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Graf J, Schulz H, Wehland M, Corydon TJ, Sahana J, Abdelfattah F, Wuest SL, Egli M, Krüger M, Kraus A, Wise PM, Infanger M, Grimm D. Omics Studies of Tumor Cells under Microgravity Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:926. [PMID: 38255998 PMCID: PMC10815863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is defined as a group of diseases characterized by abnormal cell growth, expansion, and progression with metastasis. Various signaling pathways are involved in its development. Malignant tumors exhibit a high morbidity and mortality. Cancer research increased our knowledge about some of the underlying mechanisms, but to this day, our understanding of this disease is unclear. High throughput omics technology and bioinformatics were successful in detecting some of the unknown cancer mechanisms. However, novel groundbreaking research and ideas are necessary. A stay in orbit causes biochemical and molecular biological changes in human cancer cells which are first, and above all, due to microgravity (µg). The µg-environment provides conditions that are not reachable on Earth, which allow researchers to focus on signaling pathways controlling cell growth and metastasis. Cancer research in space already demonstrated how cancer cell-exposure to µg influenced several biological processes being involved in cancer. This novel approach has the potential to fight cancer and to develop future cancer strategies. Space research has been shown to impact biological processes in cancer cells like proliferation, apoptosis, cell survival, adhesion, migration, the cytoskeleton, the extracellular matrix, focal adhesion, and growth factors, among others. This concise review focuses on publications related to genetic, transcriptional, epigenetic, proteomic, and metabolomic studies on tumor cells exposed to real space conditions or to simulated µg using simulation devices. We discuss all omics studies investigating different tumor cell types from the brain and hematological system, sarcomas, as well as thyroid, prostate, breast, gynecologic, gastrointestinal, and lung cancers, in order to gain new and innovative ideas for understanding the basic biology of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Graf
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.G.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (P.M.W.)
| | - Herbert Schulz
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.G.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (P.M.W.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (A.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Markus Wehland
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.G.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (P.M.W.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (A.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Thomas J. Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (T.J.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jayashree Sahana
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (T.J.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Fatima Abdelfattah
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.G.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (P.M.W.)
| | - Simon L. Wuest
- Space Biology Group, Institute of Medical Engineering, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 6052 Hergiswil, Switzerland (M.E.)
| | - Marcel Egli
- Space Biology Group, Institute of Medical Engineering, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 6052 Hergiswil, Switzerland (M.E.)
- National Center for Biomedical Research in Space, Innovation Cluster Space and Aviation (UZH Space Hub), University Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.G.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (P.M.W.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (A.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Armin Kraus
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (A.K.); (M.I.)
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Petra M. Wise
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.G.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (P.M.W.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (A.K.); (M.I.)
- The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (A.K.); (M.I.)
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.G.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (P.M.W.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (A.K.); (M.I.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (T.J.C.); (J.S.)
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Kim D, Nguyen QTT, Lee S, Choi KM, Lee EJ, Park JY. Customized small-sized clinostat using 3D printing and gas-permeable polydimethylsiloxane culture dish. NPJ Microgravity 2023; 9:63. [PMID: 37567883 PMCID: PMC10421914 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-023-00311-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, research on life in space has increased. Owing to the expensive nature of and the challenges associated with conducting experiments in real space, clinostats, which continuously randomize the gravity vector by using motors, have been used to generate simulated microgravity (SMG) on Earth. Herein, by using a 3D printing method, we develop a customized small-sized clinostat (CS clinostat) that is easy to manufacture, inexpensive, and robust. Moreover, we develop and fabricate a gas-permeable polydimethylsiloxane culture dish that fits inside the CS clinostat. To validate SMG generation, ovarian cancer cells (OV- 90, TOV-21G, and Caov-3) were applied to demonstrate a significant reduction in caveolin-1 expression, a biomarker of SMG, indicating SMG generation. The proposed CS clinostat system has good accessibility for SMG research, which makes it useful as a tool for biologists, who are unfamiliar with conventional clinostat equipment, to conduct preliminary studies in the space environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daehan Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Que Thanh Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjin Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Mi Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joong Yull Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Intelligent Energy and Industry, Graduate School, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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Sun L, Ding L, Li L, Yin N, Yang N, Zhang Y, Xing X, Zhang Z, Dong C. Hemodynamic Characteristics of Cardiovascular System in Simulated Zero and Partial Gravities Based on CFD Modeling and Simulation. Life (Basel) 2023; 13. [PMID: 36836765 DOI: 10.3390/life13020407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Zero and partial gravities (ZPG) increase cardiovascular risk, while the corresponding theoretical foundation remains uncertain. In the article, the ZPG were generated through a rotating frame with two degrees of freedom in combination with the random walk algorithm. A precise 3D geometric configuration of the cardiovascular system was developed, and the Navier-Stokes laminar flow and solid mechanics were used as governing equations for blood flow and the surrounding tissue in the cardiovascular system. The ZPG were designed into governing equations through the volume force term. The computational fluid dynamics' (CFD) simulations in combination with proper boundary conditions were carried out to investigate the influences of ZPG on the distribution of blood flow velocity, pressure, and shear stress in the cardiovascular system. The findings show that as simulated gravity gradually decreases from 0.7 g to 0.5 g to 0.3 g to 0 g, as opposed to normal gravity of 1 g, the maximum values of blood flow velocity, pressure, and shear stress on the walls of the aorta and its ramification significantly increase, which would lead to cardiovascular diseases. The research will lay a theoretical foundation for the comprehension of the ZPG effect on cardiovascular risk and the development of effective prevention and control measures under the circumstance of ZPG.
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Nguyen HP, Shin S, Shin KJ, Tran PH, Park H, De Tran Q, No MH, Sun JS, Kim KW, Kwak HB, Lee S, Cho SK, Yang SG. Protective effect of TPP-Niacin on microgravity-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction of retinal epithelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2023; 1870:119384. [PMID: 36302465 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adverse effects of spaceflight on the human body are attritubuted to microgravity and space radiation. One of the most sensitive organs affected by them is the eye, particularly the retina. The conditions that astronauts suffer, such as visual acuity, is collectively called a spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS); however, the underlying molecular mechanism of the microgravity-induced ocular pathogenesis is not clearly understood. The current study explored how microgravity affects the retina function in ARPE19 cells in vitro under time-averaged simulated microgravity (μG) generated by clinostat. We found multicellular spheroid (MCS) formation and a significantly decreased cell migration potency under μG conditions compared to 1G in ARPE19 cells. We also observed that μG increases intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and causes mitochondrial dysfunction in ARPE19 cells. Subsequently, we showed that μG activates autophagic pathways and ciliogenesis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that mitophagy activation is triggered via the mTOR-ULK1-BNIP3 signaling axis. Finally, we validated the effectiveness of TPP-Niacin in mitigating μG-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in vitro, which provides the first experimental evidence for TPP-Niacin as a potential therapeutic agent to ameliorate the cellular phenotypes caused by μG in ARPE19 cells. Further investigations are, however, required to determine its physiological functions and biological efficacies in primary human retinal cells, in vivo models, and target identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Phuong Nguyen
- Inha Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 FOUR program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungheon Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ju Shin
- Inha Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 FOUR program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea
| | - Phuong Hoa Tran
- Inha Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 FOUR program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungsun Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, BK21 FOUR Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Quang De Tran
- Inha Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 FOUR program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hyun No
- Inha Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Su Sun
- Departments of Oral Biology and Applied Biological Science, BK21 FOUR, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Woo Kim
- Departments of Oral Biology and Applied Biological Science, BK21 FOUR, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bum Kwak
- Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 FOUR program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongju Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, BK21 FOUR Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Steve K Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea; School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Su-Geun Yang
- Inha Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 FOUR program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea.
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Braveboy-wagner J, Lelkes PI. Impairment of 7F2 osteoblast function by simulated partial gravity in a Random Positioning Machine. NPJ Microgravity 2022; 8. [PMID: 35672327 PMCID: PMC9174291 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifaceted adverse effects of reduced gravity pose a significant challenge to human spaceflight. Previous studies have shown that bone formation by osteoblasts decreases under microgravity conditions, both real and simulated. However, the effects of partial gravity on osteoblasts’ function are less well understood. Utilizing the software-driven newer version of the Random Positioning Machine (RPMSW), we simulated levels of partial gravity relevant to future manned space missions: Mars (0.38 G), Moon (0.16 G), and microgravity (Micro, ~10−3 G). Short-term (6 days) culture yielded a dose-dependent reduction in proliferation and the enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), while long-term studies (21 days) showed a distinct dose-dependent inhibition of mineralization. By contrast, expression levels of key osteogenic genes (Alkaline phosphatase, Runt-related Transcription Factor 2, Sparc/osteonectin) exhibited a threshold behavior: gene expression was significantly inhibited when the cells were exposed to Mars-simulating partial gravity, and this was not reduced further when the cells were cultured under simulated Moon or microgravity conditions. Our data suggest that impairment of cell function with decreasing simulated gravity levels is graded and that the threshold profile observed for reduced gene expression is distinct from the dose dependence observed for cell proliferation, ALP activity, and mineral deposition. Our study is of relevance, given the dearth of research into the effects of Lunar and Martian gravity for forthcoming space exploration.
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Calvaruso M, Militello C, Minafra L, La Regina V, Torrisi F, Pucci G, Cammarata FP, Bravatà V, Forte GI, Russo G. Biological and Mechanical Characterization of the Random Positioning Machine (RPM) for Microgravity Simulations. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111190. [PMID: 34833068 PMCID: PMC8619501 DOI: 10.3390/life11111190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid improvement of space technologies is leading to the continuous increase of space missions that will soon bring humans back to the Moon and, in the coming future, toward longer interplanetary missions such as the one to Mars. The idea of living in space is charming and fascinating; however, the space environment is a harsh place to host human life and exposes the crew to many physical challenges. The absence of gravity experienced in space affects many aspects of human biology and can be reproduced in vitro with the help of microgravity simulators. Simulated microgravity (s-μg) is applied in many fields of research, ranging from cell biology to physics, including cancer biology. In our study, we aimed to characterize, at the biological and mechanical level, a Random Positioning Machine in order to simulate microgravity in an in vitro model of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC). We investigated the effects played by s-μg by analyzing the change of expression of some genes that drive proliferation, survival, cell death, cancer stemness, and metastasis in the human MDA-MB-231 cell line. Besides the mechanical verification of the RPM used in our studies, our biological findings highlighted the impact of s-μg and its putative involvement in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Calvaruso
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù, Italy; (M.C.); (C.M.); (F.P.C.); (V.B.); (G.I.F.); (G.R.)
| | - Carmelo Militello
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù, Italy; (M.C.); (C.M.); (F.P.C.); (V.B.); (G.I.F.); (G.R.)
| | - Luigi Minafra
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù, Italy; (M.C.); (C.M.); (F.P.C.); (V.B.); (G.I.F.); (G.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Filippo Torrisi
- Departments of Biomedical and BioTechnological Science (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Gaia Pucci
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STeBiCeF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Francesco P. Cammarata
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù, Italy; (M.C.); (C.M.); (F.P.C.); (V.B.); (G.I.F.); (G.R.)
| | - Valentina Bravatà
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù, Italy; (M.C.); (C.M.); (F.P.C.); (V.B.); (G.I.F.); (G.R.)
| | - Giusi I. Forte
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù, Italy; (M.C.); (C.M.); (F.P.C.); (V.B.); (G.I.F.); (G.R.)
| | - Giorgio Russo
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù, Italy; (M.C.); (C.M.); (F.P.C.); (V.B.); (G.I.F.); (G.R.)
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Wubshet NH, Arreguin-Martinez E, Nail M, Annamalai H, Koerner R, Rousseva M, Tom T, Gillespie RB, Liu AP. Simulating microgravity using a random positioning machine for inducing cellular responses to mechanotransduction in human osteoblasts. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:114101. [PMID: 34852501 PMCID: PMC9643046 DOI: 10.1063/5.0056366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The mechanotransduction pathways that mediate cellular responses to contact forces are better understood than those that mediate response to distance forces, especially the force of gravity. Removing or reducing gravity for significant periods of time involves either sending samples to space, inducing diamagnetic levitation with high magnetic fields, or continually reorienting samples for a period, all in a manner that supports cell culturing. Undesired secondary effects due to high magnetic fields or shear forces associated with fluid flow while reorienting must be considered in the design of ground-based devices. We have developed a lab-friendly and compact random positioning machine (RPM) that fits in a standard tissue culture incubator. Using a two-axis gimbal, it continually reorients samples in a manner that produces an equal likelihood that all possible orientations are visited. We contribute a new control algorithm by which the distribution of probabilities over all possible orientations is completely uniform. Rather than randomly varying gimbal axis speed and/or direction as in previous algorithms (which produces non-uniform probability distributions of orientation), we use inverse kinematics to follow a trajectory with a probability distribution of orientations that is uniform by construction. Over a time period of 6 h of operation using our RPM, the average gravity is within 0.001 23% of the gravity of Earth. Shear forces are minimized by limiting the angular speed of both gimbal motors to under 42 °/s. We demonstrate the utility of our RPM by investigating the effects of simulated microgravity on adherent human osteoblasts immediately after retrieving samples from our RPM. Cytoskeletal disruption and cell shape changes were observed relative to samples cultured in a 1 g environment. We also found that subjecting human osteoblasts in suspension to simulated microgravity resulted in less filamentous actin and lower cell stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadab H. Wubshet
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | | | | | - Hariprasad Annamalai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Robert Koerner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Maria Rousseva
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Tristan Tom
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | | | - Allen P. Liu
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: . Current address: University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA. Tel.: +1 734-764-7719
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Choi DH, Jeon B, Lim MH, Lee DH, Ye SK, Jeong SY, Kim S. 3D cell culture using a clinostat reproduces microgravity-induced skin changes. NPJ Microgravity 2021; 7:20. [PMID: 34075058 PMCID: PMC8169764 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to microgravity affects human physiology in various ways, and astronauts frequently report skin-related problems. Skin rash and irritation are frequent complaints during space missions, and skin thinning has also been reported after returning to Earth. However, spaceflight missions for studying the physiological changes in microgravity are impractical. Thus, we used a previously developed 3D clinostat to simulate a microgravity environment and investigate whether physiological changes of the skin can be reproduced in a 3D in vitro setting. Our results showed that under time-averaged simulated microgravity (taSMG), the thickness of the endothelial cell arrangement increased by up to 59.75%, indicating skin irritation due to vasodilation, and that the diameter of keratinocytes and fibroblast co-cultured spheroids decreased by 6.66%, representing skin thinning. The α1 chain of type I collagen was upregulated, while the connective tissue growth factor was downregulated under taSMG. Cytokeratin-10 expression was significantly increased in the taSMG environment. The clinostat-based 3D culture system can reproduce physiological changes in the skin similar to those under microgravity, providing insight for understanding the effects of microgravity on human health before space exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byoungjun Jeon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Graduate School, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Hyuk Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Ye
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Jeong
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sungwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Institute of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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Topal U, Zamur C. Microgravity, Stem Cells, and Cancer: A New Hope for Cancer Treatment. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:5566872. [PMID: 34007284 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5566872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are integrated with the environment where they live. Gravitational force plays an important role in shaping the universe, lives, and even cellular biological processes. Research in the last 40 years has shown how exposure to microgravity changes biological processes. Microgravity has been shown to have significant effects on cellular proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, migration, and gene expression, specifically in tumor cells, and these effects may also exist in stem and cancer stem cells. It has also been shown that microgravity changes the effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. Although studies have been carried out in a simulated microgravity environment in cell culture lines, there are few animal experiments or true microgravity studies. Cancer remains one of the most significant problems worldwide. Despite advances in medical science, no definitive strategies have been found for the prevention of cancer formation or to inform treatment. Thus, the microgravity environment is a potential new therapeutic strategy for future cancer treatment. This review will focus on current knowledge on the impact of the microgravity environment on cancer cells, stem cells, and the biological behavior of cancer stem cells.
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Ho CNQ, Tran MT, Doan CC, Hoang SN, Tran DH, Le LT. Simulated Microgravity Inhibits the Proliferation of Chang Liver Cells by Attenuation of the Major Cell Cycle Regulators and Cytoskeletal Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4550. [PMID: 33925309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simulated microgravity (SMG) induced the changes in cell proliferation and cytoskeleton organization, which plays an important factor in various cellular processes. The inhibition in cell cycle progression has been considered to be one of the main causes of proliferation inhibition in cells under SMG, but their mechanisms are still not fully understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of SMG on the proliferative ability and cytoskeleton changes of Chang Liver Cells (CCL-13). CCL-13 cells were induced SMG by 3D clinostat for 72 h, while the control group were treated in normal gravity at the same time. The results showed that SMG reduced CCL-13 cell proliferation by an increase in the number of CCL-13 cells in G0/G1 phase. This cell cycle phase arrest of CCL-13 cells was due to a downregulation of cell cycle-related proteins, such as cyclin A1 and A2, cyclin D1, and cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (Cdk6). SMG-exposed CCL-13 cells also exhibited a downregulation of α-tubulin 3 and β-actin which induced the cytoskeleton reorganization. These results suggested that the inhibited proliferation of SMG-exposed CCL-13 cells could be associate with the attenuation of major cell cycle regulators and main cytoskeletal proteins.
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11
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Choromańska A, Chwiłkowska A, Kulbacka J, Baczyńska D, Rembiałkowska N, Szewczyk A, Michel O, Gajewska-Naryniecka A, Przystupski D, Saczko J. Modifications of Plasma Membrane Organization in Cancer Cells for Targeted Therapy. Molecules 2021; 26:1850. [PMID: 33806009 PMCID: PMC8037978 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Modifications of the composition or organization of the cancer cell membrane seem to be a promising targeted therapy. This approach can significantly enhance drug uptake or intensify the response of cancer cells to chemotherapeutics. There are several methods enabling lipid bilayer modifications, e.g., pharmacological, physical, and mechanical. It is crucial to keep in mind the significance of drug resistance phenomenon, ion channel and specific receptor impact, and lipid bilayer organization in planning the cell membrane-targeted treatment. In this review, strategies based on cell membrane modulation or reorganization are presented as an alternative tool for future therapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Choromańska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.K.); (D.B.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (O.M.); (A.G.-N.); (J.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Chwiłkowska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.K.); (D.B.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (O.M.); (A.G.-N.); (J.S.)
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.K.); (D.B.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (O.M.); (A.G.-N.); (J.S.)
| | - Dagmara Baczyńska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.K.); (D.B.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (O.M.); (A.G.-N.); (J.S.)
| | - Nina Rembiałkowska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.K.); (D.B.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (O.M.); (A.G.-N.); (J.S.)
| | - Anna Szewczyk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.K.); (D.B.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (O.M.); (A.G.-N.); (J.S.)
| | - Olga Michel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.K.); (D.B.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (O.M.); (A.G.-N.); (J.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Gajewska-Naryniecka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.K.); (D.B.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (O.M.); (A.G.-N.); (J.S.)
| | - Dawid Przystupski
- Department of Paediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation, Oncology and Haematology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Jolanta Saczko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.K.); (D.B.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (O.M.); (A.G.-N.); (J.S.)
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12
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Przystupski D, Górska A, Michel O, Podwin A, Śniadek P, Łapczyński R, Saczko J, Kulbacka J. Testing Lab-on-a-Chip Technology for Culturing Human Melanoma Cells under Simulated Microgravity. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:402. [PMID: 33499085 PMCID: PMC7866167 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamic development of the space industry makes space flights more accessible and opens up new opportunities for biological research to better understand cell physiology under real microgravity. Whereas specialized studies in space remain out of our reach, preliminary experiments can be performed on Earth under simulated microgravity (sµg). Based on this concept, we used a 3D-clinostat (3D-C) to analyze the effect of short exposure to sµg on human keratinocytes HaCaT and melanoma cells A375 cultured on all-glass Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC). Our preliminary studies included viability evaluation, mitochondrial and caspase activity, and proliferation assay, enabling us to determine the effect of sµg on human cells. By comparing the results concerning cells cultured on LOCs and standard culture dishes, we were able to confirm the biocompatibility of all-glass LOCs and their potential application in microgravity research on selected human cell lines. Our studies revealed that HaCaT and A375 cells are susceptible to simulated microgravity; however, we observed an increased caspase activity and a decrease of proliferation in cancer cells cultured on LOCs in comparison to standard cell cultures. These results are an excellent basis to conduct further research on the possible application of LOCs systems in cancer research in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Przystupski
- Department of Paediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation, Oncology and Haematology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.G.); (J.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Agata Górska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.G.); (J.S.); (J.K.)
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Olga Michel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.G.); (J.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Podwin
- Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (A.P.); (P.Ś.)
| | - Patrycja Śniadek
- Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (A.P.); (P.Ś.)
| | | | - Jolanta Saczko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.G.); (J.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.G.); (J.S.); (J.K.)
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13
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Prasad B, Richter P, Vadakedath N, Mancinelli R, Krüger M, Strauch SM, Grimm D, Darriet P, Chapel JP, Cohen J, Lebert M. Exploration of space to achieve scientific breakthroughs. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107572. [PMID: 32540473 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Living organisms adapt to changing environments using their amazing flexibility to remodel themselves by a process called evolution. Environmental stress causes selective pressure and is associated with genetic and phenotypic shifts for better modifications, maintenance, and functioning of organismal systems. The natural evolution process can be used in complement to rational strain engineering for the development of desired traits or phenotypes as well as for the production of novel biomaterials through the imposition of one or more selective pressures. Space provides a unique environment of stressors (e.g., weightlessness and high radiation) that organisms have never experienced on Earth. Cells in the outer space reorganize and develop or activate a range of molecular responses that lead to changes in cellular properties. Exposure of cells to the outer space will lead to the development of novel variants more efficiently than on Earth. For instance, natural crop varieties can be generated with higher nutrition value, yield, and improved features, such as resistance against high and low temperatures, salt stress, and microbial and pest attacks. The review summarizes the literature on the parameters of outer space that affect the growth and behavior of cells and organisms as well as complex colloidal systems. We illustrate an understanding of gravity-related basic biological mechanisms and enlighten the possibility to explore the outer space environment for application-oriented aspects. This will stimulate biological research in the pursuit of innovative approaches for the future of agriculture and health on Earth.
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14
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Chen ZY, Jiang N, Guo S, Li BB, Yang JQ, Chai SB, Yan HF, Sun PM, Zhang T, Sun HW, Yang HM, Zhou JL, Cui Y. Effect of simulated microgravity on metabolism of HGC-27 gastric cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:3439-3450. [PMID: 32269617 PMCID: PMC7115135 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The understanding into the pathogenesis and treatment of gastric cancer has improved in recent years; however, a number of limitations have delayed the development of effective treatment. Cancer cells can undergo glycolysis and inhibit oxidative phosphorylation in the presence of oxygen (Warburg effect). Previous studies have demonstrated that a rotary cell culture system (RCCS) can induce glycolytic metabolism. In addition, the potential of regulating cancer cells by targeting their metabolites has led to the rapid development of metabolomics. In the present study, human HGC-27 gastric cancer cells were cultured in a RCCS bioreactor, simulating weightlessness. Subsequently, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to examine the effects of simulated microgravity (SMG) on the metabolism of HGC-27 cells. A total of 67 differentially regulated metabolites were identified, including upregulated and downregulated metabolites. Compared with the normal gravity group, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, arachidonic acid and sphinganine were significantly upregulated in SMG conditions, whereas sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidic acid, L-proline, creatine, pantothenic acid, oxidized glutathione, adenosine diphosphate and adenosine triphosphate were significantly downregulated. The Human Metabolome Database compound analysis revealed that lipids and lipid-like metabolites were primarily affected in an SMG environment in the present study. Overall, the findings of the present study may aid our understanding of gastric cancer by identifying the underlying mechanisms of metabolism of the disease under SMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital of Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital of Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Song Guo
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital of Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Bin-Bin Li
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Clinical Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Qi Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital of Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Bin Chai
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Feng Yan
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Pei-Ming Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Wei Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - He-Ming Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Lian Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
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15
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Dietz C, Infanger M, Romswinkel A, Strube F, Kraus A. Apoptosis Induction and Alteration of Cell Adherence in Human Lung Cancer Cells under Simulated Microgravity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3601. [PMID: 31340547 PMCID: PMC6678991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer cells are known to change proliferation and migration under simulated microgravity. In this study, we sought to evaluate cell adherence, apoptosis, cytoskeleton arrangement, and gene expression under simulated microgravity. METHODS Human lung cancer cells were exposed to simulated microgravity in a random-positioning machine (RPM). Cell morphology and adherence were observed under phase-contrast microscopy, cytoskeleton staining was performed, apoptosis rate was determined, and changes in gene and protein expression were detected by real-time PCR with western blot confirmation. RESULTS Three-dimensional (3D)-spheroid formation was observed under simulated microgravity. Cell viability was not impaired. Actin filaments showed a shift in alignment from longitudinal to spherical. Apoptosis rate was significantly increased in the spheroids compared to the control. TP53, CDKN2A, PTEN, and RB1 gene expression was significantly upregulated in the adherent cells under simulated microgravity with an increase in corresponding protein production for p14 and RB1. SOX2 expression was significantly upregulated in the adherent cells, but protein was not. Gene expressions of AKT3, PIK3CA, and NFE2L2 remained unaltered. CONCLUSION Simulated microgravity induces alteration in cell adherence, increases apoptosis rate, and leads to upregulation of tumor suppressor genes in human lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Dietz
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Strasse 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Strasse 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Romswinkel
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Strasse 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Florian Strube
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Strasse 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Armin Kraus
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Strasse 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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16
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Morabito C, Lanuti P, Caprara GA, Marchisio M, Bizzarri M, Guarnieri S, Mariggiò MA. Physiological Responses of Jurkat Lymphocytes to Simulated Microgravity Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081892. [PMID: 30999563 PMCID: PMC6515345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of microgravity conditions deeply affects the human body functions at the systemic, organ and cellular levels. This study aimed to investigate the effects induced by simulated-microgravity on non-stimulated Jurkat lymphocytes, an immune cell phenotype considered as a biosensor of the body responses, in order to depict at the cellular level the effects of such a peculiar condition. Jurkat cells were grown at 1 g or on random positioning machine simulating microgravity. On these cells we performed: morphological, cell cycle and proliferation analyses using cytofluorimetric and staining protocols—intracellular Ca2+, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondria membrane potential and O2− measurements using fluorescent probes—aconitase and mitochondria activity, glucose and lactate content using colorimetric assays. After the first exposure days, the cells showed a more homogeneous roundish shape, an increased proliferation rate, metabolic and detoxifying activity resulted in decreased intracellular Ca2+ and ROS. In the late exposure time, the cells adapted to the new environmental condition. Our non-activated proliferating Jurkat cells, even if responsive to altered external forces, adapted to the new environmental condition showing a healthy status. In order to define the cellular mechanism(s) triggered by microgravity, developing standardized experimental approaches and controlled cell culture and simulator conditions is strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Morabito
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Centro Scienze dell' Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (CeSI-MeT), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Paola Lanuti
- Centro Scienze dell' Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (CeSI-MeT), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Giusy A Caprara
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Marco Marchisio
- Centro Scienze dell' Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (CeSI-MeT), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Mariano Bizzarri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 06100 Rome, Italy.
| | - Simone Guarnieri
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Centro Scienze dell' Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (CeSI-MeT), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Maria A Mariggiò
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Centro Scienze dell' Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (CeSI-MeT), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
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17
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Chen ZY, Guo S, Li BB, Jiang N, Li A, Yan HF, Yang HM, Zhou JL, Li CL, Cui Y. Effect of Weightlessness on the 3D Structure Formation and Physiologic Function of Human Cancer Cells. Biomed Res Int 2019; 2019:4894083. [PMID: 31073526 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4894083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of modern medical technology and the deterioration of living environments, cancer, the most important disease that threatens human health, has attracted increasing concerns. Although remarkable achievements have been made in tumor research during the past several decades, a series of problems such as tumor metastasis and drug resistance still need to be solved. Recently, relevant physiological changes during space exploration have attracted much attention. Thus, space exploration might provide some inspiration for cancer research. Using on ground different methods in order to simulate microgravity, structure and function of cancer cells undergo many unique changes, such as cell aggregation to form 3D spheroids, cell-cycle inhibition, and changes in migration ability and apoptosis. Although numerous better experiments have been conducted on this subject, the results are not consistent. The reason might be that different methods for simulation have been used, including clinostats, random positioning machine (RPM) and rotating wall vessel (RWV) and so on. Therefore, we review the relevant research and try to explain novel mechanisms underlying tumor cell changes under weightlessness.
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18
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Jeong AJ, Kim YJ, Lim MH, Lee H, Noh K, Kim BH, Chung JW, Cho CH, Kim S, Ye SK. Microgravity induces autophagy via mitochondrial dysfunction in human Hodgkin's lymphoma cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14646. [PMID: 30279524 PMCID: PMC6168562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32965-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gravitational forces can impose physical stresses on the human body as it functions to maintain homeostasis. It has been reported that astronauts exposed to microgravity experience altered biological functions and many subsequent studies on the effects of microgravity have therefore been conducted. However, the anticancer mechanisms of simulated microgravity remain unclear. We previously showed that the proliferation of human Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) cells was inhibited when these cells were cultured in time-averaged simulated microgravity (taSMG). In the present study, we investigated whether taSMG produced an anticancer effect. Exposure of human HL cells to taSMG for 2 days increased their reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and NADPH oxidase family gene expression, while mitochondrial mass, ATPase, ATP synthase, and intracellular ATP levels were decreased. Furthermore, human HL cells exposed to taSMG underwent autophagy via AMPK/Akt/mTOR and MAPK pathway modulation; such autophagy was inhibited by the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC). These results suggest an innovative therapeutic approach to HL that is markedly different from conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ae Jin Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Science Project (BK21PLUS), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jae Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Graduate School, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Min Hyuk Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeri Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Science Project (BK21PLUS), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Kumhee Noh
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Science Project (BK21PLUS), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hak Kim
- Biomedical Science Project (BK21PLUS), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woong Chung
- Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Hyun Cho
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Kyu Ye
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Science Project (BK21PLUS), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Neuro-Immune Information Storage Network Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Manzano A, Herranz R, den Toom LA, Te Slaa S, Borst G, Visser M, Medina FJ, van Loon JJWA. Novel, Moon and Mars, partial gravity simulation paradigms and their effects on the balance between cell growth and cell proliferation during early plant development. NPJ Microgravity 2018; 4:9. [PMID: 29644337 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-018-0041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinostats and Random Positioning Machine (RPM) are used to simulate microgravity, but, for space exploration, we need to know the response of living systems to fractional levels of gravity (partial gravity) as they exist on Moon and Mars. We have developed and compared two different paradigms to simulate partial gravity using the RPM, one by implementing a centrifuge on the RPM (RPMHW), the other by applying specific software protocols to driving the RPM motors (RPMSW). The effects of the simulated partial gravity were tested in plant root meristematic cells, a system with known response to real and simulated microgravity. Seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana were germinated under simulated Moon (0.17 g) and Mars (0.38 g) gravity. In parallel, seeds germinated under simulated microgravity (RPM), or at 1 g control conditions. Fixed root meristematic cells from 4-day grown seedlings were analyzed for cell proliferation rate and rate of ribosome biogenesis using morphometrical methods and molecular markers of the regulation of cell cycle and nucleolar activity. Cell proliferation appeared increased and cell growth was depleted under Moon gravity, compared with the 1 g control. The effects were even higher at the Moon level than at simulated microgravity, indicating that meristematic competence (balance between cell growth and proliferation) is also affected at this gravity level. However, the results at the simulated Mars level were close to the 1 g static control. This suggests that the threshold for sensing and responding to gravity alteration in the root would be at a level intermediate between Moon and Mars gravity. Both partial g simulation strategies seem valid and show similar results at Moon g-levels, but further research is needed, in spaceflight and simulation facilities, especially around and beyond Mars g levels to better understand more precisely the differences and constrains in the use of these facilities for the space biology community. Novel simulators of partial gravity show that the threshold for plants to sense and respond to gravity in their roots lies somewhere between gravity levels of the Moon and Mars. An international team led by Jack van Loon from the VU University Medical Center in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, reconfigured the hardware (include centrifugation) and software (new algorithm) on a microgravity-simulating instrument known as a Random Positioning Machine to produce fractional levels of gravity similar to those found on Mars (0.38 g) and the Moon (0.17 g). They germinated seeds of thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) in these devices, and showed in 4-day old seedlings that the balance between cell proliferation and cell growth in the roots was out of whack in both simulated microgravity and Moon gravity levels, but not in a simulated Mars scenario.
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