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Duan R, Liu G, Han Y, Li P, Zhang B, Liu Y. Characterization of SNCA Multiplication in Parkinson's Disease: 2 New Cases and Evaluation of the Literature. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2023; 10:1536-1541. [PMID: 37868923 PMCID: PMC10585967 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alpha-synuclein (SNCA) copy number variations (CNV) have been certified as a causative mutation in patients with familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). Case We report three SNCA duplication cases diagnosed as PD. Through whole-exome sequencing, we identified a de novo 4.56 Mb repeated region in one patient and a 2.50 Mb repeated region in familial PD with two patients. Literature review In review of previous cases, we suggest that aggressive behavior is more remarkable in CNV4 patients. Meanwhile, frequency of cognition decline and dementia were slightly increased in CNV4 patients. We also illustrate a younger onset age in offspring than parent in familial SNCA multiplication PD cases. No difference was observed in disease duration between parent and offspring generation. Conclusions Our findings demonstrated the clinical and genetic characteristics in PD with SNCA multiplication and provided strong evidence for genetic anticipation. These results may be instructive for future disease diagnosis and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo‐Nan Duan
- Department of Neurology, Qilu HospitalCheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Gui‐Yu Liu
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Yin‐Lian Han
- Department of Neurology, Qilu HospitalCheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Pei‐Zheng Li
- Department of Neurology, Qilu HospitalCheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Bo‐Han Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Qilu HospitalCheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Yi‐Ming Liu
- Department of Neurology, Qilu HospitalCheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong UniversityJinanChina
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2
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Grosso Jasutkar H, Oh SE, Mouradian MM. Therapeutics in the Pipeline Targeting α-Synuclein for Parkinson's Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:207-237. [PMID: 35017177 PMCID: PMC11034868 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and the fastest growing neurologic disease in the world, yet no disease-modifying therapy is available for this disabling condition. Multiple lines of evidence implicate the protein α-synuclein (α-Syn) in the pathogenesis of PD, and as such, there is intense interest in targeting α-Syn for potential disease modification. α-Syn is also a key pathogenic protein in other synucleionpathies, most commonly dementia with Lewy bodies. Thus, therapeutics targeting this protein will have utility in these disorders as well. Here we discuss the various approaches that are being investigated to prevent and mitigate α-Syn toxicity in PD, including clearing its pathologic aggregates from the brain using immunization strategies, inhibiting its misfolding and aggregation, reducing its expression level, enhancing cellular clearance mechanisms, preventing its cell-to-cell transmission within the brain and perhaps from the periphery, and targeting other proteins associated with or implicated in PD that contribute to α-Syn toxicity. We also discuss the therapeutics in the pipeline that harness these strategies. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities for the field in the discovery and development of therapeutics for disease modification in PD. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, for which disease-modifying therapies remain a major unmet need. A large body of evidence points to α-synuclein as a key pathogenic protein in this disease as well as in dementia with Lewy bodies, making it of leading therapeutic interest. This review discusses the various approaches being investigated and progress made to date toward discovering and developing therapeutics that would slow and stop progression of these disabling diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Grosso Jasutkar
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, and Department of Neurology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Stephanie E Oh
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, and Department of Neurology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - M Maral Mouradian
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, and Department of Neurology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, New Jersey
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3
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O'Dowd S, Schumacher J, Burn DJ, Bonanni L, Onofrj M, Thomas A, Taylor JP. Fluctuating cognition in the Lewy body dementias. Brain 2020; 142:3338-3350. [PMID: 31411317 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluctuating cognition is a core diagnostic feature of dementia with Lewy bodies and is also a key clinical feature of Parkinson's disease dementia. These dementias share common pathological features and are referred to as Lewy body dementias. Whilst highly prevalent in Lewy body dementia, with up to 90% of patients experiencing the symptom at some point in the disease trajectory, clinical identification of fluctuating cognition is often challenging. Furthermore, its underlying pathophysiological processes remain unclear. However, neuroimaging and neurophysiological techniques have recently provided insight into potential drivers of the phenomenon. In this update, we review data pertaining to clinical features and underlying mechanisms of fluctuating cognition in Lewy body dementia. We collate evidence for different proposed aetiologies: fluctuating cognition as an attentional disorder, as a consequence of loss of cholinergic drive, as a manifestation of failure in neuronal efficiency and synchrony, and as a disorder of sleep/arousal. We also review data relating to putative mechanisms that have received less attention to date. Increased understanding of fluctuating cognition may help to illuminate pathophysiological mechanisms in cognitive processing in Lewy body dementia, guide future research, and facilitate the design of targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seán O'Dowd
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Neurology, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland; Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Julia Schumacher
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - David J Burn
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Laura Bonanni
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science and Aging Research Centre, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Onofrj
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science and Aging Research Centre, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alan Thomas
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John-Paul Taylor
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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4
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Chelban V, Vichayanrat E, Schottlaende L, Iodice V, Houlden H. Autonomic dysfunction in genetic forms of synucleinopathies. Mov Disord 2019; 33:359-371. [PMID: 29508456 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of genetic links between alpha-synuclein and PD has opened unprecedented opportunities for research into a new group of diseases, now collectively known as synucleinopathies. Autonomic dysfunction, including cardiac sympathetic denervation, has been reported in familial forms of synucleinopathies that have Lewy bodies at the core of their pathogenesis. SNCA mutations and multiplications, LRRK2 disease with Lewy bodies as well as other common, sporadic forms of idiopathic PD, MSA, pure autonomic failure, and dementia with Lewy bodies have all been associated with dysautonomia. By contrast, in familial cases of parkinsonism without Lewy bodies, such as in PARK2, the autonomic profile remains normal throughout the course of the disease. The degeneration of the central and peripheral autonomic systems in genetic as well as sporadic forms of neurodegenerative synucleinopathies correlates with the accumulation of alpha-synuclein immunoreactive-containing inclusions. Given that dysautonomia has a significant impact on the quality of life of sufferers and autonomic symptoms are generally treatable, a prompt diagnostic testing and treatment should be provided. Moreover, new evidence suggests that autonomic dysfunction can be used as an outcome prediction factor in some forms of synucleinopathies or premotor diagnostic markers that could be used in the future to define further research avenues. In this review, we describe the autonomic dysfunction of genetic synucleinopathies in comparison to the dysautonomia of sporadic forms of alpha-synuclein accumulation and provide the reader with an up-to-date overview of the current understanding in this fast-growing field. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viorica Chelban
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom, and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Institute of Emergency Medicine, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Ekawat Vichayanrat
- Autonomic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Schottlaende
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom, and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom.,Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Iodice
- Autonomic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom, and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Monin M, Lesage S, Brice A. Basi molecolari della malattia di Parkinson. Neurologia 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(18)41584-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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6
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Outeiro TF, Koss DJ, Erskine D, Walker L, Kurzawa-Akanbi M, Burn D, Donaghy P, Morris C, Taylor JP, Thomas A, Attems J, McKeith I. Dementia with Lewy bodies: an update and outlook. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:5. [PMID: 30665447 PMCID: PMC6341685 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is an age-associated neurodegenerative disorder producing progressive cognitive decline that interferes with normal life and daily activities. Neuropathologically, DLB is characterised by the accumulation of aggregated α-synuclein protein in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, similar to Parkinson’s disease (PD). Extrapyramidal motor features characteristic of PD, are common in DLB patients, but are not essential for the clinical diagnosis of DLB. Since many PD patients develop dementia as disease progresses, there has been controversy about the separation of DLB from PD dementia (PDD) and consensus reports have put forward guidelines to assist clinicians in the identification and management of both syndromes. Here, we present basic concepts and definitions, based on our current understanding, that should guide the community to address open questions that will, hopefully, lead us towards improved diagnosis and novel therapeutic strategies for DLB and other synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK. .,Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - David J Koss
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Daniel Erskine
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Lauren Walker
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Marzena Kurzawa-Akanbi
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - David Burn
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Paul Donaghy
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Christopher Morris
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - John-Paul Taylor
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Alan Thomas
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Johannes Attems
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Ian McKeith
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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7
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Jewett M, Dickson E, Brolin K, Negrini M, Jimenez-Ferrer I, Swanberg M. Glutathione S-Transferase Alpha 4 Prevents Dopamine Neurodegeneration in a Rat Alpha-Synuclein Model of Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2018; 9:222. [PMID: 29681884 PMCID: PMC5897443 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common, progressive neurodegenerative disease, which typically presents itself with a range of motor symptoms, like resting tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity, but also non-motor symptoms such as fatigue, constipation, and sleep disturbance. Neuropathologically, PD is characterized by loss of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and Lewy bodies, neuronal inclusions containing α-synuclein (α-syn). Mutations and copy number variations of SNCA, the gene encoding α-syn, are linked to familial PD and common SNCA gene variants are associated to idiopathic PD. Large-scale genome-wide association studies have identified risk variants across another 40 loci associated to idiopathic PD. These risk variants do not, however, explain all the genetic contribution to idiopathic PD. The rat Vra1 locus has been linked to neuroprotection after nerve- and brain injury in rats. Vra1 includes the glutathione S-transferase alpha 4 (Gsta4) gene, which encodes a protein involved in clearing lipid peroxidation by-products. The DA.VRA1 congenic rat strain, carrying PVG alleles in Vra1 on a DA strain background, was recently reported to express higher levels of Gsta4 transcripts and to display partial neuroprotection of SNpc dopaminergic neurons in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced model for PD. Since α-syn expression increases the risk for PD in a dose-dependent manner, we assessed the neuroprotective effects of Vra1 in an α-syn-induced PD model. Human wild-type α-syn was overexpressed by unilateral injections of the rAAV6-α-syn vector in the SNpc of DA and DA.VRA1 congenic rats. Gsta4 gene expression levels were significantly higher in the striatum and midbrain of DA.VRA1 compared to DA rats at 3 weeks post surgery, in both the ipsilateral and contralateral sides. At 8 weeks post surgery, DA.VRA1 rats suffered significantly lower fiber loss in the striatum and lower loss of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc compared to DA. Immunofluorescent stainings showed co-expression of Gsta4 with Gfap at 8 weeks suggesting that astrocytic expression of Gsta4 underlies Vra1-mediated neuroprotection to α-syn induced pathology. This is the second PD model in which Vra1 is linked to protection of the nigrostriatal pathway, solidifying Gsta4 as a potential therapeutic target in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jewett
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elna Dickson
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kajsa Brolin
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Matilde Negrini
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Itzia Jimenez-Ferrer
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Swanberg
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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8
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Vergouw LJ, van Steenoven I, van de Berg WD, Teunissen CE, van Swieten JC, Bonifati V, Lemstra AW, de Jong FJ. An update on the genetics of dementia with Lewy bodies. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2017; 43:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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10
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Kasten M, Marras C, Klein C. Nonmotor Signs in Genetic Forms of Parkinson's Disease. International Review of Neurobiology 2017; 133:129-178. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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La Cognata V, Morello G, D'Agata V, Cavallaro S. Copy number variability in Parkinson's disease: assembling the puzzle through a systems biology approach. Hum Genet 2017; 136:13-37. [PMID: 27896429 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder of aging, was long believed to be a non-genetic sporadic origin syndrome. The proof that several genetic loci are responsible for rare Mendelian forms has represented a revolutionary breakthrough, enabling to reveal molecular mechanisms underlying this debilitating still incurable condition. While single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and small indels constitute the most commonly investigated DNA variations accounting for only a limited number of PD cases, larger genomic molecular rearrangements have emerged as significant PD-causing mutations, including submicroscopic Copy Number Variations (CNVs). CNVs constitute a prevalent source of genomic variations and substantially participate in each individual’s genomic makeup and phenotypic outcome. However, the majority of genetic studies have focused their attention on single candidate-gene mutations or on common variants reaching a significant statistical level of acceptance. This gene-centric approach is insufficient to uncover the genetic background of polygenic multifactorial disorders like PD, and potentially masks rare individual CNVs that all together might contribute to disease development or progression. In this review, we will discuss literature and bioinformatic data describing the involvement of CNVs on PD pathobiology. We will analyze the most frequent copy number changes in familiar PD genes and provide a “systems biology” overview of rare individual rearrangements that could functionally act on commonly deregulated molecular pathways. Assessing the global genome-wide burden of CNVs in PD patients may reveal new disease-related molecular mechanisms, and open the window to a new possible genetic scenario in the unsolved PD puzzle.
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12
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Tambasco N, Nigro P, Romoli M, Prontera P, Simoni S, Calabresi P. A53T in a parkinsonian family: a clinical update of the SNCA phenotypes. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:1301-1307. [PMID: 27250986 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1578-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 15 % of PD patients with Parkinson Disease (PD) have the familial type and 5-10 % of these are known to have monogenic forms with either an autosomal dominant or a recessive inheritance pattern. Here, we report on a family carrying the A53T SNCA mutation and we review SNCA mutation phenotypes by comparing point mutations within each other as well as with duplication and triplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Tambasco
- Clinica Neurologica, Azienda Ospedaliera e Universitaria di Perugia, S.Andrea delle Fratte, 06156, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Nigro
- Clinica Neurologica, Azienda Ospedaliera e Universitaria di Perugia, S.Andrea delle Fratte, 06156, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Romoli
- Clinica Neurologica, Azienda Ospedaliera e Universitaria di Perugia, S.Andrea delle Fratte, 06156, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Prontera
- Servizio di Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Simone Simoni
- Clinica Neurologica, Azienda Ospedaliera e Universitaria di Perugia, S.Andrea delle Fratte, 06156, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Clinica Neurologica, Azienda Ospedaliera e Universitaria di Perugia, S.Andrea delle Fratte, 06156, Perugia, Italy.,I.R.C.C.S. Fondazione S.Lucia, Rome, Italy
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13
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Hernandez DG, Reed X, Singleton AB. Genetics in Parkinson disease: Mendelian versus non-Mendelian inheritance. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 1:59-74. [PMID: 27090875 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common, progressive neurodegenerative disorder, affecting 3% of those older than 75 years of age. Clinically, Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with resting tremor, postural instability, rigidity, bradykinesia, and a good response to levodopa therapy. Over the last 15 years, numerous studies have confirmed that genetic factors contribute to the complex pathogenesis of PD. Highly penetrant mutations producing rare, monogenic forms of the disease have been discovered in singular genes such as SNCA, Parkin, DJ-1, PINK 1, LRRK2, and VPS35. Unique variants with incomplete penetrance in LRRK2 and GBA have been shown to be strong risk factors for PD in certain populations. Additionally, over 20 common variants with small effect sizes are now recognized to modulate the risk for PD. Investigating Mendelian forms of PD has provided precious insight into the pathophysiology that underlies the more common idiopathic form of disease; however, no treatment methodologies have developed. Furthermore, for identified common risk alleles, the functional basis underlying risk principally remains unknown. The challenge over the next decade will be to strengthen the findings delivered through genetic discovery by assessing the direct, biological consequences of risk variants in tandem with additional high-content, integrated datasets. This review discusses monogenic risk factors and mechanisms of Mendelian inheritance of Parkinson disease. Highly penetrant mutations in SNCA, Parkin, DJ-1, PINK 1, LRRK2 and VPS35 produce rare, monogenic forms of the disease, while unique variants within LRRK2 and GBA show incomplete penetrance and are strong risk factors for PD. Additionally, over 20 common variants with small effect sizes modulate disease risk. The challenge over the next decade is to strengthen genetic findings by assessing direct, biological consequences of risk variants in tandem with high-content, integrated datasets. This article is part of a special issue on Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena G Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Xylena Reed
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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14
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Ferese R, Modugno N, Campopiano R, Santilli M, Zampatti S, Giardina E, Nardone A, Postorivo D, Fornai F, Novelli G, Romoli E, Ruggieri S, Gambardella S. Four Copies of SNCA Responsible for Autosomal Dominant Parkinson's Disease in Two Italian Siblings. Parkinsons Dis 2015; 2015:546462. [PMID: 26635992 DOI: 10.1155/2015/546462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background. Parkinson's disease (PD) is mostly characterized by alpha-synuclein (SNCA) aggregation and loss of nigrostriatal dopamine-containing neurons. In this study a novel SNCA multiplication is described in two siblings affected by severe parkinsonism featuring early onset dyskinesia, psychiatric symptoms, and cognitive deterioration. Methods. SNCA dosage was performed using High-Density Comparative Genomic Hybridization Array (CGH-Array), Multiple Ligation Dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA), and Quantitative PCR (qPCR). Genetic analysis was associated with clinical evaluation. Results. Genetic analysis of siblings showed for the first time a 351 Kb triplication containing SNCA gene along with 6 exons of MMRN1 gene in 4q22.1 and a duplication of 1,29 Mb of a genomic region flanking the triplication. Conclusions. The identification of this family indicates a novel mechanism of SNCA gene multiplication, which confirms the genomic instability in this region and provides data on the genotype-phenotype correlation in PD patients.
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Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is the second most abundant glycerophospholipid in eukaryotic cells. The existence of four only partially redundant biochemical pathways that produce PE, highlights the importance of this essential phospholipid. The CDP-ethanolamine and phosphatidylserine decarboxylase pathways occur in different subcellular compartments and are the main sources of PE in cells. Mammalian development fails upon ablation of either pathway. Once made, PE has diverse cellular functions that include serving as a precursor for phosphatidylcholine and a substrate for important posttranslational modifications, influencing membrane topology, and promoting cell and organelle membrane fusion, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial biogenesis, and autophagy. The importance of PE metabolism in mammalian health has recently emerged following its association with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, nonalcoholic liver disease, and the virulence of certain pathogenic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Calzada
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ouma Onguka
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven M Claypool
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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16
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17
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Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD; MIM 168600) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a variety of motor and non-motor features. To date, at least 20 loci and 15 disease-causing genes for parkinsonism have been identified. Among them, the α-synuclein (SNCA) gene was associated with PARK1/PARK4. Point mutations, duplications and triplications in the SNCA gene cause a rare dominant form of PD in familial and sporadic PD cases. The α-synuclein protein, a member of the synuclein family, is abundantly expressed in the brain. The protein is the major component of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in dopaminergic neurons in PD. Further understanding of its role in the pathogenesis of PD through various genetic techniques and animal models will likely provide new insights into our understanding, therapy and prevention of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Tongzipo Road 138, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China.
| | - Lamei Yuan
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Tongzipo Road 138, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
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18
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Abstract
Fifteen years of genetic research in Parkinson's disease (PD) have led to the identification of several monogenic forms of the disorder and of numerous genetic risk factors increasing the risk to develop PD. Monogenic forms, caused by a single mutation in a dominantly or recessively inherited gene, are well-established, albeit relatively rare types of PD. They collectively account for about 30% of the familial and 3%-5% of the sporadic cases. In this article, we will summarize the current knowledge and understanding of the molecular genetics of PD. In brief, we will review familial forms of PD, basic genetic principles of inheritance (and their exceptions in PD), followed by current methods for the identification of PD genes and risk factors, and implications for genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Klein
- Section of Clinical and Molecular Neurogenetics at the Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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19
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Elia AE, Petrucci S, Fasano A, Guidi M, Valbonesi S, Bernardini L, Consoli F, Ferraris A, Albanese A, Valente EM. Alpha-synuclein gene duplication: Marked intrafamilial variability in two novel pedigrees. Mov Disord 2013; 28:813-7. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.25518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio E. Elia
- Neurologia I, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Milano Italy
| | - Simona Petrucci
- Mendel Laboratory, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza; San Giovanni Rotondo Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Sapienza University; Rome Italy
| | - Alfonso Fasano
- Movement Disorders Center, TWH, UHN, Division of Neurology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Marco Guidi
- Unit of Neurology, Azienda Ospedaliera San Salvatore; Pesaro Italy
| | - Stefano Valbonesi
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging; Gabriele d'Annunzio University; Chieti Italy
| | - Laura Bernardini
- Mendel Laboratory, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza; San Giovanni Rotondo Italy
| | - Federica Consoli
- Mendel Laboratory, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza; San Giovanni Rotondo Italy
| | - Alessandro Ferraris
- Mendel Laboratory, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza; San Giovanni Rotondo Italy
| | - Alberto Albanese
- Neurologia I, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Milano Italy
- Movement Disorders Center, TWH, UHN, Division of Neurology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Mendel Laboratory, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza; San Giovanni Rotondo Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery; University of Salerno; Salerno Italy
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20
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Kasten M, Klein C. The many faces of alpha-synuclein mutations. Mov Disord 2013; 28:697-701. [PMID: 23674458 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first description of alpha-synuclein (SNCA) mutations in 1997, this gene has probably become the most intensely investigated one associated with monogenic Parkinson disease (PD). Prompted by the finding of a novel SNCA mutation, H50Q, we systematically explored the 145 published SNCA mutation carriers for a possible mutation (type)-specific clinical expression, which appears to be rather unique to SNCA mutations compared with other PD genes. The A53T mutation is associated with an approximately 10-year earlier age at onset than the other 3 known missense mutations, including the new H50Q mutation. Similarly, SNCA triplication carriers have an approximately 10-year earlier onset and a more rapid disease course than duplication carriers, who, overall closely resemble patients with idiopathic PD. Furthermore, higher order SNCA multiplications are associated with additional neurologic features, such as myoclonus. For the nonmotor features, their mere frequency appears less striking than their severity, with an early age of onset of depression or dementia, suicidal ideation, and multimodal hallucinations. We conclude that, (1) although SNCA mutations are a rare cause of PD, it remains worth testing for new mutations in this gene; (2) a differential view of SNCA mutations and variants may allow important pathophysiologic inferences even beyond monogenic PD and is warranted in the context of clinical counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Kasten
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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21
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Itokawa K, Sekine T, Funayama M, Tomiyama H, Fukui M, Yamamoto T, Tamura N, Matsuda H, Hattori N, Araki N. A case of α-synuclein gene duplication presenting with head-shaking movements. Mov Disord 2012; 28:384-7. [PMID: 23124679 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PARK4 is a candidate locus for familial Parkinson's disease (PD), combined with multiplication of the α-synuclein gene (SNCA). The eventual phenotype is dependent on the copy number of SNCA. Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are also causative of parkinsonism. This report describes a man who presented at our hospital complaining of a stagger after running and difficulty in handling the mouse of a personal computer, having suffered tremors since his twenties. Nine months after treatment and discharge, he developed titubation and began to drag his right foot. METHODS We examined the patient's family pedigree for SNCA dosage, using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We also screened this pedigree for mutations in parkin and LRRK2, using gene-sequencing techniques. RESULTS We identified the proband, his sister, and his paternal uncle as carrying a duplication of SNCA. In addition, we found that the proband and his mother carried the G2385R variant of the LRRK2, a strong risk factor for PD in Asians and the rare V1450I variant, although only the proband showed symptoms of parkinsonism. No mutations were found in parkin. CONCLUSIONS The combination of SNCA gene duplication and LRRK2 G2385R variant may explain the early onset of disease in this patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Itokawa
- Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.
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22
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Devine MJ, Gwinn K, Singleton A, Hardy J. Parkinson's disease and α-synuclein expression. Mov Disord 2011; 26:2160-8. [PMID: 21887711 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies of Parkinson's disease over the last decade or more have revolutionized our understanding of this condition. α-Synuclein was the first gene to be linked to Parkinson's disease, and is arguably the most important: the protein is the principal constituent of Lewy bodies, and variation at its locus is the major genetic risk factor for sporadic disease. Intriguingly, duplications and triplications of the locus, as well as point mutations, cause familial disease. Therefore, subtle alterations of α-synuclein expression can manifest with a dramatic phenotype. We outline the clinical impact of α-synuclein locus multiplications, and the implications that this has for Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Finally, we discuss potential strategies for disease-modifying therapies for this currently incurable disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Devine
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
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23
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Lesage S, Brice A. Basi molecolari del morbo di Parkinson. Neurologia 2010; 10:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(10)70497-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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24
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Abstract
Research in Parkinson's disease (PD) genetics has been extremely prolific over the past decade. More than 13 loci and 9 genes have been identified, but their implication in PD is not always certain. Point mutations, duplications and triplications in the alpha-synuclein (SNCA) gene cause a rare dominant form of PD in familial and sporadic cases. Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are a more frequent cause of autosomal dominant PD, particularly in certain ethnic groups. Loss-of-function mutations in Parkin, PINK1, DJ-1 and ATP13A2 cause autosomal recessive parkinsonism with early-onset. Identification of other Mendelian forms of PD will be a main challenge for the next decade. In addition, susceptibility variants that contribute to PD have been identified in several populations, such as polymorphisms in the SNCA, LRRK2 genes and heterozygous mutations in the beta-glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene. Genome-wide associations and re-sequencing projects, together with gene-environment interaction studies, are expected to further define the causal role of genetic determinants in the pathogenesis of PD, and improve prevention and treatment.
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