. No association between any video characteristic and JAMA and DISCERN score was found.

Conclusion

An SPC change is often a requirement of JMOs; however, this skill is not formally taught. The quality of YouTube videos describing an SPC change is poor.

YouTube as a source of information for pressure injury: Quality assessment and content analysis

We aimed to assess the quality and reliability of pressure injury-related videos uploaded on YouTube, analyse the sources and contents, and examine the correlation between video parameters. We searched YouTube using two keywords, "pressure ulcer" and "pressure sore", on August 20, 2022. We sorted the videos according to their number of views and included the top 100 videos for each keyword. The quality of videos was assessed using the Global Quality Scale (GQS), while their reliability was evaluated by the modified DISCERN (mDISCERN) tool. In addition, we evaluated the videos in which content was included, analysed the correlations and differences between GQS, mDISCERN, and video parameters. We initially found a total of 100 videos for each keyword and finally included and analysed 77 videos. The mean scores for the mDISCERN and GQS were 2.35 ± 0.98 and 3.09 ± 0.99, respectively. Both GQS and mDISCERN showed statistically significant correlations with each other (rho = 0.54, p < 0.0001*) and with the length of the videos, respectively (rho = 0.36, p = 0.001*), (rho = 0.29, p = 0.01*). Of the videos created by physicians, 8 (57.1%) included content related to treatment, while of the videos created by nonphysician health personnel, 22 (57.9%) included content related to prevention. Analysing whether there were differences in video parameters based on the sources, we observed significant differences between sources in GQS (p < 0.0001*), mDISCERN (p < 0.0001*), and video length (p = 0.001*). In the post-hoc analysis, videos uploaded by physicians or nonphysician health personnel showed higher quality and reliability than videos uploaded by other sources. Therefore, the results of this study could be useful for healthcare providers, as well as patients and caregivers, to search for high-quality and reliable YouTube videos related to pressure injury.

A content analysis of YouTube videos on palliative care: understanding the quality and availability of online resources

Background

Improvement in quality care is an important aspect of palliative care for individuals with serious illnesses. Palliative care is a multidisciplinary strategy that addresses the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs of patients and their families. As technology advances, digital media - especially YouTube - has come to serve as a virtual educational platform, offering resources for health-related information, including information about palliative care.

Objectives

In this research, the main goal was to evaluate the quality and availability of online resources related to palliative care.

Design

Two theoretical frameworks were used: the Health Communication Model and the Information Quality Framework. These frameworks offer a way to understand how YouTube videos contribute to palliative care information and assess the quality of that information.

Methods

This study utilizes a quantitative analysis approach to assess the quality and accessibility of YouTube videos on palliative care. Specifically, a random sample of 300 YouTube videos addressing palliative care was examined. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data, including the frequency and distribution of the different types of content, sources, and quality indicators. Chi-square tests were done to compare the quality of information provided by different sources and types of content.

Results

The results showed a variety of video types, with educational videos being the most common (40%), followed by personal stories (26.7%) and promotional videos (16.7%). We found that healthcare organizations (30%) and individual content creators (46.7%) were the sources for these videos.

Conclusion

There were varying scores in terms of accuracy, completeness, and relevance when it came to quality assessment. While many videos received excellent ratings, some received poor ratings. Additionally, this analysis revealed that the majority of these videos were in English (83.3%), which poses a limitation for non-English speakers who may have difficulty understanding them.

Text-Mining and Video Analytics of COVID-19 Narratives Shared by Patients on YouTube

This study explores how individuals who have experienced COVID-19 share their stories on YouTube, focusing on the nature of information disclosure, public engagement, and emotional impact pertaining to consumer health. Using a dataset of 186 YouTube videos, we used text mining and video analytics techniques to analyze textual transcripts and visual frames to identify themes, emotions, and their relationship with viewer engagement metrics. Findings reveal eight key themes: infection origins, symptoms, treatment, mental well-being, isolation, prevention, government directives, and vaccination. While viewers engaged most with videos about infection origins, treatment, and vaccination, fear and sadness in the text consistently drove views, likes, and comments. Visuals primarily conveyed happiness and sadness, but their influence on engagement varied. This research highlights the crucial role YouTube plays in disseminating COVID-19 patient narratives and suggests its potential for improving health communication strategies. By understanding how emotions and content influence viewer engagement, healthcare professionals and public health officials can tailor their messaging to better connect with the public and address pandemic-related anxieties.

'How to stop a nosebleed': a combined objective and subjective assessment of YouTube videos on first-aid management of epistaxis

OBJECTIVE

A previous study in 2016 found that the quality of YouTube videos on epistaxis first-aid management was highly variable. This study aimed to reassess the accuracy and patient understandability of such YouTube videos.

METHOD

YouTube was searched using the phrase 'How to stop a nosebleed'. The highest 50 ranking videos, based on relevance, were screened. Each video was assessed objectively using a standardised 'advice score', and subjectively using a video understandability and actionability checklist, the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for Audiovisual Materials ('PEMAT-A/V').

RESULTS

The mean advice score was 4.1 out of 8. The mean (standard deviation) understandability and actionability scores were 76 per cent (17 per cent) and 89 per cent (18 per cent), respectively. There was a strong positive correlation between the actionability scores and the advice scores (ρ = 0.634; p < 0.001), and between the actionability scores and the understandability scores (ρ = 0.519; p = 0.002).

CONCLUSION

YouTube videos are providing increasingly relevant advice for patients seeking healthcare information. YouTube is proposed as a useful medium for teaching epistaxis management to patients and community practitioners.

The reliability and quality of YouTube videos as a source of breath holding spell

BACKGROUND

Breath holding spells (BHS) are an important non-epileptic condition that is common in childhood and causes concern to families. YouTube is a powerful social media tool for accessing diseases and information such as BHS in child health. The aim of the study was to measure of the quality and reliability levels of the videos published in English on BHS uploaded on YouTube.

METHODS

The key words "infant", "cry", "breath holding spells", holding spells" and "breath spells" were searched on the YouTube on November 14, 2022, in this study. Along with the general features of the videos, their quality and reliability were evaluated according to the global quality score (GQS), mDISCERN score.

RESULTS

Fifty-five videos were evaluated. The mDISCERN and GQS scores of the videos in the useful group were higher than those in the misleading group (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). In the useful group, 87.5% of academic institutions and 93.3% of medical doctors (MDs) uploaded high-score GQS videos, while this rate was 16.7% in independent users (p = 0.005). The positive correlation was found between mDISCERN and GQS scores (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The majority of YouTube videos on BHS contained useful information with sufficient quality. Professional associations such as universities and academic institutes need to produce better quality videos to provide families/users with more accurate and up-to-date information about BHS. We emphasize that YouTube should analyse videos published in the field of health, especially in the field of pediatrics, such as BHS, with committees consisting of expert health professionals, and publish them after evaluation. YouTube should consider collaborating with professional pediatrics health organizations such as American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), academic institutes and universities in the field of BHS to produce high-quality videos.

Critical evaluation of YouTube videos regarding the all-on-4 dental implant treatment concept: A content-quality analysis

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Rehabilitation of complete edentulous arches by using the all-on-4 dental implant treatment concept is a well-established procedure. Considering the popularity of YouTube as a source for health-related information, a thorough investigation of the content-quality and reliability of videos regarding the all-on-4 concept is lacking.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this cross-sectional analysis was to critically appraise the content-quality and reliability of YouTube videos regarding the all-on-4 dental implant treatment concept as a source of information for patients, students, and dentists.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A comprehensive search was performed on the YouTube website using the specific keyword "All-on-4," which was identified as the most appropriate search term by the Google Trends website. Only English language videos regarding the all-on-4 dental implant treatment concept were included for systematic analyses. Following the eligibility criteria, the included videos were assessed for their demographic characteristics and quality-content. Based on the content score, the videos were categorized as low content (LC) and moderate + high content (MHC) groups. Further, qualitative analyses were performed by using the DISCERN tool and a global quality (GQ) scale. Statistical analyses were conducted by using the Mann-Whitney U test and the Spearman correlation analysis (α=.05).

RESULTS

Of 250 screened videos, only 73 were eligible for final analyses. The included videos presented an average 123 846 (range, 4 to 3 182 404) views with a mean duration of 528 (range, 12 to 1699) seconds. In addition, the average number of likes was 1122 (range, 0 to 3300), but, remarkably, none of the included videos received any dislikes. Overall, the mean content-quality score was 6.2 ±3.8, thus indicating low-quality content. The average DISCERN and GQ scores were 47.73 ±9.94 and 3.41 ±0.95, with the Spearman rank correlation test showing a strong positive correlation (r=.732; P<.001) among the total obtained scores. Moreover, statistically significant differences were reported between the LC and MHC groups for both DISCERN and GQ scores (P<.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The reliability of YouTube videos regarding the all-on-4 dental implant treatment concept is questionable, as they exhibit poor content-quality, thus making them an unreliable source for patients, students, and dentists seeking accurate information.

Quality of YouTube Videos Regarding Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Quadriceps Tendon Autograft Is Unsatisfactory

PURPOSE

To assess the validity and informational value of teaching material regarding anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) using quadriceps tendon (QT) autograft provided on the YouTube video platform.

METHODS

An extensive systematic search of the YouTube video platform was performed, and all videos that met the criteria were included in the analysis. The analysis of the video content was performed using the DISCERN instrument, Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria, and Global Quality Score (GQS). The duration of the videos, the date of publication, and the number of likes and views were recorded. Furthermore, videos were categorized based on the source (physicians, companies, patients), the subject (surgical technique, patient experience and overview [overview videos were videos in which multiple aspects were analyzed]), and the type of content (educational or subjective patient experience).

RESULTS

A total of 88 videos were included in the analysis. Seventy-one (80.7%) videos were published by physicians, 15 (17.0%) by patients, and 2 (2.3%) by companies. The majority of the videos described various surgical techniques (59%-67.0%), 80.7% of the videos (72%-81.8%) had an educational nature, and the remaining 18.2% described patient experiences. The mean length of the videos was 8.21 ± 7.88 minutes. The mean number of views was 3,988.51 ± 9,792.98 (range 9-56,047), whereas the mean numbers of comments and likes were 30.07 ± 70.07 (range 0-493) and 4.48 ± 14.22 (range 0-82), respectively. The mean DISCERN score, JAMA score, and GQS were 27.43 ±11.56 (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.01-29.85; range: 17-68), 1.22 ± 0.85 (95% CI 1.04-1.40; range 0-3), and 1.82 ± 0.93 (95% CI 1.63-2.01; range 1-4), respectively. For all scores, videos published by physicians had greater quality (DISCERN score, JAMA score, and GQS) (P < .05). Among all of the analyzed videos, overview videos were of the highest quality (P < .05).

CONCLUSIONS

YouTube is a fast and open-access source of mass information. The overall quality of the videos on ACLR performed using QT autograft was unsatisfactory, demonstrating low educational quality and reliability. Currently, YouTube cannot be recommended as a reliable source of information on ACLR with the QT.

Users' experience with health-related content on YouTube: an exploratory study

BACKGROUND

This study focuses on health-related content (HRC) on YouTube and addresses the issue of misinformation on this platform. While previous research centered on content evaluations by experts, this study takes a user-centered approach and aims to explore users' experiences with and perceptions of HRC videos and to establish links between these perceptions and some socio-demographic characteristics including age, gender, profession, and educational level.

METHODS

A quantitative research design was used in the study. 3,000 YouTube users responded to a 35-item anonymous questionnaire to collect information about the content they watch toward decision-making, their perceptions of the usefulness and bias of this content, what they identify as quality indicators for HRC, and what they recommend to improve the quality of such content on YouTube. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, frequency, and correlation analyses.

RESULTS

The results reveal that 87.6 percent (n=2630) of the participants watch HRC on YouTube, and 84.7 percent (n=2542) make decisions based on what they watch. Exercise and bodybuilding videos are the most popular, with over half of the participants watching them. 40 percent of the users watch YouTube videos to decide whether to consult a doctor or adopt specific health-related practices. In contrast to evaluations by experts in previous studies, most respondents perceive HRC videos on YouTube as useful and do not find connections between video quality and surface features like the number of views and likes. Weak or no correlations were observed between the perceived usefulness of HRC videos and age, gender, profession, or educational level. Participants' recommendations for enhancing HRC quality align with previous research findings.

CONCLUSIONS

Users turn to YouTube not only for health information but also as a decision-making tool. Combined with their generally positive attitudes towards content quality on this platform, this can have significant consequences for their health. Follow-up studies are needed to get more insights into decision-making behaviors and how users assess their decisions in retrospect.

Bilibili, TikTok, and YouTube as sources of information on gastric cancer: assessment and analysis of the content and quality

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer has attracted widespread attention on social media due to its high incidence and severity. The Bilibili, TikTok, and YouTube video-sharing platforms have received considerable interest among general health consumers. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether the information in videos on these platforms is of satisfactory content and quality.

METHODS

A total of 300 eligible videos related to gastric cancer were screened from three video-sharing platforms, Bilibili, TikTok, and YouTube, for assessment and analysis. First, the basic information presented in the videos was recorded. Next, we identified the source and content type of each video. Then, the Global Quality Scale (GQS), Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), and Modified DISCERN were used to assess the educational content and quality of each video. A comparative analysis was undertaken of the videos procured from these three sources.

RESULTS

We identified six categories of uploaders of the 300 videos: 159 videos (53%) were uploaded by health professionals, 21 videos (7%) by users in science communications, 29 videos (9.67%) by general users, 27 videos (9%) from news agencies, 63 videos (12%) by nonprofit organizations, and one video (0.33%) by a for-profit organization. In terms of the content types of the 300 videos, we identified five distinct categories. There were 48 videos (16%) on early signals, 12 videos (4%) on late symptoms, 40 videos (13.33%) on etiologies and causations, 160 videos (53.33%) on scientific introductions, and 40 videos (13.33%) on treatment methods. The overall quality of the videos was evaluated by the GQS, JAMA, and Modified DISCERN and was found to be medium, with scores of 2.6/5, 2.41/4, and 2.71/5 points, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

This innovative study demonstrates that videos on social media platforms can help the public learn about early signals, late symptoms, treatment methods, etiologies and causations, and scientific introductions of gastric cancer. However, both the content and quality of uploaded recordings are inadequate currently. More efforts should be made to enhance the content and quality of videos on gastric cancer and to increase public awareness.

Educational quality of YouTube content on brachial plexus injury and treatment

INTRODUCTION

While surgical literature exists on birth-related brachial plexus injury (BPI), there are not validated sources of information on BPI for patients, which can impact patient autonomy and decision-making. With YouTube as a popular source for patients to research diagnoses, this study aims to evaluate the quality of information regarding BPI and its treatment available on the platform.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

BPI YouTube videos were screened independently by two reviewers. Videos were categorized by source: (1) academic, government, and non-profit organizations; (2) private practices, companies, and for-profit organizations; (3) independent users. Each video was evaluated for reliability, credibility, and quality using the modified DISCERN criteria (scale, 0-5), Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) criteria (scale, 0-4), and Global Quality Scale (GQS; scale, 1-5). Surgical treatment videos were analyzed by the senior author using a modified "treatment" DISCERN criteria (scale, 8-40). Non-English videos were excluded from this study. Analysis of variance tests were used to compare means.

RESULTS

One hundred and fifteen videos were selected for final analysis. The mean modified DISCERN score was 3.26; JAMA was 2.31; GQS was 3.48. Videos were subdivided according to source. Group 1, 2, and 3 had 45, 24, and 46 videos, respectively. Modified DISCERN score was greater for Group 1 than Group 2 (3.58 vs. 3.04, p < .001) and Group 3 (3.58 vs. 3.07, p < .001). JAMA score was greater for Group 1 than Group 2 (2.63 vs 2.15, p = .041) and Group 3 (2.63 vs. 2.08, p = .002). GQS score was greater for Group 1 than Group 2 (3.93 vs. 3.31, p = .031) and Group 3 (3.93 vs. 3.13, p < .001). Of the 34 videos (44.7%) that mentioned treatment, the DISCERN score was 14.32.

CONCLUSION

The videos analyzed were found to have moderate reliability, credibility, and quality. The reliability of information regarding treatments for BPI was poor. Healthcare providers should supply additional information on treatment of BPI.

Assessing Laryngectomy Patient Education on YouTube: Investigating Quality and Reliability

Objective

This study aimed to characterize the quality of laryngectomy-related patient education on YouTube and understand factors impacting video content quality.

Study Design

Cross-sectional cohort analysis.

Setting

Laryngectomy-related videos on YouTube.

Methods

YouTube was anonymously queried for various laryngectomy procedure search terms. Video quality was evaluated using the validated DISCERN instrument which assesses treatment-related information quality. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize our cohort. Univariate and multivariable linear regression were used to assess factors associated with increased DISCERN score. Significance was set at P < .05.

Results

Our 78-video cohort exhibited moderate levels of engagement, averaging 13,028.40 views (SD = 24,246.93), 69.79 likes (SD = 163.75), and 5.27 comments (SD = 18.81). Videos were most frequently uploaded to accounts belonging to physicians (43.59%) or health care groups (41.03%) and showcased operations (52.56%) or physician-led education (20.51%). Otolaryngologists were featured in most videos (85.90%), and most videos originated outside the United States (67.95%). Laryngectomy videos demonstrated poor reliability (mean = 2.35, SD = 0.77), quality of treatment information (mean = 1.92, SD = 0.86), and overall video quality (mean = 1.97, SD = 1.12). In multivariable linear regression, operative videos were associated with lower video quality relative to nonoperative videos (β = -1.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [-2.03 to -1.24], P < .001); the opposite was true for videos from accounts with higher subscriber counts (β = 0.02, 95% CI = [0.01-0.03], P = .005).

Conclusion

The quality and quantity of YouTube's laryngectomy educational content is limited. There is an acute need to increase the quantity and quality of online laryngectomy-related content to better support patients and caregivers as they cope with their diagnosis, prepare for, and recover from surgery.

Information quality of videos related to Helicobacter pylori infection on TikTok: Cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) poses serious threats to human health. TikTok (Douyin in Chinese), a major social media platform focused on sharing short videos, has demonstrated great potential in spreading health information, including information related to H. pylori infection. This study aims to evaluate the content and quality of the information shared in TikTok videos about H. pylori infection in mainland China.

METHODS

We collected a sample of 116 videos in Chinese related to H. pylori infection from TikTok. Video contents were evaluated by the coding schema proposed by Goobie et al., and the Hexagonal Radar Schema was used to intuitively display the spotlight and weight of each aspect of the videos. The DISCERN questionnaire was used to evaluate the quality of the videos.

RESULTS

We identified two major sources of videos related to H. pylori: individual users (n = 89) and organizational users (n = 27). Regarding content, the Hexagonal Radar Charts showed that more than 35% of the videos delivered moderate to high quality content (>1 point) in terms of definition, symptoms and management of the disease, whereas risk factors, evaluation and outcomes of the disease were less discussed. The DISCERN classification data showed that 0.9% of the videos were "very poor," 5.2% "poor," 68.7% "fair," 20.0% "good," and only 5.2% "excellent". Regarding total DISCERN scores, videos published by nonprofit organizations had the highest scores, followed by videos uploaded by health professionals.

CONCLUSION

Although the overall quality of TikTok videos related to H. pylori infection was medium, users should be careful when obtaining information related to H. pylori infection on TikTok and opt for videos uploaded by nonprofit organizations and health professionals.

Evaluation of the reliability and educational quality of YouTube™ videos on sport nutrition topics

BACKGROUND

YouTube is one of the most widespread social media channels, which is of growing importance in science communication and health education. The validity of medical and health-related information available on YouTube cannot be assured, and videos often contain potentially misleading or inaccurate information. Communication on sport nutrition may have a profound effect on the change in nutrition behavior among athletes, so evidence-based nutrition information must reach athletes. The main goal of the research is to evaluate the quality, reliability, and applicability of sports nutrition YouTube videos as educational material for athletes.

METHODS

A descriptive cross-sectional design was applied, and a systematic search was performed on YouTube. The quality and reliability of the videos were evaluated by applying the most frequently used and highly reliable scoring systems in the literature (e.g., DISCERN, Global Quality Score, and JAMA criteria) and a sports nutrition-specific scoring system (SNSS). Descriptive statistical analyses, two-sample t-test, Spearman correlation, Kruskal - Wallis, and Mann - Whitney U test were used to evaluate the results. A total of 114 YouTube videos met the inclusion criteria.

RESULTS

In 25% of the videos, the sports nutrition information was presented by a dietitian, while in two-thirds, coaches and athletes and other professionals shared sports nutrition knowledge. In terms of video content, the three most common topics were nutrition and health (33%), special diets (21%), and the training diet (17%). For the majority of the videos that received low GQS, JAMAS, DISCERN, and SNSS scores, the accuracy and quality of the analyzed YouTube videos on sports nutrition were inadequate. Videos uploaded by dietitians achieved significantly higher DISCERN, JAMAS, GQS, and SNSS scores. The GQS, SNSS, and DISCERN scores of videos from sports organizations, nonprofit organizations, and independent user sources were lower compared to videos uploaded by academic and professional organizations. Popular sport nutrition videos among users that contain personal stories or the experiences of athletes were deemed less reliable by experts or showed lower educational quality. Henceforth, we found a negative correlation between video popularity and JAMAS, GQS, and SNSS scores.

CONCLUSION

This study revealed that sports nutrition videos on the YouTube video platform show low accuracy and reliability. Professionals working with athletes need to consider misconceptions from sports nutrition videos in their nutrition counseling practice. Due to the popularity of the videos, professionals and professional organizations could use YouTube as an online educational tool to increase the nutrition knowledge of athletes.

Freely Available Training Videos for Suicide Prevention: Scoping Review

BACKGROUND

Freely available and asynchronous implementation supports can reduce the resource burden of evidence-based practice training to facilitate uptake. Freely available web-based training videos have proliferated, yet there have been no efforts to quantify their breadth, depth, and content for suicide prevention.

OBJECTIVE

This study presents results from a scoping review of freely available training videos for suicide prevention and describes a methodological framework for reviewing such videos.

METHODS

A scoping review of freely available training videos (≥2 minutes) for suicide prevention practices was conducted using 4 large video-sharing platforms: YouTube, Vimeo, Bing Video, and Google Video. Identified suicide prevention training videos (N=506) were reviewed and coded.

RESULTS

Most content was targeted toward gatekeepers or other lay providers (n=370) versus clinical providers (n=136). Videos most commonly provided content related to suicidal thoughts or behaviors (n=420). Many videos (n=274, 54.2%) included content designed for certain communities or organizations. Less than half (n=232, 45.8%) of training videos included formal clinical content pertaining to assessment or intervention for suicide prevention.

CONCLUSIONS

Results suggested an abundance of videos providing broad informational content (eg, "signs and symptoms of someone at risk for suicide") and a limited portion of videos with instructional content aimed at clinical providers delivering formal evidence-based assessments or interventions for suicide prevention. Development of resources to address identified gaps may be needed. Future work may leverage machine learning techniques to expedite the review process.

Evaluation of scientific quality of YouTube video content related to orthodontic pain management

INTRODUCTION

With the abundant use of the internet, patients undergoing or interested in orthodontic treatment try to use it to obtain information on pain during treatment. However, YouTube™ is unregulated and may potentially contain inaccurate information.

OBJECTIVES

Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the scientific quality of the videos on YouTube™ related to orthodontic pain management.

METHODS

A total of 62 videos related to orthodontic pain management were included in the study. All videos were evaluated by two experienced orthodontists. The video uploader, content, length, upload date, time since upload, number of views, comments, likes, dislikes, Interaction index, and Viewing rate of the videos were recorded and evaluated. The videos were scored using the Quality Criteria for Consumer Health Information (DISCERN), Global Quality Scale (GQS), and Audio-Visual Quality (AVQ), and divided into two groups: Doctors and Non-doctors.

RESULTS

The mean DISCERN score was 2.56 ± 0.91, the GQS score was 2.56 ± 1.06, and AVQ was 2.48 ± 0.68. A statistically significant difference was found in DISCERN score of videos uploaded by Doctors compared to Non-doctors, but no statistically significant difference was found in GQS and AVQ scores between both groups (p> 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The videos uploaded by Doctors were better in terms of quality and reliability, as compared to Non-doctors; and the AVQ of the videos uploaded by both groups was adequate. Despite that, both groups did not serve as a good source of information. YouTube™ cannot be considered a reliable source of information in terms of quality and reliability on videos related to orthodontic pain management.

YouTube as a Patient Information Source for Gastrointestinal Reflux Disease

Introduction Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) affects a substantial portion of the global population, resulting in significant morbidity and impacting the quality of life. YouTube (YouTube, San Bruno, California) serves as a platform where medical professionals, individuals with personal experiences, and educational channels share their insights on GERD. However, with the vast amount of information available on YouTube, the question of credibility and reliability is a concern and, thus, is crucial to evaluate. This research paper aims to explore the impact of YouTube as a source of information on GERD. The aim of this study is to assess the quality and reliability of the information on YouTube about GERD. Methodology This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in June 2023. A questionnaire was designed using Google Forms (Google, Mountain View, California) with predetermined criteria such as characteristics of YouTube videos (time since uploaded, uploader, number of likes and comments); information about GERD (symptoms, investigations, treatment); and quality and reliability of information on YouTube about GERD using Global Quality Scale (GQS) and Reliability score. The Kruskal-Wallis Test was used to evaluate the difference in quality and reliability of information about GERD on YouTube based on the type of uploader.  Results Out of 90 videos analyzed, 68 YouTube videos on GERD that met inclusion criteria were included in the study. The number of videos uploaded by hospitals was 28 (41.2%), those by doctors was 12 (17.6%), and the remaining by others (like pharmacists, patients, and non-medical personnel) was 28 (41.2%). A significant proportion of videos (88.24%) shared information pertaining to disease symptoms and cause/etiology. The videos uploaded by "others" had significantly higher (p<0.05) reach as assessed by the Video Power Index (VPI) compared to those uploaded by doctors and hospitals. However, there was no significant difference (>0.05) in the quality and reliability of videos uploaded by doctors, hospitals, and other sources.  Conclusion Although the YouTube videos uploaded by doctors and hospitals had less reach among viewers compared to other uploaders (patients, news agencies, pharmaceutical companies, and others unrelated to healthcare), the quality and reliability of videos uploaded by doctors, hospitals, and other uploaders were of good quality and reliability and with no significant difference based on type of uploader. Healthcare organizations and government agencies should ensure that viewers have access to accurate and reliable information from social media like YouTube, which is crucial in their health decision-making.

Neuromyths and knowledge about intellectual giftedness in a highly educated multilingual country

Introduction

Understanding brain functioning and intellectual giftedness can be challenging and give rise to various misconceptions. Nonetheless, there seems to be a widespread fascination and appetite for these subjects among the lay public and diverse professionals. The present study is the first to investigate general knowledge about the brain, neuromyths and knowledge about giftedness in a highly multilingual and educated country.

Methods

Starting from and extending two seminal studies on neuromyths, several novel statements on intellectual giftedness have been included in order to explore knowledge and misconceptions concerning giftedness. Our sample (N = 200) was composed of Luxembourgish education professionals, including students in educational science and cognitive psychology, thus allowing to analyze responses in general and according to training and professional profiles. Specifically, Group 1 consisted of teachers and futures teachers (n = 152). Group 2 consisted of other education professionals and psychology students (n = 48).

Results

Despite the size and the unbalanced distribution of the sample, our findings indicate a good level of general knowledge about the brain and learning (71.3% of correct responses in average) which does, however, not preclude the presence of the typically observed original neuromyths. Thus, we replicate the classical finding that misconceptions on Learning Styles (70% of error rate) and the Multiple Intelligence Theory (71.5% of error rate) are the most represented, both in (future and in-service) teachers and other education professionals. Moreover, the present sample also revealed a high presence of misconceptions on intellectual giftedness.

Discussion

Limitations and future directions are discussed.

YouTube as a learning source for contact lens insertion and removal

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Contact lens neophytes often learn about contact lens insertion and removal through YouTube videos of unknown quality.

BACKGROUND

This study evaluates the quality of soft contact lens insertion and removal videos on YouTube.

METHODS

A search for the keywords 'Contact lens insertion', 'Contact lens removal', 'Put in contact lens', and 'Take off contact lens' was performed on YouTube. The first 50 videos for each keyword were evaluated. The number of views, source of the publisher, days since upload, and video quality were scored based on the content in the videos. The maximum score of insertion and removal videos were 7 and 5 respectively. The videos were classified into three groups by publisher category: videos published by eye care professionals, companies and YouTubers.

RESULTS

Only 45 contact lens insertion and 44 removal videos met the inclusion criteria and were analysed. Insertion and removal videos published by YouTubers had the highest view and view rate. However, their quality scores were significantly lower than videos published by eye care professionals and companies. Videos uploaded by companies had the highest scores (insertion: 5.00 ± 1.10; removal: 3.25 ± 0.75). The mean scores of insertion and removal videos published by YouTubers were 1.65 ± 0.93 and 1.00 ± 0.89, respectively, while the insertion and removal videos uploaded by eye care professionals scored 3.58 ± 2.07 and 2.75 ± 1.53, respectively. There was also a negative correlation between the quality scores and view rate (p = 0.008, r = -0.41).

CONCLUSION

Contact lens insertion and removal videos uploaded by YouTubers had the highest view rate but the lowest quality. Videos made by companies included most essential elements.

Youtube is an unreliable source of information about delayed ejaculation treatment

BACKGROUND

Social platforms such as YouTube have become sources of information about diseases as they can be easily and rapidly accessed. However, this also has the risk of ill-intentioned content and misleading information.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the reliability of YouTube video content about delayed ejaculation treatment.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

YouTube videos were searched using the terms "delayed ejaculation," "retarded ejaculation," "inhibited ejaculation," and "anejaculation." Videos were excluded if they were not in English, were not related to the subject, or did not have audio and visual content. In accordance with the scientifically proven accurate information, the videos were separated as reliable (Group 2, n: 112) and unreliable videos (Group 1, n: 94). The groups were compared in respect of the video characteristics, and the scores obtained in the DISCERN-5, Global Quality Scale, the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool Audiovisual, and the Journal of the American Medical Association scales. Intraclass correlation test was used to evaluate the level of agreement between the two investigators.

RESULTS

Of the 1200 videos, 994 were excluded. No significant difference was determined between the Group 1 and Group 2 in respect of the median number of views [1672 (4555) vs 1547 (28,559), p = 0.63] and likes [10 (42) vs 17 (255), p = 0.07]. There was a greater number of videos in the Group 2 (54.4%) and the points obtained on the scoring scales were significantly higher than the Group 1 (p < 0.001). The videos originating from universities/professional organizations/non-profit physician/physician group were comprised the majority of the reliable videos (55.3%) and the unreliable videos had more content related to treatment (71.4%) (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Although there was a greater number of reliable videos related to the problem of delayed ejaculation, the content could be misleading and should be avoided by patients seeking treatment without consulting a physician.

Public sense of dental implants on social media: A cross-sectional study based on text analysis of comments

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the most discussed topics and possible new interests in dental implants among the public, as well as the public sentiments toward dental implants through topic and sentiment analysis of online comments.

METHODS

Comments of the top 100 most viewed dental implant-related YouTube videos were studied. The comments were analyzed by topic analysis (LDA topic model, Word co-occurrence analysis) and sentiment analysis. The basic information of videos was collected and classified. Video quality was evaluated by GQS criteria and 9-point usefulness scoring system. Statistical analyses were performed using Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U-tests, and Spearman correlation analysis.

RESULTS

74 videos with 61,618 comments were considered eligible in this study. Most videos targeted the public with high viewing and comments, but the theme was single and the quality was low. From topic analysis, the most discussed topics in the comments were procedure, cost, feelings associated with prognosis, and expectations. Multidisciplinary approaches in implant dentistry were frequently discussed. From sentiment analysis, the public mainly expressed positive sentiment through comments. In detail, the public had positive feelings about aesthetics and health, negative feelings about pain, and neutral feelings about cost.

CONCLUSION

The hot topics of public concern were procedure, cost, feelings associated with prognosis, and expectations. Intriguingly, multidisciplinary approaches in implant dentistry have emerged as a new hot subtopic within the topic "procedure". Based on the sentiment analysis of the comments, the general sentiment expressed by the public toward dental implants was predominantly positive.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Text mining can extract data from social media to explore public interest in dentistry. Clinicians should convey reasonable expectations and understanding about dental implants, especially addressing the most public-concerned topics (procedure, cost, feelings, and expectations), and provide patients with well-grounded multidisciplinary treatment plans to meet the growing public demand.

TikTok and Bilibili as sources of information on Helicobacter pylori in China: A content and quality analysis

BACKGROUND

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is closely associated with gastric diseases and has a high prevalence in China. Public platforms are considered common and important tools to publicize H. pylori-related information. This study aimed to assess and compare the content and quality of H. pylori-related videos on TikTok and Bilibili.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A search was performed on the TikTok and Bilibili platforms using the keyword "H. pylori". The source of upload was categorized as for-profit organizations, general users, health professionals, news agencies, nonprofit organizations, and science communicators. The Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA), Global Quality Scale (GQS), and modified DISCERN scores were used to evaluate the quality of the included videos.

RESULTS

A total of 93 TikTok videos and 79 Bilibili videos were included and analyzed. TikTok videos had a significantly shorter duration than Bilibili videos (64 vs. 149 s, respectively; p < 0.001). The duration of the video showed a positive correlation with the modified DISCERN and GQS scores (p < 0.001, r = 0.388 and r = 0.437, respectively). The JAMA and modified DISCERN scores of the TikTok video were significantly higher in health professionals and nonprofit organizations than in other sources (p < 0.05). For Bilibili, science communicators had a significantly higher JAMA score than the other video sources (p < 0.001). The videos uploaded by news agencies received more views, comments, shares, and favorites than any other organization or individual (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

In China, H. pylori-related videos from TikTok and Bilibili tended to provide the information regarding the transmission and eradication of H. pylori. However, many videos scored an average rating in content and quality and need to be improved. We recommend that the public obtain H. pylori-related information through videos uploaded by health professionals, nonprofit organizations, and science communicators.

Assessment of Lung Cancer YouTube Videos for Patient Education

The internet is essential for obtaining information about lung cancer, which is the leading contributor to global cancer deaths. YouTube is a video-streaming platform that is popular among health consumers; however, the reliability of videos is variable, and few studies have evaluated their role in lung cancer education. This study uses a systematic approach to assess the characteristics, reliability and use of best practices of lung cancer YouTube videos for patient education. Using the search term "lung cancer," the first 50 YouTube videos were identified after applying exclusion criteria and removing duplicates. Two reviewers used a video assessment tool to evaluate 10 videos with minimal discrepancies. The remaining 40 videos were evaluated by one reviewer following a design based research approach. Under half the videos were published within 3 years. Mean video length was 6 min and 12 s. Video publishers were commonly from the USA (70%); were affiliated with a health care facility/ organization (30%), non-profit (26%) or commercial organization (30%); had a physician presenter (46%); were targeted towards patients (68%); and had subtitles (96%). Seventy four percent of videos supported optimal learning by including effective audio and visual channels. Lung cancer epidemiology, risk factors, and definitions (nature of the disease and classification) were among the most common topics covered. Prognostic and diagnostic information was covered less than expected. The reliability of the videos (measured by Modified DISCERN score) varied by presenter type; however, these results should be interpreted cautiously due to the absence of gold standard tools. This study encourages those producing health education videos to continue following best practices for video learning and provides strategies for healthcare providers and patients to support patient education.

Assessment of Available Online Website and YouTube Resources for Patients with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms

BACKGROUND

Over the last decade, patients have displayed a greater tendency to search for online information related to their health before seeking advice from a clinician. This study aims to determine the current quality and educational content of online patient information for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs).

METHODS

In March 2022, the 3 most popular search engines by market shares (Google, Yahoo!, and Bing) and the video platform YouTube were interrogated for the term "abdominal aortic aneurysm". Validated scoring tools were used to assess quality and readability of the top 50 results for each search engine and to evaluate reliability and educational quality of the first 20 YouTube videos returned by the search. A custom-made scoring system was used to assess content.

RESULTS

Forty-five unique websites were analysed, 29% of which held Health on the Net certification. Median Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease (interquartile range [IQR]) was 56.4 (50.4-62.75), with the average website falling under the "difficult to read" category. Median Michigan score (IQR) was 38.5 (32-43.5), reflecting "weak" quality. Websites with a higher content-specific score had a significantly higher median Michigan score. Sixty percent of websites discussed benefits and risks related to AAA treatment, and only 31% discussed advantages and disadvantages of open versus endovascular treatment. No websites mentioned the volume-outcome relationship in aneurysm surgery. Eight unique YouTube videos were assessed. Median Journal of the American Medical Association score (IQR) was 2 (2-2.25). Median Global Quality Score score (IQR) was 3 (2-4). Median content score was 1 (0-2).

CONCLUSIONS

The current average online information on AAA is of 'weak' quality and 'difficult' (i.e., above the standard reading ability of a 13- to 15-year-old) readability. Healthcare providers should focus on the provision of better AAA-focused patient information (e.g., appropriately referenced, regularly reviewed, and limiting advertisements where possible). The involvement of patient advisory groups during resource development is highly recommended.

An Assessment of the Quality and Reliability of Gastric Botox Information Videos on YouTube

Background and objective Intragastric botulinum toxin (Botox) applications have emerged as a novel endoscopic intervention method to treat obesity. YouTube stands out as one of the primary online platforms frequently utilized for accessing health-related information. In light of this, this study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of informational videos about gastric Botox on YouTube. Materials and methods In July 2023, a comprehensive evaluation of gastric Botox information videos on YouTube was conducted by querying "Gastric Botox" on YouTube. A total of 70 videos were initially reviewed and 48 videos were meticulously analyzed by a general surgeon. Videos were categorized based on their sources and attributes and evaluated using standard scales like the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) score, modified DISCERN, and the Global Quality Scale (GQS). Results A total of 48 videos were assessed. Of these, 2.1% originated from academic institutions, 20.8% from private hospitals/organizations, and 52.1% from physicians. Videos by other healthcare professionals accounted for 2.1%, health information websites 12.5%, and independent users 10.4%. Video durations varied significantly across sources (p<0.001). Independent user videos had the highest likes/views. JAMA scores (p=0.009) and DISCERN scores (p=0.045) showed significant differences among sources. Academic institution videos had a median JAMA score of 4; independent users scored 1. As for DISCERN, academic videos scored the highest at 5, while independent users scored the lowest at 1.8. Conclusions YouTube is filled with healthcare information videos today. Although the quality and reliability scores based on conventional assessment methods might be moderate, we advise utilizing videos from academic institutions and reputable health information websites as primary sources to educate patients about gastric Botox.

Evaluation of YouTube Bariatric Surgery Videos in the Context of Medical Tourism

Introduction The increasing prevalence of obesity has led to the popularity of bariatric and metabolic surgery, often sought through medical tourism due to constraints within public healthcare systems. This study aimed to examine the quality and impact of YouTube videos related to bariatric surgery within the context of medical tourism. Materials and methods In June 2023, a YouTube search for "Bariatric Surgery Medical Tourism" and "Obesity Surgery Medical Tourism" yielded the top 200 videos, from which 33 were chosen after applying exclusion criteria. These videos underwent further screening based on source, duration, and content. Quality was assessed using established scales, including the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) criteria, the Global Quality Scale (GQS), and modified DISCERN score. Results Thirty-three videos were chosen for comprehensive analysis. Among the videos, 48.5% portrayed patient experiences in the context of medical tourism bariatric surgery, providing valuable insights. The videos had varying durations and engagement metrics, with an average GQS score of 2.09, JAMA score of 2.57, and DISCERN score of 3.06. Notably, videos depicting patient experiences had distinct characteristics and higher evaluation scores, emphasizing their significance within the study. Conclusion This study assessed YouTube videos related to bariatric surgery within the realm of medical tourism. The research illuminated diverse facets of medical tourism concerning obesity surgery and the quality of information disseminated on YouTube. Although patient experience videos received higher quality ratings, the overall reliability and content diversity underscored the potential and challenges of utilizing YouTube as an information source for medical tourism.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A Cross-Sectional Observational Study Analyzing the Quality of Content on YouTube

INTRODUCTION

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a chronic multifactorial disorder in women of reproductive age group, is a major public health problem. With most women resorting to platforms like "YouTube" that form a perfect source of edutainment, our aim was to analyze the quality of content available regarding the same.

AIMS

The aims and objectives of this study were to assess the quality and reliability of content related to PCOS on YouTube by analyzing the DISCERN score, global quality score (GQS), and video power index (VPI).

METHODOLOGY

It was a facility-based cross-sectional study undertaken on a single day with each author reviewing 10 videos from YouTube on PCOS using predetermined keywords. The number of likes, dislikes, views, comments, and uploader backgrounds were evaluated. DISCERN score, GQS, and VPI were also calculated for each video. While data entry was done using Microsoft Excel 2020 (Microsoft Corporation, Washington, United States), the analysis was carried out using SPSS Statistics version 16 (SPSS Inc. Released 2007. SPSS for Windows, Version 16.0. Chicago, SPSS Inc.). Categorical variables were expressed as frequency and percentages, and statistical significance was determined using the Kruskal-Wallis test/one-way ANOVA.

RESULTS

A total of 80 videos that fit the inclusion criteria were analyzed. A majority of the videos (80%) were posted a year back with no updates. Only 28.8% of the video content was posted by doctors. Though most videos (96.25%) shared information pertaining to symptomatology, only 45% spoke regarding prevention. Promotional content was noted in 28.75% of the video content. GQS and VPI were better with information being provided by doctors, hospitals, and healthcare organizations (p-value 0.033 and 0.006, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

With women reaching out to edutainment platforms like YouTube to clarify their concerns surrounding lifestyle diseases such as PCOS in the digital era, it becomes relevant to evaluate the quality of content available on such platforms. The findings of the study form a prototype for addressing the existing gaps in the knowledge available on YouTube. Furthermore, the findings warrant frequent monitoring of such available web-based content and delivery of such content only from qualified wellness experts.

Clinical utility of shared book reading on YouTube: An analysis of metadata, evidence-based content, understandability, and actionability

PURPOSE

Digital content may increase parental access to training as well as the diversity of the training programs. YouTube videos may provide a platform from which professionals may adopt content for such programs. This study provides data regarding the clinical utility of YouTube videos about shared book reading (SBR) found on the United States (USA) and India channels.

METHOD

A cross-sectional analysis of videos about SBR was conducted to examine metadata, evidence-based content, understandability, and actionability. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse metadata and content. Health literacy concepts of understandability and actionability were measured, and descriptive statistics are reported.

RESULT

Of 800 videos identified, 10 included information related to storybook selection, dialogic reading, extra-textual strategies, and print-referencing strategies. These met adequate levels of understandability and actionability.

CONCLUSION

Results provide some direction and recommendations for parent-training programs in the USA and India. The study highlights the use of YouTube videos and suggests its utility as a supplement source within parent-training programs.

YouTube Videos on Nutrition and Dental Caries: Content Analysis

BACKGROUND

Dental caries is the most common health condition worldwide, and nutrition and dental caries have a strong interconnected relationship. Foods and eating behaviors can be both harmful (eg, sugar) and healthful (eg, meal spacing) for dental caries. YouTube is a popular source for the public to access information. To date, there is no information available on the nutrition and dental caries content of easily accessible YouTube videos.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to analyze the content of YouTube videos on nutrition and dental caries.

METHODS

In total, 6 YouTube searches were conducted using keywords related to nutrition and dental caries. The first 20 videos were selected from each search. Video content was scored (17 possible points; higher scores were associated with more topics covered) by 2 individuals based on the inclusion of information regarding various foods and eating behaviors that impact dental caries risk. For each video, information on video characteristics (ie, view count, length, number of likes, number of dislikes, and video age) was captured. Videos were divided into 2 groups by view rate (views/day); differences in scores and types of nutrition messages between groups were determined using nonparametric statistics.

RESULTS

In total, 42 videos were included. Most videos were posted by or featured oral health professionals (24/42, 57%). The mean score was 4.9 (SD 3.4) out of 17 points. Videos with >30 views/day (high view rate; 20/42, 48% videos) had a trend toward a lower score (mean 4.0, SD 3.7) than videos with ≤30 views/day (low view rate; 22/42, 52%; mean 5.8, SD 3.0; P=.06), but this result was not statistically significant. Sugar was the most consistently mentioned topic in the videos (31/42, 74%). No other topics were mentioned in more than 50% of videos. Low-view rate videos were more likely to mention messaging on acidic foods and beverages (P=.04), water (P=.09), and frequency of sugar intake (P=.047) than high-view rate videos.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, the analyzed videos had low scores for nutritional and dental caries content. This study provides insights into the messaging available on nutrition and dental caries for the public and guidance on how to make improvements in this area.

Diabetes Mellitus on YouTube: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study to Assess the Quality and Reliability of Videos

Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) encompasses a group of heterogeneous, chronic, and non-communicable diseases characterized by an increase in blood glucose levels. As it has become easily accessible for patients to know about their symptoms and treatment of diseases, it is of utmost importance that reliable information is conveyed on the internet. If not managed appropriately, it may result in the dissemination of false information, leading to risky practices and incorrect treatment, further resulting in detrimental consequences. Aim To assess the quality and reliability of information related to DM on YouTube. Methodology A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in April 2023, wherein top YouTube videos related to 'diabetes' were analyzed for baseline characteristics, type of uploader, as well as quality and reliability using Global Quality Score (GQS) and Reliability Score (DISCEN), respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Results A total of 87 videos were evaluated in the study. Unfortunately, only 21% of those were uploaded by doctors. The median Video Power Index (VPI) for videos uploaded by other sources was the highest (184.7), and the lowest was for videos uploaded by hospitals (12.6), and this was statistically significant (p = 0.038). The median GQS was highest for videos uploaded by doctors (4) and lowest for videos uploaded by others (3.5). The reliability score was higher in videos uploaded by healthcare organizations (4), which was not significant (p > 0.05). Conclusions Videos uploaded by physicians and healthcare organizations contained reliable information with a high global quality score. Videos uploaded by sources other than doctors and healthcare professionals should consult physicians, as self-diagnosis or self-treatment can lead to potential harm to patients.

Epilepsy Videos on YouTube: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study

INTRODUCTION

Epilepsy is defined as a disorder of the brain characterized by an enduring predisposition to epileptic seizures. Being the most common neurological condition in the world, information regarding epilepsy is gathered by people from different available sources.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability and quality of YouTube videos about epilepsy as a source of information for the general population and also for patients suffering from this illness and for their families.

METHODOLOGY

A cross-sectional observational study was conducted, utilizing a questionnaire prepared on Google Forms (Google LLC, Mountain View, California, United States) with predetermined criteria. Each of the six authors independently searched and evaluated 10 YouTube videos using specific keywords. The assessment included determining the global quality score and utilizing the DISCERN tool. The collected data was recorded in Microsoft Excel and subsequently analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 60 videos were analyzed, revealing that 76.27% of them provided information on the available treatment options for epilepsy, 71.19% explained the cause and etiology of the condition, and only 3.39% of the videos mentioned support groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study highlights the importance of assessment of medical information on social media platforms in order to ensure availability of correct information with high quality and reliability for epilepsy patients. This will help in understanding their medical health issues and decision making.

Quality and Reliability of YouTube Videos on Myocardial Infarction: A Cross-Sectional Study

INTRODUCTION

This study aims to assess the quality and reliability of the disease information available on YouTube (www.youtube.com) about "heart attacks" or myocardial infarctions, using a Global Quality Score (GQS) for quality, a DISCERN score for reliability, and a Video Power Index (VPI) for popularity.

METHODOLOGY

In this cross-sectional observational study, the YouTube videos were analyzed in terms of the type of uploader, content, and other factors. The GQS, DISCERN score, and Video Power Index (VPI) were utilized to assess the quality, reliability, and popularity of the information, respectively.

RESULTS

The majority of the videos (78.44%) were uploaded over a year ago. Only 33.34% and 7.84% were uploaded by doctors and healthcare organizations, respectively. Around 72.55% of the videos contained information about symptoms, 66.67% discussed the causes, 52.94% covered treatment, and 47.06% focused on prevention. Additionally, 41.18% provided details on investigations, while only 19.61% touched upon mortality. Patient-created videos accounted for 19.61% of the content, and 15.69% of the videos included promotional material.

CONCLUSION

The main outcome of our study indicates that the YouTube videos examined regarding myocardial infarctions exhibit high-quality content, as supported by a higher average GQS score. The consistent quality of information discovered in our study suggests that YouTube can serve as an additional platform for sharing knowledge and educating individuals about this important health condition. By raising awareness and delivering accurate information, these videos can help in early detection, prevention, and better outcomes for individuals who are at risk of experiencing a myocardial infarction.

YouTube as a Patient Information Source for Tendon Repair Surgery

Background For tendon rupture, a disabling musculoskeletal injury, surgical management is considered the gold standard. The goal is to reduce complications and enable the patient to regain full mobility and strength. With the rise of modern internet accessibility and social media, YouTube has become a frequently used platform for all ages; however, the accuracy and reliability of the videos and the information therein may be a point of concern. Methodology This cross-sectional, observational study was designed to analyze tendon repair surgery information available on YouTube. Data were collected using a Google Forms questionnaire which included questions analyzing the videos and their content and the professional status of the uploaders. Quality and reliability scores were assessed through the Global Quality Score (GQS), reliability score, and Video Power Index (VPI). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). We included videos one minute to twenty minutes in length that were relevant to the topic of tendon repair surgery and in the English language. Results A total of 82 videos were evaluated, of which 67 videos were chosen. A comparison of GQS, reliability score, and VPI based on the type of uploader was done using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The association between GQS and reliability score with that of the video uploader was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). Videos uploaded by hospitals had the highest GQS (4) and reliability score (4). Conclusions On comparing the uploader type, videos uploaded by hospitals had good quality and were useful for patients. The quality and reliability of the videos were almost above average. Only half discussed the signs and symptoms and even fewer discussed pre- and post-procedural care. The most important aspect, i.e., prevention, was mentioned in none of the videos. Due to our limitations, expanding the number of accounts used for search and increasing the number of videos might overcome the search algorithm.

Evaluation of YOUTUBE videos on complementary feeding: Content quality and reliability analysis

YouTube is an online platform that parents frequently use to access information on child health. Parents' watching YouTube videos to have information on complementary feeding requires evaluation of the videos regarding child health. This study which was conducted in descriptive design, aimed to analyze YouTube videos' content quality and reliability on complementary feeding. Searched by matching keywords "starting", "beginning", "introducing", "solid food", and "complementary feeding" through boolean operators in the English language on YouTube, on August 2022. The search identified 528 videos related to complementary feeding. Two independent researchers analyzed the content of 61 videos that met the inclusion criteria. The content quality of the videos was evaluated using the Checklist for Complementary Feeding (CCF), which was prepared by researchers in line with international guidelines, the reliability of the videos was analyzed using the DISCERN, and the content quality was evaluated using the Global Quality Score (GQS). Of the 61 videos included, 38 (62.3%) were informative, and 23 (37.7%) were misleading. The kappa value among independent observers was 0.96. The mean GQS, DISCERN, and CCF scores of the videos grouped as informative were significantly higher than the videos grouped as misleading (p = 0.000, p = 0.000, p = 0.000, respectively). There was a significant difference between the mean scores of GQS and DISCERN according to the publication source of the videos (p = 0.033 and p = 0.023, respectively). The GQS and DISCERN mean scores of the Ministrial/Academic/Hospital/Healthcare Institution channel videos were higher than the mean scores of the Individual/Parents content channel videos. Videos on YouTube about complementary feeding have high viewing rates, but also videos that are low in terms of quality and reliability.

Size matters: characterizing penile augmentation content from the 100 most popular YouTube videos

Aesthetic penile augmentation is considered investigational and not shown to be safe or efficacious. This study sought to characterize the quality and reliability of YouTube videos on the topic of penile augmentation. A systematic search identifying the 100 most viewed YouTube videos on penile augmentation was conducted. The videos were then evaluated by two independent urologists for reliability and quality using a modified DISCERN scoring system and Global Quality Scale (GQS). The median total views were 530,612 (range 123,478-32,914,713). The median DISCERN and GQS scores for all 100 videos were generally poor at 1.75 (IQR 1-2.63) and 2.5 (IQR 1.5-3.5), respectively. A little under half of the videos had a physician present (44.7%). DISCERN and GQS scores were significantly higher in videos with physicians compared to those without one (p < 0.001 for both). The majority of videos discussed nonsurgical methods of penile augmentation (65.1%) with penile traction devices being the most frequently discussed (19.2%). Urologists and medical organizations should strive to have more of a presence in this space to ensure patients are appropriately educated and counseled before pursuing potentially ineffective or harmful treatments.

Is Arabic Information on YouTube About Erectile Dysfunction Based on Scientific Evidence?

Background

Online medical education is critical for public health literacy and physician efficacy, but it must be trustworthy. Although it has the potential to be a useful resource for medical education, users must be able to identify reliable content.

Objective

To assess the scientific quality of Arabic-language video content related to erectile dysfunction that is available on YouTube to learn what information our patients can handle online.

Materials and Methods

A comprehensive search of the YouTube database was carried out to identify videos related to erectile dysfunction published in Arabic. The search was conducted using the following keywords: "Erectile dysfunction", "Sexual dysfunction" and "Impotence". Without a time, limit, the search was carried out until January 1, 2023. The quality assessment of the videos was done using the Kappa score.

Results

The videos in our sample had up to one million views (average 2,627,485.6), and the kappa index was 0.86 (p <0.001). Of these videos, 16% were considered scientific evidence-based (SEB), and 84% were considered not scientific evidence-based (NSEB) (p <0.001). The NSEB group addressed details concerning natural remedies, the Psychosocial sphere, and lifestyle, whereas the SEB group tended to be more concerned with physiopathology, etiology, endothelial dysfunction, diagnosis, psychosocial treatment, oral treatment, injections, or prosthesis.

Conclusion

On social media, misleading or incorrect information about erectile dysfunction is widely disseminated. This research may support urological and technical oversight and emphasizes guiding patients to the best men's health options.

Comparison of Turkish and English YouTube videos on phlebotomy in terms of content, reliability and quality

AIM

This study was conducted to evaluate the content, reliability and quality of YouTube videos about phlebotomy.

METHOD

A retrospective, register-based study was conducted exclusively with videos publicly available on YouTube in June 2022. Ninety videos have been evaluated in terms of content, reliability and quality. This evaluation was performed by two independent researchers. The skill checklist created with reference to the WHO blood collection guide was used for the content evaluation of the videos. The short form of the DISCERN questionnaire was used to evaluate the reliability of the video. The quality of the videos was evaluated with a 5-point Global Quality Scale.

RESULTS

The mean validity score of the English videos was 2.58 ± 0.88, the quality score was 2.98 ± 1.02 and the content score was 8.78 ± 1.47. In the Turkish videos, the mean validity score was 1.90 ± 1.27, the quality score was 2.35 ± 0.97 and the content score was 8.02 ± 1.07. The content, validity and quality scores of the English videos were found to be significantly higher than the Turkish videos.

CONCLUSION

Some videos do not include evidence-based practice and some videos contain technical differences as in the literature. In addition, in some videos, non-recommended techniques such as touching the cleaning area, opening and closing the fist were used. For these reasons, the results show that YouTube videos on phlebotomy are a limited resource for students.

Assessment of quality, absorbability, and educational value of YouTube videos regarding ankle fractures

Aims & objectives

YouTube is a non-peer-reviewed platform with a large library of healthcare-related videos which attempt to provide educational content. The goal of this study is to analyze the quality, absorbability, and educational content of videos available to patients on YouTube regarding ankle fractures.

Materials & methods

On May 31, 2022, over 550 videos populated the initial search of "ankle fracture" within YouTube's platform. The first 100 videos were reviewed, and 62 videos were included in the final analysis. Video characteristics were recorded and evaluated. Videos were assessed using three objective scoring systems: (1) the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria, (2) the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for audio and visual materials (PEMAT), and (3) the novel Ankle Fracture Content Score (AFCS).

Results

Each scoring system had high internal consistency and interrater reliability. The mean JAMA, PEMAT understandability, PEMAT actionability, and AFCS were 2.92, 61.85%, 16.38%, and 4.67, respectively. No association was seen between video popularity metrics and quality of information. The understandability of the patient-targeted videos was greater than those targeted at healthcare professionals (P = 0.049).

Conclusion

The information regarding ankle fractures available on YouTube for patient education is poor with no correlation between quality and popularity. This study illustrates the need for future collaboration between YouTube and trusted medical societies to provide patients with the highest quality information.

Status quo of the public's knowledge of probiotics based on video-sharing platforms

BACKGROUND

Probiotics have been deemed multipotent and unprecedentedly applied in the health field recently. However, there are challenges in promoting credible and reliable resources while avoiding misinformation regarding probiotics for the public.

METHODS

This study analysed 400 eligible probiotic-related videos selected from YouTube, and the three most popular video-sharing platforms (Bilibili, Weibo and TikTok) in China. Video retrieval was performed on September 5^th, 2022. GQS and tailored DISCERN tool assess each video's quality, usage, and reliability. A comparative analysis of videos from different sources was carried out.

RESULTS

The identity distribution of probiotic video-producers was predominantly experts (n = 202, 50.50%), followed by amateurs (n = 161, 40.25%) and health-related institutions (n = 37, 9.25%). The videos' content category mainly discussed the function of probiotics (n = 120, 30%), the way to choose suitable products (n = 81, 20.25%), and the methods for taking probiotics (n = 71, 17.75%).The overall quality of videos was moderate (3/5 point) assessed by GQS, while the usage (1/6 point) and reliability (2/5 point) detailing probiotics assessed by tailored DISCERN tool were poor. The attitude of probiotic video-producers was primarily positive (n = 323, 80.75%), followed by neutral (n = 52, 13.00%) and negative (n = 25, 6.25%) (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The current study showed that videos on social media platforms publicise important information including the concepts, usage, and precautions of probiotics to the public. But the overall quality of uploaded videos about probiotics was unsatisfactory. More efforts are needed to improve the higher-quality content of probiotic-related online videos and better propagate probiotic knowledge to the public in the future.

YouTube as a source of information on Helicobacter pylori: Content and quality analysis

BACKGROUND

Helicobacter pylori infection is the most common cause of infectious diseases worldwide, and management is a current and vital problem for physicians and patients. One of the online platforms that people use most to access health information is YouTube. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the quality and reliability of H. pylori information videos on YouTube.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The "Helicobacter pylori" keyword was searched with default filters on YouTube. Two hundred videos were evaluated. The source of videos was categorized as academic institutions, professional organizations, physicians, healthcare professionals other than physicians, health information websites, and independent users. The target audience of the videos was classified as patients and healthcare professionals. The Global Quality Scale (GQS), JAMA, and modified DISCERN video scores were obtained by taking the average of the scores given by the two authors.

RESULTS

Seventy-four videos were analyzed, and the median duration was 9.25 (range: 1.14-121) min. The target audience of 43 (58.1%) videos was healthcare professionals, and 31 (41.9%) videos were for patients. There was no correlation between likes, dislikes, views, and the quality-usefulness of the videos. Video characteristics such as duration, likes, number of views, and time since video upload day were not associated with the source. The JAMA and DISCERN scores were significantly higher in academic institutions than in other sources. Health information websites had a significantly higher GQS score than other video sources (p = .01). In comparison, there was no significant difference between the target audience (patients and healthcare professionals) in terms of JAMA, modified DISCERN, and GQS scores.

CONCLUSIONS

YouTube has numerous videos for healthcare information nowadays. Although the quality and reliability of YouTube videos on H. pylori are average according to common scoring systems, we recommend videos produced by academic institutions and health information websites to inform patients.