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Anvari Y, Afrashteh A, Pourkaveh S, Salek SB, Al-Numan L, Khademnezhad S. Emerging role of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in periodontal regeneration. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2024; 19:390-402. [PMID: 38380419 PMCID: PMC10876597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a prevalent oral ailment that harms both hard and soft tissues of the periodontium, leading to loosening and eventual removal of the teeth. Current clinical treatments have limitations in achieving complete periodontal tissue regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have garnered attention due to their unique characteristics and potential as a promising new therapy for periodontitis. Research suggests that the role of MSCs in regenerative medicine primarily occurs through the paracrine pathway, involving the emission of particles encased by lipids called extracellular vesicles (EVs) abundant in bioactive compounds. These EVs play a vital function in controlling the activities of periodontal tissues and immune system cells, and by influencing the immediate surrounding, thus fostering the healing of periodontal damage and renewal of tissues. EVs obtained from MSCs (MSC-EVs), in the form of a cell-free treatment, offer advantages in terms of stability, reduced immune rejection, and ethical considerations, elevating their potential as a hopeful choice for broad clinical applications. This concise overview highlights the mechanisms of MSC-EVs and the possibilities they hold in clinical application for periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaldasadat Anvari
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ahmad Afrashteh
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sajjad Pourkaveh
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samira B. Salek
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Lelaw Al-Numan
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Sahar Khademnezhad
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Ponnaiyan D, Rughwani RR, Victor DJ, Shetty G. Stem Cells in the Periodontium-Anatomically Related Yet Physiologically Diverse. Eur J Dent 2024; 18:1-13. [PMID: 36588293 PMCID: PMC10959637 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a complex chronic disease discernible by the deterioration of periodontal tissue. The goal of periodontal therapy is to achieve complete tissue regeneration, and one of the most promising treatment options is to harness the regenerative potential of stem cells available within the periodontal complex. Periodontal ligament stem cells, gingival mesenchymal stem cells, oral periosteal stem cells, and dental follicle stem cells have structural similarities, but their immunological responses and features differ. The qualities of diverse periodontal stem cells, their immune-modulatory effects, and variances in their phenotypes and characteristics will be discussed in this review. Although there is evidence on each stem cell population in the periodontium, understanding the differences in markers expressed, the various research conducted so far on their regenerative potential, will help in understanding which stem cell population will be a better candidate for tissue engineering. The possibility of selecting the most amenable stem cell population for optimal periodontal regeneration and the development and current application of superior tissue engineering treatment options such as autologous transplantation, three-dimensional bioengineered scaffolds, dental stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Ponnaiyan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, SRM Dental College and Hospital, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Roshan R. Rughwani
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, SRM Dental College and Hospital, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhayanand John Victor
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, SRM Dental College and Hospital, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ganesh Shetty
- Dental and Orthodontic Clinic, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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3
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Wang T, Zhou Y, Zhang W, Xue Y, Xiao Z, Zhou Y, Peng X. Exosomes and exosome composite scaffolds in periodontal tissue engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 11:1287714. [PMID: 38304105 PMCID: PMC10831513 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1287714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Promoting complete periodontal regeneration of damaged periodontal tissues, including dental cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone, is one of the challenges in the treatment of periodontitis. Therefore, it is urgent to explore new treatment strategies for periodontitis. Exosomes generated from stem cells are now a promising alternative to stem cell therapy, with therapeutic results comparable to those of their blast cells. It has great potential in regulating immune function, inflammation, microbiota, and tissue regeneration and has shown good effects in periodontal tissue regeneration. In addition, periodontal tissue engineering combines exosomes with biomaterial scaffolds to maximize the therapeutic advantages of exosomes. Therefore, this article reviews the progress, challenges, and prospects of exosome and exosome-loaded composite scaffolds in periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yanxing Zhou
- Institute of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanye Xue
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziteng Xiao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanfang Zhou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xinsheng Peng
- Biomedical Innovation Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Marine Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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Wang J, Jing J, Zhou C, Fan Y. Emerging roles of exosomes in oral diseases progression. Int J Oral Sci 2024; 16:4. [PMID: 38221571 PMCID: PMC10788352 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-023-00274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral diseases, such as periodontitis, salivary gland diseases, and oral cancers, significantly challenge health conditions due to their detrimental effects on patient's digestive functions, pronunciation, and esthetic demands. Delayed diagnosis and non-targeted treatment profoundly influence patients' prognosis and quality of life. The exploration of innovative approaches for early detection and precise treatment represents a promising frontier in oral medicine. Exosomes, which are characterized as nanometer-sized extracellular vesicles, are secreted by virtually all types of cells. As the research continues, the complex roles of these intracellular-derived extracellular vesicles in biological processes have gradually unfolded. Exosomes have attracted attention as valuable diagnostic and therapeutic tools for their ability to transfer abundant biological cargos and their intricate involvement in multiple cellular functions. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent applications of exosomes within the field of oral diseases, focusing on inflammation-related bone diseases and oral squamous cell carcinomas. We characterize the exosome alterations and demonstrate their potential applications as biomarkers for early diagnosis, highlighting their roles as indicators in multiple oral diseases. We also summarize the promising applications of exosomes in targeted therapy and proposed future directions for the use of exosomes in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junjun Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Ustianowska K, Ustianowski Ł, Bakinowska E, Kiełbowski K, Szostak J, Murawka M, Szostak B, Pawlik A. The Genetic Aspects of Periodontitis Pathogenesis and the Regenerative Properties of Stem Cells. Cells 2024; 13:117. [PMID: 38247810 PMCID: PMC10814055 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis (PD) is a prevalent and chronic inflammatory disease with a complex pathogenesis, and it is associated with the presence of specific pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis. Dysbiosis and dysregulated immune responses ultimately lead to chronic inflammation as well as tooth and alveolar bone loss. Multiple studies have demonstrated that genetic polymorphisms may increase the susceptibility to PD. Furthermore, gene expression is modulated by various epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, or the activity of non-coding RNA. These processes can also be induced by PD-associated pathogens. In this review, we try to summarize the genetic processes that are implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. Furthermore, we discuss the use of these mechanisms in diagnosis and therapeutic purposes. Importantly, novel treatment methods that could promote tissue regeneration are greatly needed in PD. In this paper, we also demonstrate current evidence on the potential use of stem cells and extracellular vesicles to stimulate tissue regeneration and suppress inflammation. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of PD, as well as the impact of PD-associated bacteria and stem cells in these processes, may enhance future research and ultimately improve long-term treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Ustianowska
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.U.); (Ł.U.); (E.B.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Łukasz Ustianowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.U.); (Ł.U.); (E.B.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Estera Bakinowska
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.U.); (Ł.U.); (E.B.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Kajetan Kiełbowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.U.); (Ł.U.); (E.B.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Joanna Szostak
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Martyna Murawka
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.U.); (Ł.U.); (E.B.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Bartosz Szostak
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.U.); (Ł.U.); (E.B.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.U.); (Ł.U.); (E.B.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (B.S.)
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Zhang R, Ruangsawasdi N, Pumpaluk P, Yuan Q, Peng Y, Seriwatanachai D. Bone regeneration property of tooth-derived bone substitute prepared chairside for periodontal bone defects: an experimental study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:863. [PMID: 37964242 PMCID: PMC10647160 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03582-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis often leads to progressive destruction and loss of alveolar bone, the reconstruction of which remains difficult in periodontal therapy. As a novel bone graft material, tooth-derived bone substitute (TDBS) processed from extracted teeth has been previously reported about its osteoconductivity and promising results in bone regeneration. This study was to investigate the biological effects and bone regeneration properties of TDBS in vitro and in vivo using rat periodontal bone defect model. METHODS Three groups of materials were used in the experiments: TDBS, TDBS treated with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) (TDBS-E), and allogeneic bone materials. Calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion dissolutions were quantified by spectrophotometer for seven days. The releases of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Human osteoblast proliferation, migration, and differentiation were detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, cell counting, alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), and alizarin red staining (ARS), respectively. Furthermore, the osteogenic effects of TDBS on periodontal furcation bone defects were evaluated at eight weeks postoperatively using micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) and histological analysis. RESULTS The dissolution of both Ca and P ions in TDBS increased over time. The BMP-2 released from TDBS was significantly higher than that from TDBS-E and allografts, while the TGF-β1 release from TDBS and TDBS-E groups was higher than that in the allografts. The TDBS-E group could induce the highest level of osteoblast proliferation compared to other groups. Cell migration with allografts co-culture was significantly induced compared to the blank control. However, all groups demonstrated similar positive effects on osteoblast differentiation. Furthermore, in the periodontal model, all materials could effectively enhance bone regeneration in the furcation defect. CONCLUSIONS The TDBS prepared chairside as an autogenous bone graft, demonstrating osteoinductivity, which enhances the osteogenic biological characteristics. Therefore, TDBS is suggested as an economical and biocompatible material for periodontal bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Department of Periodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650106, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Kunming, 650106, China
| | - Nisarat Ruangsawasdi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Piyapanna Pumpaluk
- Department of Advanced General Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Peng
- Department of Periodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650106, China
| | - Dutmanee Seriwatanachai
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Walewska A, Janucik A, Tynecka M, Moniuszko M, Eljaszewicz A. Mesenchymal stem cells under epigenetic control - the role of epigenetic machinery in fate decision and functional properties. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:720. [PMID: 37932257 PMCID: PMC10628230 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (mesenchymal stromal cells, MSC) are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into cells of at least three mesodermal lineages, namely adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes, and have potent immunomodulatory properties. Epigenetic modifications are critical regulators of gene expression and cellular differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Epigenetic machinery controls MSC differentiation through direct modifications to DNA and histones. Understanding the role of epigenetic machinery in MSC is crucial for the development of effective cell-based therapies for degenerative and inflammatory diseases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the role of epigenetic control of MSC differentiation and immunomodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Walewska
- Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15B, 15-269, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adrian Janucik
- Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15B, 15-269, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marlena Tynecka
- Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15B, 15-269, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marcin Moniuszko
- Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15B, 15-269, Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 13, 15-269, Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Andrzej Eljaszewicz
- Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15B, 15-269, Bialystok, Poland.
- Tissue and Cell Bank, Medical University of Bialystok Clinical Hospital, ul. Waszyngtona 13, 15-069, Bialystok, Poland.
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Zhou H, Qi YX, Zhu CH, Li A, Pei DD. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for treatment of bone loss within periodontitis in pre-clinical animal models: a meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:701. [PMID: 37773120 PMCID: PMC10540343 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03398-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) represent an effective and promising strategy for periodontitis, although studies remain pre-clinical. Herein, a meta-analysis was conducted to assess the efficacy of MSC-EVs in animal models of periodontitis. METHODS The PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase electronic databases were searched up to Dec 2022 to retrieve preclinical studies examining the use of MSC-EVs for periodontitis treatment. Meta-analyses and sub-group analyses were performed to assess the effect of MSC-EVs on Bone Volume/Total Volume (BV/TV) or the distance between the cementoenamel junction and alveolar bone crest (CEJ-ABC) in pre-clinical animal models of periodontitis. RESULTS 11 studies published from Mar 2019 to Oct 2022 met the inclusion criteria. Overall, MSC-EVs contributed to periodontal bone regeneration in the inflammatory bone loss area due to periodontitis, as represented by a weighted mean difference (WMD) of 14.07% (95% CI = 6.73, 21.41%, p < 0.001) for BV/TV and a WMD of -0.12 mm (95% CI= -0.14, -0.11 mm, p < 0.001) for CEJ-ABC. However, sub-analysis suggested that there was no significant difference in CEJ-ABC between studies with bioactive scaffolds and studies without bioactive scaffolds (p = 0.60). CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that MSC-EVs may represent an attractive therapy for the treatment of inflammatory bone loss within periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-Xin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chun-Hui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ang Li
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
- Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Dan-Dan Pei
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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Shi N, Kong C, Yuan L, Liu L, Zhao K, Lü J, Wang X. The bidirectional relationship between periodontitis and diabetes: New prospects for stem cell-derived exosomes. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115219. [PMID: 37531782 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis and diabetes have a bidirectional link, making therapeutic treatment of periodontitis and diabetes challenging. Numerous factors, including microbes, inflammatory cytokines, immune cell activity, glucose levels, and metabolic disorders, contribute to the bidirectional relationship of periodontitis and diabetes. Basic periodontal treatment, medication, surgical treatment, and combined treatment are the most widely used treatments, but their efficacy are limited. Because of their capacity to support bone remodeling and tissue regeneration and restoration, reduce blood glucose levels, restore islet function, and ameliorate local and systemic inflammation, stem cell-derived exosomes have emerged as a possible therapeutic. In this review, we summarize the utilization of stem cell-derived exosomes in periodontitis and diabetes,discuss their potential mechanisms in periodontitis and diabetes bidirectional promoters. It provides some theoretical basis for using stem cell-derived exosomes to regulate the bidirectional link between periodontitis and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naixu Shi
- Department of Stomatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chenfei Kong
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Stomatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Stomatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kelin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junfeng Lü
- Department of Radiation, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Stomatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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10
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Zhou Y, Xu T, Wang C, Han P, Ivanovski S. Clinical usage of dental stem cells and their derived extracellular vesicles. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 2023; 199:297-326. [PMID: 37678975 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies remain at the forefront of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine because stem cells are a unique cell source with enormous potential to treat incurable diseases and even extend lifespans. The search for the best stem cell candidates continues to evolve and in recent years, dental stem cells have received significant attention due to their easy accessibility, high plasticity, and multipotential properties. Dental stem cells have been the subject of extensive research in both animal models and human clinical trials over the past two decades, and have demonstrated significant potential in ocular therapy, bone tissue engineering, and, of course, therapeutic applications in dentistry such as regenerative endodontics and periodontal tissue regeneration. These new sources of cells may be advantageous for cellular therapy and the advancement of regenerative medicine strategies, such as allogeneic transplantation or therapy with extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are functional nanoscale membrane vesicles produced by cells. This chapter discusses the accumulating research findings on cell-based regenerative therapy utilizing dental stem cells and their derived EVs, which could be a viable tool for the treatment of a variety of diseases and hence extremely valuable to mankind in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghong Zhou
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Tian Xu
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Cong Wang
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Pingping Han
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Sašo Ivanovski
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Huang X, Li Y, Liao H, Luo X, Zhao Y, Huang Y, Zhou Z, Xiang Q. Research Advances on Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promoting the Reconstruction of Alveolar Bone through RANKL/RANK/OPG Pathway. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14040193. [PMID: 37103283 PMCID: PMC10145790 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14040193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal bone tissue defects and bone shortages are the most familiar and troublesome clinical problems in the oral cavity. Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (SC-EVs) have biological properties similar to their sources, and they could be a promising acellular therapy to assist with periodontal osteogenesis. In the course of alveolar bone remodeling, the RANKL/RANK/OPG signaling pathway is an important pathway involved in bone metabolism. This article summarizes the experimental studies of SC-EVs applied for the therapy of periodontal osteogenesis recently and explores the role of the RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway in their mechanism of action. Their unique patterns will open a new field of vision for people, and they will help to advance a possible future clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Huang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Department of Orthodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yuxiao Li
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hui Liao
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yueping Zhao
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yadong Huang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhiying Zhou
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Department of Orthodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qi Xiang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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12
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Li P, Ou Q, Shi S, Shao C. Immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells/dental stem cells and their therapeutic applications. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:558-569. [PMID: 36973490 PMCID: PMC10040934 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-00998-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are widely distributed in the body and play essential roles in tissue regeneration and homeostasis. MSCs can be isolated from discarded tissues, expanded in vitro and used as therapeutics for autoimmune diseases and other chronic disorders. MSCs promote tissue regeneration and homeostasis by primarily acting on immune cells. At least six different types of MSCs have been isolated from postnatal dental tissues and have remarkable immunomodulatory properties. Dental stem cells (DSCs) have been demonstrated to have therapeutic effects on several systemic inflammatory diseases. Conversely, MSCs derived from nondental tissues such as the umbilical cord exhibit great benefits in the management of periodontitis in preclinical studies. Here, we discuss the main therapeutic uses of MSCs/DSCs, their mechanisms, extrinsic inflammatory cues and the intrinsic metabolic circuitries that govern the immunomodulatory functions of MSCs/DSCs. Increased understanding of the mechanisms underpinning the immunomodulatory functions of MSCs/DSCs is expected to aid in the development of more potent and precise MSC/DSC-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peishan Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Qianmin Ou
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Songtao Shi
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Changshun Shao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China.
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13
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Huang X, Wang H, Wang C, Cao Z. The Applications and Potentials of Extracellular Vesicles from Different Cell Sources in Periodontal Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065790. [PMID: 36982864 PMCID: PMC10058679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease worldwide that can cause damage to periodontal supporting tissues including gingiva, bone, cementum and periodontal ligament (PDL). The principle for the treatment of periodontitis is to control the inflammatory process. Achieving structural and functional regeneration of periodontal tissues is also essential and remains a major challenge. Though many technologies, products, and ingredients were applied in periodontal regeneration, most of the strategies have limited outcomes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous particles with a lipid structure secreted by cells, containing a large number of biomolecules for the communication between cells. Numerous studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of stem cell-derived EVs (SCEVs) and immune cell-derived EVs (ICEVs) on periodontal regeneration, which may be an alternative strategy for cell-based periodontal regeneration. The production of EVs is highly conserved among humans, bacteria and plants. In addition to eukaryocyte-derived EVs (CEVs), a growing body of literature suggests that bacterial/plant-derived EVs (BEVs/PEVs) also play an important role in periodontal homeostasis and regeneration. The purpose of this review is to introduce and summarize the potential therapeutic values of BEVs, CEVs and PEVs in periodontal regeneration, and discuss the current challenges and prospects for EV-based periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Huiyi Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Department of Periodontology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhengguo Cao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Department of Periodontology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
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14
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Zhang H, Shen Y, Kim IM, Liu Y, Cai J, Berman AE, Nilsson KR, Weintraub NL, Tang Y. Electrical Stimulation Increases the Secretion of Cardioprotective Extracellular Vesicles from Cardiac Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060875. [PMID: 36980214 PMCID: PMC10047597 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials have shown that electric stimulation (ELSM) using either cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) or cardiac contractility modulation (CCM) approaches is an effective treatment for patients with moderate to severe heart failure, but the mechanisms are incompletely understood. Extracellular vesicles (EV) produced by cardiac mesenchymal stem cells (C-MSC) have been reported to be cardioprotective through cell-to-cell communication. In this study, we investigated the effects of ELSM stimulation on EV secretion from C-MSCs (C-MSCELSM). We observed enhanced EV-dependent cardioprotection conferred by conditioned medium (CM) from C-MSCELSM compared to that from non-stimulated control C-MSC (C-MSCCtrl). To investigate the mechanisms of ELSM-stimulated EV secretion, we examined the protein levels of neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2), a key enzyme of the endosomal sorting complex required for EV biosynthesis. We detected a time-dependent increase in nSMase2 protein levels in C-MSCELSM compared to C-MSCCtrl. Knockdown of nSMase2 in C-MSC by siRNA significantly reduced EV secretion in C-MSCELSM and attenuated the cardioprotective effect of CM from C-MSCELSM in HL-1 cells. Taken together, our results suggest that ELSM-mediated increases in EV secretion from C-MSC enhance the cardioprotective effects of C-MSC through an EV-dependent mechanism involving nSMase2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Zhang
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yan Shen
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Il-man Kim
- Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 47405, USA
| | - Yutao Liu
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Jingwen Cai
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Adam E. Berman
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Kent R. Nilsson
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University/University of Georgia Partnership, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Neal L. Weintraub
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yaoliang Tang
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Correspondence:
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15
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Hu Y, Wang Z, Fan C, Gao P, Wang W, Xie Y, Xu Q. Human gingival mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes cross-regulate the Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB signalling pathways in the periodontal inflammation microenvironment. J Clin Periodontol 2023; 50:796-806. [PMID: 36843393 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM To examine the immunomodulatory effect of exosomes originating from gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSC-Exo) on periodontal bone regeneration and its role in the regulation of the nuclear-factor kappaB (NF-κB) and Wnt/β-catenin pathways in the periodontal inflammatory microenvironment. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) were treated with GMSC-Exo or Porphyromonas gingivalis-derived lipopolysaccharide (P.g-LPS) in vitro. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot were carried out to detect the expressions of osteogenic differentiation-related factors in cells. Further, PDLSCs were treated with P.g-LPS or inhibitors. The expression of NF-κB pathway-related factors as well as of Wnt/β-catenin pathway-related factors were detected by qRT-PCR and western blot. RESULTS GMSC-Exo treatment promoted the expression of osteogenic differentiation-related factors within PDLSCs in both normal and inflammatory environments. Further investigations showed that GMSC-Exo could also inhibit the P.g-LPS-induced activation of the NF-κB pathway, leading to the up-regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. When the Wnt/β-catenin signalling was blocked, the inhibitory effect of GMSC-Exo on the NF-κB pathway was abolished. CONCLUSIONS GMSC-Exo could promote the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs. There could be mutually exclusive regulatory roles between the NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathways in a periodontal inflammatory environment. GMSC-Exo exhibited an effective cross-regulation ability for both pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhe Hu
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chun Fan
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Pengyu Gao
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenxuan Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yutong Xie
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Quanchen Xu
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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16
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Chen L, Zhu S, Guo S, Tian W. Mechanisms and clinical application potential of mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles in periodontal regeneration. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:26. [PMID: 36782259 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03242-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a high prevalence oral disease which damages both the hard and soft tissue of the periodontium, resulting in tooth mobility and even loss. Existing clinical treatment methods cannot fully achieve periodontal tissue regeneration; thus, due to the unique characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), they have become the focus of attention and may be the most promising new therapy for periodontitis. Accumulating evidence supports the view that the role of MSCs in regenerative medicine is mainly achieved by the paracrine pathway rather than direct proliferation and differentiation at the injured site. Various cells release lipid-enclosed particles known as extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are rich in bioactive substances. In periodontitis, EVs play a pivotal role in regulating the biological functions of both periodontal tissue cells and immune cells, as well as the local microenvironment, thereby promoting periodontal injury repair and tissue regeneration. As a cell-free therapy, MSCs-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have some preponderance on stability, immune rejection, ethical supervision, and other problems; therefore, they may have a broad clinical application prospect. Herein, we gave a brief introduction to MSC-EVs and focused on their mechanisms and clinical application in periodontal regeneration.
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17
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Goriuc A, Foia L, Cojocaru K, Diaconu-Popa D, Sandu D, Luchian I. The Role and Involvement of Stem Cells in Periodontology. Biomedicines 2023; 11. [PMID: 36830924 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a widespread inflammatory condition, characterized by a progressive deterioration of the supporting structures of the teeth. Due to the complexity of periodontal tissue and the surrounding inflammatory microenvironment, the repair of lesions at this level represents a continuous challenge. The regeneration of periodontal tissues is considered a promising strategy. Stem cells have remarkable properties, such as immunomodulatory potential, proliferation, migration, and multilineage differentiation. Thus, they can be used to repair tissue damage and reduce inflammation, potentially leading to periodontal regeneration. Among the stem cells used for periodontal regeneration, we studied dental mesenchymal stem cells (DMSCs), non-dental stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs). Although these cells have well documented important physiological characteristics, their use in contemporary practice to repair the affected periodontium is still a challenge.
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18
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Lai H, Li J, Kou X, Mao X, Zhao W, Ma L. Extracellular Vesicles for Dental Pulp and Periodontal Regeneration. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010282. [PMID: 36678909 PMCID: PMC9862817 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bound particles derived from their original cells, which play critical roles in intercellular communication through their cargoes, including protein, lipids, and nucleic acids. According to their biogenesis and release pathway, EVs can be divided into three categories: apoptotic vesicles (ApoVs), microvesicles (MVs), and small EVs (sEVs). Recently, the role of EVs in oral disease has received close attention. In this review, the main characteristics of EVs are described, including their classification, biogenesis, biomarkers, and components. Moreover, the therapeutic mechanism of EVs in tissue regeneration is discussed. We further summarize the current status of EVs in pulp/periodontal tissue regeneration and discuss the potential mechanisms. The therapeutic potential of EVs in pulp and periodontal regeneration might involve the promotion of tissue regeneration and immunomodulatory capabilities. Furthermore, we highlight the current challenges in the translational use of EVs. This review would provide valuable insights into the potential therapeutic strategies of EVs in dental pulp and periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Lai
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Xiaoxing Kou
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Xueli Mao
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (L.M.)
| | - Lan Ma
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (L.M.)
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19
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Cai R, Wang L, Zhang W, Liu B, Wu Y, Pang J, Ma C. The role of extracellular vesicles in periodontitis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1151322. [PMID: 37114060 PMCID: PMC10126335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1151322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a prevalent disease and one of the leading causes of tooth loss. Biofilms are initiating factor of periodontitis, which can destroy periodontal tissue by producing virulence factors. The overactivated host immune response is the primary cause of periodontitis. The clinical examination of periodontal tissues and the patient's medical history are the mainstays of periodontitis diagnosis. However, there is a lack of molecular biomarkers that can be used to identify and predict periodontitis activity precisely. Non-surgical and surgical treatments are currently available for periodontitis, although both have drawbacks. In clinical practice, achieving the ideal therapeutic effect remains a challenge. Studies have revealed that bacteria produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) to export virulence proteins to host cells. Meanwhile, periodontal tissue cells and immune cells produce EVs that have pro- or anti-inflammatory effects. Accordingly, EVs play a critical role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Recent studies have also presented that the content and composition of EVs in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) can serve as possible periodontitis diagnostic indicators. In addition, studies have indicated that stem cell EVs may encourage periodontal regeneration. In this article, we mainly review the role of EVs in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and discuss their diagnostic and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Cai
- Department of Stomatology, Air Force Medical Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Air Force Medical Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Air Force Medical Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqi Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianliang Pang
- Department of Stomatology, Air Force Medical Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chufan Ma, ; Jianliang Pang,
| | - Chufan Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Air Force Medical Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chufan Ma, ; Jianliang Pang,
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