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Wolf J, Kist LF, Pereira SB, Quessada MA, Petek H, Pille A, Maccari JG, Mutlaq MP, Nasi LA. Human papillomavirus infection: Epidemiology, biology, host interactions, cancer development, prevention, and therapeutics. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2537. [PMID: 38666757 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. It is caused by the HPV, a DNA virus that infects epithelial cells in various mucous membranes and skin surfaces. HPV can be categorised into high-risk and low-risk types based on their association with the development of certain cancers. High-risk HPV types, such as HPV-16 and HPV-18, are known to be oncogenic and are strongly associated with the development of cervical, anal, vaginal, vulvar, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers. These types of HPV can persist in the body for an extended period and, in some cases, lead to the formation of precancerous lesions that may progress to cancer if left untreated. Low-risk HPV types, such as HPV-6 and HPV-11, are not typically associated with cancer but can cause benign conditions like genital warts. Genital warts are characterised by the growth of small, cauliflower-like bumps on the genital and anal areas. Although not life-threatening, they can cause discomfort and psychological distress. HPV is primarily transmitted through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. It can also be transmitted through non-penetrative sexual activities that involve skin-to-skin contact. In addition to sexual transmission, vertical transmission from mother to child during childbirth is possible but relatively rare. Prevention of HPV infection includes vaccination and safe sexual practices. HPV vaccines, such as Gardasil and Cervarix, are highly effective in preventing infection with the most common high-risk HPV types. These vaccines are typically administered to adolescents and young adults before they become sexually active. Safe sexual practices, such as consistent and correct condom use and limiting the number of sexual partners, can also reduce the risk of HPV transmission. Diagnosis of HPV infection can be challenging because the infection is often asymptomatic, especially in men. In women, HPV testing can be done through cervical screening programs, which involve the collection of cervical cells for analysis. Abnormal results may lead to further diagnostic procedures, such as colposcopy or biopsy, to detect precancerous or cancerous changes. Overall, HPV infection is a prevalent sexually transmitted infection with significant implications for public health. Vaccination, regular screening, and early treatment of precancerous lesions are key strategies to reduce the burden of HPV-related diseases and their associated complications. Education and awareness about HPV and its prevention are crucial in promoting optimal sexual health. This study aimed to carry out a literature review considering several aspects involving HPV infection: Global distribution, prevalence, biology, host interactions, cancer development, prevention, therapeutics, coinfection with other viruses, coinfection with bacteria, association with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, and association with anal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Wolf
- Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Helena Petek
- Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Arthur Pille
- Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Kim S, Ghiringhelli F, de la Fouchardière C, Evesque L, Smith D, Badet N, Samalin E, Lopez-Trabada Ataz D, Parzy A, Desramé J, Baba Hamed N, Buecher B, Tougeron D, Bouché O, Dahan L, Chibaudel B, El Hajbi F, Mineur L, Dubreuil O, Ben Abdelghani M, Pecout S, Bibeau F, Herfs M, Garcia ML, Meurisse A, Vernerey D, Taïeb J, Borg C. Atezolizumab plus modified docetaxel, cisplatin, and fluorouracil as first-line treatment for advanced anal cancer (SCARCE C17-02 PRODIGE 60): a randomised, non-comparative, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol 2024; 25:518-528. [PMID: 38547895 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(24)00081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The modified docetaxel, cisplatin, and fluorouracil (mDCF) regimen has shown efficacy and safety as first-line treatment for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the anus, making it a standard regimen. Inhibitors of programmed cell death protein 1 and its ligand, such as pembrolizumab, nivolumab, retifanlimab, avelumab, and atezolizumab, have shown some antitumour activity as monotherapy in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the anus that is refractory to chemotherapy. This phase 2 study evaluated the combination of mDCF and atezolizumab as first-line treatment in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the anus. METHODS In this randomised, open-label, non-comparative, phase 2 study, participants from 21 centres (academic, private, and community hospitals and cancer research centres) across France with chemo-naive, metastatic, or unresectable locally advanced recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the anus, aged 18 years or older, and with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1, were randomly allocated (2:1) to receive either atezolizumab (800 mg intravenously every 2 weeks up to 1 year) plus mDCF (eight cycles of 40 mg per m2 docetaxel and 40 mg per m2 cisplatin on day 1 and 1200 mg per m2 per day of fluorouracil for 2 days, every 2 weeks intravenously; group A) or mDCF alone (group B). Randomisation was done centrally using a minimisation technique and was stratified by age (<65 years vs ≥65 years) and disease status. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed 12-month progression-free survival in the modified intention-to-treat population in group A (35% for the null hypothesis and 50% for the alternative hypothesis). This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03519295, and is closed to new participants. FINDINGS 97 evaluable participants (64 in group A and 33 in group B) were enrolled between July 3, 2018, and Aug 19, 2020. The median follow-up was 26·5 months (95% CI 24·8-28·4). The median age of participants was 64·1 years (IQR 56·2-71·6), and 71 (73%) were female. 12-month progression-free survival was 45% (90% CI 35-55) in group A and 43% (29-58) in group B. In participants with a PD-L1 combined positive score of 5 or greater, 12-month progression-free survival was 70% (95% CI 47-100) in group A and 40% (19-85) in group B (interaction p=0·051) Both groups showed high compliance. Adverse events of grade 3 or higher were observed in 39 (61%) participants in group A and 14 (42%) in group B. The most common grade 3-4 adverse events were neutropenia (nine [14%] participants in group A vs five [15%] in group B), anaemia (nine [14%] vs one [3%]), fatigue (three [5%] vs four [12%]), and diarrhoea (seven [11%] vs one [3%]). Serious adverse events occurred in 16 (25%) participants in group A and four (12%) in group B, and these were mDCF-related in seven (11%) participants in group A and four (12%) in group B. Atezolizumab-related serious adverse events occurred in nine (14%) participants in group A, including grade 2 infusion-related reaction in three (5%), grade 3 infection in two (3%), and grade 2 colitis, grade 3 acute kidney injury, grade 3 sarcoidosis, and a grade 4 platelet count decrease each in one participant (2%). There were no treatment-related deaths. INTERPRETATION Despite a higher incidence of adverse events, combining atezolizumab with mDCF is feasible, with similar dose intensity in both groups, although the primary efficacy endpoint was not met. The predictive value of a PD-L1 combined positive score of 5 or greater now needs to be confirmed in future studies. FUNDING GERCOR, Roche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Kim
- Clinical Investigation Centre 1431, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France; National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Unit 1098, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Oncology Multidisciplinary Group (GERCOR), Paris, France; Fédération Francophone de Cancérologie Digestive, Paris, France; Department of Oncology, Sanatorio Allende, Cordoba, Argentina.
| | | | | | - Ludovic Evesque
- Department of Oncology, Centre Antoine-Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Denis Smith
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Badet
- Department of Radiology, Clinique Saint Vincent, Besançon, France
| | - Emmanuelle Samalin
- Department of Oncology, Montpellier Cancer Institute, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Aurelie Parzy
- Department of Oncology, Centre François Baclesse, Caen, France
| | - Jérôme Desramé
- Department of Oncology, Jean Mermoz Private Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Nabil Baba Hamed
- Department of Oncology, Paris Saint-Joseph Hospital Group, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Buecher
- Department of Oncology, Curie Institute, Paris, France
| | - David Tougeron
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Olivier Bouché
- Department of Digestive Oncology, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France
| | - Laetitia Dahan
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Benoist Chibaudel
- Department of Oncology, Hôpital Franco-Britannique-Fondation Cognacq-Jay, Cancérologie Paris Ouest, Levallois-Perret, France
| | - Farid El Hajbi
- Department of Oncology, Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
| | - Laurent Mineur
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Oncology Unit, St Catherine Institute of Cancer Avignon-Provence, Avignon, France
| | - Olivier Dubreuil
- Department of Digestive Oncology, Diaconesses Croix Saint Simon Hospital Group, Paris, France
| | | | - Solange Pecout
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Unit, Institute of Digestive Diseases, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Frederic Bibeau
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Michael Herfs
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Marie-Line Garcia
- Oncology Multidisciplinary Group (GERCOR), Paris, France; Department of Oncology, Sorbonne University and Hospital Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Aurelia Meurisse
- Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France; National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Unit 1098, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Dewi Vernerey
- Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France; National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Unit 1098, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Oncology Multidisciplinary Group (GERCOR), Paris, France
| | - Julien Taïeb
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, AP-HP, Paris-Cité University, SIRIC CARPEM Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Borg
- Clinical Investigation Centre 1431, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France; Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France; National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Unit 1098, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Oncology Multidisciplinary Group (GERCOR), Paris, France; Fédération Francophone de Cancérologie Digestive, Paris, France
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Horvat N, Jayaprakasam VS, Crane CH, Zheng J, Gangai N, Romesser PB, Golia Pernicka JS, Capanu M, Gollub MJ. Comparison between pelvic MRI, CT, and PET/CT in baseline staging and radiation planning of anal squamous cell carcinoma. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2024:10.1007/s00261-024-04213-y. [PMID: 38456896 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-024-04213-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the differences in baseline staging of anal squamous cell carcinoma based on CT, MRI, and PET/CT, and the resultant impact on the radiation plan. METHODS This retrospective study included consecutive patients with anal squamous cell carcinoma who underwent baseline pelvic MRI, CT, and PET/CT (all examinations within 3 weeks of each other) from January 2010 to April 2020. CTs, MRIs, and PET/CTs were re-interpreted by three separate radiologists. Several imaging features were assessed; tumor stage was determined based on the eight edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging manual; and T (tumor), N (node), and M (metastasis) categories were determined based on National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines. Radiologist assessments were then randomly presented to a radiation oncologist who formulated the radiation plan in a blinded fashion. RESULTS Across 28 patients (median age, 62 years [range, 31-78], T-category classification was significantly different on PET/CT compared to MRI and CT (p = 0.037 and 0.031, respectively). PET/CT staged a higher proportion of patients with T1/T2 disease (16/28, 57%) compared to MRI (11/28, 39%) and CT (10/28, 36%). MRI staged a higher proportion of patients with T3/T4 disease (14/28, 50%) compared to CT (12/28, 43%) and PET/CT (11/28, 39%). However, there was no significant difference between the three imaging modalities in terms of either N-category, AJCC staging, or NCCN TNM group classification, or in treatment planning. CONCLUSION Our exploratory study showed that MRI demonstrated a higher proportion of T3/T4 tumors, while PET/CT demonstrated more T1/T2 tumors; however, MRI, CT, and PET/CT did not show any significant differences in AJCC and TNM group categories, nor was there any significant difference in treatment doses between them when assessed independently by an experienced radiation oncologist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natally Horvat
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Vetri Sudar Jayaprakasam
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Christopher H Crane
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Junting Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Natalie Gangai
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Paul B Romesser
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer S Golia Pernicka
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Marinela Capanu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marc J Gollub
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Iseas S, Mariano G, Gros L, Baba-Hamed N, De Parades V, Adam J, Raymond E, Abba MC. Unraveling Emerging Anal Cancer Clinical Biomarkers from Current Immuno-Oncogenomics Advances. Mol Diagn Ther 2024; 28:201-214. [PMID: 38267771 PMCID: PMC10925578 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-023-00692-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) is a rare gastrointestinal malignancy associated with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) and is currently one of the fastest-growing causes of cancer incidence and mortality in developed countries. Although next-generation sequencing technologies (NGS) have revolutionized cancer and immuno-genomic research in various tumor types, a limited amount of clinical research has been developed to investigate the expression and the functional characterization of genomic data in ASCC. Herein, we comprehensively assess recent advancements in "omics" research, including a systematic analysis of genome-based studies, aiming to identify the most relevant ASCC cancer driver gene expressions and their associated signaling pathways. We also highlight the most significant biomarkers associated with anal cancer progression, gene expression of potential diagnostic biomarkers, expression of therapeutic drug targets, and emerging treatment opportunities. This review stresses the urgent need for developing target-specific therapies in ASCC. By illuminating the molecular characteristics and drug-target expression in ASCC, this study aims to provide insights for the development of precision medicine in anal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Iseas
- Medical Oncology Department, Paris-St Joseph Hospital, 185 rue Raymond Losserand, 75014, Paris, France.
| | - Golubicki Mariano
- Oncology Unit, Gastroenterology Hospital "Dr. Carlos Bonorino Udaondo", Av. Caseros 2061, C1264, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Louis Gros
- Medical Oncology Department, Paris-St Joseph Hospital, 185 rue Raymond Losserand, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Nabil Baba-Hamed
- Medical Oncology Department, Paris-St Joseph Hospital, 185 rue Raymond Losserand, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Vincent De Parades
- Proctology Unit, Paris-St Joseph Hospital, 185 rue Raymond Losserand, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Julien Adam
- Pathology Department, Paris-St Joseph Hospital, 185 rue Raymond Losserand, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Eric Raymond
- Medical Oncology Department, Paris-St Joseph Hospital, 185 rue Raymond Losserand, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Martin Carlos Abba
- Basic and Applied Immunological Research Center (CINIBA), School of Medical Sciences, NationalUniversity of La Plata, Calle 60 y 120, C1900, La Plata, Argentina.
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Huffman BM, Singh H, Ali LR, Horick N, Wang SJ, Hoffman MT, Metayer KA, Murray S, Bird A, Abrams TA, Biller LH, Chan JA, Meyerhardt JA, McCleary NJ, Goessling W, Patel AK, Wisch JS, Yurgelun MB, Mouw K, Reardon B, Van Allen EM, Zerillo JA, Clark JW, Parikh A, Mayer RJ, Schlechter B, Ng K, Kumar S, Del Vecchio Fitz C, Kuperwasser C, Hanna GJ, Coveler AL, Rubinson DA, Welsh EL, Pfaff K, Rodig S, Dougan SK, Cleary JM. Biomarkers of pembrolizumab efficacy in advanced anal squamous cell carcinoma: analysis of a phase II clinical trial and a cohort of long-term responders. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008436. [PMID: 38272561 PMCID: PMC10824013 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent trials suggest that programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)-directed immunotherapy may be beneficial for some patients with anal squamous cell carcinoma and biomarkers predictive of response are greatly needed. METHODS This multicenter phase II clinical trial (NCT02919969) enrolled patients with metastatic or locally advanced incurable anal squamous cell carcinoma (n=32). Patients received pembrolizumab 200 mg every 3 weeks. The primary endpoint of the trial was objective response rate (ORR). Exploratory objectives included analysis of potential predictive biomarkers including assessment of tumor-associated immune cell populations with multichannel immunofluorescence and analysis of circulating tumor tissue modified viral-human papillomavirus DNA (TTMV-HPV DNA) using serially collected blood samples. To characterize the clinical features of long-term responders, we combined data from our prospective trial with a retrospective cohort of patients with anal cancer treated with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy (n=18). RESULTS In the phase II study, the ORR to pembrolizumab monotherapy was 9.4% and the median progression-free survival was 2.2 months. Despite the high level of HPV positivity observed with circulating TTMV-HPV DNA testing, the majority of patients had low levels of tumor-associated CD8+PD-1+ T cells on pretreatment biopsy. Patients who benefited from pembrolizumab had decreasing TTMV-HPV DNA scores and a complete responder's TTMV-HPV DNA became undetectable. Long-term pembrolizumab responses were observed in one patient from the trial (5.3 years) and three patients (2.5, 6, and 8 years) from the retrospective cohort. Long-term responders had HPV-positive tumors, lacked liver metastases, and achieved a radiological complete response. CONCLUSIONS Pembrolizumab has durable efficacy in a rare subset of anal cancers. However, despite persistence of HPV infection, indicated by circulating HPV DNA, most advanced anal cancers have low numbers of tumor-associated CD8+PD-1+ T cells and are resistant to pembrolizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Huffman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Harshabad Singh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lestat R Ali
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nora Horick
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - S Jennifer Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Megan T Hoffman
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine A Metayer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shayla Murray
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexandra Bird
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas A Abrams
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leah H Biller
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer A Chan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nadine J McCleary
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anuj K Patel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Wisch
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew B Yurgelun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kent Mouw
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Eliezer M Van Allen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica A Zerillo
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Clark
- Department of Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aparna Parikh
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert J Mayer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benjamin Schlechter
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kimmie Ng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Glenn J Hanna
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew L Coveler
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Douglas A Rubinson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emma L Welsh
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathleen Pfaff
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott Rodig
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephanie K Dougan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James M Cleary
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Chen Z, Pan S, Zhou M, Wang X. Evaluation of the quality and reliability of anal cancer and its precancerous lesions-related content on YouTube: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e074787. [PMID: 37852760 PMCID: PMC10603535 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This research aims at evaluating the quality of anal cancer and its precancerous lesions-related videos on YouTube. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey design. SETTING USA. PARTICIPANTS The top 150 videos on YouTube were selected for analysis based on three search terms. The duplicate, irrelevant, commercial, operation-related and audio-free videos were excluded. Finally, 105 relevant videos were included. METHODS We assessed the completeness of video content from six dimensions and marked the men having sex with men (MSM)-related videos. To measure the video quality, DISCERN, Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Benchmark Criteria, Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT) and Global Quality Scale (GQS) were used. The correlation between DISCERN classification and duration, JAMA, PEMAT and GQS scores were recorded. RESULTS The video content was mainly about the management of the disease (mean score 1.086). Overall, the quality of videos uploaded by the non-profit organisation was relatively high. A correlation existed between each other of the JAMA, DISCERN and GQS scores (p<0.001). Moreover, they were positively correlated with video duration and PEMAT scores (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Although the overall quality of information about anal cancer and its precancerous lesions videos on YouTube is acceptable, it might not fully meet the health information needs of patients. Therefore, they should exercise caution when using YouTube as a source of anal cancer-related information, especially the MSM population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyang Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shaorong Pan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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Kumar R, Kim J, Deek MP, Eskander MF, Gulhati P, In H, Kennedy T, Shah MM, Grandhi MS, Berim L, Spencer KR, Langan RC, Hochster HS, Boland PM, Jabbour SK. Combination of Immunotherapy and Radiation Therapy in Gastrointestinal Cancers: An Appraisal of the Current Literature and Ongoing Research. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:6432-6446. [PMID: 37504333 PMCID: PMC10378032 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30070473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncological outcomes are improving in gastrointestinal cancer with advancements in systemic therapies, and there is notable potential in combining immunotherapy and radiation therapy (RT) to allow for further improvements. Various preclinical and early phase II studies have shown promising synergy with immunotherapy and RT in gastrointestinal cancer. A few recent phase III studies have shown improved survival with the addition of immunotherapy to standard treatment for gastrointestinal cancer. The timing, duration, sequencing, and integration with other anti-cancer treatments are still areas of ongoing research. We have reviewed the published and ongoing studies of the combinations of immunotherapy and RT in gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Kumar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Jongmyung Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Matthew P Deek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Mariam F Eskander
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Prateek Gulhati
- Department of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Haejin In
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Timothy Kennedy
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Mihir M Shah
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Miral S Grandhi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Lyudmyla Berim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Kristen R Spencer
- Department of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center of NYU Langone Health and NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Russell C Langan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Howard S Hochster
- Department of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Patrick M Boland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Salma K Jabbour
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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8
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Hidalgo-Tenorio C, Calle-Gómez I, Moya-Megías R, Rodríguez-Granges J, Omar M, López Hidalgo J, García-Martínez C. HPV Infection of the Oropharyngeal, Genital and Anal Mucosa and Associated Dysplasia in People Living with HIV. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051170. [PMID: 37243256 DOI: 10.3390/v15051170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main objectives were to describe the prevalence of HPV, its genotypes and HPV-associated dysplastic lesions in the oropharyngeal mucosa of PLHIV and related factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS This cross-sectional prospective study consecutively enrolled PLHIV attending our specialist outpatient units. At visit, HIV-related clinical and analytical variables were gathered, and oropharyngeal mucosa exudates were taken to detect HPV and other STIs by polymerase chain reaction. Samples were also taken from the anal canal of all participants and from the genital mucosa of the women for HPV detection/genotyping and cytological study. RESULTS The 300 participants had a mean age of 45.1 years; 78.7% were MSM and 21.3% women; 25.3% had a history of AIDS; 99.7% were taking ART; and 27.3% had received an HPV vaccine. HPV infection prevalence in the oropharynx was 13%, with genotype 16 being the most frequent (2.3%), and none had dysplasia. Simultaneous infection with Treponema pallidum (HR: 4.02 (95% CI: 1.06-15.24)) and a history of anal HSIL or SCCA (HR: 21.52 (95% CI: 1.59-291.6)) were risk factors for oropharyngeal HPV infection, whereas ART duration (8.8 vs. 7.4 years) was a protective factor (HR: 0.989 (95% CI: 0.98-0.99)). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of HPV infection and dysplasia was low in the oropharyngeal mucosae. A higher exposure to ART was protective against oral HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Hidalgo-Tenorio
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitario de Granada (IBS-Granada), 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Calle-Gómez
- Internal Medicine Service, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitario de Granada (IBS-Granada), 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Raquel Moya-Megías
- Internal Medicine Service, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitario de Granada (IBS-Granada), 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Rodríguez-Granges
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitario de Granada (IBS-Granada), 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Mohamed Omar
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Complejo Hospitalario de Jaen, 23007 Jaen, Spain
| | - Javier López Hidalgo
- Pathology Service, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitario de Granada (IBS-Granada), 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen García-Martínez
- Internal Medicine Service, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitario de Granada (IBS-Granada), 18014 Granada, Spain
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9
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Damgacioglu H, Lin YY, Ortiz AP, Wu CF, Shahmoradi Z, Shyu SS, Li R, Nyitray AG, Sigel K, Clifford GM, Jay N, Lopez VC, Barnell GM, Chiao EY, Stier EA, Ortiz-Ortiz KJ, Ramos-Cartagena JM, Sonawane K, Deshmukh AA. State Variation in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Anus Incidence and Mortality, and Association With HIV/AIDS and Smoking in the United States. J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:1228-1238. [PMID: 36441987 PMCID: PMC9937095 DOI: 10.1200/jco.22.01390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA) incidence and mortality rates are rising in the United States. Understanding state-level incidence and mortality patterns and associations with smoking and AIDS prevalence (key risk factors) could help unravel disparities and provide etiologic clues. METHODS Using the US Cancer Statistics and the National Center for Health Statistics data sets, we estimated state-level SCCA incidence and mortality rates. Rate ratios (RRs) were calculated to compare incidence and mortality in 2014-2018 versus 2001-2005. The correlations between SCCA incidence with current smoking (from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System) and AIDS (from the HIV Surveillance system) prevalence were evaluated using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. RESULTS Nationally, SCCA incidence and mortality rates (per 100,000) increased among men (incidence, 2.29-3.36, mortality, 0.46-0.74) and women (incidence, 3.88-6.30, mortality, 0.65-1.02) age ≥ 50 years, but decreased among men age < 50 years and were stable among similar-aged women. In state-level analysis, a marked increase in incidence (≥ 1.5-fold for men and ≥ two-fold for women) and mortality (≥ two-fold) for persons age ≥ 50 years was largely concentrated in the Midwestern and Southeastern states. State-level SCCA incidence rates in recent years (2014-2018) among men were correlated (r = 0.47, P < .001) with state-level AIDS prevalence patterns. For women, a correlation was observed between state-level SCCA incidence rates and smoking prevalence (r = 0.49, P < .001). CONCLUSION During 2001-2005 to 2014-2018, SCCA incidence and mortality nearly doubled among men and women age ≥ 50 years living in Midwest and Southeast. State variation in AIDS and smoking patterns may explain variation in SCCA incidence. Improved and targeted prevention is needed to combat the rise in SCCA incidence and mitigate magnifying geographic disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haluk Damgacioglu
- Center for Health Services Research, Department of Management, Policy, and Community Health, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX
| | - Yueh-Yun Lin
- Center for Health Services Research, Department of Management, Policy, and Community Health, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX
| | - Ana Patricia Ortiz
- University of Puerto Rico (UPR) Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Chi-Fang Wu
- Department of Health Services Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Zahed Shahmoradi
- Center for Health Services Research, Department of Management, Policy, and Community Health, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX
| | - Shiang Shiuan Shyu
- Center for Health Services Research, Department of Management, Policy, and Community Health, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX
| | - Ruosha Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX
| | - Alan G. Nyitray
- Clinical Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Center for AIDS Intervention Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Keith Sigel
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mt Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Gary M. Clifford
- Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Naomi Jay
- Anal Neoplasia Clinic, Research, and Education Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Vivian Colon Lopez
- University of Puerto Rico (UPR) Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Gregory M. Barnell
- Kaiser Permanente, Oakland Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Oakland, CA
| | | | - Elizabeth A. Stier
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston Medical Center/Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Karen J. Ortiz-Ortiz
- University of Puerto Rico (UPR) Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Jeslie M. Ramos-Cartagena
- The University of Puerto Rico/MD Anderson Cancer Center Partnership for Excellence in Cancer Research Program, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Kalyani Sonawane
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Ashish A. Deshmukh
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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10
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Mathias-Machado MC, Peixoto RD, Moniz CMV, Jácome AA. Biomarkers in Anal Cancer: Current Status in Diagnosis, Disease Progression and Therapeutic Strategies. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2029. [PMID: 36009576 PMCID: PMC9405643 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10082029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal (SCCA) is a rare neoplasm, but with rising incidence rates in the past few decades; it is etiologically linked with the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and is especially prevalent in immunocompromised patients, mainly those infected with HIV. Fluoropyrimidine-based chemoradiotherapy remains the cornerstone of the treatment of non-metastatic disease, but the locally advanced disease still presents high rates of disease recurrence and systemic therapy of SCCA is an unmet clinical need. Despite sharing common molecular aspects with other HPV-related malignancies, such as cervical and head and neck cancers, SCCA presents specific epigenomic, genomic, and transcriptomic abnormalities, which suggest that genome-guided personalized therapies should be specifically designed for this disease. Actionable mutations are rare in SCCA and immune checkpoint inhibition has not yet been proven useful in an unselected population of patients. Therefore, advances in systemic therapy of SCCA will only be possible with the identification of predictive biomarkers and the subsequent development of targeted therapies or immunotherapeutic approaches that consider the unique tumor microenvironment and the intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity. In the present review, we address the molecular characterization of SCCA and discuss potential diagnostic, predictive and prognostic biomarkers of this complex and challenging disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecília Mathias-Machado
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Oncoclinicas, São Paulo 04538-132, Brazil
- Department of Oncology, ICESP—Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Motta Venchiarutti Moniz
- Department of Oncology, ICESP—Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A. Jácome
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Oncoclinicas, Belo Horizonte 34000-000, Brazil
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