1
|
El Otmani H, Daghi M, Tahiri Jouti N, Lesage S. An overview of the worldwide distribution of LRRK2 mutations in Parkinson's disease. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2023; 13:335-350. [PMID: 38305913 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2023-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with significant genetic influence. The LRRK2 gene is a major genetic contributor, particularly the Gly2019Ser mutation. This focused review investigates the global distribution of LRRK2 mutations, with emphasis on Gly2019Ser and other pathogenic variants. Prevalence rates of Gly2019Ser are highest in North Africa and the Ashkenazi-Jewish population, indicating a potential common ancestor and founder effect. Other LRRK2 mutations, including Asn1437His, Arg1441Gly/Cys/His, Tyr1699Cys and Ile2020Thr, exhibit varying global prevalences. Understanding these distributions enhances our knowledge of PD genetics and aids personalized medicine. Further research is crucial to unravel clinical implications and develop targeted therapies for LRRK2 mutation carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hicham El Otmani
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics & Molecular Pathology. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, 20250, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Inflammatory, Degenerative & Oncologic Pathophysiology. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, 20250, Morocco
- Department of Neurology. Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, 20360, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Daghi
- Research Laboratory of Nervous System Diseases, Neurosensory Disorders & Disability. Faculty of Medicine & Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, 20250, Morocco
| | - Nadia Tahiri Jouti
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Inflammatory, Degenerative & Oncologic Pathophysiology. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, 20250, Morocco
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- Sorbonne University, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute, ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, 75013, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Simpson C, Vinikoor-Imler L, Nassan FL, Shirvan J, Lally C, Dam T, Maserejian N. Prevalence of ten LRRK2 variants in Parkinson's disease: A comprehensive review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2022; 98:103-113. [PMID: 35654702 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Variants in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2) are risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD), but their prevalence varies geographically, reflecting the locations of founder events and dispersion of founders' descendants. METHODS A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify studies providing prevalence estimates for any of ten variants in LRRK2 (G2019S, R1441C, R1441G, R1441H, I2020T, N1437H, Y1699C, S1761R, G2385R, R1628P) among individuals with PD globally. We calculated crude country-specific variant prevalence estimates and, when possible, adjusted estimates for ethno-racial composition. For clinic-based studies, probands were used over other familial cases, whereas for population-based studies, all PD cases were used. RESULTS The analysis included 161 articles from 52 countries yielding 581 prevalence estimates across the ten variants. G2019S was the most common variant, exceeding 1.0% in 26 of 51 countries with estimates. The other variants were far less common. G2385R and R1628P were observed almost exclusively in East Asian countries, where they were found in ∼5-10% of cases. All prevalence estimates adjusted for ethno-racial composition were lower than their unadjusted counterparts, although data permitting this adjustment was only available for six countries. CONCLUSIONS Except for G2019S, the LRRK2 variants covered in this review were uncommon in most countries studied. However, there were countries with higher prevalence for some variants, reflecting the uneven geographic distribution of LRRK2 variants. The fact that ethno-racial group‒adjusted estimates were lower than crude estimates suggests that estimates derived largely from clinic-based studies may overstate the true prevalence of some LRRK2 variants in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cathy Lally
- Epidemiology Research and Methods LLC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ait Wahmane S, Achbani A, Elatiqi M, Belmouden A, Nejmeddine M. A meta-analysis of the prevalence of the mutation LRRK2 G2019S in patients with Parkinson's disease in Africa. Gene Reports 2021; 24:101284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
4
|
Tan MMX, Malek N, Lawton MA, Hubbard L, Pittman AM, Joseph T, Hehir J, Swallow DMA, Grosset KA, Marrinan SL, Bajaj N, Barker RA, Burn DJ, Bresner C, Foltynie T, Hardy J, Wood N, Ben-Shlomo Y, Grosset DG, Williams NM, Morris HR. Genetic analysis of Mendelian mutations in a large UK population-based Parkinson's disease study. Brain 2020; 142:2828-2844. [PMID: 31324919 PMCID: PMC6735928 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to define the prevalence and clinical features of genetic Parkinson’s disease in a large UK population-based cohort, the largest multicentre prospective clinico-genetic incident study in the world. We collected demographic data, Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale scores, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores. We analysed mutations in PRKN (parkin), PINK1, LRRK2 and SNCA in relation to age at symptom onset, family history and clinical features. Of the 2262 participants recruited to the Tracking Parkinson’s study, 424 had young-onset Parkinson’s disease (age at onset ≤ 50) and 1799 had late onset Parkinson’s disease. A range of methods were used to genotype 2005 patients: 302 young-onset patients were fully genotyped with multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and either Sanger and/or exome sequencing; and 1701 late-onset patients were genotyped with the LRRK2 ‘Kompetitive’ allele-specific polymerase chain reaction assay and/or exome sequencing (two patients had missing age at onset). We identified 29 (1.4%) patients carrying pathogenic mutations. Eighteen patients carried the G2019S or R1441C mutations in LRRK2, and one patient carried a heterozygous duplication in SNCA. In PRKN, we identified patients carrying deletions of exons 1, 4 and 5, and P113Xfs, R275W, G430D and R33X. In PINK1, two patients carried deletions in exon 1 and 5, and the W90Xfs point mutation. Eighteen per cent of patients with age at onset ≤30 and 7.4% of patients from large dominant families carried pathogenic Mendelian gene mutations. Of all young-onset patients, 10 (3.3%) carried biallelic mutations in PRKN or PINK1. Across the whole cohort, 18 patients (0.9%) carried pathogenic LRRK2 mutations and one (0.05%) carried an SNCA duplication. There is a significant burden of LRRK2 G2019S in patients with both apparently sporadic and familial disease. In young-onset patients, dominant and recessive mutations were equally common. There were no differences in clinical features between LRRK2 carriers and non-carriers. However, we did find that PRKN and PINK1 mutation carriers have distinctive clinical features compared to young-onset non-carriers, with more postural symptoms at diagnosis and less cognitive impairment, after adjusting for age and disease duration. This supports the idea that there is a distinct clinical profile of PRKN and PINK1-related Parkinson’s disease. We estimate that there are approaching 1000 patients with a known genetic aetiology in the UK Parkinson’s disease population. A small but significant number of patients carry causal variants in LRRK2, SNCA, PRKN and PINK1 that could potentially be targeted by new therapies, such as LRRK2 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela M X Tan
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Naveed Malek
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Leon Hubbard
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alan M Pittman
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Theresita Joseph
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jason Hehir
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Diane M A Swallow
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Katherine A Grosset
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sarah L Marrinan
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nin Bajaj
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Roger A Barker
- UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK.,Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Cambridge, UK
| | - David J Burn
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Catherine Bresner
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Wood
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Donald G Grosset
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nigel M Williams
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Huw R Morris
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ben El Haj R, Salmi A, Regragui W, Moussa A, Bouslam N, Tibar H, Benomar A, Yahyaoui M, Bouhouche A. Evidence for prehistoric origins of the G2019S mutation in the North African Berber population. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181335. [PMID: 28723952 PMCID: PMC5517005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common cause of the monogenic form of Parkinson’s disease known so far is the G2019S mutation of the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene. Its frequency varies greatly among ethnic groups and geographic regions ranging from less than 0.1% in Asia to 40% in North Africa. This mutation has three distinct haplotypes; haplotype 1 being the oldest and most common. Recent studies have dated haplotype 1 of the G2019S mutation to about 4000 years ago, but it remains controversial whether the mutation has a Near-Eastern or Moroccan-Berber ancestral origin. To decipher this evolutionary history, we genotyped 10 microsatellite markers spanning a region of 11.27 Mb in a total of 57 unrelated Moroccan PD patients carrying the G2019S mutation for which the Berber or Arab origin was established over 3 generations based on spoken language. We estimated the age of the most recent common ancestor for the 36 Arab-speaking and the 15 Berber-speaking G2019S carriers using the likelihood-based method with a mutation rate of 10−4. Data analysis suggests that the shortest haplotype originated in a patient of Berber ethnicity. The common founder was estimated to have lived 159 generations ago (95% CI 116–224) for Arab patients, and 200 generations ago (95% CI 123–348) for Berber patients. Then, 29 native North African males carrying the mutation were assessed for specific uniparental markers by sequencing the Y-chromosome (E-M81, E-M78, and M-267) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) hypervariable regions (HV1 and HV2) to examine paternal and maternal contributions, respectively. Results showed that the autochthonous genetic component reached 76% for mtDNA (Eurasian and north African haplogroups) and 59% for the Y-chromosome (E-M81 and E-M78), suggesting that the G2019S mutation may have arisen in an autochthonous DNA pool. Therefore, we conclude that LRRK2 G2019S mutation most likely originated in a Berber founder who lived at least 5000 years ago (95% CI 3075–8700).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafiqua Ben El Haj
- Research Team in Neurology and Neurogenetics, Genomics Center of Human Pathologies, Medical School and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ayyoub Salmi
- Laboratory of Information and Communication Technologies, National School of Applied Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tanger, Morocco
| | - Wafa Regragui
- Research Team in Neurology and Neurogenetics, Genomics Center of Human Pathologies, Medical School and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
- Department of Neurology and Neurogenetics, Specialties Hospital, IBN Sina University Hospital Center, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Moussa
- Laboratory of Information and Communication Technologies, National School of Applied Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tanger, Morocco
| | - Naima Bouslam
- Department of Neurology and Neurogenetics, Specialties Hospital, IBN Sina University Hospital Center, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Houyam Tibar
- Research Team in Neurology and Neurogenetics, Genomics Center of Human Pathologies, Medical School and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
- Department of Neurology and Neurogenetics, Specialties Hospital, IBN Sina University Hospital Center, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ali Benomar
- Research Team in Neurology and Neurogenetics, Genomics Center of Human Pathologies, Medical School and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
- Department of Neurology and Neurogenetics, Specialties Hospital, IBN Sina University Hospital Center, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Yahyaoui
- Research Team in Neurology and Neurogenetics, Genomics Center of Human Pathologies, Medical School and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
- Department of Neurology and Neurogenetics, Specialties Hospital, IBN Sina University Hospital Center, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Bouhouche
- Research Team in Neurology and Neurogenetics, Genomics Center of Human Pathologies, Medical School and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
- Department of Neurology and Neurogenetics, Specialties Hospital, IBN Sina University Hospital Center, Rabat, Morocco
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The discovery of LRRK2 mutations as a cause of Parkinson's disease (PD), including the sporadic late-onset form, established the decisive role of genetics in the field of PD research. Among LRRK2 mutations, the G2019S, mostly lying in a haplotype originating from a common Middle Eastern ancestor, has been identified in different populations worldwide. The G2385R and R1628P variants represent validated risk factors for PD in Asian populations. Here, we describe in detail the origin, the present worldwide epidemiology, and the penetrance of LRRK2 mutations. Furthermore, this chapter aims to characterize other definitely/probably pathogenic mutations and risk variants of LRRK2. Finally, we provide some general guidelines for a LRRK2 genetic testing and counseling. In summary, LRRK2 discovery revolutionized the understanding of PD etiology and laid the foundation for a promising future of genetics in PD research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Monfrini
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kasten M, Marras C, Klein C. Nonmotor Signs in Genetic Forms of Parkinson's Disease. International Review of Neurobiology 2017; 133:129-178. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
8
|
Peng F, Sun YM, Chen C, Luo SS, Li DK, Wang YX, Yang K, Liu FT, Zuo CT, Ding ZT, An Y, Wu JJ, Wang J. The heterozygous R1441C mutation of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene in a Chinese patient with Parkinson disease: A five-year follow-up and literatures review. J Neurol Sci 2016; 373:23-26. [PMID: 28131193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2) was recognized associated with both familial and sporadic Parkinson Disease (PD). Seven missense mutations (G2019S, R1441C, R1441G, R1441H, Y1699C, I2020T, N1437H) of it have been confirmed disease- causing. They were common among Caucasian PD patients, but rarely reported in Asian, especially in Chinese Han population. OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify the frequencies of these seven mutations of LRRK2 in Chinese early-onset PD (EOPD) patients and analyze the phenotypes. METHODS One hundred and thirty seven EOPD patients were enrolled for genetic testing. The seven disease-causing mutations of LRRK2 were carried out by target sequencing using Illumina HiSeq 2000 Sequencer. The identified variants were further confirmed by Sanger sequence. The clinical materials were investigated retrospectively. RESULTS Only one patient (0.73%) was found carrying pathogenetic LRRK2 mutation of R1441C. The age at onset of the female patient was 44. She manifested typical motor symptoms of PD and responded well to levodopa therapy. Longitudinal evaluation showed progression of motor symptoms and depression but no cognitive impairment. The dopamine transporter (DAT) imaging via [11C]-2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-fluorophenyl) tropan (CFT) and Positron emission computed tomography (PET) revealed typical dopamine transporter uptake reduction. CONCLUSIONS The LRRK2 R1441C mutation was found in a Chinese EOPD patient for the first time. The manifestations of LRRK2-R1441C carriers were indistinguishable from sporadic PD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Peng
- Department & Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yi-Min Sun
- Department & Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department & Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Su-Shan Luo
- Department & Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Da-Ke Li
- Department & Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Wang
- Department & Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Department & Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Feng-Tao Liu
- Department & Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Chuan-Tao Zuo
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 518 East Wuzhong Road, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Zheng-Tong Ding
- Department & Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yu An
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, Fudan University, 131 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian-Jun Wu
- Department & Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Department & Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sudhaman S, Prasad K, Behari M, Muthane UB, Juyal RC, Thelma BK. Discovery of a frameshift mutation in podocalyxin-like (PODXL) gene, coding for a neural adhesion molecule, as causal for autosomal-recessive juvenile Parkinsonism. J Med Genet 2016; 53:450-6. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
10
|
Gan-Or Z, Leblond CS, Mallett V, Orr-Urtreger A, Dion PA, Rouleau GA. LRRK2 mutations in Parkinson disease; a sex effect or lack thereof? A meta-analysis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015;21:778-782. [PMID: 25962553 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is currently under debate whether there is a sex effect in LRRK2-associated Parkinson disease (PD), as several studies suggested such effect while others did not. METHODS All case-control studies describing LRRK2 mutations and PD were examined, and papers with data on sex and LRRK2 mutations in both patients and controls were included (n = 17) in a sex-stratified meta-analysis. Additional studies (n = 33) that included data on male:female ratio only in patients with LRRK2 mutations, were included in further analysis of male:female ratio in LRRK2-assocoiated PD patients. RESULTS Similar risk estimates were calculated for men and women. Among men, LRRK2 mutation carriers had a pooled OR for PD of 4.20 (95% CI 2.95-5.99, p < 0.0001) and among women, LRRK2 mutation carriers had a pooled OR for PD of 4.73 (95% CI 3.26-6.86, p < 0.0001). Similar risk estimates for men and women were also observed when analysing specific LRRK2 mutations. A total of 1080 LRRK2-associated PD patients with sex information were identified. The male:female ratio was 1.02:1.00 (50.6% men and 49.4% women). CONCLUSION While sporadic PD is characterized by a sex effect, with more affected men than women, LRRK2-associated PD lacks a sex effect, as typically seen in autosomal dominant traits.
Collapse
|
11
|
Hatano T, Funayama M, Kubo SI, Mata IF, Oji Y, Mori A, Zabetian CP, Waldherr SM, Yoshino H, Oyama G, Shimo Y, Fujimoto KI, Oshima H, Kunii Y, Yabe H, Mizuno Y, Hattori N. Identification of a Japanese family with LRRK2 p.R1441G-related Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:2656.e17-23. [PMID: 24973808 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a causative gene of autosomal dominant familial Parkinson's disease (PD). We screened for LRRK2 mutations in 3 frequently reported exons (31, 41, and 48) in our cohort of 871 Japanese patients with PD (430 with sporadic PD and 441 probands with familial PD). Direct sequencing analysis of LRRK2 revealed 1 proband (0.11%) with a p.R1441G mutation, identified for the first time in Asian countries, besides frequently reported substitutions including, the p.G2019S mutation (0.11%) and p.G2385R variant (11.37%). Several studies have suggested that the LRRK2 p.R1441G mutation, which is highly prevalent in the Basque country, is extremely rare outside of northern Spain. Further analysis of family members of the proband with the p.R1441G mutation revealed that her mother and first cousin shared the same mutation and parkinsonism. Haplotype analysis revealed a different haplotype from that of the original Spanish families. Our patients demonstrated levodopa-responsive parkinsonism with intrafamilial clinical heterogeneity. This is the first report of familial PD because of the LRRK2 p.R1441G mutation in Asia.
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu X, Tang KF, Li Y, Xiong YY, Shen L, Wei ZY, Zhou KJ, Niu JM, Han X, Yang L, Feng GY, He L, Qin SY. Quantitative assessment of the effect of LRRK2 exonic variants on the risk of Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012; 18:722-30. [PMID: 22575234 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2, PARK8) gene has attracted considerable attention since the variants in this gene are recognized as the most common cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) so far. A number of association studies concerning variants of LRRK2 gene and PD susceptibility have been conducted in various populations. However, some results were inconclusive. To derive a more precise estimation of the relationship between LRRK2 and genetic risk of PD, we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis which included 27,363 cases and 29,741 controls from 61 published case-control studies. Totally, the effect of five LRRK2 variants all within the coding regions, i.e. G2019S, G2385R, R1628P, P755L and A419V, were evaluated in the meta-analysis using fixed effect model or random effects model if heterogeneity existed. There were genetic associations between four variants (G2019S, G2385R, R1628P and A419V) and increased PD risk, while there was no evidence of statistically significant association between P755L and PD. Publication bias and heterogeneity were absent in most analyses. Within its limitations, this meta-analysis demonstrated that the G2019S, G2385R, R1628P and A419V variations are risk factors associated with increased PD susceptibility. However, these associations vary in different ethnicities.
Collapse
|
13
|
Bardien S, Lesage S, Brice A, Carr J. Genetic characteristics of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) associated Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2011; 17:501-8. [PMID: 21641266 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive and selective degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. The discovery of at least six PD-causing genes in predominantly early-onset forms of the disorder has cemented a genetic component to the etiology. Notably, the discovery of mutations in the LRRK2 gene in patients presenting with typical 'sporadic' PD with ages at onset in their sixties and seventies has shifted paradigms in the field of PD research. The G2019S mutation in LRRK2 has been found in diverse populations worldwide and usually resides on a common haplotype revealing that many of these individuals share a common ancestor, probably of Middle Eastern origin. The only validated coding susceptibility alleles for PD, G2385R and R1628P, are both in this gene but to date have been found exclusively in Asian populations. Concomitant with genetic testing for PD is the need for appropriate and informed genetic counseling. Families of patients with LRRK2 mutations and susceptibility alleles need to be informed about the current lack of disease preventative strategies and the implications surrounding incomplete penetrance. In summary, single-handedly LRRK2 has had a major impact on the field of PD research and the findings have been of interest to both clinicians and scientists. We anticipate that other genes of such major impact exist for PD and look forward to their discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Bardien
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common motor disorder of mysterious etiology. It is due to the progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and is accompanied by the appearance of intraneuronal inclusions enriched in α-synuclein, the Lewy bodies. It is becoming increasingly clear that genetic factors contribute to its complex pathogenesis. Over the past decade, the genetic basis of rare PD forms with Mendelian inheritance, representing no more than 10% of the cases, has been investigated. More than 16 loci and 11 associated genes have been identified so far; genome-wide association studies have provided convincing evidence that polymorphic variants in these genes contribute to sporadic PD. The knowledge acquired of the functions of their protein products has revealed pathways of neurodegeneration that may be shared between inherited and sporadic PD. An impressive set of data in different model systems strongly suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in clinically similar, early-onset autosomal recessive PD forms caused by parkin and PINK1, and possibly DJ-1 gene mutations. In contrast, α-synuclein accumulation in Lewy bodies defines a spectrum of disorders ranging from typical late-onset PD to PD dementia and including sporadic and autosomal dominant PD forms due to mutations in SCNA and LRRK2. However, the pathological role of Lewy bodies remains uncertain, as they may or may not be present in PD forms with one and the same LRRK2 mutation. Impairment of autophagy-based protein/organelle degradation pathways is emerging as a possible unifying but still fragile pathogenic scenario in PD. Strengthening these discoveries and finding other convergence points by identifying new genes responsible for Mendelian forms of PD and exploring their functions and relationships are the main challenges of the next decade. It is also the way to follow to open new promising avenues of neuroprotective treatment for this devastating disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Corti
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U.975, Paris, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cilia R, Sironi F, Akpalu A, Cham M, Sarfo FS, Brambilla T, Bonetti A, Amboni M, Goldwurm S, Pezzoli G. Screening LRRK2 gene mutations in patients with Parkinson's disease in Ghana. J Neurol 2011; 259:569-70. [PMID: 21842440 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-011-6210-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
16
|
Seki N, Takahashi Y, Tomiyama H, Rogaeva E, Murayama S, Mizuno Y, Hattori N, Marras C, Lang AE, George-Hyslop PS, Goto J, Tsuji S. Comprehensive mutational analysis of LRRK2 reveals variants supporting association with autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease. J Hum Genet 2011; 56:671-5. [PMID: 21796139 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2011.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by neurodegeneration, most notably of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. To date, six causative genes have been identified including LRRK2, whose mutations are the most frequent in autosomal dominant PD (Ad-PD). We conducted a comprehensive mutational analysis of LRRK2 in 30 Ad-PD (11 Japanese and 19 Caucasian) families employing a DNA microarray-based resequencing system and direct nucleotide sequence analysis, and identified 23 variants including two known mutations, p.G2019S and p.I1371V, in three Caucasian families and one Caucasian family, respectively, a novel putative pathogenic mutation, p.N1221K, in one Japanese family, and a known nonsynonymous variant, p.G2385R, in two Japanese families. Detailed analysis of the frequency of p.G2385R among 100 Japanese Ad-PD, 73 sporadic PD (sPD) and 238 controls revealed that the frequency of the p.G2385R variant was significantly higher in Ad-PD than in controls (allele frequency, 9.0 vs 2.1%) (χ(2)=16.32, P=5.34 × 10(-5)). The p.G2385R variant, however, did not show complete cosegregation with PD. In addition, the frequency of p.G2385R was also higher in sPD than in controls, although not significant (allele frequency, 3.4 vs 2.1%) (χ(2)=0.76, P=0.38). These observations support the possibility that p.G2385R is associated with an increased risk of PD.
Collapse
|
17
|
Johansen KK, Hasselberg K, White LR, Farrer MJ, Aasly JO. Genealogical studies in LRRK2-associated Parkinson’s disease in central Norway. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2010; 16:527-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
18
|
Bardien S, Marsberg A, Keyser R, Lombard D, Lesage S, Brice A, Carr J. LRRK2 G2019S mutation: frequency and haplotype data in South African Parkinson's disease patients. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 117:847-53. [PMID: 20544233 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0423-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2) are the most significant genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). The exact function of LRRK2 is currently unknown but the presence of multiple protein interaction domains including WD40 and ankyrin indicates that it may act a scaffold for assembly of a multi-protein signaling complex. The G2019S mutation in LRRK2 represents the most clinically relevant PD-causing mutation and has been found in both familial and sporadic forms of the disorder. This mutation is situated in the highly conserved kinase MAPKKK domain, and has been found in up to 40% of PD patients from North African Arabic, 30% of Ashkenazi Jewish and approximately 10% of Portuguese and Spanish populations. Although extensively investigated in numerous European and North American populations, studies on the frequency of G2019S in African countries have been rare. The present study is the first on the South African population. High-resolution melt analysis was used to identify the G2019S mutation and it was found in 2% (4/205) of the patients studied. G2019S was not found in any of the Black PD patients screened. In all four G2019S-positive probands the mutation was shown to be present on the common haplotype referred to as haplotype 1. This reveals that the four South African G2019S-positive probands (three Caucasian and one of mixed ancestry) share a common ancestor with the other haplotype 1-associated families reported worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Bardien
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, University of Stellenbosch, 4th Floor Fisan Building, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg, Cape Town, 7505, South Africa.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Correia Guedes L, Ferreira J, Rosa M, Coelho M, Bonifati V, Sampaio C. Worldwide frequency of G2019S LRRK2 mutation in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2010; 16:237-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
20
|
Lesage S, Patin E, Condroyer C, Leutenegger AL, Lohmann E, Giladi N, Bar-Shira A, Belarbi S, Hecham N, Pollak P, Ouvrard-Hernandez AM, Bardien S, Carr J, Benhassine T, Tomiyama H, Pirkevi C, Hamadouche T, Cazeneuve C, Basak AN, Hattori N, Dürr A, Tazir M, Orr-Urtreger A, Quintana-Murci L, Brice A. Parkinson's disease-related LRRK2 G2019S mutation results from independent mutational events in humans. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:1998-2004. [PMID: 20197411 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich-repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene have been identified in families with autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease (PD) and in sporadic cases; the G2019S mutation is the single most frequent. Intriguingly, the frequency of this mutation in PD patients varies greatly among ethnic groups and geographic origins: it is present at <0.1% in East Asia, approximately 2% in European-descent patients and can reach frequencies of up to 15-40% in PD Ashkenazi Jews and North African Arabs. To ascertain the evolutionary dynamics of the G2019S mutation in different populations, we genotyped 74 markers spanning a 16 Mb genomic region around G2019S, in 191 individuals carrying the mutation from 126 families of different origins. Sixty-seven families were of North-African Arab origin, 18 were of North/Western European descent, 37 were of Jewish origin, mostly from Eastern Europe, one was from Japan, one from Turkey and two were of mixed origins. We found the G2019S mutation on three different haplotypes. Network analyses of the three carrier haplotypes showed that G2019S arose independently at least twice in humans. In addition, the population distribution of the intra-allelic diversity of the most widespread carrier haplotype, together with estimations of the age of G2019S determined by two different methods, suggests that one of the founding G2019S mutational events occurred in the Near East at least 4000 years ago.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. A progressive movement disorder typified by the production of bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and impairment of postural reflexes, PD is characterized by a depletion of dopamine in the striatum. For the last decade, several Mendelian forms of PD have been identified. Mutations in these genes potentially lead to autosomal dominant (alpha-synuclein and LRRK2), or autosomal recessive PD (Parkin, PINK1, DJ1, and ATP13A2). This article will spotlight these six distinct genes unambiguously associated with Mendelian PD and the function of their encoded proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Pirkevi
- Boğaziçi University, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Thaler A, Ash E, Gan-Or Z, Orr-Urtreger A, Giladi N. The LRRK2 G2019S mutation as the cause of Parkinson's disease in Ashkenazi Jews. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 116:1473-82. [PMID: 19756366 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-009-0303-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2) are recognized as the most common cause of genetic Parkinsonism to date. The G2019S mutation has been implicated as an important determinant of Parkinson's disease (PD) in both Ashkenazi Jewish and North African Arab populations with carrier frequency of 29.7% among familial and 6% in sporadic Ashkenazi Jewish PD cases. PD patients with the G2019S mutation display similar clinical characteristics to patients with sporadic PD. While the function of the LRRK2 protein has yet to be fully determined, its distribution coincides with brain areas most affected by PD. The G2019S mutation is believed to be responsible for up-regulation of LRRK2 kinase activity, which may ultimately play a role in neuronal loss. The utility of LRRK2 G2019S screening in family members of Ashkenazi PD patients is discussed. LRRK2 G2019S mutation carriers without PD may be an ideal population for the study of possible neuroprotective strategies as they become available, and for furthering the understanding of the pathogenesis and long-term clinical outcomes of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avner Thaler
- Department of Neurology, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lesage S, Brice A. Basi molecolari del morbo di Parkinson. Neurologia 2010; 10:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(10)70497-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
24
|
Westerlund M, Hoffer B, Olson L. Parkinson's disease: Exit toxins, enter genetics. Prog Neurobiol 2009; 90:146-56. [PMID: 19925845 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease was long considered a non-hereditary disorder. Despite extensive research trying to find environmental risk factors for the disease, genetic variants now stand out as the major causative factor. Since a number of genes have been implicated in the pathogenesis it seems likely that several molecular pathways and downstream effectors can affect the trophic support and/or the survival of dopamine neurons, subsequently leading to Parkinson's disease. The present review describes how toxin-based animal models have been valuable tools in trying to find the underlying mechanisms of disease, and how identification of disease-linked genes in humans has led to the development of new transgenic rodent models. The review also describes the current status of the most common genetic susceptibility factors for Parkinson's disease identified up to today.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Westerlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kim JM, Lee JY, Kim HJ, Kim JS, Shin ES, Cho JH, Park SS, Jeon BS. The LRRK2 G2385R variant is a risk factor for sporadic Parkinson's disease in the Korean population. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009; 16:85-8. [PMID: 19854095 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The G2385R (SNP accession no. rs34778348) and R1628P (rs33949390) variants of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2, PARK8) are emerging as an important risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD) in the ethnic Chinese and Japanese populations. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether these variants are a genetic risk factor in sporadic PD patients in the Korean population. A total of 923 patients and 422 healthy subjects were included. The variants were screened by a SNaPshot assay. The LRRK2 G2385R variant was detected in 82 PD patients (8.9%, two homozygous and 80 heterozygous) and in 21 normal controls (5.0%, all heterozygous). The frequency of the LRRK2 G2385R variant in PD was significantly higher than in normal controls (adjusted odds ratio 1.83, p = 0.0170, 95% confidence interval 1.11-3.00). There were no differences in the mean age at onset or gender between the G2385R carriers and the non-carriers in PD patients. The LRRK2 R1628P variant was very rare (0.78% in patients versus 0.26% in controls) in the tested 384 patient-control pairs, and was not a significant risk factor. This study supports that the LRRK2 G2385R variant may be a genetic risk factor for sporadic PD in the Korean population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Min Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, MRC and BK-21, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital and Bundang Hospital, Boramae Municipal Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) (PARK8) are associated with both familial and sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease. Most studies have shown that LRRK2 mutations may explain between 5% and 13% of familial and 1-5% of sporadic Parkinson's disease. Importantly, a common recurrent mutation (G2019S) located in the kinase domain has been reported across most ethnic populations, with the highest prevalence among Ashkenazi Jews and North African Arabs. A recent worldwide meta-analysis pooling data from 24 populations reported a higher occurrence of G2019S in southern than in northern European countries and the penetrance is estimated to be approximately 75% at the age of 79 years. The R1441 'hotspot' amino acid codon residue (G/H/C) in the Ras of complex proteins domain is the second most common site of pathogenic LRRK2 substitutions after G2019S, with most carriers developing symptoms by the age of 75 years. Two polymorphic variants found almost exclusively among Asians (G2385R and R1628P) have been shown to increase the Parkinson's disease risk by approximately two-fold. The mutational event associated with R1628P is more recent, occurring approximately 2500 years ago, compared to estimates of 4000 years for G2385R carriers. LRRK2 mutation carriers generally simulate late onset Parkinson's disease and present with the usual typical clinical features. Genetic testing for G2019S in sporadic late-onset Parkinson's disease can be considered in some situations and may be useful in populations with high carrier status. The identification of asymptomatic mutation and risk variant carriers provides a unique opportunity for recruiting these subjects in potential neuroprotective trials and longitudinal studies to identify biomarkers of neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Udhaya Kumari
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zabetian CP, Yamamoto M, Lopez AN, Ujike H, Mata IF, Izumi Y, Kaji R, Maruyama H, Morino H, Oda M, Hutter CM, Edwards KL, Schellenberg GD, Tsuang DW, Yearout D, Larson EB, Kawakami H. LRRK2 mutations and risk variants in Japanese patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2009; 24:1034-41. [PMID: 19343804 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are the most common genetic determinant of Parkinson's disease (PD) in European-derived populations, but far less is known about LRRK2 mutations and susceptibility alleles in Asians. To address this issue, we sequenced the LRRK2 coding region in 36 patients with familial PD, then genotyped variants of interest in an additional 595 PD cases and 1,641 controls who were all of Japanese ancestry. We also performed a meta-analysis of studies on G2385R, a polymorphism previously reported to associate with PD. One pathogenic (G2019S) and one putative pathogenic (R1067Q) mutation were each observed in two patients with sporadic PD. The overall mutation frequency among patients was 0.6%. G2385R was highly associated with PD under a dominant model in our dataset (adjusted OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.31-2.54; P = 3.3 x 10(-4)) and similar results were seen in the meta-analysis (summary OR assuming fixed effects, 2.55; 95% CI, 2.10-3.10). G2385R represents the first consistently replicated common PD susceptibility variant in a non-European population and its effect size is substantially greater than that reported for other well-validated genetic risk factors for the disease. However, LRRK2 mutations appear to be rare among Japanese patients with PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus P Zabetian
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Mata IF, Cosentino C, Marca V, Torres L, Mazzetti P, Ortega O, Raggio V, Aljanati R, Buzó R, Yearout D, Dieguez E, Zabetian CP. LRRK2 mutations in patients with Parkinson's disease from Peru and Uruguay. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009; 15:370-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
30
|
Gandhi PN, Chen SG, Wilson-Delfosse AL. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2): a key player in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:1283-95. [PMID: 19025767 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, with a prevalence of more than 1% after the age of 65 years. Mutations in the gene encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2) have recently been linked to autosomal dominant, late-onset PD that is clinically indistinguishable from typical, idiopathic disease. LRRK2 is a multidomain protein containing several protein interaction motifs as well as dual enzymatic domains of GTPase and protein kinase activities. Disease-associated mutations are found throughout the multidomain structure of the protein. LRRK2, however, is unique among the PD-causing genes, because a missense mutation, G2019S, is a frequent determinant of not only familial but also sporadic PD. Thus, LRRK2 has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for combating PD. In this Mini-Review, we look at the current state of knowledge regarding the domain structure, amino acid substitutions, and potential functional roles of LRRK2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Payal N Gandhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4965, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) were first identified in 2004 and have since been shown to be the single most common cause of inherited Parkinson’s disease. The protein is a large GTP-regulated serine/threonine kinase that additionally contains several protein–protein interaction domains. In the present review, we discuss three important, but unresolved, questions concerning LRRK2. We first ask: what is the normal function of LRRK2? Related to this, we discuss the evidence of LRRK2 activity as a GTPase and as a kinase and the available data on protein–protein interactions. Next we raise the question of how mutations affect LRRK2 function, focusing on some slightly controversial results related to the kinase activity of the protein in a variety of in vitro systems. Finally, we discuss what the possible mechanisms are for LRRK2-mediated neurotoxicity, in the context of known activities of the protein.
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Research in Parkinson's disease (PD) genetics has been extremely prolific over the past decade. More than 13 loci and 9 genes have been identified, but their implication in PD is not always certain. Point mutations, duplications and triplications in the alpha-synuclein (SNCA) gene cause a rare dominant form of PD in familial and sporadic cases. Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are a more frequent cause of autosomal dominant PD, particularly in certain ethnic groups. Loss-of-function mutations in Parkin, PINK1, DJ-1 and ATP13A2 cause autosomal recessive parkinsonism with early-onset. Identification of other Mendelian forms of PD will be a main challenge for the next decade. In addition, susceptibility variants that contribute to PD have been identified in several populations, such as polymorphisms in the SNCA, LRRK2 genes and heterozygous mutations in the beta-glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene. Genome-wide associations and re-sequencing projects, together with gene-environment interaction studies, are expected to further define the causal role of genetic determinants in the pathogenesis of PD, and improve prevention and treatment.
Collapse
|
33
|
Cho JW, Kim SY, Park SS, Jeon BS. The G2019S LRRK2 Mutation is Rare in Korean Patients with Parkinson's Disease and Multiple System Atrophy. J Clin Neurol 2009; 5:29-32. [PMID: 19513331 PMCID: PMC2686897 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2009.5.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2008] [Revised: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The LRRK2 (PARK8; OMIM607060) substitution was recently identified as a causative mutation for Parkinson's disease (PD). The pathologic heterogeneity of LRRK2-positive patients suggests that mutation of the LRRK2 gene is associated with the pathogenesis of PD and Parkinson-plus disorders, such as multiple system atrophy (MSA). We previously reported that the G2019S LRRK2 mutation-which is the most common LRRK2 mutation-was not found in a sample of 453 Korean PD patients. In the present study, we extended the screening for the G2019S mutation to a larger group of PD and MSA patients. METHODS We performed a genetic analysis of the G2019S mutation in 877 patients with PD and 199 patients with MSA using a standard PCR and restriction digestion method. RESULTS None of the subjects carried the G2019S mutation. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study support that the G2019S mutation is extremely rare in PD and is unlikely to be associated with MSA in the Korean population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Whan Cho
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Metropolitan Boramae Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mata IF, Hutter CM, González-Fernández MC, de Pancorbo MM, Lezcano E, Huerta C, Blazquez M, Ribacoba R, Guisasola LM, Salvador C, Gómez-Esteban JC, Zarranz JJ, Infante J, Jankovic J, Deng H, Edwards KL, Alvarez V, Zabetian CP. Lrrk2 R1441G-related Parkinson's disease: evidence of a common founding event in the seventh century in Northern Spain. Neurogenetics 2009; 10:347-53. [PMID: 19308469 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-009-0187-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene together represent the most common genetic determinant of Parkinson's disease (PD) identified to date. The vast majority of patients with LRRK2-related PD reported in the literature carry one of three pathogenic substitutions: G2019S, R1441C, or R1441G. While G2019S and R1441C are geographically widespread, R1441G is most prevalent in the Basque Country and is rare outside of Northern Spain. We sought to better understand the processes that have shaped the current distribution of R1441G. We performed a haplotype analysis of 29 unrelated PD patients heterozygous for R1441G and 85 wild-type controls using 20 markers that spanned 15.1 Mb across the LRRK2 region. Nine of the patients were of Basque origin and 20 were non-Basques. We inferred haplotypes using a Bayesian approach and utilized a maximum-likelihood method to estimate the age of the most recent common ancestor. Significant but incomplete allele sharing was observed over a distance of 6.0 Mb and a single, rare ten-marker haplotype 5.8 Mb in length was seen in all mutation carriers. We estimate that the most recent common ancestor lived 1,350 (95% CI, 1,020-1,740) years ago in approximately the seventh century. We hypothesize that R1441G originated in the Basque population and that dispersion of the mutation then occurred through short-range gene flow that was largely limited to nearby regions in Spain.
Collapse
|
35
|
Bar-Shira A, Hutter CM, Giladi N, Zabetian CP, Orr-Urtreger A. Ashkenazi Parkinson's disease patients with the LRRK2 G2019S mutation share a common founder dating from the second to fifth centuries. Neurogenetics 2009; 10:355-8. [PMID: 19283415 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-009-0186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The LRRK2 G2019S mutation is a major genetic determinant of Parkinson's disease (PD) across the world that occurs at an elevated frequency in Ashkenazi Jews. We determined the LRRK2 haplotypes in 77 G2019S carriers, mostly Ashkenazi Jews, and in 50 noncarrier Ashkenazi PD patients, using 16 genetic markers. A single haplotype was detected in all mutation carriers, indicating that these individuals share a common founder. Using a maximum-likelihood method, we estimate that Ashkenazi Jews with G2019S share a common ancestor who lived approximately 1,830 (95% CI 1,560-2,160) years ago, around the second century, after the second Jewish Diaspora.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anat Bar-Shira
- Genetic Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, Tel Aviv, 64239, Israel
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pirkevi C, Lesage S, Condroyer C, Tomiyama H, Hattori N, Ertan S, Brice A, Başak AN. A LRRK2 G2019S mutation carrier from Turkey shares the Japanese haplotype. Neurogenetics 2009; 10:271-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s10048-009-0173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
37
|
Patra B, Parsian AJ, Racette BA, Zhao JH, Perlmutter JS, Parsian A. LRRK2 gene G2019S mutation and SNPs [haplotypes] in subtypes of Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2008; 15:175-80. [PMID: 18752982 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mutation within the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene has been identified as a cause of autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease (PD). The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of G2019S mutation and whether the differences in the allele and genotype distribution of six SNPs within LRRK2 gene are associated with PD in an American non-Hispanic white population. The sample included 350 sporadic PD (SPD), 225 familial PD (FPD) patients and 186 controls of the same race and ethnicity. The frequency of LRRK2 G2019S mutation in our total sample of PD (FPD and SPD) was 1.56%. The frequency of this mutation was 3.5% in the FPD and 0.3% in the SPD groups, respectively. Allele and genotype frequencies of six SNPs were compared between PD and control samples. In addition, PD groups were categorized by sporadic PD (no family history), familial PD (first degree relative with PD) and age of onset (AON, <or=50 or >or=51years). The haplotypes of the six SNPs were also constructed for association analysis. After correction for multiple comparisons, there was no association between any SNPs (allele or genotype) and PD groups. One of the haplotypes was modestly associated with the combined PD (SPD and FPD) sample. There was also no association with age at onset of PD. Our study suggests that the LRRK2 gene may be a risk factor or the cause for a very small fraction of PD in American white population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biswanath Patra
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Parkinson's disease is the second most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized clinically by classical parkinsonism and pathologically by selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and Lewy bodies. Although for most classical parkinsonism the etiology is unknown, a clear genetic component has been determined in a minority. Mutations in five causative genes combined [alpha-Synuclein (SNCA), Parkin, PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), DJ-1, Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2)] account for 2-3% of all cases with classical parkinsonism, often clinically indistinguishable from idiopathic Parkinson's disease. RECENT FINDINGS The functional role of PINK1 and LRRK2 as kinases has been clearly established. Further, mutations in the ATP13A2 gene have been linked to Kufor-Rakeb syndrome (PARK9), a form of atypical parkinsonism. ATP13A2 encodes a lysosomal ATPase and shows elevated expression levels in the brains of sporadic patients, suggesting a potential role in the more common idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Finally, first promising pilot studies have been performed to identify differentially expressed genes and proteins as biomarkers for parkinsonism. SUMMARY The identification of single genes and their functional characterization has enhanced our understanding of the pathogenesis of parkinsonism, has led to improvement of diagnostic tools for genetic parkinsonism, and allows for the purposeful consideration of novel therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Klein
- Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, Lübeck University, Lübeck, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kalinderi K, Fidani L, Bostantjopoulou S, Katsarou Z, Kotsis A. The G2019S LRRK2 mutation is uncommon amongst Greek patients with sporadic Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 2007; 14:1088-90. [PMID: 17880562 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder affecting approximately 2% of the population >60 years of age. Although, the etiology of PD is still unknown, the genetic background of the disease has been documented. Recently, a mutation in the LRRK2 gene, G2019S, was associated with 3-41% and 1-2% of familial and sporadic PD, respectively suggesting a pivotal role of LRRK2 in PD. In this report, we examine the association of the G2019S mutation with sporadic late-onset PD, in an independent cohort of Greek patients and controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Kalinderi
- Department of General Biology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ferreira JJ, Guedes LC, Rosa MM, Coelho M, van Doeselaar M, Schweiger D, Di Fonzo A, Oostra BA, Sampaio C, Bonifati V. High prevalence of LRRK2 mutations in familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease in Portugal. Mov Disord 2007; 22:1194-201. [PMID: 17469194 DOI: 10.1002/mds.21525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are the most frequent known cause of Parkinson's disease (PD), but their prevalence varies markedly between populations. Here we studied the frequency and associated phenotype of four recurrent LRRK2 mutations (R1441C, R1441G, R1441H, and G2019S) in familial and sporadic PD from a single referral center in Lisbon, Portugal. Among 138 unrelated PD probands, we identified 9 heterozygous G2019S carriers (6.52%) and 1 heterozygous R1441H carrier (0.72%). The G2019S mutation was present in 4 of the 107 sporadic (3.74%) and in 5 of the 31 familial probands (16.1%). Mutations were not found among 101 Portuguese controls. The G2019S mutation was present on a single haplotype and displayed reduced penetrance. Heterozygous parkin gene mutations were also found in 2 G2019S-positive probands, but their pathogenic role is unclear. The clinical phenotype in patients with LRRK2 mutations was indistinguishable from that of typical PD, including impaired sense of smell. The G2019S mutation is a very common genetic determinant among the Portuguese patients with PD, and the R1441H mutation is also present in this population. These data have important implications for the diagnostic work-up and genetic counseling of patients with this disease in Portugal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim J Ferreira
- Neurological Clinic Research Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Lisbon School of Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Huang Y, Halliday GM, Vandebona H, Mellick GD, Mastaglia F, Stevens J, Kwok J, Garlepp M, Silburn PA, Horne MK, Kotschet K, Venn A, Rowe DB, Rubio JP, Sue CM. Prevalence and clinical features of common LRRK2 mutations in Australians with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2007; 22:982-9. [PMID: 17427941 DOI: 10.1002/mds.21477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the prevalence of two common leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene mutations in Australian patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Of 830 affected patients, eight were heterozygous for the G2019S mutation, and two were heterozygous for the R1441H (4,322 G > A) mutation. In addition, one familial patient had a novel A1442P (4,324 G > C) mutation. Haplotype analysis showed that all LRRK2 G2019S-positive individuals carried the common founder haplotype 1 and a putative founder haplotype for the R1441H mutation carriers. Clinically, patients with LRRK2 mutations had typical levodopa responsive Parkinsonism with tremor being the commonest presenting feature. Patients with the G2019S mutation in our series had a similar age of onset of symptoms when compared with patients with other LRRK2 mutations or sporadic PD, although they were more likely to have a family history of PD (2.4% of Australian patients with familial PD and 0.3% of Australian patients with sporadic PD). Our results demonstrate that the G2019S mutation carriers share the same ancestors who migrated to Australia originally from Europe and that other LRRK2 mutations (R1441H and A1442P) can be found in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Huang
- Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Winkler S, König IR, Lohmann-Hedrich K, Vieregge P, Kostic V, Klein C. Role of ethnicity on the association of MAPT H1 haplotypes and subhaplotypes in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 15:1163-8. [PMID: 17637803 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
An association of the H1 haplotype and subhaplotypes in the microtubule-associated protein Tau (MAPT) gene with Parkinson's disease (PD) has been reported. To further evaluate their role in PD, we genotyped a sample set of 765 cases and controls consisting of two large European subgroups of German (n=418) and Serbian (n=347) origin for the MAPT haplotypes H1 and H2. The H1/H1 carriers were tested for three additional MAPT polymorphisms. In the Serbian sample, there was significant evidence (P=0.0108) of an association of the H1/H1 genotype and PD. Surprisingly, in the German sample, we did not find significant differences in genotype or haplotype frequencies between patients and controls. These results suggest that the role of H1 haplotypes in the etiology of PD may be ethnically dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Winkler
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lesage S, Leclere L, Lohmann E, Borg M, Ruberg M, Dürr A, Brice A. Frequency of the LRRK2 G2019S Mutation in Siblings with Parkinson’s Disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2007; 4:195-8. [PMID: 17596714 DOI: 10.1159/000101844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the LRRK2 gene, the most frequent of which is the G2019S mutation in exon 41, cause familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) with reduced penetrance. OBJECTIVES To assess the frequency of the LRRK2 G2019S mutation in families thought to have autosomal recessive PD (siblings but not their parents were affected) and to determine the clinical features of LRRK2 mutation carriers. METHODS We sequenced both strands of exon 41 of the LRKK2 gene in 90 index cases from French and North African families in which PD might have been inherited as a recessive trait. Patients with mutations underwent detailed clinical evaluations. RESULTS We found heterozygous G2019S mutations in 1 Algerian and 1 French family (overall relative frequency = 2.2%). Four LRRK2-positive patients had typical PD, but their Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores were lower than those of patients without this mutation. CONCLUSION The LRRK2 G2019S mutation is as frequent in families with possible autosomal recessive PD (2.2%) as in the sporadic cases published elsewhere (1.9%). The clinical features in the LRRK2-positive patients were those of typical PD, except for lower MMSE scores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Lesage
- INSERM, UMR 679, Neurology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Faculté de Médecine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Civitelli D, Tarantino P, Nicoletti G, Cirò Candiano IC, Annesi F, De Marco EV, Carrideo S, Rocca FE, Condino F, Spadafora P, Pugliese P, D'Asero S, Morelli M, Paglionico S, Annesi G, Quattrone A. LRRK2 G6055A mutation in Italian patients with familial or sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Clin Genet 2007; 71:367-70. [PMID: 17470139 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00771.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
45
|
Bonifati V. LRRK2 Low-penetrance Mutations (Gly2019Ser) and Risk Alleles (Gly2385Arg)—Linking Familial and Sporadic Parkinson’s Disease. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:1700-8. [PMID: 17440812 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The identification of mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene as a cause of autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease (PD) was a major step forward in the genetic dissection of this disorder. However, what makes LRRK2 unique among the known PD-causing genes is that a low-penetrance mutation, Gly2019Ser, is a frequent determinant not only of familial, but also of sporadic PD in several populations from South Europe, North Africa and Middle East. Moreover, a different polymorphic variant, Gly2385Arg, is a frequent risk factor for PD among Chinese and Japanese populations. Currently, the Gly2019Ser and Gly2385Arg variants represent the most relevant PD-causing mutation and risk allele, respectively, linking the etiology of the familial and the sporadic forms of this disease. Understanding how the dysfunction of LRRK2 protein leads to neurodegeneration might provide crucial insights for unraveling the molecular mechanisms of PD and for developing disease-modifying therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Bonifati
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Farrer MJ, Stone JT, Lin CH, Dächsel JC, Hulihan MM, Haugarvoll K, Ross OA, Wu RM. Lrrk2 G2385R is an ancestral risk factor for Parkinson's disease in Asia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2007; 13:89-92. [PMID: 17222580 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The goal of genetic association studies is to identify common (>5%) risk factors in complex disease traits. Herein we describe the first replicable 'functional' risk allele for Parkinson's disease. The leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (Lrrk2) G2385R substitution is associated with familial parkinsonism, late-, and early-onset Parkinson's disease in ethnic Chinese Taiwanese. Crucially, we provide evidence of identity-by-descent and suggest that Lrrk2 G2385R carriers originate from one ancestor some 4800 years ago, at the start of Chinese civilization. Moreover, our findings demonstrate that common genetic coding variants contribute to Parkinson's disease in a population specific manner which may have important implications for future genome-wide association studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Farrer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD; Parkinson's) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, characterized by the progressive loss of dopamine neurons and the accumulation of Lewy bodies. Increasing evidence suggests that deficits in mitochondrial function, oxidative and nitrosative stress, the accumulation of aberrant or misfolded proteins, and ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) dysfunction may represent the principal molecular pathways that commonly underlie the pathogenesis. The relative role of genetic and environmental factors has been the focus of research and debate. The recent discovery of a number of disease-causing genes (SNCA, Parkin/PARK2, UCHL1, PINK1, DJ1/PARK7, and LRRK2) in familial and sporadic forms of PD has provided considerable insights into the pathophysiology of this complex disorder. The frequency of these gene mutations may vary according to ethnicity and to the specific gene. A gene dosage effect is observed in some cases, and the phenotype of some of the mutation carriers closely resembles typical PD. Penetrance of some of the recurrent mutations is incomplete and may vary with age. Further research to unravel the etiopathology could identify biochemical or genetic markers for potential neuroprotective trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zabetian CP, Hutter CM, Yearout D, Lopez AN, Factor SA, Griffith A, Leis BC, Bird TD, Nutt JG, Higgins DS, Roberts JW, Kay DM, Edwards KL, Samii A, Payami H. LRRK2 G2019S in families with Parkinson disease who originated from Europe and the Middle East: evidence of two distinct founding events beginning two millennia ago. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 79:752-8. [PMID: 16960813 PMCID: PMC1592578 DOI: 10.1086/508025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) G2019S mutation is the most common genetic determinant of Parkinson disease (PD) identified to date. It accounts for 1%-7% of PD in patients of European origin and 20%-40% in Ashkenazi Jews and North African Arabs with PD. Previous studies concluded that patients from these populations all shared a common Middle Eastern founder who lived in the 13th century. We tested this hypothesis by genotyping 25 microsatellite and single-nucleotide-polymorphism markers in 22 families with G2019S and observed two distinct haplotypes. Haplotype 1 was present in 19 families of Ashkenazi Jewish and European ancestry, whereas haplotype 2 occurred in three European American families. Using a maximum-likelihood method, we estimated that the families with haplotype 1 shared a common ancestor 2,250 (95% confidence interval 1,650-3,120) years ago, whereas those with haplotype 2 appeared to share a more recent founder. Our data suggest two separate founding events for G2019S in these populations, beginning at a time that coincides with the Jewish Diasporas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus P Zabetian
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|