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Burgum MJ, Ulrich C, Partosa N, Evans SJ, Gomes C, Seiffert SB, Landsiedel R, Honarvar N, Doak SH. Adapting the in vitro micronucleus assay (OECD Test Guideline No. 487) for testing of manufactured nanomaterials: recommendations for best practices. Mutagenesis 2024; 39:205-217. [PMID: 38502821 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The current Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development test guideline number 487 (OECD TG No. 487) provides instruction on how to conduct the in vitro micronucleus assay. This assay is one of the gold standard approaches for measuring the mutagenicity of test items; however, it is directed at testing low molecular weight molecules and may not be appropriate for particulate materials (e.g. engineered nanoparticles [ENPs]). This study aimed to adapt the in vitro micronucleus assay for ENP testing and underpins the development of an OECD guidance document. A harmonized, nano-specific protocol was generated and evaluated by two independent laboratories. Cell lines utilized were human lymphoblastoid (TK6) cells, human liver hepatocytes (HepG2) cells, Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (V79) cells, whole blood, and buffy coat cells from healthy human volunteers. These cells were exposed to reference ENPs from the Joint Research Council (JRC): SiO2 (RLS-0102), Au5nm and Au30nm (RLS-03, RLS-010), CeO2 (NM212), and BaSO4 (NM220). Tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC/Co) was used as a trial particulate positive control. The chemical controls were positive in all cell cultures, but WC/Co was only positive in TK6 and buffy coat cells. In TK6 cells, mutagenicity was observed for SiO2- and both Au types. In HepG2 cells, Au5nm and SiO2 showed sub-two-fold increases in micronuclei. In V79 cells, whole blood, and buffy coat cells, no genotoxicity was detected with the test materials. The data confirmed that ENPs could be tested with the harmonized protocol, additionally, concordant data were observed across the two laboratories with V79 cells. WC/Co may be a suitable particulate positive control in the in vitro micronucleus assay when using TK6 and buffy coat cells. Detailed recommendations are therefore provided to adapt OECD TG No. 487 for testing ENP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Burgum
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Clarissa Ulrich
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Natascha Partosa
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Stephen J Evans
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Gomes
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Robert Landsiedel
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
- Free University of Berlin, Pharmacy - Pharmacology and Toxicology, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Naveed Honarvar
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, United Kingdom
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2
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Lin H, Buerki-Thurnherr T, Kaur J, Wick P, Pelin M, Tubaro A, Carniel FC, Tretiach M, Flahaut E, Iglesias D, Vázquez E, Cellot G, Ballerini L, Castagnola V, Benfenati F, Armirotti A, Sallustrau A, Taran F, Keck M, Bussy C, Vranic S, Kostarelos K, Connolly M, Navas JM, Mouchet F, Gauthier L, Baker J, Suarez-Merino B, Kanerva T, Prato M, Fadeel B, Bianco A. Environmental and Health Impacts of Graphene and Other Two-Dimensional Materials: A Graphene Flagship Perspective. ACS Nano 2024; 18:6038-6094. [PMID: 38350010 PMCID: PMC10906101 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted tremendous interest ever since the isolation of atomically thin sheets of graphene in 2004 due to the specific and versatile properties of these materials. However, the increasing production and use of 2D materials necessitate a thorough evaluation of the potential impact on human health and the environment. Furthermore, harmonized test protocols are needed with which to assess the safety of 2D materials. The Graphene Flagship project (2013-2023), funded by the European Commission, addressed the identification of the possible hazard of graphene-based materials as well as emerging 2D materials including transition metal dichalcogenides, hexagonal boron nitride, and others. Additionally, so-called green chemistry approaches were explored to achieve the goal of a safe and sustainable production and use of this fascinating family of nanomaterials. The present review provides a compact survey of the findings and the lessons learned in the Graphene Flagship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Lin
- CNRS,
UPR3572, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, ISIS, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Tina Buerki-Thurnherr
- Empa,
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Jasreen Kaur
- Nanosafety
& Nanomedicine Laboratory, Institute
of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 177 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Wick
- Empa,
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Marco Pelin
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Aurelia Tubaro
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Tretiach
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Emmanuel Flahaut
- CIRIMAT,
Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT,
UPS, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France
| | - Daniel Iglesias
- Facultad
de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Instituto
Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ester Vázquez
- Facultad
de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Instituto
Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Giada Cellot
- International
School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Laura Ballerini
- International
School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Valentina Castagnola
- Center
for
Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS
Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center
for
Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS
Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Analytical
Chemistry Facility, Istituto Italiano di
Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Antoine Sallustrau
- Département
Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Frédéric Taran
- Département
Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Mathilde Keck
- Département
Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Cyrill Bussy
- Nanomedicine
Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester,
Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, National Graphene Institute, Manchester M13 9PT, United
Kingdom
| | - Sandra Vranic
- Nanomedicine
Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester,
Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, National Graphene Institute, Manchester M13 9PT, United
Kingdom
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine
Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester,
Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, National Graphene Institute, Manchester M13 9PT, United
Kingdom
| | - Mona Connolly
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología
Agraria
y Alimentaria (INIA), CSIC, Carretera de la Coruña Km 7,5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Maria Navas
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología
Agraria
y Alimentaria (INIA), CSIC, Carretera de la Coruña Km 7,5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Florence Mouchet
- Laboratoire
Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Laury Gauthier
- Laboratoire
Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - James Baker
- TEMAS Solutions GmbH, 5212 Hausen, Switzerland
| | | | - Tomi Kanerva
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Center
for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 Donostia-San
Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Nanosafety
& Nanomedicine Laboratory, Institute
of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 177 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Bianco
- CNRS,
UPR3572, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, ISIS, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Kong C, Chen J, Li P, Wu Y, Zhang G, Sang B, Li R, Shi Y, Cui X, Zhou T. Respiratory Toxicology of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials: A Review. Toxics 2024; 12:82. [PMID: 38251037 PMCID: PMC10820349 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) consist of a single or few layers of graphene sheets or modified graphene including pristine graphene, graphene nanosheets (GNS), graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), as well as graphene modified with various functional groups or chemicals (e.g., hydroxyl, carboxyl, and polyethylene glycol), which are frequently used in industrial and biomedical applications owing to their exceptional physicochemical properties. Given the widespread production and extensive application of GBNs, they can be disseminated in a wide range of environmental mediums, such as air, water, food, and soil. GBNs can enter the human body through various routes such as inhalation, ingestion, dermal penetration, injection, and implantation in biomedical applications, and the majority of GBNs tend to accumulate in the respiratory system. GBNs inhaled and substantially deposited in the human respiratory tract may impair lung defenses and clearance, resulting in the formation of granulomas and pulmonary fibrosis. However, the specific toxicity of the respiratory system caused by different GBNs, their influencing factors, and the underlying mechanisms remain relatively scarce. This review summarizes recent advances in the exposure, metabolism, toxicity and potential mechanisms, current limitations, and future perspectives of various GBNs in the respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxue Kong
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China; (C.K.); (G.Z.); (B.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Junwen Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangyang No. 1 People’s Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang 441000, China; (J.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangyang No. 1 People’s Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang 441000, China; (J.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Yukang Wu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Laboratory, The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi 214023, China;
| | - Guowei Zhang
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China; (C.K.); (G.Z.); (B.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Bimin Sang
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China; (C.K.); (G.Z.); (B.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Rui Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China;
| | - Yuqin Shi
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China; (C.K.); (G.Z.); (B.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Xiuqing Cui
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China; (C.K.); (G.Z.); (B.S.); (Y.S.)
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4
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Doak SH, Andreoli C, Burgum MJ, Chaudhry Q, Bleeker EAJ, Bossa C, Domenech J, Drobne D, Fessard V, Jeliazkova N, Longhin E, Rundén-Pran E, Stępnik M, El Yamani N, Catalán J, Dusinska M. Current status and future challenges of genotoxicity OECD Test Guidelines for nanomaterials: a workshop report. Mutagenesis 2023; 38:183-191. [PMID: 37234002 PMCID: PMC10448853 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gead017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Genotoxicity testing for nanomaterials remains challenging as standard testing approaches require some adaptation, and further development of nano-specific OECD Test Guidelines (TGs) and Guidance Documents (GDs) are needed. However, the field of genotoxicology continues to progress and new approach methodologies (NAMs) are being developed that could provide relevant information on the range of mechanisms of genotoxic action that may be imparted by nanomaterials. There is a recognition of the need for implementation of new and/or adapted OECD TGs, new OECD GDs, and utilization of NAMs within a genotoxicity testing framework for nanomaterials. As such, the requirements to apply new experimental approaches and data for genotoxicity assessment of nanomaterials in a regulatory context is neither clear, nor used in practice. Thus, an international workshop with representatives from regulatory agencies, industry, government, and academic scientists was convened to discuss these issues. The expert discussion highlighted the current deficiencies that exist in standard testing approaches within exposure regimes, insufficient physicochemical characterization, lack of demonstration of cell or tissue uptake and internalization, and limitations in the coverage of genotoxic modes of action. Regarding the latter aspect, a consensus was reached on the importance of using NAMs to support the genotoxicity assessment of nanomaterials. Also highlighted was the need for close engagement between scientists and regulators to (i) provide clarity on the regulatory needs, (ii) improve the acceptance and use of NAM-generated data, and (iii) define how NAMs may be used as part of weight of evidence approaches for use in regulatory risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shareen H Doak
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singelton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Andreoli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael J Burgum
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singelton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Qasim Chaudhry
- University of Chester, Parkgate Road, Chester, United Kingdom
| | - Eric A J Bleeker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia Bossa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Josefa Domenech
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Box 40, Työterveyslaitos, 00032 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Damjana Drobne
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Vecan pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Valérie Fessard
- ANSES French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, 10b rue Claude Bourgelat, Fougères 35306, France
| | | | - Eleonora Longhin
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller 2002, Norway
| | - Elise Rundén-Pran
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller 2002, Norway
| | | | - Naouale El Yamani
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller 2002, Norway
| | - Julia Catalán
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Box 40, Työterveyslaitos, 00032 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria Dusinska
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller 2002, Norway
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5
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Jiang X, Gao X, Li L, Zhou P, Wang S, Liu T, Zhou J, Zhang H, Huang K, Li Y, Wang M, Jin Z, Xie E, Liu W, Han G. Enhancement of Light and X-ray Charging in Persistent Luminescence Nanoparticle Scintillators Zn 2SiO 4:Mn 2+, Yb 3+, Li . ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:21228-21238. [PMID: 37078901 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Persistent luminescence nanoparticle scintillators (PLNS) have been attempted for X-ray-induced photodynamic therapy (X-PDT) because persistent luminescence after ceasing radiation can make PLNS use less cumulative irradiation time and dose to generate the same amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared with conventional scintillators to combat cancer cells. However, excessive surface defects in PLNS reduce the luminescence efficiency and quench the persistent luminescence, which is fatal to the efficacy of X-PDT. Herein, the PLNS of SiO2@Zn2SiO4:Mn2+, Yb3+, Li+ was designed by the energy trap engineering and synthesized by a simple template method, which has excellent X-ray and UV-excited persistent luminescence and continuously tunable emission spectra from 520 to 550 nm. Its luminescence intensity and afterglow time are more than 7 times that of the reported Zn2SiO4:Mn2+ used for X-PDT. By loading a Rose Bengal (RB) photosensitizer, an effective persistent energy transfer from the PLNS to photosensitizer is observed even after the removal of X-ray irradiation. The X-ray dose of nanoplatform SiO2@Zn2SiO4:Mn2+, Yb3+, Li+@RB in X-PDT of HeLa cancer cells was reduced to 0.18 Gy compared to the X-ray dose of 1.0 Gy for Zn2SiO4:Mn for X-PDT. This indicates that the Zn2SiO4:Mn2+, Yb3+, Li+ PLNS have great potential for X-PDT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xiuping Gao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China
| | - Lingyi Li
- The High School Attached to Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhou
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China
| | - Shasha Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jinyuan Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China
| | - Haodong Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Yang Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P. R. China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwen Jin
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China
| | - Erqing Xie
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China
| | - Weisheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China
| | - Gang Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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6
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Cebadero-Dominguez Ó, Medrano-Padial C, Puerto M, Sánchez-Ballester S, Cameán AM, Jos Á. Genotoxicity evaluation of graphene derivatives by a battery of in vitro assays. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 372:110367. [PMID: 36706891 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The interest of graphene materials has increased markedly in the recent years for their promising applications in many fields as food packing. These new applications have caused some concern regarding their safety for consumers since the intake of these materials may increase. In this sense, a battery of in vitro test is required before its use as a food contact material. Then, the aim of this study was to assess the potential mutagenicity and genotoxicity of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced-graphene oxide (rGO) following the recommendations of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Thus, the mouse lymphoma assay (MLA) and the micronucleus test (MN) were performed in L5178YTk ± cells, and the Caco-2 cells were used for the standard and modified comet assays. The results indicated that GO (0-250 μg/mL) was not mutagenic in the MLA. However, rGO revealed mutagenic activity from 250 μg/mL and 125 μg/mL after 4h and 24h of exposure, respectively. In the MN test, negative results were obtained for both compounds at the concentrations assayed (0-250 μg/mL) for GO/rGO. Moreover, no DNA strand breaks, or oxidative DNA damage were detected in Caco-2 cells exposed to GO (0-250 μg/mL) and rGO (0-176.3 μg/mL for 24h and 0-166.5 μg/mL for 48h). Considering the mutagenic potential of rGO observed further investigation is needed to describe its toxic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Cebadero-Dominguez
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Professor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Concepción Medrano-Padial
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Professor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - María Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Professor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain.
| | - Soraya Sánchez-Ballester
- Packaging, Transport and Logistic Research Institute, Albert Einstein 1. Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana María Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Professor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Professor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain
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7
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Ruijter N, Soeteman-Hernández LG, Carrière M, Boyles M, McLean P, Catalán J, Katsumiti A, Cabellos J, Delpivo C, Sánchez Jiménez A, Candalija A, Rodríguez-Llopis I, Vázquez-Campos S, Cassee FR, Braakhuis H. The State of the Art and Challenges of In Vitro Methods for Human Hazard Assessment of Nanomaterials in the Context of Safe-by-Design. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:472. [PMID: 36770432 PMCID: PMC9920318 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Safe-by-Design (SbD) concept aims to facilitate the development of safer materials/products, safer production, and safer use and end-of-life by performing timely SbD interventions to reduce hazard, exposure, or both. Early hazard screening is a crucial first step in this process. In this review, for the first time, commonly used in vitro assays are evaluated for their suitability for SbD hazard testing of nanomaterials (NMs). The goal of SbD hazard testing is identifying hazard warnings in the early stages of innovation. For this purpose, assays should be simple, cost-effective, predictive, robust, and compatible. For several toxicological endpoints, there are indications that commonly used in vitro assays are able to predict hazard warnings. In addition to the evaluation of assays, this review provides insights into the effects of the choice of cell type, exposure and dispersion protocol, and the (in)accurate determination of dose delivered to cells on predictivity. Furthermore, compatibility of assays with challenging advanced materials and NMs released from nano-enabled products (NEPs) during the lifecycle is assessed, as these aspects are crucial for SbD hazard testing. To conclude, hazard screening of NMs is complex and joint efforts between innovators, scientists, and regulators are needed to further improve SbD hazard testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Ruijter
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marie Carrière
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, SyMMES-CIBEST, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Matthew Boyles
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Polly McLean
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Julia Catalán
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alberto Katsumiti
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48170 Zamudio, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Isabel Rodríguez-Llopis
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48170 Zamudio, Spain
| | | | - Flemming R. Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hedwig Braakhuis
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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8
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Dahlan NA, Thiha A, Ibrahim F, Milić L, Muniandy S, Jamaluddin NF, Petrović B, Kojić S, Stojanović GM. Role of Nanomaterials in the Fabrication of bioNEMS/MEMS for Biomedical Applications and towards Pioneering Food Waste Utilisation. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:nano12224025. [PMID: 36432311 PMCID: PMC9692896 DOI: 10.3390/nano12224025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
bioNEMS/MEMS has emerged as an innovative technology for the miniaturisation of biomedical devices with high precision and rapid processing since its first R&D breakthrough in the 1980s. To date, several organic including food waste derived nanomaterials and inorganic nanomaterials (e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene, silica, gold, and magnetic nanoparticles) have steered the development of high-throughput and sensitive bioNEMS/MEMS-based biosensors, actuator systems, drug delivery systems and implantable/wearable sensors with desirable biomedical properties. Turning food waste into valuable nanomaterials is potential groundbreaking research in this growing field of bioMEMS/NEMS. This review aspires to communicate recent progress in organic and inorganic nanomaterials based bioNEMS/MEMS for biomedical applications, comprehensively discussing nanomaterials criteria and their prospects as ideal tools for biomedical devices. We discuss clinical applications for diagnostic, monitoring, and therapeutic applications as well as the technological potential for cell manipulation (i.e., sorting, separation, and patterning technology). In addition, current in vitro and in vivo assessments of promising nanomaterials-based biomedical devices will be discussed in this review. Finally, this review also looked at the most recent state-of-the-art knowledge on Internet of Things (IoT) applications such as nanosensors, nanoantennas, nanoprocessors, and nanobattery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuraina Anisa Dahlan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Aung Thiha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Ibrahim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Centre for Printable Electronics, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Lazar Milić
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, T. Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Shalini Muniandy
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Fauzani Jamaluddin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Bojan Petrović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sanja Kojić
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, T. Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Goran M. Stojanović
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, T. Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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9
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de Luna LAV, Loret T, Fordham A, Arshad A, Drummond M, Dodd A, Lozano N, Kostarelos K, Bussy C. Lung recovery from DNA damage induced by graphene oxide is dependent on size, dose and inflammation profile. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:62. [PMID: 36131347 PMCID: PMC9490925 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00502-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A key aspect of any new material safety assessment is the evaluation of their in vivo genotoxicity. Graphene oxide (GO) has been studied for many promising applications, but there are remaining concerns about its safety profile, especially after inhalation. Herein we tested whether GO lateral dimension, comparing micrometric (LGO) and nanometric (USGO) GO sheets, has a role in the formation of DNA double strand breaks in mouse lungs. We used spatial resolution and differential cell type analysis to measure DNA damages in both epithelial and immune cells, after either single or repeated exposure. RESULTS GO induced DNA damages were size and dose dependent, in both exposure scenario. After single exposure to a high dose, both USGO and LGO induced significant DNA damage in the lung parenchyma, but only during the acute phase response (p < 0.05 for USGO; p < 0.01 for LGO). This was followed by a fast lung recovery at day 7 and 28 for both GOs. When evaluating the chronic impact of GO after repeated exposure, only a high dose of LGO induced long-term DNA damages in lung alveolar epithelia (at 84 days, p < 0.05). Regardless of size, low dose GO did not induce any significant DNA damage after repeated exposure. A multiparametric correlation analysis of our repeated exposure data revealed that transient or persistent inflammation and oxidative stress were associated to either recovery or persistent DNA damages. For USGO, recovery from DNA damage was correlated to efficient recovery from acute inflammation (i.e., significant secretion of SAA3, p < 0.001; infiltration of neutrophils, p < 0.01). In contrast, the persistence of LGO in lungs was associated to a long-lasting presence of multinucleated macrophages (up to 84 days, p < 0.05), an underlying inflammation (IL-1α secretion up to 28 days, p < 0.05) and the presence of persistent DNA damages at 84 days. CONCLUSIONS Overall these results highlight the importance of the exposure scenario used. We showed that LGO was more genotoxic after repeated exposure than single exposure due to persistent lung inflammation. These findings are important in the context of human health risk assessment and toward establishing recommendations for a safe use of graphene based materials in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Augusto Visani de Luna
- Nanomedicine Lab 2.0, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Thomas Loret
- Nanomedicine Lab 2.0, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Alexander Fordham
- Nanomedicine Lab 2.0, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Atta Arshad
- Nanomedicine Lab 2.0, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Matthew Drummond
- Nanomedicine Lab 2.0, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Abbie Dodd
- Nanomedicine Lab 2.0, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Neus Lozano
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab 2.0, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cyrill Bussy
- Nanomedicine Lab 2.0, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK. .,National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK. .,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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10
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Siivola KK, Burgum MJ, Suárez-Merino B, Clift MJD, Doak SH, Catalán J. A systematic quality evaluation and review of nanomaterial genotoxicity studies: a regulatory perspective. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:59. [PMID: 36104711 PMCID: PMC9472411 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00499-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of publications in the field of nanogenotoxicology and the amount of genotoxicity data on nanomaterials (NMs) in several databases generated by European Union (EU) funded projects have increased during the last decade. In parallel, large research efforts have contributed to both our understanding of key physico-chemical (PC) parameters regarding NM characterization as well as the limitations of toxicological assays originally designed for soluble chemicals. Hence, it is becoming increasingly clear that not all of these data are reliable or relevant from the regulatory perspective. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the extent of studies on genotoxicity of NMs that can be considered reliable and relevant by current standards and bring focus to what is needed for a study to be useful from the regulatory point of view. Due to the vast number of studies available, we chose to limit our search to two large groups, which have raised substantial interest in recent years: nanofibers (including nanotubes) and metal-containing nanoparticles. Focusing on peer-reviewed publications, we evaluated the completeness of PC characterization of the tested NMs, documentation of the model system, study design, and results according to the quality assessment approach developed in the EU FP-7 GUIDEnano project. Further, building on recently published recommendations for best practices in nanogenotoxicology research, we created a set of criteria that address assay-specific reliability and relevance for risk assessment purposes. Articles were then reviewed, the qualifying publications discussed, and the most common shortcomings in NM genotoxicity studies highlighted. Moreover, several EU projects under the FP7 and H2020 framework set the aim to collectively feed the information they produced into the eNanoMapper database. As a result, and over the years, the eNanoMapper database has been extended with data of various quality depending on the existing knowledge at the time of entry. These activities are highly relevant since negative results are often not published. Here, we have reviewed the NanoInformaTIX instance under the eNanoMapper database, which hosts data from nine EU initiatives. We evaluated the data quality and the feasibility of use of the data from a regulatory perspective for each experimental entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi K. Siivola
- grid.6975.d0000 0004 0410 5926Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Box 40, Työterveyslaitos, 00032 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael J. Burgum
- grid.4827.90000 0001 0658 8800In Vitro Toxicology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP Wales UK
| | | | - Martin J. D. Clift
- grid.4827.90000 0001 0658 8800In Vitro Toxicology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP Wales UK
| | - Shareen H. Doak
- grid.4827.90000 0001 0658 8800In Vitro Toxicology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP Wales UK
| | - Julia Catalán
- grid.6975.d0000 0004 0410 5926Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Box 40, Työterveyslaitos, 00032 Helsinki, Finland ,grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Department of Anatomy Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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11
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Di Ianni E, Jacobsen NR, Vogel UB, Møller P. Systematic review on primary and secondary genotoxicity of carbon black nanoparticles in mammalian cells and animals. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res 2022; 790:108441. [PMID: 36007825 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2022.108441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbon black exposure causes oxidative stress, inflammation and genotoxicity. The objective of this systematic review was to assess the contributions of primary (i.e. direct formation of DNA damage) and secondary genotoxicity (i.e., DNA lesions produced indirectly by inflammation) to the overall level of DNA damage by carbon black. The database is dominated by studies that have measured DNA damage by the comet assay. Cell culture studies indicate a genotoxic action of carbon black, which might be mediated by oxidative stress. Many in vivo studies originate from one laboratory that has investigated the genotoxic effects of Printex 90 in mice by intra-tracheal instillation. Meta-analysis and pooled analysis of these results demonstrate that Printex 90 exposure is associated with a slightly increased level of DNA strand breaks in bronchoalveolar lavage cells and lung tissue. Other types of genotoxic damage have not been investigated as thoroughly as DNA strand breaks, although there is evidence to suggest that carbon black exposure might increase the mutation frequency and cytogenetic endpoints. Stratification of studies according to concurrent inflammation and DNA damage does not indicate that carbon black exposure gives rise to secondary genotoxicity. Even substantial pulmonary inflammation is at best only associated with a weak genotoxic response in lung tissue. In conclusion, the review indicates that nanosized carbon black is a weak genotoxic agent and this effect is more likely to originate from a primary genotoxic mechanism of action, mediated by e.g., oxidative stress, than inflammation-driven (secondary) genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Di Ianni
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Nicklas Raun Jacobsen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ulla Birgitte Vogel
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Bygning 202, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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12
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Domenech J, Rodríguez-Garraus A, López de Cerain A, Azqueta A, Catalán J. Genotoxicity of Graphene-Based Materials. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:1795. [PMID: 35683650 DOI: 10.3390/nano12111795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based materials (GBMs) are a broad family of novel carbon-based nanomaterials with many nanotechnology applications. The increasing market of GBMs raises concerns on their possible impact on human health. Here, we review the existing literature on the genotoxic potential of GBMs over the last ten years. A total of 50 articles including in vitro, in vivo, in silico, and human biomonitoring studies were selected. Graphene oxides were the most analyzed materials, followed by reduced graphene oxides. Most of the evaluations were performed in vitro using the comet assay (detecting DNA damage). The micronucleus assay (detecting chromosome damage) was the most used validated assay, whereas only two publications reported results on mammalian gene mutations. The same material was rarely assessed with more than one assay. Despite inhalation being the main exposure route in occupational settings, only one in vivo study used intratracheal instillation, and another one reported human biomonitoring data. Based on the studies, some GBMs have the potential to induce genetic damage, although the type of damage depends on the material. The broad variability of GBMs, cellular systems and methods used in the studies precludes the identification of physico-chemical properties that could drive the genotoxicity response to GBMs.
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13
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Verdon R, Stone V, Murphy F, Christopher E, Johnston H, Doak S, Vogel U, Haase A, Kermanizadeh A. The application of existing genotoxicity methodologies for grouping of nanomaterials: towards an integrated approach to testing and assessment. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:32. [PMID: 35525968 PMCID: PMC9080165 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00476-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of nanomaterials (NMs) in consumer products has proven to be highly valuable in many sectors. Unfortunately, however, the same nano specific physicochemical properties, which make these material attractive, might also contribute to hazards for people exposed to these materials. The physicochemical properties of NMs will impact their interaction with biological surroundings and influence their fate and their potential adverse effects such as genotoxicity. Due to the large and expanding number of NMs produced, their availability in different nanoforms (NFs) and their utilization in various formats, it is impossible for risk assessment to be conducted on an individual NF basis. Alternative methods, such as grouping are needed for streamlining hazard assessment. The GRACIOUS Framework provides a logical and science evidenced approach to group similar NFs, allowing read-across of hazard information from source NFs (or non-NFs) with adequate hazard data to target NFs that lack such data. Here, we propose a simple three-tiered testing strategy to gather evidence to determine whether different NFs are sufficiently similar with respect to their potential to induce genotoxicity, in order to be grouped. The tiered testing strategy includes simple in vitro models as well as a number of alternative more complex multi-cellular in vitro models to allow for a better understanding of secondary NM-induced DNA damage, something that has been more appropriate in vivo until recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Verdon
- Nano Safety Research Group, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vicki Stone
- Nano Safety Research Group, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fiona Murphy
- Nano Safety Research Group, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Helinor Johnston
- Nano Safety Research Group, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Shareen Doak
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrea Haase
- Department of Chemicals and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ali Kermanizadeh
- Human Sciences Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby, DE22 1GB, UK.
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14
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Cebadero-Domínguez Ó, Jos A, Cameán AM, Cătunescu GM. Hazard characterization of graphene nanomaterials in the frame of their food risk assessment: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 164:113014. [PMID: 35430331 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Different applications have been suggested for graphene nanomaterials (GFNs) in the food and feed chain. However, it is necessary to perform a risk assessment before they become market-ready, and when consumer exposure is demonstrated. For this purpose, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has published a guidance that has been recently updated. In this sense, the aim of this study is to identify and characterise toxicological hazards related to GFNs after oral exposure. Thus, existing scientific literature in relation to in vitro degradation studies, in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity, toxicokinetics data, in vivo oral studies, and other in-depth studies such as effects on the microbiome has been revised. The obtained results showed that the investigations performed up to now did not follow internationally agreed-upon test guidelines. Moreover, GFNs seemed to resist gastrointestinal digestion and were able to be absorbed, distributed, and excreted, inducing toxic effects at different levels, including genotoxicity. Also, dose has an important role as it has been reported that low doses are more toxic than high doses because GFNs tend to aggregate in the digestive system, changing the internal exposure scenario. Thus, further studies including a thorough toxicological evaluation are required to protect consumer's safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Giorgiana M Cătunescu
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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15
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Meldrum K, Evans SJ, Vogel U, Tran L, Doak SH, Clift MJD. The influence of exposure approaches to in vitro lung epithelial barrier models to assess engineered nanomaterial hazard. Nanotoxicology 2022; 16:114-134. [PMID: 35343373 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2022.2051627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to engineered nanomaterials (ENM) poses a potential health risk to humans through long-term, repetitive low-dose exposures. Currently, this is not commonplace within in vitro lung cell cultures. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to consider the optimal exposure approach toward determining the stability, sensitivity and validity of using in vitro lung cell mono- and co-cultures to determine ENM hazard. A range of exposure scenarios were conducted with DQ12 (previously established as a positive particle control) (historic and re-activated), TiO2 (JRC NM-105) and BaSO4 (JRC NM-220) on both monocultures of A549 cells as well as co-cultures of A549 cells and differentiated THP-1 cells. Cell cultures were exposed to either a single, or a repeated exposure over 24, 48- or 72-hours at in vivo extrapolated concentrations of 0-5.2 µg/cm2, 0-6 µg/cm2 and 0-1µg/cm2. The focus of this study was the pro-inflammatory, cytotoxic and genotoxic response elicited by these ENMs. Exposure to DQ12 caused pro-inflammatory responses after 48 hours repeat exposures, as well as increases in micronucleus frequency. Neither TiO2 nor BaSO4 elicited a pro-inflammatory response at this time point. However, there was induction of IL-6 after 24 hours TiO2 exposure. In conclusion, it is important to consider the appropriateness of the positive control implemented, the cell culture model, the time of exposure as well as the type of exposure (bolus or fractionated) before establishing if an in vitro model is appropriate to determine the level of response to the specific ENM of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Meldrum
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Ulla Vogel
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lang Tran
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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16
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Vallabani NVS, Karlsson HL. Primary and Secondary Genotoxicity of Nanoparticles: Establishing a Co-Culture Protocol for Assessing Micronucleus Using Flow Cytometry. Front Toxicol 2022; 4:845987. [PMID: 35295219 PMCID: PMC8915829 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.845987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Genotoxicity is an important endpoint to assess for understanding the risks associated with nanoparticles (NPs). Most genotoxicity studies performed on NPs have focused on primary genotoxicity analyzed by comet- or micronuclei (MN) assay using microscopic scoring. Here, we established a protocol for a more efficient version of MN assessment using flow cytometry and, importantly, both primary and secondary (inflammation-driven) genotoxicity was assessed. Human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC-3kt) were exposed to nickel oxide (NiO) NPs directly or indirectly. The indirect exposure was done to assess secondary genotoxicity, and in this case immune cells (THP-1 derived macrophages) were exposed on inserts and the HBEC were cultured in the lower compartment. The results in monocultures showed that no increased MN formation was observed in the HBEC cells but instead a clear MN induction was noted in THP-1 cells indicating higher sensitivity. No MN formation was either observed when the HBEC were indirectly exposed, but an increase in DNA strand breaks was detected using the comet assay. Taken together, the present study emphasizes the feasibility of assessing primary and secondary genotoxicity and, furthermore, shows a clear MN induction in THP-1 monoculture following NiO NPs exposure.
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17
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Achawi S, Huot L, Nesslany F, Pourchez J, Simar S, Forest V, Feneon B. Exploring graphene-based materials' genotoxicity: inputs of a screening method. Nanotoxicology 2022; 15:1279-1294. [PMID: 35026124 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2021.2018734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Graphene-based materials (GBMs) are promising nanomaterials, and several innovations depend on their use. However, the assessment of their potential hazard must be carefully explored before entering any market. GBMs are indeed well-known to induce various biological impacts, including oxidative stress, which can potentially lead to DNA damage. Genotoxicity is a major endpoint for hazard assessment and has been explored for GBMs, but the available literature shows conflicting results. In this study, we assessed the genotoxicity of 13 various GBMs, one carbon black and one amorphous silica through a DNA damage response assay (using a human respiratory cell model, BEAS-2B). Concurrently, oxidative stress was assessed through a ROS production quantification (DCFH-DA assay using a murine macrophage model, RAW 264.7). We also performed a full physicochemical characterization of our samples to explore potential structure-activity relationships involving genotoxicity. We observed that surface oxidation appears linked to genotoxicity response and were able to distinguish several groups within our studied GBMs showing different genotoxicity results. Our findings highlight the necessity to individually consider each nanoform of GBMs since the tested samples showed various results and modes of action. We propose this study as a genotoxicity assessment using a high-throughput screening method and suggest few hypotheses concerning the genotoxicity mode of action of GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Achawi
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, Univ Jean Monnet, Etablissement Français du Sang, INSERM, Sainbiose, France Saint-Etienne.,Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, Michelin, France
| | - Ludovic Huot
- Genotoxicology Department, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Fabrice Nesslany
- Genotoxicology Department, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jérémie Pourchez
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, Univ Jean Monnet, Etablissement Français du Sang, INSERM, Sainbiose, France Saint-Etienne
| | - Sophie Simar
- Genotoxicology Department, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Valérie Forest
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, Univ Jean Monnet, Etablissement Français du Sang, INSERM, Sainbiose, France Saint-Etienne
| | - Bruno Feneon
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, Michelin, France
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Di Ianni E, Møller P, Vogel UB, Jacobsen NR. Pro-inflammatory response and genotoxicity caused by clay and graphene nanomaterials in A549 and THP-1 cells. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 2021; 872:503405. [PMID: 34798932 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanoclays and graphene oxide nanomaterials represent a class of materials sharing similar shapes constituted of high aspect ratio platelets. The increased production of these materials for various industrial applications increases the risk of occupational exposure, consequently with elevated risk of adverse reactions and development of pulmonary diseases, including lung cancer. In this study, pro-inflammatory responses and genotoxicity were assessed in alveolar epithelial cells (A549) and activated THP-1 macrophages (THP-1a) after exposure to three nanoclays; a pristine (Bentonite) and two surface modified (benzalkonium chloride-coated Nanofil9, and dialkyldimethyl-ammonium-coated NanofilSE3000); graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) nanomaterials. The pro-inflammatory response in terms of IL-8 expression was strongest in cells exposed to Bentonite, whereas surface modification resulted in decreased toxicity in both cell lines when exposed to Nanofil9 and NanofilSE3000. GO and r-GO induced a pro-inflammatory response in A549 cells, while no effect was detected with the two nanomaterials on THP-1a cells. The pro-inflammatory response was strongly correlated with in vivo inflammation in mice after intra-tracheal instillation when doses were normalized against surface area. Genotoxicity was assessed as DNA strand breaks, using the alkaline comet assay. In A549 cells, an increase in DNA strand breaks was detected only in cells exposed to Bentonite, whereas Bentonite, NanofilSE3000 and GO caused an increased level of genotoxicity in THP-1a cells. Genotoxicity in THP-1a cells was concordant with the DNA damage in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells following 1 and 3 days after intra-tracheal instillation in mice. In conclusion, this study shows that surface modification of pristine nanoclays reduces the inflammatory and genotoxic response in A549 and THP-1a cells, and these in vitro models show comparable toxicity to what seen in previous mouse studies with the same materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Di Ianni
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Birgitte Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark; National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs.Lyngby, Denmark
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Wu K, Zhou Q, Ouyang S. Direct and Indirect Genotoxicity of Graphene Family Nanomaterials on DNA-A Review. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:2889. [PMID: 34835652 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Graphene family nanomaterials (GFNs), including graphene, graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and graphene quantum dots (GQDs), have manifold potential applications, leading to the possibility of their release into environments and the exposure to humans and other organisms. However, the genotoxicity of GFNs on DNA remains largely unknown. In this review, we highlight the interactions between DNA and GFNs and summarize the mechanisms of genotoxicity induced by GFNs. Generally, the genotoxicity can be sub-classified into direct genotoxicity and indirect genotoxicity. The direct genotoxicity (e.g., direct physical nucleus and DNA damage) and indirect genotoxicity mechanisms (e.g., physical destruction, oxidative stress, epigenetic toxicity, and DNA replication) of GFNs were summarized in the manuscript, respectively. Moreover, the influences factors, such as physicochemical properties, exposure dose, and time, on the genotoxicity of GFNs are also briefly discussed. Given the important role of genotoxicity in GFNs exposure risk assessment, future research should be conducted on the following: (1) developing reliable testing methods; (2) elucidating the response mechanisms associated with genotoxicity in depth; and (3) enriching the evaluation database regarding the type of GFNs, applied dosages, and exposure times.
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Malkova A, Svadlakova T, Singh A, Kolackova M, Vankova R, Borsky P, Holmannova D, Karas A, Borska L, Fiala Z. In Vitro Assessment of the Genotoxic Potential of Pristine Graphene Platelets. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:2210. [PMID: 34578525 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Graphene is a two-dimensional atomic structure with a wide range of uses, including for biomedical applications. However, knowledge of its hazards is still limited. This work brings new cytotoxic, cytostatic, genotoxic and immunotoxic data concerning the in vitro exposure of human cell line to two types of graphene platelets (GP). It also contributes to the formation of general conclusions about the health risks of GP exposure. (2) Methods: In vitro exposure of a THP-1 cell line to three concentrations of two GP over 40 h. The cytotoxic potential was assessed by the measurement of LDH and glutathione (ROS) and by a trypan blue exclusion assay (TBEA); the cytostatic and genotoxic potential were assessed by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) test; and the immunotoxic potential was assessed by the measurement of IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α. (3) Results: We found a significant dose-dependent increase in DNA damage (CBMN). The lowest observed genotoxic effect levels (LOGEL) were 5 µg/mL (GP1) and 30 µg/mL (GP2). We found no significant leaking of LDH from cells, increase in dead cells (TBEA), induction of ROS, increased levels of cytostasis, or changes in IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α levels. (4) Conclusions: The genotoxicity increased during the short-term in vitro exposure of THP-1 to two GP. No increase in cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, or cytostasis was observed.
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