1
|
Solari S, Martellucci J, Annicchiarico A, Scheiterle M, Bergamini C, Prosperi P. Laser technology in proctological diseases: is it really the wave of the future? Updates Surg 2023; 75:1759-1772. [PMID: 37438655 DOI: 10.1007/s13304-023-01578-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Different types of lasers have been applied for various proctological conditions. We discuss about published articles regarding the application of lasers, with concern about evidence-based use of these techniques and technologies. We performed a literature search about laser treatments for proctological conditions. 55 studies were included for the final revision. Meta-analysis of data was not performed because of heterogeneity of study designs and outcome measures. A scoping review was performed. Laser treatments for hemorrhoids require a shorter operative time and show less postoperative pain and bleeding compared to conventional hemorrhoidectomy, but are more expensive. Studies are heterogeneous in design, endpoints, postoperative assessment, length of follow-up and outcome measures. Only 3 RCTs are available and only three studies evaluate long-term outcomes. FiLaC (fistula laser closure) was initially described in 2011 for the treatment of anal fistula. In the published studies the reported healing rates vary between 20 and 82%, and the ideal indication is yet to be defined. Studies with long-term follow-up are lacking. SiLaT (sinus laser treatment) applied the technology used for FiLaC to the treatment of pilonidal sinus disease. This technique had less perioperative pain and shorter hospital stay, but a lower primary healing rate when compared to traditional techniques. Available data is very limited, and no randomized trials are published to date. Laser assisted techniques are a viable, minimally invasive, but expensive option for the treatment of several proctological conditions. Further researches are needed to assess if patients could benefit of their use, and for what indication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Solari
- Emergency Surgery, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
- Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | | | - Alfredo Annicchiarico
- Emergency Surgery, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Bergamini
- Emergency Surgery, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Prosperi
- Emergency Surgery, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sarveazad A, Yari A, Imani F, Fayyaz F, Mokhtare M, Babaei-Ghazani A, Yousefifard M, Sarveazad S, Assar S, Shamseddin J, Bahardoust M. The effect of Trolox on the rabbit anal sphincterotomy repair. BMC Gastroenterol 2023; 23:209. [PMID: 37337166 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-023-02842-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fecal incontinence (FI) is caused by external anal sphincter injury. Vitamin E is a potential strategy for anal sphincter muscle repair via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and protective properties against myocyte loss. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the water-soluble form of vitamin E efficacy in repairing anal sphincter muscle defects in rabbits. METHODS Twenty-one male rabbits were equally assigned to the intact (without any intervention), control (sphincterotomy), and Trolox (sphincterotomy + Trolox administration) groups. Ninety days after sphincterotomy, the resting and squeeze pressures were evaluated by manometry, and the number of motor units in the sphincterotomy site was calculated by electromyography. Also, the amount of muscle and collagen in the injury site was investigated by Mallory's trichrome staining. RESULTS Ninety days after the intervention, the resting and squeeze pressures in the intact and Trolox groups were significantly higher than in the control group (P = 0.001). Moreover, the total collagen percentage of the sphincterotomy site was significantly lower in the Trolox group than in the control group (P = 0.002), and the total muscle percentage was significantly higher in the Trolox group compared to the control group (P = 0.001). Also, the motor unit number was higher in the Trolox group than in the control group (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION Trolox administration in the rabbit sphincterotomy model can decrease the amount of collagen and increase muscle, leading to improved anal sphincter electromyography and manometry results. Therefore, Trolox is a potential treatment strategy for FI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arash Sarveazad
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nursing Care Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abazar Yari
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Farnad Imani
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farimah Fayyaz
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Mokhtare
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Babaei-Ghazani
- Neuromusculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mahmoud Yousefifard
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahriar Sarveazad
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavash Assar
- Department of Anesthesiology, kerman university of medical sciences, kerman, Iran
| | - Jebreil Shamseddin
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Shahid Chamran Boulevard, Iran.
| | - Mansour Bahardoust
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Velenjak 7th Floor, Bldg No.2 SBUMS, Arabi Ave, Tehran, 19839-63113, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shan S, Li Q, Criswell T, Atala A, Zhang Y. Stem cell therapy combined with controlled release of growth factors for the treatment of sphincter dysfunction. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:56. [PMID: 36927578 PMCID: PMC10018873 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphincter dysfunction often occurs at the end of tubule organs such as the urethra, anus, or gastroesophageal sphincters. It is the primary consequence of neuromuscular impairment caused by trauma, inflammation, and aging. Despite intensive efforts to recover sphincter function, pharmacological treatments have not achieved significant improvement. Cell- or growth factor-based therapy is a promising approach for neuromuscular regeneration and the recovery of sphincter function. However, a decrease in cell retention and viability, or the short half-life and rapid degradation of growth factors after implantation, remain obstacles to the translation of these therapies to the clinic. Natural biomaterials provide unique tools for controlled growth factor delivery, which leads to better outcomes for sphincter function recovery in vivo when stem cells and growth factors are co-administrated, in comparison to the delivery of single therapies. In this review, we discuss the role of stem cells combined with the controlled release of growth factors, the methods used for delivery, their potential therapeutic role in neuromuscular repair, and the outcomes of preclinical studies using combination therapy, with the hope of providing new therapeutic strategies to treat incontinence or sphincter dysfunction of the urethra, anus, or gastroesophageal tissues, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhou Shan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Tracy Criswell
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Barisic G, Andjelkov K, Rosic J, Miladinov M, Kotur-Stеvuljevic J, Dinic T, Jelenkovic J, Krivokapic Z. Application of nanofat for treatment of traumatic faecal incontinence after sphincteroplasty - A pilot study. Colorectal Dis 2022; 24:1054-1062. [PMID: 35426481 DOI: 10.1111/codi.16148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate whether the application of nanofat containing stem cells improves continence in women who had previously undergone anal sphincteroplasty with unsatisfactory long-term outcomes. METHOD This prospective pilot study included nine women with various degrees of anal incontinence who had previously undergone anal sphincteroplasty due to obstetric trauma. In all patients, the Wexner Incontinence Score (WS) and Faecal Incontinence Quality of Life Score (FIQLS), as well as anal manometry and endoanal ultrasound measurements, were performed before the procedure and during follow-up. In all patients, liposuction was performed and 50 ml of raw lipoaspirate was obtained and processed using a NanoFat Kit device. Approximately 20 ml of the mechanically emulsified and filtrated fat was obtained and the anal sphincter complex was infiltrated with it. Patient follow-up was conducted in person or via telephone 6 and 12 months after the procedure. RESULTS The squeeze pressure was significantly increased 6 months after the procedure (p = 0.01). The external anal sphincter measured at the 12 o'clock position was significantly thicker (p = 0.04). A significant decrease in the WS was observed both 6 and 12 months after the procedure compared with baseline values (p < 0.05 for both). CONCLUSION This study is the first to show that the application of nanofat as an injectable product improves continence in patients with unsatisfactory results after sphincteroplasty, suggesting it to be a promising and effective therapeutic tool. The procedure is safe and can be easily performed as an ambulatory procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Goran Barisic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Clinic for Digestive Surgery - First Surgical Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Jovana Rosic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Miladinov
- Clinic for Digestive Surgery - First Surgical Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Tanja Dinic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelenko Jelenkovic
- COVID Hospital Batajnica, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Krivokapic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Clinic for Digestive Surgery - First Surgical Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.,Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim M, Oh BY, Lee JS, Yoon D, Chun W, Son IT. A systematic review of translation and experimental studies on internal anal sphincter for fecal incontinence. Ann Coloproctol 2022; 38:183-196. [PMID: 35678021 PMCID: PMC9263305 DOI: 10.3393/ac.2022.00276.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity in the molecular mechanism of the internal anal sphincter (IAS) limits preclinical or clinical outcomes of fecal incontinence (FI) treatment. So far, there are no systematic reviews of IAS translation and experimental studies that have been reported. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of IAS critical role in FI. Previous studies revealed the key pathway for basal tone and relaxation of IAS in different properties as follows; calcium, Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing serine/threonine kinase, aging-associated IAS dysfunction, oxidative stress, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, cyclooxygenase, and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Previous studies have reported improved functional outcomes of cellular treatment for regeneration of dysfunctional IAS, using various stem cells, but did not demonstrate the interrelationship between those results and basal tone or relaxation-related molecular pathway of IAS. Furthermore, these results have lower specificity for IAS-incontinence due to the included external anal sphincter or nerve injury regardless of the cell type. An acellular approach using bioengineered IAS showed a physiologic response of basal tone and relaxation response similar to human IAS. However, in both cellular and acellular approaches, the lack of human IAS data still hampers clinical application. Therefore, the IAS regeneration presents more challenges and warrants more advances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minsung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Bo-Young Oh
- Department of Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Ji-Seon Lee
- Burn Institute, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dogeon Yoon
- Burn Institute, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wook Chun
- Burn Institute, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Surgery, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il Tae Son
- Department of Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sarveazad A, Yari A, Babaei-Ghazani A, Mokhtare M, Bahardoust M, Asar S, Shamseddin J, Yousefifard M, Babahajian A. Combined application of chondroitinase ABC and photobiomodulation with low-intensity laser on the anal sphincter repair in rabbit. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:473. [PMID: 34911454 PMCID: PMC8672605 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-02047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Photobiomodulation with low-intensity laser (LIL) and chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) can repair damaged muscle tissue, so the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of co-administration of these two factors on anal sphincter repair in rabbits. Methods Male rabbits were studied in 5 groups (n = 7): Control (intact), sphincterotomy, laser, ChABC and laser + ChABC. 90 days after intervention were evaluated resting and maximum squeeze pressures, number of motor units, collagen amount, markers of muscle regeneration and angiogenesis. Results Resting pressure in the Laser + ChABC group was higher than the sphincterotomy, laser and ChABC groups (p < 0.0001). Maximum squeeze pressure in the all study groups was higher than sphincterotomy group (p < 0.0001). In the laser + ChABC and ChABC groups, motor unit numbers were more than the sphincterotomy group (p < 0.0001). Collagen content was significantly decreased in the laser (p < 0.0001) and laser + ChABC groups. ACTA1 (p = 0.001) and MHC (p < 0.0001) gene expression in the Laser + ChABC group were more than the laser or ChABC alone. VEGFA (p = 0.009) and Ki67 mRNA expression (p = 0.01) in the Laser + ChABC group were more than the laser group, But vimentin mRNA expression (p < 0.0001) was less than the laser group. Conclusion Co-administration of ChABCs and photobiomodulation with LIL appears to improve the tissue structure and function of the anal sphincter in rabbits more than when used alone. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12876-021-02047-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arash Sarveazad
- Nursing Care Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abazar Yari
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Dietary Supplements and Probiotics Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Arash Babaei-Ghazani
- Neuromusculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marjan Mokhtare
- Nursing Care Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour Bahardoust
- Nursing Care Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavash Asar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Jebreil Shamseddin
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Yousefifard
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Highway, P.O Box: 14665-354, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Asrin Babahajian
- Liver and Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, P.O Box: 14665-354, Sanandaj, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Balaphas A, Meyer J, Meier RPH, Liot E, Buchs NC, Roche B, Toso C, Bühler LH, Gonelle-Gispert C, Ris F. Cell Therapy for Anal Sphincter Incontinence: Where Do We Stand? Cells 2021; 10:2086. [PMID: 34440855 PMCID: PMC8394955 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anal sphincter incontinence is a chronic disease, which dramatically impairs quality of life and induces high costs for the society. Surgery, considered as the best curative option, shows a disappointing success rate. Stem/progenitor cell therapy is pledging, for anal sphincter incontinence, a substitute to surgery with higher efficacy. However, the published literature is disparate. Our aim was to perform a review on the development of cell therapy for anal sphincter incontinence with critical analyses of its pitfalls. Animal models for anal sphincter incontinence were varied and tried to reproduce distinct clinical situations (acute injury or healed injury with or without surgical reconstruction) but were limited by anatomical considerations. Cell preparations used for treatment, originated, in order of frequency, from skeletal muscle, bone marrow or fat tissue. The characterization of these preparations was often incomplete and stemness not always addressed. Despite a lack of understanding of sphincter healing processes and the exact mechanism of action of cell preparations, this treatment was evaluated in 83 incontinent patients, reporting encouraging results. However, further development is necessary to establish the correct indications, to determine the most-suited cell type, to standardize the cell preparation method and to validate the route and number of cell delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Balaphas
- Division of Digestive Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (J.M.); (E.L.); (N.C.B.); (B.R.); (C.T.); (F.R.)
- Department of Surgery, Geneva Medical School, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Meyer
- Division of Digestive Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (J.M.); (E.L.); (N.C.B.); (B.R.); (C.T.); (F.R.)
| | - Raphael P. H. Meier
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Emilie Liot
- Division of Digestive Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (J.M.); (E.L.); (N.C.B.); (B.R.); (C.T.); (F.R.)
| | - Nicolas C. Buchs
- Division of Digestive Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (J.M.); (E.L.); (N.C.B.); (B.R.); (C.T.); (F.R.)
| | - Bruno Roche
- Division of Digestive Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (J.M.); (E.L.); (N.C.B.); (B.R.); (C.T.); (F.R.)
| | - Christian Toso
- Division of Digestive Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (J.M.); (E.L.); (N.C.B.); (B.R.); (C.T.); (F.R.)
| | - Leo H. Bühler
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (L.H.B.); (C.G.-G.)
| | - Carmen Gonelle-Gispert
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (L.H.B.); (C.G.-G.)
| | - Frédéric Ris
- Division of Digestive Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (J.M.); (E.L.); (N.C.B.); (B.R.); (C.T.); (F.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Tumor progression depends on the collaborative interactions between tumor cells and the surrounding stroma. First-line therapies direct against cancer cells may not reach a satisfactory outcome, such as gastric cancer (GC), with high risk of recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, novel treatments and drugs target the effects of stroma components are to be promising alternatives. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) represent the decisive components of tumor stroma that are found to strongly affect GC development and progression. MSC from bone marrow or adjacent normal tissues express homing profiles in timely response to GC-related inflammation signals and anchor into tumor bulks. Then the newly recruited “naïve” MSC would achieve phenotype and functional alternations and adopt the greater tumor-supporting potential under the reprogramming of GC cells. Conversely, both new-comers and tumor-resident MSC are able to modulate the tumor biology via aberrant activation of oncogenic signals, metabolic reprogramming and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. And they also engage in remodeling the stroma better suited for tumor progression through immunosuppression, pro-angiogenesis, as well as extracellular matrix reshaping. On the account of tumor tropism, MSC could be engineered to assist earlier diagnosis of GC and deliver tumor-killing agents precisely to the tumor microenvironment. Meanwhile, intercepting and abrogating vicious signals derived from MSC are of certain significance for the combat of GC. In this review, we mainly summarize current advances concerning the reciprocal metabolic interactions between MSC and GC and their underlying therapeutic implications in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingwei Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunzhu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinliang Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|