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Seitzman BA, Reynoso FJ, Mitchell TJ, Bice AR, Jarang A, Wang X, Mpoy C, Strong L, Rogers BE, Yuede CM, Rubin JB, Perkins SM, Bauer AQ. Functional network disorganization and cognitive decline following fractionated whole-brain radiation in mice. GeroScience 2024; 46:543-562. [PMID: 37749370 PMCID: PMC10828348 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00944-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction following radiotherapy (RT) is one of the most common complications associated with RT delivered to the brain, but the precise mechanisms behind this dysfunction are not well understood, and to date, there are no preventative measures or effective treatments. To improve patient outcomes, a better understanding of the effects of radiation on the brain's functional systems is required. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has shown promise in this regard, however, compared to neural activity, hemodynamic measures of brain function are slow and indirect. Understanding how RT acutely and chronically affects functional brain organization requires more direct examination of temporally evolving neural dynamics as they relate to cerebral hemodynamics for bridging with human studies. In order to adequately study the underlying mechanisms of RT-induced cognitive dysfunction, the development of clinically mimetic RT protocols in animal models is needed. To address these challenges, we developed a fractionated whole-brain RT protocol (3Gy/day for 10 days) and applied longitudinal wide field optical imaging (WFOI) of neural and hemodynamic brain activity at 1, 2, and 3 months post RT. At each time point, mice were subject to repeated behavioral testing across a variety of sensorimotor and cognitive domains. Disruptions in cortical neuronal and hemodynamic activity observed 1 month post RT were significantly worsened by 3 months. While broad changes were observed in functional brain organization post RT, brain regions most impacted by RT occurred within those overlapping with the mouse default mode network and other association areas similar to prior reports in human subjects. Further, significant cognitive deficits were observed following tests of novel object investigation and responses to auditory and contextual cues after fear conditioning. Our results fill a much-needed gap in understanding the effects of whole-brain RT on systems level brain organization and how RT affects neuronal versus hemodynamic signaling in the cortex. Having established a clinically-relevant injury model, future studies can examine therapeutic interventions designed to reduce neuroinflammation-based injury following RT. Given the overlap of sequelae that occur following RT with and without chemotherapy, these tools can also be easily incorporated to examine chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Seitzman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 4921 Parkview Place, Campus Box 8224, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Francisco J Reynoso
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 4921 Parkview Place, Campus Box 8224, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Timothy J Mitchell
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 4921 Parkview Place, Campus Box 8224, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Annie R Bice
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Anmol Jarang
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Cedric Mpoy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 4921 Parkview Place, Campus Box 8224, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Lori Strong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 4921 Parkview Place, Campus Box 8224, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Buck E Rogers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 4921 Parkview Place, Campus Box 8224, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Carla M Yuede
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joshua B Rubin
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephanie M Perkins
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 4921 Parkview Place, Campus Box 8224, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Adam Q Bauer
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Kim DY, Kim JS, Seo YS, Park WY, Kim BH, Hong EH, Kim JY, Cho SJ, Rhee HY, Kim A, Kim KY, Oh DJ, Chung WK. Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety Using Low Dose Radiation Therapy with Alzheimer's Disease: A Protocol for Multicenter Phase II Clinical Trial. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 95:1263-1272. [PMID: 37638435 PMCID: PMC10578208 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is a neurodegenerative disease resulting from extracellular and intracellular deposits of amyloid-β (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Although many clinical studies evaluating pharmacological approaches have been conducted, most have shown disappointing results; thus, innovative strategies other than drugs have been actively attempted. OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore low-dose radiation therapy (LDRT) for the treatment of patients with AD based on preclinical evidence, case reports, and a small pilot trial in humans. METHODS This study is a phase II, multicenter, prospective, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial that will evaluate the efficacy and safety of LDRT to the whole brain using a linear accelerator in patients with mild AD. Sixty participants will be randomly assigned to three groups: experimental I (24 cGy/6 fractions), experimental II (300 cGy/6 fractions), or sham RT group (0 cGy/6 fractions). During LDRT and follow-up visits after LDRT, possible adverse events will be assessed by the physician's interview and neurological examinations. Furthermore, the effectiveness of LDRT will be measured using neurocognitive function tests and imaging tools at 6 and 12 months after LDRT. We will also monitor the alterations in cytokines, Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, and tau levels in plasma. Our primary endpoint is the change in cognitive function test scores estimated by the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Korea compared to baseline after 6 months of LDRT. CONCLUSIONS This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov [NCT05635968] and is currently recruiting patients. This study will provide evidence that LDRT is a new treatment strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yun Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kyunghee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Sik Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Seok Seo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Woo-Yoon Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Byoung Hyuck Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Hong
- Radiation Health Research Institute, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Radiation Health Research Institute, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Jun Cho
- Radiation Health Research Institute, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Hak Young Rhee
- Department of Neurology, Kyunghee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Korea
| | - Aryun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Keun You Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Jong Oh
- Workplace Mental Health Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Weon Kuu Chung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kyunghee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Korea
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Goel H, Goyal K, Pandey AK, Benjamin M, Khan F, Pandey P, Mittan S, Iqbal D, Alsaweed M, Alturaiki W, Madkhali Y, Kamal MA, Tanwar P, Upadhyay TK. Elucidations of Molecular Mechanism and Mechanistic Effects of Environmental Toxicants in Neurological Disorders. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2023; 22:84-97. [PMID: 35352654 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220329103610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to rising environmental and global public health concerns associated with environmental contamination, human populations are continually being exposed to environmental toxicants, including physical chemical mutagens widespread in our environment causing adverse consequences and inducing a variety of neurological disorders in humans. Physical mutagens comprise ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, such as UV rays, IR rays, X-rays, which produces a broad spectrum of neuronal destruction, including neuroinflammation, genetic instability, enhanced oxidative stress driving mitochondrial damage in the human neuronal antecedent cells, cognitive impairment due to alterations in neuronal function, especially in synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis repression, modifications in mature neuronal networks drives to enhanced neurodegenerative risk. Chemical Mutagens including alkylating agents (EMS, NM, MMS, and NTG), Hydroxylamine, nitrous acid, sodium azide, halouracils are the major toxic mutagen in our environment and have been associated with neurological disorders. These chemical mutagens create dimers of pyrimidine that cause DNA damage that leads to ROS generation producing mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, genotoxicity which leads to increased neurodegenerative risk. The toxicity of four heavy metal including Cd, As, Pb, Hg is mostly responsible for complicated neurological disorders in humans. Cadmium exposure can enhance the permeability of the BBB and penetrate the brain, driving brain intracellular accumulation, cellular dysfunction, and cerebral edema. Arsenic exerts its toxic effect by induction of ROS production in neuronal cells. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanism and mechanistic effects of mutagens in the environment and their role in multiple neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Goel
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Keshav Goyal
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians Universitat, Munchen, Germany
| | - Avanish Kumar Pandey
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mercilena Benjamin
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Fahad Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, 19, Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida, India
| | - Pratibha Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, 19, Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida, India
| | - Sandeep Mittan
- Department of Cardiology, Ichan School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, USA
| | - Danish Iqbal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alsaweed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael Alturaiki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya Madkhali
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Bangladesh
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham NSW 2770, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
| | - Pranay Tanwar
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences and Cell Culture and Immunobiochemistry Lab, Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat 391760, India
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Cantabella E, Camilleri V, Cavalie I, Dubourg N, Gagnaire B, Charlier TD, Adam-Guillermin C, Cousin X, Armant O. Revealing the Increased Stress Response Behavior through Transcriptomic Analysis of Adult Zebrafish Brain after Chronic Low to Moderate Dose Rates of Ionizing Radiation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153793. [PMID: 35954455 PMCID: PMC9367516 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The increasing use of radiopharmaceuticals for medical diagnostics and radiotherapy raises concerns regarding health risks for both humans and the environment. Additionally, in the context of major nuclear accidents like in Chernobyl and Fukushima, very little is known about the effects of chronic exposure to low and moderate dose rates of ionizing radiation (IR). Many studies demonstrated the sensibility of the developmental brain, but little data exists for IR at low dose rates and their impact on adults. In this study, we characterized the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate stress behavior caused by chronic exposure to low to moderate dose rates of IR using the adult zebrafish model. We observed the establishment of a congruent stress response at both the molecular and individual levels. Abstract High levels of ionizing radiation (IR) are known to induce neurogenesis defects with harmful consequences on brain morphogenesis and cognitive functions, but the effects of chronic low to moderate dose rates of IR remain largely unknown. In this study, we aim at defining the main molecular pathways impacted by IR and how these effects can translate to higher organizational levels such as behavior. Adult zebrafish were exposed to gamma radiation for 36 days at 0.05 mGy/h, 0.5 mGy/h and 5 mGy/h. RNA sequencing was performed on the telencephalon and completed by RNA in situ hybridization that confirmed the upregulation of oxytocin and cone rod homeobox in the parvocellular preoptic nucleus. A dose rate-dependent increase in differentially expressed genes (DEG) was observed with 27 DEG at 0.05 mGy/h, 200 DEG at 0.5 mGy/h and 530 DEG at 5 mGy/h. Genes involved in neurotransmission, neurohormones and hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis functions were specifically affected, strongly suggesting their involvement in the stress response behavior observed after exposure to dose rates superior or equal to 0.5 mGy/h. At the individual scale, hypolocomotion, increased freezing and social stress were detected. Together, these data highlight the intricate interaction between neurohormones (and particularly oxytocin), neurotransmission and neurogenesis in response to chronic exposure to IR and the establishment of anxiety-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Cantabella
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Pôle Santé Environnement-Environnement (PSE-ENV)/Service de Recherche sur les Transferts et les Effets des Radionucléides sur les Ecosystèmes (SRTE)/Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Effets des Radionucléides sur les Ecosystèmes (LECO), Cadarache, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (O.A.)
| | - Virginie Camilleri
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Pôle Santé Environnement-Environnement (PSE-ENV)/Service de Recherche sur les Transferts et les Effets des Radionucléides sur les Ecosystèmes (SRTE)/Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Effets des Radionucléides sur les Ecosystèmes (LECO), Cadarache, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Isabelle Cavalie
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Pôle Santé Environnement-Environnement (PSE-ENV)/Service de Recherche sur les Transferts et les Effets des Radionucléides sur les Ecosystèmes (SRTE)/Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Effets des Radionucléides sur les Ecosystèmes (LECO), Cadarache, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Nicolas Dubourg
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Pôle Santé Environnement-Environnement (PSE-ENV)/Service de Recherche sur les Transferts et les Effets des Radionucléides sur les Ecosystèmes (SRTE)/Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Effets des Radionucléides sur les Ecosystèmes (LECO), Cadarache, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Béatrice Gagnaire
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Pôle Santé Environnement-Environnement (PSE-ENV)/Service de Recherche sur les Transferts et les Effets des Radionucléides sur les Ecosystèmes (SRTE)/Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Effets des Radionucléides sur les Ecosystèmes (LECO), Cadarache, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Thierry D. Charlier
- Univ. Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Christelle Adam-Guillermin
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Pôle Santé Environnement-Santé (PSE-Santé)/Service de Recherche en Dosimétrie (SDOS)/Laboratoire de Micro-Irradiation, de Métrologie et de Dosimétrie des Neutrons (LMDN), Cadarache, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Xavier Cousin
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, INRAE, 34250 Palavas Les Flots, France
| | - Oliver Armant
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Pôle Santé Environnement-Environnement (PSE-ENV)/Service de Recherche sur les Transferts et les Effets des Radionucléides sur les Ecosystèmes (SRTE)/Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Effets des Radionucléides sur les Ecosystèmes (LECO), Cadarache, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (O.A.)
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Ang MJ, Lee S, Wada M, Weerasinghe-Mudiyanselage PDE, Kim SH, Shin T, Jeon TI, Im SS, Moon C. SREBP-1c Deficiency Affects Hippocampal Micromorphometry and Hippocampus-Dependent Memory Ability in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6103. [PMID: 34198910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in structural and functional neuroplasticity have been implicated in various neurological disorders. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c is a critical regulatory molecule of lipid homeostasis in the brain. Recently, our findings have shown the potential involvement of SREBP-1c deficiency in the alteration of novel modulatory molecules in the hippocampus and occurrence of schizophrenia-like behaviors in mice. However, the possible underlying mechanisms, related to neuronal plasticity in the hippocampus, are yet to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the hippocampus-dependent memory function and neuronal architecture of hippocampal neurons in SREBP-1c knockout (KO) mice. During the passive avoidance test, SREBP-1c KO mice showed memory impairment. Based on Golgi staining, the dendritic complexity, length, and branch points were significantly decreased in the apical cornu ammonis (CA) 1, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG) subregions of the hippocampi of SREBP-1c KO mice, compared with those of wild-type (WT) mice. Additionally, significant decreases in the dendritic diameters were detected in the CA3 and DG subregions, and spine density was also significantly decreased in the apical CA3 subregion of the hippocampi of KO mice, compared with that of WT mice. Alterations in the proportions of stubby and thin-shaped dendritic spines were observed in the apical subcompartments of CA1 and CA3 in the hippocampi of KO mice. Furthermore, the corresponding differential decreases in the levels of SREBP-1 expression in the hippocampal subregions (particularly, a significant decrease in the level in the CA3) were detected by immunofluorescence. This study suggests that the contributions of SREBP-1c to the structural plasticity of the mouse hippocampus may have underlain the behavioral alterations. These findings offer insights into the critical role of SREBP-1c in hippocampal functioning in mice.
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Çınar S, Tümkaya L, Mercantepe T, Saral S, Rakıcı S, Yılmaz A, Topçu A, Şen A, Karakaş S. Can Dexmedetomidine Be Effective in the Protection of Radiotherapy-Induced Brain Damage in the Rat? Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1338-51. [PMID: 34057703 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 7 million people are reported to be undergoing radiotherapy (RT) at any one time in the world. However, it is still not possible to prevent damage to secondary organs that are off-target. This study, therefore, investigated the potential adverse effects of RT on the brain, using cognitive, histopathological, and biochemical methods, and the counteractive effect of the α2-adrenergic receptor agonist dexmedetomidine. Thirty-two male Sprague Dawley rats aged 5-6 months were randomly allocated into four groups: untreated control, and RT, RT + dexmedetomidine-100, and RT + dexmedetomidine-200-treated groups. The passive avoidance test was applied to all groups. The RT groups received total body X-ray irradiation as a single dose of 8 Gy. The rats were sacrificed 24 h after X-ray irradiation, and following the application of the passive avoidance test. The brain tissues were subjected to histological and biochemical evaluation. No statistically significant difference was found between the control and RT groups in terms of passive avoidance outcomes and 8-hydroxy-2'- deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) positivity. In contrast, a significant increase in tissue MDA and GSH levels and positivity for TUNEL, TNF-α, and nNOS was observed between the control and the irradiation groups (p < 0.05). A significant decrease in these values was observed in the groups receiving dexmedetomidine. Compared with the control group, gradual elevation was determined in GSH levels in the RT group, followed by the RT + dexmedetomidine-100 and RT + dexmedetomidine-200 groups. Dexmedetomidine may be beneficial in countering the adverse effects of RT in the cerebral and hippocampal regions.
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Sorokina SS, Malkov AE, Shubina LV, Zaichkina SI, Pikalov VA. Low dose of carbon ion irradiation induces early delayed cognitive impairments in mice. Radiat Environ Biophys 2021; 60:61-71. [PMID: 33392787 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-020-00889-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
People often encounter various sources of ionizing radiation, both in modern medicine and under various environmental conditions, such as space travel, nuclear power plants or in conditions of man-made disasters that may lead to long-term cognitive impairment. Whilst the effect of exposure to low and high doses of gamma and X-radiation on the central nervous system (CNS) has been well investigated, the consequences of protons and heavy ions irradiation are quite different and poorly understood. As for the assessment of long-term effects of carbon ions on cognitive abilities and neurodegeneration, very few data appeared in the literature. The main object of the research is to investigate the effects of accelerated carbon ions on the cognitive function. Experiments were performed on male SHK mice at an age of two months. Mice were irradiated with a dose of 0.7 Gy of accelerated carbon ions with an energy of 450 meV/n in spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) on a U-70 particle accelerator (Protvino, Russia). Two months after the irradiation, mice were tested for total activity, spatial learning, as well as long- and short-term hippocampus-dependent memory. One month after the evaluation of cognitive activity, histological analysis of dorsal hippocampus was carried out to assess its morphological state and to reveal late neuronal degeneration. It was found that the mice irradiated with accelerated carbon ions develop an altered behavioral pattern characterized by anxiety and a shortage in hippocampal-dependent memory retention, but not in episodic memory. Nissl staining revealed a reduction in the number of cells in the dorsal hippocampus of irradiated mice, with the most pronounced reduction in cell density observed in the dentate gyrus (DG) hilus. Also, the length of the CA3 field of the dorsal hippocampus was significantly reduced, and the number of cells in it was moderately decreased. Experiments with the use of Fluoro-Jade B (FJB) staining revealed no FJB-positive regions in the dorsal hippocampus of irradiated and control animals 3 months after the irradiation. Thus, no morbid cells were detected in irradiated and control groups. The results obtained indicate that total irradiation with a low dose of carbon ions can produce a cognitive deficit in adult mice without evidence of neurodegenerative pathologic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Sorokina
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics Russian Academy of Sciences (ITEB RAS), Pushchino, Russia.
| | - A E Malkov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics Russian Academy of Sciences (ITEB RAS), Pushchino, Russia
| | - L V Shubina
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics Russian Academy of Sciences (ITEB RAS), Pushchino, Russia
| | - S I Zaichkina
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics Russian Academy of Sciences (ITEB RAS), Pushchino, Russia
| | - V A Pikalov
- Institute of High Energy Physics Named by A.A. Logunov of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Protvino, Russia
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Wang Q, Xie C, Xi S, Qian F, Peng X, Huang J, Tang F. Radioprotective Effect of Flavonoids on Ionizing Radiation-Induced Brain Damage. Molecules 2020; 25:E5719. [PMID: 33287417 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients receiving brain radiotherapy may suffer acute or chronic side effects. Ionizing radiation induces the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the central nervous system, leading to brain damage. Complementary Chinese herbal medicine therapy may reduce radiotherapy-induced side effects. Flavonoids are a class of natural products which can be extracted from Chinese herbal medicine and have been shown to have neuroprotective and radioprotective properties. Flavonoids are effective antioxidants and can also inhibit regulatory enzymes or transcription factors important for controlling inflammatory mediators, affect oxidative stress through interaction with DNA and enhance genomic stability. In this paper, radiation-induced brain damage and the relevant molecular mechanism were summarized. The radio-neuro-protective effect of flavonoids, i.e., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and maintaining genomic stability, were then reviewed. We concluded that flavonoids treatment may be a promising complementary therapy to prevent radiotherapy-induced brain pathophysiological changes and cognitive impairment.
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Ang MJ, Kang S, Moon C. Melatonin alters neuronal architecture and increases cysteine-rich protein 1 signaling in the male mouse hippocampus. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:2333-2348. [PMID: 32754943 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal plasticity describes changes in structure, function, and connections of neurons. The hippocampus, in particular, has been shown to exhibit considerable plasticity regarding both physiological and morphological functions. Melatonin, a hormone released by the pineal gland, promotes cell survival and dendrite maturation of neurons in the newborn brain and protects against neurological disorders. In this study, we investigated the effect of exogenous melatonin on neuronal architecture and its possible mechanism in the hippocampus of adult male C57BL/6 mice. Melatonin treatment significantly increased the total length and complexity of dendrites in the apical and basal cornu ammonis (CA) 1 and in the dentate gyrus in mouse hippocampi. Spine density in CA1 apical dendrites was increased, but no significant differences in other subregions were observed. In primary cultured hippocampal neurons, the length and arborization of neurites were significantly augmented by melatonin treatment. Additionally, western blot and immunohistochemical analyses in both in vivo and in vitro systems revealed significant increases in the level of cysteine-rich protein 1 (crp-1) protein, which is known to be involved in dendritic branching in mouse hippocampal neurons after melatonin treatment. Our results suggest that exogenous melatonin leads to significant alterations of neuronal micromorphometry in the adult hippocampus, possibly via crp-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jasmin Ang
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sohi Kang
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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Zhang X, Liu W, Cao Y, Tan W. Hippocampus Proteomics and Brain Lipidomics Reveal Network Dysfunction and Lipid Molecular Abnormalities in APP/PS1 Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:3427-3437. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueju Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
- Postdoctoral Innovation Base, Zhuhai Yuanzhi Health Technology Co. Ltd., Hengqin New Area, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- College of Biomedicine, Guangdong University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yan Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
- Postdoctoral Innovation Base, Zhuhai Yuanzhi Health Technology Co. Ltd., Hengqin New Area, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Wen Tan
- Postdoctoral Innovation Base, Zhuhai Yuanzhi Health Technology Co. Ltd., Hengqin New Area, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
- College of Biomedicine, Guangdong University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
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11
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Feng P, Wu Z, Liu H, Shen Y, Yao X, Li X, Shen Z. Electroacupuncture Improved Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion-Induced Anxiety-Like Behavior and Memory Impairments in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats by Downregulating the ACE/Ang II/AT1R Axis and Upregulating the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR Axis. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:9076042. [PMID: 32184813 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9076042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) can effectively alleviate anxiety disorders and memory impairments caused by various neurodegenerative diseases; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying its neuroprotective effects are unclear. Previous studies have shown that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) comprises of two axes with mutual antagonism: the classical angiotensin converting enzyme/angiotensin II/angiotensin II type 1 receptor (ACE/Ang II/AT1R) axis and the protective angiotensin converting enzyme 2/angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas receptor (ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR) axis. In this study, we observed that chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) mediated anxiety-like behavior and memory impairments in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) via upregulation of the hippocampal classical axis (ACE/Ang II/AT1R) and the partial hippocampal protective axis (ACE2/Ang-(1-7)). However, Ang II levels were much higher than those of Ang-(1–7), indicating that the ACE/Ang II/AT1R axis plays a dominant role in the comorbidity of CCH and hypertension. Moreover, candesartan cilexetil (Canc) and perindopril (Peril) were used as positive control drugs. We found that EA, Canc, and Peril attenuated CCH-induced anxiety-like behavior and memory impairments in SHR, potentially via downregulation of the hippocampal classical axis (ACE/Ang II/AT1R) and upregulation of the whole hippocampal protective axis (ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR). These results suggest that EA therapy for CCH with hypertension may be mediated by two hippocampal RAS axes.
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Pipová Kokošová N, Kisková T, Vilhanová K, Štafuriková A, Jendželovský R, Račeková E, Šmajda B. Melatonin mitigates hippocampal and cognitive impairments caused by prenatal irradiation. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:3575-3594. [PMID: 31985866 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Formation of new neurons and glial cells in the brain is taking place in mammals not only during prenatal embryogenesis but also during adult life. As an enhancer of oxidative stress, ionizing radiation represents a potent inhibitor of neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the brain. It is known that the pineal hormone melatonin is a potent free radical scavenger and counteracts inflammation and apoptosis in brain injuries. The aim of our study was to establish the effects of melatonin on cells in the hippocampus and selected forms of behaviour in prenatally irradiated rats. The male progeny of irradiated (1 Gy of gamma rays; n = 38) and sham-irradiated mothers (n = 19), aged 3 weeks or 2 months, were used in the experiment. Melatonin was administered daily in drinking water (4 mg/kg b. w.) to a subset of animals from each age group. Prenatal irradiation markedly suppressed proliferative activity in the dentate gyrus in both age groups. Melatonin significantly increased the number of proliferative BrdU-positive cells in hilus of young irradiated animals, and the number of mature NeuN-positive neurons in hilus and granular cell layer of the dentate gyrus in these rats and in CA1 region of adult irradiated rats. Moreover, melatonin significantly improved the spatial memory impaired by irradiation, assessed in Morris water maze. A significant correlation between the number of proliferative cells and cognitive performances was found, too. Our study indicates that melatonin may decrease the loss of hippocampal neurons in the CA1 region and improve cognitive abilities after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Pipová Kokošová
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Terézia Kisková
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Katarína Vilhanová
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrea Štafuriková
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Rastislav Jendželovský
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Enikő Račeková
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Beňadik Šmajda
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
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13
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Eydipour Z, Nasehi M, Vaseghi S, Jamaldini SH, Zarrindast MR. The role of 5-HT4 serotonin receptors in the CA1 hippocampal region on memory acquisition impairment induced by total (TSD) and REM sleep deprivation (RSD). Physiol Behav 2019; 215:112788. [PMID: 31863855 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is a circadian rhythm that is modulated by endogenous circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Sleep modulates memory acquisition and promotes memory consolidation. Studies have shown that sleep deprivation (SD) impairs different types of memory including passive avoidance. Furthermore, the hippocampus plays a significant role in modulating passive avoidance memory. On the other hand, 5-HT4 receptors are expressed in the hippocampus and involved in learning and memory processes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of CA1 hippocampal 5-HT4 receptors in memory acquisition impairment induced by total sleep deprivation (TSD: 24 h) and REM sleep deprivation (RSD: 24 h). The water box apparatus was used to induce TSD, while multi-platform apparatus was applied to induce RSD. Passive avoidance memory test was also used to evaluate memory acquisition. The results showed that, intra-CA1 pre-training injection of RS67333 (5-HT4 agonist) and RS23597 (5-HT4 antagonist) at the doses of 0.01 and 0.1 µg/rat decreased memory acquisition, but did not alter pain perception and locomotor activity. Furthermore, TSD and RSD decreased memory acquisition; however, only TSD decreased locomotor activity and induced analgesic effect. The sub-threshold doses of RS67333 and RS23597, 0.001 and 0.0001 µg/rat, respectively, reversed the effect of TSD on memory acquisition and locomotor activity. In addition, only RS23597 reversed TSD-induced analgesia. In RSD condition, the subthreshold dose of RS23597 improved RSD-induced memory acquisition deficit. In conclusion, CA1 hippocampal 5-HT4 receptors play an important role in TSD/RSD-induced cognitive alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Eydipour
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nasehi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Salar Vaseghi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hamid Jamaldini
- Department of Genetic, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroendocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Yang B, Figueroa DM, Hou Y, Babbar M, Baringer SL, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. NEIL1 stimulates neurogenesis and suppresses neuroinflammation after stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 141:47-58. [PMID: 31175982 PMCID: PMC7526462 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular exposure to ionizing radiation leads to oxidatively generated DNA damage, which has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. DNA damage is repaired by the evolutionarily conserved base excision repair (BER) system. Exposure of mice to ionizing radiation affects neurogenesis and neuroinflammation. However, the consequences of deficient DNA repair on adult neurogenesis and neuroinflammation are poorly understood despite their potential relevance for homeostasis. We previously reported that loss of NEIL1, an important DNA glycosylase involved in BER, is associated with deficiencies in spatial memory, olfaction, and protection against ischemic stroke in mice. Here, we show that Neil1-/- mice display an anxiety-mediated behavior in the open field test, a deficient recognitive memory in novel object recognition and increased neuroinflammatory response under basal conditions. Further, mice lacking NEIL1 have decreased neurogenesis and deficient resolution of neuroinflammation following gamma irradiation (IR)-induced stress compared to WT mice. Neil1-/- IR-exposed mice also exhibit increased DNA damage and apoptosis in the hippocampus. Interestingly, behavioral tests two weeks after IR showed impaired stress response in the Neil1-/- mice. Our data indicate that NEIL1 plays an important role in adult neurogenesis and in the resolution of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beimeng Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - David M Figueroa
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Yujun Hou
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Mansi Babbar
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Stephanie L Baringer
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Deborah L Croteau
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA; Danish Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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15
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Ueno H, Suemitsu S, Murakami S, Kitamura N, Wani K, Matsumoto Y, Okamoto M, Ishihara T. Region-specific reduction of parvalbumin neurons and behavioral changes in adult mice following single exposure to cranial irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:611-625. [PMID: 30601685 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1564081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ionizing irradiation has several long-term effects including progressive cognitive impairment. Cognitive deterioration generally appears to be caused by abnormalities in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, with abnormal function of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PV neurons) in the cerebral cortex. PV neurons are vulnerable to oxidative stress, which can be caused by ionizing irradiation. We speculated that selective impairment of specific brain regions due to ionizing irradiation may alter the degree of cognitive impairment. METHODS We irradiated mature mouse brains with 20 Gy-ionizing irradiation. Subsequently, we analyzed behavioral abnormalities and changes in the number of PV neurons. RESULTS PV neuron density was significantly lower in some cortical regions of irradiated mice than in control mice. Within 1 week of irradiation, both body weight and temperature of irradiated mice decreased. In the forced swim test, irradiated mice spent significantly less time immobile than did control mice. However, irradiated mice did not display any abnormalities in the elevated plus maze test, Y-maze test, tail suspension test, and social interaction test between 3 to 6 days after irradiation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that high-dose irradiation is less likely to cause brain dysfunction in the subacute phase. Moreover, the vulnerability of PV neurons appears to be brain-region specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueno
- a Department of Medical Technology , Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare , Okayama , Japan.,b Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences , Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
| | - Shunsuke Suemitsu
- c Department of Psychiatry , Kawasaki Medical School , Kurashiki , Japan
| | - Shinji Murakami
- c Department of Psychiatry , Kawasaki Medical School , Kurashiki , Japan
| | - Naoya Kitamura
- c Department of Psychiatry , Kawasaki Medical School , Kurashiki , Japan
| | - Kenta Wani
- c Department of Psychiatry , Kawasaki Medical School , Kurashiki , Japan
| | - Yosuke Matsumoto
- d Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
| | - Motoi Okamoto
- b Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences , Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishihara
- c Department of Psychiatry , Kawasaki Medical School , Kurashiki , Japan
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Peng S, Yang B, Duan MY, Liu ZW, Wang WF, Zhang XZ, Ren BX, Tang FR. The Disparity of Impairment of Neurogenesis and Cognition After Acute or Fractionated Radiation Exposure in Adolescent BALB/c Mice. Dose Response 2019; 17:1559325818822574. [PMID: 30670940 PMCID: PMC6327339 DOI: 10.1177/1559325818822574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of acute X-ray irradiation with 2 Gy or fractionated exposure with 0.2 Gy continuously for 10 days (0.2 Gy × 10 = 2 Gy) was evaluated in the postnatal day 21 (P21) BALB/c mouse model. Both acute and fractionated irradiation induced impairment of cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus labeled by Ki67 and doublecortin, respectively. Parvalbumin immunopositive interneurons in the subgranular zone were also reduced significantly. However, the 2 patterns of irradiation did not affect animal weight gain when measured at ages of P90 and P180 or 69 and 159 days after irradiation. Behavioral tests indicated that neither acute nor fractionated irradiation with a total dose of 2 Gy induced deficits in the contextual fear or spatial memory and memory for novel object recognition. Animal motor activity was also not affected in the open-field test. The disparity of the impairment of neurogenesis and unaffected cognition suggests that the severity of impairment of neurogenesis induced by acute or fractionated irradiation with a total dose of 2 Gy at P21 may not be worse enough to induce the deficit of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Peng
- Health Center of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Yun Duan
- Health Center of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Zi Wei Liu
- Health Center of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Feng Wang
- Health Center of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Xiang Zhi Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Xu Ren
- Health Center of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Ru Tang
- Radiation Physiology Laboratory, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Lee HJ, Son Y, Lee M, Moon C, Kim SH, Shin IS, Yang M, Bae S, Kim JS. Sodium butyrate prevents radiation-induced cognitive impairment by restoring pCREB/BDNF expression. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1530-1535. [PMID: 31089051 PMCID: PMC6557090 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.255974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium butyrate is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that affects various types of brain damages. To investigate the effects of sodium butyrate on hippocampal dysfunction that occurs after whole-brain irradiation in animal models and the effect of sodium butyrate on radiation exposure-induced cognitive impairments, adult C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally treated with 0.6 g/kg sodium butyrate before exposure to 10 Gy cranial irradiation. Cognitive impairment in adult C57BL/6 mice was evaluated via an object recognition test 30 days after irradiation. We also detected the expression levels of neurogenic cell markers (doublecortin) and phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein/brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Radiation-exposed mice had decreased cognitive function and hippocampal doublecortin and phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein/brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression. Sodium butyrate pretreatment reversed these changes. These findings suggest that sodium butyrate can improve radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction through inhibiting the decrease in hippocampal phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein/brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression. The study procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Korea Institute of Radiological Medical Sciences (approval No. KIRAMS16-0002) on December 30, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae June Lee
- Division of Basic Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (KIRMAS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonghoon Son
- Division of Basic Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (KIRMAS), Seoul; National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyoung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - In Sik Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Miyoung Yang
- School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwoo Bae
- Division of Basic Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (KIRMAS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Sun Kim
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (DIRAMS), Busan, Republic of Korea
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Peng XC, Huang JR, Wang SW, Liu L, Liu ZZ, Sethi G, Ren BX, Tang FR. Traditional Chinese Medicine in Neuroprotection after Brain Insults with Special Reference to Radioprotection. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2018; 2018:2767208. [PMID: 30598683 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2767208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With rapidly increased construction of nuclear power plants worldwide to reduce energy shortage and subsequent environment contamination, routine use of radiotherapy and radiodiagnosis equipment in the clinical medicine, the research on the health effect of radiation exposure has become a very important area to explore. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) may be an ideal candidate therapy as it usually produces fewer side effects even with long-term administration. In this paper, we reviewed current therapeutic approaches to prevent radiation-induced brain neuropathological and functional changes. Neuroprotective effects of TCM in different brain injury models have been briefly summarized. We then reviewed the neuroprotective and radioprotective effect of TCM in different radiation exposure models and discussed the potential molecular mechanism(s) of the neuroprotective and radioprotective effect of TCM. The conclusions and future research directions were made in the last part of the paper.
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Sharma NK, Sharma R, Mathur D, Sharad S, Minhas G, Bhatia K, Anand A, Ghosh SP. Role of Ionizing Radiation in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:134. [PMID: 29867445 PMCID: PMC5963202 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) from terrestrial sources is continually an unprotected peril to human beings. However, the medical radiation and global radiation background are main contributors to human exposure and causes of radiation sickness. At high-dose exposures acute radiation sickness occurs, whereas chronic effects may persist for a number of years. Radiation can increase many circulatory, age related and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases occur a long time after exposure to radiation, as demonstrated in atomic bomb survivors, and are still controversial. This review discuss the role of IR in neurodegenerative diseases and proposes an association between neurodegenerative diseases and exposure to IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel K. Sharma
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rupali Sharma
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Deepali Mathur
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Shashwat Sharad
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gillipsie Minhas
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Akshay Anand
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanchita P. Ghosh
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Han YM, Cai G, Chai WM, Xu C, Cao L, Ou D, Chen JY, Kirova YM. Radiological distribution of brain metastases and its implication for the hippocampus avoidance in whole brain radiotherapy approach. Br J Radiol 2017; 90:20170099. [PMID: 28830202 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20170099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hippocampus avoidance in whole brain radiotherapy (HA-WBRT) offers the feasibility of less-impaired cognitive function than conventional WBRT. The study aims to assess the radiological distribution of brain metastases (BMs) with relation to the hippocampus and peri-hippocampus region as defined by the RTOG 0933 for better understanding of margin definition in HA-WBRT treatment planning. METHODS Consecutive patients with diagnosis of BM from enhanced MRI between March 2011 and July 2016 were analysed. The pre-treatment T1 weighted, T2 weighted, T2 flair, three-dimensional spoiled gradient axial and contrast-enhanced axial cranial MR images of 226 patients are examined. The closest distances between the edge of hippocampus and the margin of tumours on different planes were measured. RESULTS A total of 226 patients with 1080 visible metastatic sites were reviewed. The origin of the primary tumors was in 72.6% lung (n = 164), in 45 cases (19.9%) breast cancer and in 7.5% other malignancies (n = 17). There were 758 (70.2%) lesions situated beyond the tentorium. The median size of single lesion was 13.9 ± 14.7 mm. Impossible, it seems that more of the patients are with only one lesion, to verify. The hippocampus involvement was found in 3.1% (n = 7, 95% CI 0.01-0.05) within 5 mm, 5.7% (n = 13, 95% CI 0.03-0.09) within 10mm and 8.4% (n = 19, 95% CI 0.05-0.12) within 20 mm. In multivariate analysis, the number 6 BM or higher was found to be an independent risk factor for hippocampal involvement (HI) (OR: 5.2, 5.38 and 3.84 in 5, 10 and 20 mm). CONCLUSION This radiological study found that the incidence of hippocampus involvement is low in patients with BM. HA-WBRT can be delivered under the context of complete radiological diagnosis after careful delineation, proper margin definition and individual planning optimization. Advances in knowledge: The incidence of HI in patients with initial diagnosis of BM from solid tumours impacts the radiotherapeutic decision. Our radiological data analysed the incidence of HI not only to the conventional 5 mm margin definition, but also expanded to wider margins as 10 and 20 mm from hippocampus, which will help the treatment planning optimization with different technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min Han
- 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Cai
- 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Min Chai
- 2 Department of Radiology, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Cao
- 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Ou
- 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Yi Chen
- 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youlia M Kirova
- 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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Tang FR, Loke WK, Wong P, Khoo BC. Radioprotective effect of ursolic acid in radiation-induced impairment of neurogenesis, learning and memory in adolescent BALB/c mouse. Physiol Behav 2017; 175:37-46. [PMID: 28341234 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of acute irradiation with 5Gy or fractionated exposure with 0.5Gy continuously for 10days (a total dose of 5Gy) was evaluated in an immature BALB/c mouse model. Radioprotective effect of ursolic acid (at 25mg/kg/daily administered 1h after acute or each of fractionated irradiations, and continuously for 30days) was also investigated. We found that both acute and fractionated irradiation at a total dose of 5Gy did not induce any mortality within 30days after exposure to postnatal day 26 (P26) BALB/c mice, but reduced animal weigh gain in the first few weeks. At 90days after irradiation, the weight of animals with acute irradiation was still significantly lower than the control group; no significant difference though was observed for those fractionatedly exposed mice compared to the control group. Behavioral tests indicated that acute irradiation at 5Gy induced deficits in learning and memory in the contextual fear conditioning test. The memory for novel object recognition was also impaired. Similar changes were not observed in mice with fractionated irradiation. Immunohistochemical study demonstrated clearly that acute and fractionated irradiations induced impairment of neurogenesis in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus although fractionated exposure induced much lesser loss of newly generated neurons. Ursolic acid administered at 25mg/kg/daily for 30days after irradiation greatly improved acute irradiation-induced deficits in contextual learning and memory and in novel object recognition memory although it exacerbated radiation-induced reduction of neurogenesis in SGZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ru Tang
- Radiation Physiology Laboratory, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety initiative, National University of Singapore, 1 CREATE Way #04-01, CREATE Tower, 138602, Singapore.
| | - Weng Keong Loke
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 11 Stockport Road, 11760, Singapore
| | - Peiyan Wong
- Neuroscience Phenotyping Core, Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Boo Cheong Khoo
- Temasek Laboratories, National University of Singapore, 5A, Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
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Tang FR, Loke WK, Khoo BC. Postnatal irradiation-induced hippocampal neuropathology, cognitive impairment and aging. Brain Dev 2017; 39:277-293. [PMID: 27876394 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Irradiation of the brain in early human life may set abnormal developmental events into motion that last a lifetime, leading to a poor quality of life for affected individuals. While the effect of irradiation at different early developmental stages on the late human life has not been investigated systematically, animal experimental studies suggest that acute postnatal irradiation with ⩾0.1Gy may significantly reduce neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and endotheliogenesis in cerebral vessels and induce cognitive impairment and aging. Fractionated irradiation also reduces neurogenesis. Furthermore, irradiation induces hippocampal neuronal loss in CA1 and CA3 areas, neuroinflammation and reduces gliogenesis. The hippocampal neurovascular niche and the total number of microvessels are also changed after radiation exposures. Each or combination of these pathological changes may cause cognitive impairment and aging. Interestingly, acute irradiation of aged brain with a certain amount of radiation has also been reported to induce brain hormesis or neurogenesis. At molecular levels, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, neural growth factors, neurotransmitters, their receptors and signal transduction systems, reactive oxygen species are involved in radiation-induced adverse effect on brain development and functions. Further study at different omics levels after low dose/dose rate irradiation may not only unravel the mechanisms of radiation-induced adverse brain effect or hormesis, but also provide clues for detection or diagnosis of radiation exposure and for therapeutic approaches to effectively prevent radiation-induced cognitive impairment and aging. Investigation focusing on radiation-induced changes of critical brain development events may reveal many previously unknown adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ru Tang
- Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore.
| | - Weng Keong Loke
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 11 Stockport Road, Singapore 11760, Singapore
| | - Boo Cheong Khoo
- Temasek Laboratories, National University of Singapore, 5A, Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
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Hong XP, Chen T, Yin NN, Han YM, Yuan F, Duan YJ, Shen F, Zhang YH, Chen ZB. Puerarin Ameliorates D-Galactose Induced Enhanced Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Tau Hyperphosphorylation in Rat Brain. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 51:605-17. [PMID: 26890737 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced neurogenesis has been reported in the hippocampus of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized with amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation, tau hyperphosphorylation, and progressive neuronal loss. Previously we reported that tau phosphorylation played an essential role in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and activation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3), a crucial tau kinase, could induce increased hippocampal neurogenesis. In the present study, we found that treatment of D-galactose rats with Puerarin could significantly improve behavioral performance and ameliorate the enhanced neurogenesis and microtubule-associated protein tau hyperphosphorylation in the hippocampus of D-galactose rat brains. FGF-2/GSK-3 signaling pathway might be involved in the effects of Puerarin on hippocampal neurogenesis and tau hyperphosphorylation. Our finding provides primary in vivo evidence that Puerarin can attenuate AD-like enhanced hippocampal neurogenesis and tau hyperphosphorylation. Our finding also suggests Puerarin can be served as a treatment for age-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Hong
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ni-Na Yin
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Ming Han
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Central Laboratory of College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Jun Duan
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Shen
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hong Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Bin Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Hladik D, Tapio S. Effects of ionizing radiation on the mammalian brain. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research 2016; 770:219-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Prager I, Patties I, Himmelbach K, Kendzia E, Merz F, Müller K, Kortmann RD, Glasow A. Dose-dependent short- and long-term effects of ionizing irradiation on neural stem cells in murine hippocampal tissue cultures: neuroprotective potential of resveratrol. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00548. [PMID: 27781151 PMCID: PMC5064349 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Radiation therapy plays an essential role in the treatment of brain tumors, but neurocognitive deficits remain a significant risk, especially in pediatric patients. In recent trials, hippocampal sparing techniques are applied to reduce these adverse effects. Here, we investigate dose-dependent effects of ionizing radiation (IR) on juvenile hippocampal neurogenesis. Additionally, we evaluate the radioprotective potential of resveratrol, a plant polyphenol recognized for its bifunctional tumor-preventive and anticancer effects. METHODS Organotypic entorhinal-hippocampal slice cultures from transgenic nestin-CFPnuc C57BL/J6 mice, postnatal days 3-6, were irradiated on a X-ray machine (4.5, 8, 12, and 16 Gy, single doses) after about 2 weeks. Nestin-positive neural stem cells were counted at a confocal live imaging microscope 0, 2, 4, 14, 25, and 42 days after IR. Resveratrol (15 μmol/L) was added 2 hr before and 24 hr after IR. Proliferation and cell death were assessed by BrdU pulse label, 48 hr after and by propidium iodide staining 96 hr after IR. GFAP- and NeuN-positive cells were counted 42 days after IR in cryosectioned immunofluorescence-stained slices. RESULTS The observed age-related changes of nestin-positive stem cells in the organotypic slice culture model resembled the reduction of neural stem cells in vivo. IR (4.5-16 Gy) led to a dose-dependent damage of the neural stem cell pool in the dentate gyrus. No recovery was seen within 42 days after doses from 4.5 Gy onward. The decline of nestin-positive cells was paralleled by increased cell death and decreased proliferation. The number of GFAP-positive cells was significantly enhanced. No significant change was detected in the overall NeuN-positive cell population, whereas the number of newborn, NeuN/BrdU double-positive neurons was reduced. Resveratrol treatment reversed the irradiation-induced decline of neural stem cells. CONCLUSION The neuroprotective action of resveratrol on irradiated hippocampal tissue warrants further investigation as a possible supplement to hippocampal sparing procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Prager
- Department of Radiation Therapy University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Ina Patties
- Department of Radiation Therapy University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Katrin Himmelbach
- Department of Radiation Therapy University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Eva Kendzia
- Department of Radiation Therapy University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Felicitas Merz
- Institute of Anatomy University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Klaus Müller
- Department of Radiation Therapy University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | | | - Annegret Glasow
- Department of Radiation Therapy University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
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Son Y, Kang S, Kim J, Lee S, Kim J, Kim S, Kim J, Jo S, Jung U, Youn B, Shin T, Yang M, Moon C. Possible involvement of hippocampal immediate–early genes in contextual fear memory deficit induced by cranial irradiation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 133:19-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Cakir M, Colak A, Calikoglu C, Taspinar N, Sagsoz ME, Kadioglu HH, Hacimuftuoglu A, Seven S. Once the Light Touch to the Brain: Cytotoxic Effects of Low-Dose Gamma-Ray, Laser Light, and Visible Light on Rat Neuronal Cell Culture. Eurasian J Med 2016; 48:76-83. [PMID: 27551168 DOI: 10.5152/eurasianjmed.2015.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the effects of gamma-ray, laser light, and visible light, which neurons are commonly exposed to during treatment of various cranial diseases, on the viability of neurons. MATERIALS AND METHODS Neuronal cell culture was prepared from the frontal cortex of 9 newborn rats. Cultured cells were irradiated with gamma-ray for 1-10 min by (152)Eu, (241)Am, and (132)Ba isotopes, visible light for 1-160 min, and laser light for 0.2-2 seconds. The MTT tetrazolium reduction assay was used to assess the number of viable cells in the neuronal cell cultures. Wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer was used to determine Na, K, and Ca levels in cellular fluid obtained from neuronal cell culture plaques. RESULTS Under low-dose radiation with (152)Eu, (241)Am, and (132)Ba isotopes, cell viability insignificantly decreased with time (p>0.05). On the other hand, exposure to visible light produced statistically significant decrease in cell viability at both short- (1-10 min) and long-term (20-160 min). Cell viability did not change with 2 seconds of laser exposure. Na, K, and Ca levels significantly decreased with gamma-ray and visible light. The level of oxidative stress markers significantly changed with gamma-ray. CONCLUSION In conclusion, while low dose gamma-ray has slight to moderate apoptotic effect in neuronal cell cultures by oxidative stress, long-term visible light induces remarkable apoptosis and cell death. Laser light has no significant effect on neurons. Further genetic studies are needed to clarify the chronic effect of visible light on neuronal development and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murteza Cakir
- Department of Neurosurgery, Atatürk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Colak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Atatürk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Cagatay Calikoglu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Atatürk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Numan Taspinar
- Department of Pharmacolgy, Atatürk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Erdem Sagsoz
- Department of Biophysics, Atatürk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hakan Hadi Kadioglu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Atatürk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Hacimuftuoglu
- Department of Pharmacolgy, Atatürk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sabriye Seven
- Department of Physics, Atatürk University School of Educating, Erzurum, Turkey
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Himmel LE, Lustberg MB, DeVries AC, Poi M, Chen CS, Kulp SK. Minocycline, a putative neuroprotectant, co-administered with doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide chemotherapy in a xenograft model of triple-negative breast cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:505-515. [PMID: 27555377 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Minocycline is purported to have neuroprotective properties in experimental models of some human neurologic diseases, and has therefore been identified as a putative neuroprotectant for chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (CICI) in breast cancer patients. However, because its mechanism of action is believed to be mediated through anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-oxidant pathways, co-administration of minocycline with chemotherapeutic agents has the potential to reduce the efficacy of anticancer drugs. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of minocycline on the activity of the AC chemotherapeutic regimen (Adriamycin [doxorubicin], Cytoxan [cyclophosphamide]) in in vitro and in vivo models of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Clonogenic and methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assays were used to assess survival and viability in two TNBC cell lines treated with increasing concentrations of AC in the presence or absence of minocycline. Biomarkers of apoptosis, cell stress, and DNA damage were evaluated by western blot. The in vivo effects of AC and minocycline, each alone and in combination, were assessed in a xenograft model of TNBC in female athymic nude mice by weekly tumor volume measurement, body and organ weight measurement, and histopathology. Apoptosis and proliferation were characterized by immunohistochemistry in the xenografts tumors. Brains from tumor-bearing mice were evaluated for microglial activation, glial scars, and the proportion of neural progenitor cells. Data from these in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that minocycline does not diminish the cytotoxic and tumor-suppressive effects of this chemotherapeutic drug combination in TNBC cells. Moreover, minocycline appeared to prevent the reduction in doublecortin-positive neural progenitor cells observed in AC-treated mice. We posit that minocycline may be useful clinically for its reported neuroprotective activity in breast cancer patients receiving AC without loss of chemotherapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Himmel
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Maryam B Lustberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - A Courtney DeVries
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ming Poi
- Division of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ching-Shih Chen
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Samuel K Kulp
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Abstract
Toluene is an organic solvent that is used in various industrial applications. Despite its usefulness, toluene has toxic effects on the brain and is a substance that is commonly abused. Toluene causes behavioral and functional abnormalities such as decreased memory capacity, cognitive impairment, and depression-like symptoms. However, the target sites and toxic mechanisms of inhaled toluene in the brain are poorly understood. In this study, we subjected Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to acute high-level toluene exposure (7000 ppm) to investigate its neuronal toxicity, and in particular, its effect on neurogenesis in the hippocampus. In order to assay the effects of inhaled toluene on hippocampal neurogenesis, we measured the levels of neurogenesis markers Ki-67 and doublecortin (DCX) in the hippocampus 1, 2, 5, and 8 days after cessation of toluene exposure. In addition to assaying clinical signs, body weight, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, the liver, lungs, and kidneys were subjected to histopathological examination to investigate the toxic effects of high-level toluene exposure. Although abnormal neurological signs were observed after toluene exposure, these disappeared within 24 h and no toluene-related toxicological effects were observed in the liver, lungs, or kidneys. The animals exposed to toluene showed significantly decreased hippocampal neurogenesis, which persisted until the 8th and final day of measurement. Thus, acute high-level toluene exposure inhibited hippocampal neurogenesis and produced transient abnormal neurological signs, but did not produce toxicity in the other organs studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-ha Yoon
- The Institute for Occupational Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heung-Sik Seo
- Inhalation Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeonbuk, Korea
- Toxicity Evaluation Team, Healthcare Research Institute, Korea Testing & Research Institute, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Jinsoo Lee
- Inhalation Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- Inhalation Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeonbuk, Korea
- Human and Environment Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
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Li J, Zhang G, Meng Z, Wang L, Liu H, Liu Q, Buren B. Neuroprotective effect of acute melatonin treatment on hippocampal neurons against irradiation by inhibition of caspase-3. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:2385-2390. [PMID: 27313671 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cell apoptosis is associated with various factors that induce neurological damage, including radiation exposure. When administered prior to exposure to radiation, a protective agent may prevent cellular and molecular injury. The present study aimed to investigate whether melatonin exerts a neuroprotective effect by inhibiting the caspase cell death pathway. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered melatonin (100 mg/kg body weight) 30 min prior to radiation exposure in red light during the evening. In order to elucidate whether melatonin has a neuroprotective role, immunohistochemistry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling, Nissl staining, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, reactive oxygen species analysis and western blotting were performed. At 24 h post-melatonin treatment, caspase-3 mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly decreased. These results demonstrated that melatonin may protect hippocampal neurons via the inhibition of caspase-3 when exposed to irradiation. Therefore, caspase-3 inhibition serves a neuroprotective and antioxidant role in the interventional treatment of melatonin. The results of the present study suggested that melatonin may have a potential therapeutic effect against irradiation; however, further studies are required in order to elucidate the underlying antioxidant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Li
- Laboratory of Biomedicine, Department of Hemopathic Tumor of Mongolian Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for The Nationalities, Neimenggu Tongliao, Inner Mongolia 028007, P.R. China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China; Department of Human Anatomy, The School of Medicine of Inner Mongolia University for The Nationalities, Neimenggu Tongliao, Inner Mongolia 028007, P.R. China
| | - Guowei Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, The School of Medicine of Inner Mongolia University for The Nationalities, Neimenggu Tongliao, Inner Mongolia 028007, P.R. China
| | - Zhuangzhi Meng
- Department of Human Anatomy, The School of Medicine of Inner Mongolia University for The Nationalities, Neimenggu Tongliao, Inner Mongolia 028007, P.R. China
| | - Lingzhan Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, The School of Medicine of Inner Mongolia University for The Nationalities, Neimenggu Tongliao, Inner Mongolia 028007, P.R. China
| | - Haiying Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, The School of Medicine of Inner Mongolia University for The Nationalities, Neimenggu Tongliao, Inner Mongolia 028007, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Batu Buren
- Laboratory of Biomedicine, Department of Hemopathic Tumor of Mongolian Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for The Nationalities, Neimenggu Tongliao, Inner Mongolia 028007, P.R. China
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyoung Yang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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Shaibah HS, Elsify AEK, Medhat TM, Rezk HM, El-Sherbiny M. Histopathological and immunohistochemical study of the protective effect of triptorelin on the neurocytes of the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex of male albino rats after short-term exposure to cyclophosphamide. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2015; 4:123-132. [PMID: 30023218 PMCID: PMC6014199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmau.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy treats many types of cancer effectively but it often causes side effects. Chemotherapy works on active cells, such as cancer cells, and some healthy cells. Side effects happen when chemotherapy damages these healthy cells. Today, many more drugs are available to treat side effects than in the past. Triptorelin (Decapeptyl) is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist that is reported to have many therapeutic effects besides being an anti-cancer agent. In the current study, intraperitoneal cyclophosphamide (65 mg/kg/day) was administered for 4 weeks to induce marked dystrophic changes in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of male albino rats. After 4 weeks, we observed significant degeneration of neurocytes with dystrophic changes. Subcutaneous triptorelin (0.05 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks significantly improved histological signs of degeneration and apoptosis. Anti-Bcl2 staining of sections of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus showed that the apoptotic index was increased. This finding was confirmed by the anti-p53 staining, which showed a significant decrease in the apoptotic index. Ultimately, such improvements were accompanied by significant restoration of normal brain histology, as revealed by hematoxylin and eosin. In conclusion, triptorelin can reverse the apoptotic changes induced by cyclophosphamide therapy, which is more marked in the hippocampus than cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan S Shaibah
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Anatomy, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abd-Elhamid K Elsify
- Department of Anatomy, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Taha M Medhat
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hassan M Rezk
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Department of Anatomy, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Department of Anatomy, Almaarefa College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Son Y, Yang M, Kang S, Lee S, Kim J, Kim J, Park S, Kim JS, Jo SK, Jung U, Shin T, Kim SH, Wang H, Moon C. Cranial irradiation regulates CREB-BDNF signaling and variant BDNF transcript levels in the mouse hippocampus. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 121:12-9. [PMID: 25792232 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The brain can be exposed to ionizing radiation in various ways, and such irradiation can trigger adverse effects, particularly on learning and memory. However, the precise mechanisms of cognitive impairments induced by cranial irradiation remain unknown. In the hippocampus, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays roles in neurogenesis, neuronal survival, neuronal differentiation, and synaptic plasticity. The significance of BDNF transcript variants in these contexts is becoming clearer. In the present study, both object recognition memory and contextual fear conditioning task performance in adult C57BL/6 mice were assessed 1 month after a single exposure to cranial irradiation (10 Gy) to evaluate hippocampus-related behavioral dysfunction following such irradiation. Furthermore, changes in the levels of BDNF, the cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, and BDNF transcript variants were measured in the hippocampus 1 month after cranial irradiation. On object recognition memory and contextual fear conditioning tasks, mice evaluated 1 month after irradiation exhibited significant memory deficits compared to sham-irradiated controls, but no apparent change was evident in locomotor activity. Both phosphorylated CREB and BDNF protein levels were significantly downregulated after irradiation of the hippocampus. Moreover, the levels of mRNAs encoding common BDNF transcripts, and exons IIC, III, IV, VII, VIII, and IXA, were significantly downregulated after irradiation. The reductions in CREB phosphorylation and BDNF expression induced by differential regulation of BDNF hippocampal exon transcripts may be associated with the memory deficits evident in mice after cranial irradiation.
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Jacotte-Simancas A, Costa-Miserachs D, Coll-Andreu M, Torras-Garcia M, Borlongan CV, Portell-Cortés I. Effects of voluntary physical exercise, citicoline, and combined treatment on object recognition memory, neurogenesis, and neuroprotection after traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:739-51. [PMID: 25144903 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The biochemical and cellular events that lead to secondary neural damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI) contribute to long-term disabilities, including memory deficits. There is a need to search for single and/or combined treatments aimed at reducing these TBI-related disfunctions. The effects of citicoline and of voluntary physical exercise in a running wheel (3 weeks), alone or in combination, on TBI-related short-term (3 h) and long-term (24 h) object recognition memory (ORM) deficits and on neurogenesis and neuroprotection were examined using a rodent model of TBI (controlled cortical impact injury). Citicoline improved memory deficits at the two times tested, while physical exercise only in the long-term test. Physical exercise had a clear neuroprotective effect as indicated by reduced interhemispheric differences in hippocampal formation and lateral ventricle volumes and in density of mature neurons in the hilus of the dentate gyrus and the perirhinal cortex. Physical exercise also increased cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the granular cell layer of the dentate gyrus. Some degree of neuroprotection of citicoline was suggested by reduced interhemispheric differences in the volume of the hippocampal formation. Contrary to what was expected, the effects of citicoline and physical exercise did not sum up. Further, a negative interference between both treatments was found in several behavioral and histological variables. The promising profiles of both treatments as therapeutic tools in TBI when applied singly underscore the need to perform further works looking for other combined treatment regimens that increase the benefit of each treatment alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Jacotte-Simancas
- 1 Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Li J, Meng Z, Zhang G, Xing Y, Feng L, Fan S, Fan F, Buren B, Liu Q. N-acetylcysteine relieves oxidative stress and protects hippocampus of rat from radiation-induced apoptosis by inhibiting caspase-3. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 70:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Yang M, Kim J, Kim SH, Kim JS, Shin T, Moon C. Temporal profiles of synaptic plasticity-related signals in adult mouse hippocampus with methotrexate treatment. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:1651-8. [PMID: 25657706 PMCID: PMC4308769 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.21.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Methotrexate, which is used to treat many malignancies and autoimmune diseases, affects brain functions including hippocampal-dependent memory function. However, the precise mechanisms underlying methotrexate-induced hippocampal dysfunction are poorly understood. To evaluate temporal changes in synaptic plasticity-related signals, the expression and activity of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor 1, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, cAMP responsive element-binding protein, glutamate receptor 1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor were examined in the hippocampi of adult C57BL/6 mice after methotrexate (40 mg/kg) intraperitoneal injection. Western blot analysis showed biphasic changes in synaptic plasticity-related signals in adult hippocampi following methotrexate treatment. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor 1, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, and glutamate receptor 1 were acutely activated during the early phase (1 day post-injection), while extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and cAMP responsive element-binding protein activation showed biphasic increases during the early (1 day post-injection) and late phases (7–14 days post-injection). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor expression increased significantly during the late phase (7–14 days post-injection). Therefore, methotrexate treatment affects synaptic plasticity-related signals in the adult mouse hippocampus, suggesting that changes in synaptic plasticity-related signals may be associated with neuronal survival and plasticity-related cellular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyoung Yang
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Juhwan Kim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Joong-Sun Kim
- Department of Experimental Radiation, Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (DIRAMS), Busan 619-753, South Korea
| | - Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
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Lee S, Yang M, Kim J, Kim J, Son Y, Kwon S, Kim SH, Kim JC, Kang SS, Wang H, Shin T, Moon C. Nestin expression and glial response in the hippocampus of mice after trimethyltin treatment. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:1276-88. [PMID: 25139577 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nestin is a protein of embryonic intermediate filaments expressed by multipotent neural stem cells. In the present study, the nestin expression pattern in the mouse hippocampus 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 days after treatment with trimethyltin (TMT) was examined to explore the possible role played by nestin in chemically induced hippocampal injury. TMT treatment (2.5mg/kg, intraperitoneally) selectively injured the dentate gyrus (DG) of the mouse hippocampus. The level of hippocampal mRNA encoding nestin increased significantly 2 and 3 days post-treatment and thereafter decreased (at 4 and 8 days post-treatment). The level of nestin protein significantly increased 2 - 4 days post-treatment, particularly in the injured region of the DG, and predominantly in glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes in the hippocampal DG. Ki67-positive proliferating cells were increased following TMT treatment and co-localized with nestin-positive reactive astrocytes. Thus, we suggest that nestin contributes to remodeling of the chemically injured DG via glial scar formation and the alteration of neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sueun Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Miyoung Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea; Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jinwook Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhwan Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonghoon Son
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjoo Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, MI 48824, USA
| | - Taekyun Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Changjong Moon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
There is accumulating clinical evidence that chemotherapeutic agents induce neurological side effects, including memory deficits and mood disorders, in cancer patients who have undergone chemotherapeutic treatments. This review focuses on chemotherapy-induced neurodegeneration and hippocampal dysfunctions and related mechanisms as measured by in vivo and in vitro approaches. These investigations are helpful in determining how best to further explore the causal mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced neurological side effects and in providing direction for the future development of novel optimized chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyoung Yang
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea ; Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Son Y, Yang M, Kim JS, Kim J, Kim SH, Kim JC, Shin T, Wang H, Jo SK, Jung U, Moon C. Hippocampal dysfunction during the chronic phase following a single exposure to cranial irradiation. Exp Neurol 2014; 254:134-44. [PMID: 24491956 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation can significantly affect brain functioning in adults. The present study assessed depression-like behaviors in adult C57BL/6 mice using the tail suspension test (TST) at 30 and 90days following a single cranial exposure to γ-rays (0, 1, or 10Gy) to evaluate hippocampus-related behavioral dysfunction during the chronic phase following cranial irradiation. Additionally, hippocampal neurogenesis, inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) were analyzed. At 30 and 90days following irradiation with 10Gy, mice displayed significant depression-like behaviors. We observed a persistent decrease in the number of cells positive for doublecortin, an immunohistochemical marker for neurogenesis, in the hippocampus from 1 to 90days after irradiation with 10Gy. Changes in the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, and interferon-γ, were not correlated with the decrease in hippocampal neurogenesis or the appearance of depression-like behavior during the chronic phase following irradiation. However, at 30 and 90days after irradiation with 10Gy, the number of microglia was significantly decreased compared with age-matched sham-irradiated controls. The reduction in the chronic phase was consistent with the significant down-regulation in the mRNA expression of iNOS, COX-2, BDNF, and GDNF in the hippocampus. Therefore, hippocampal dysfunction during the chronic phase following cranial irradiation may be associated with decreases in the neurogenesis- and synaptic plasticity-related signals, concomitant with microglial reduction in the hippocampus.
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Yang M, Kim J, Kim JS, Kim SH, Kim JC, Kang MJ, Jung U, Shin T, Wang H, Moon C. Hippocampal dysfunctions in tumor-bearing mice. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 36:147-55. [PMID: 24513875 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with cancer are particularly susceptible to depression and cognitive impairment. However, the precise mechanisms underlying cancer-induced hippocampal dysfunction are poorly understood. We investigated the effects of a peripheral tumor on emotional behavior, hippocampus-dependent memory and associated molecular and cellular features using an experimental animal model. Behavioral alterations were examined; stress-related parameters measured; hippocampal neurogenesis evaluated; and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) assayed, 2 weeks after inoculation of adult BALB/c mice with cells of a colon carcinoma cell line (CT26). As the tumors developed, CT26-inoculated mice showed significant increases in the depression-like behavior (measured using the tail suspension test) and memory impairment (in terms of object recognition) compared with vehicle-inoculated controls. The presence of a peripheral tumor significantly elevated the hippocampal levels of mRNAs encoding interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α, as well as plasma IL-6 and corticosterone levels. Additionally, the adrenal glands became enlarged, and the numbers of Ki-67-positive proliferating hippocampal cells and doublecortin-positive immature progenitor neurons, as well as the constitutive levels of mRNAs encoding BDNF and COX-2 were significantly reduced. Therefore, a peripheral tumor alone may be sufficient to induce hippocampal dysfunction, possibly by reducing the rate of neurogenesis and the levels of BDNF and COX-2 in that tissue and also by increasing stress-related parameters and the circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Kim JS, Yang M, Cho J, Kim SH, Kim JC, Shin T, Moon C. Promotion of cAMP responsive element-binding protein activity ameliorates radiation-induced suppression of hippocampal neurogenesis in adult mice. Toxicol Res 2013; 26:177-83. [PMID: 24278522 PMCID: PMC3834481 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2010.26.3.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to examine whether elevated activity of cAMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB) attenuates the detrimental effects of acute gamma (γ) -irradiation on hippocampal neurogenesis and related functions. C57BL/6 male mice were treated with rolipram (1.25 mg/kg, i.p., twice a day for 5 consecutive days) to activate the cAMP/CREB pathway against cranial irradiation (2 Gy) , and were euthanized at 24 h post-irradiation. Exposure to γ-rays decreased both CREB phosphorylation and immunohistochemical markers for neurogenesis, including Ki-67 and doublecortin (DCX) , in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) . However, the rolipram treatment protected from γ-irradiation-induced decreases of CREB phosphorylation, and Ki-67 and DCX immunoreactivity in the hippocampal DG. In an object recognition memory test, mice trained 24 h after acute γ-irradiation (2 Gy) showed significant memory impairment, which was attenuated by rolipram treatment. The results suggest that activation of CREB signaling ameliorates the detrimental effects of acute γ-irradiation on hippocampal neurogenesis and related functions in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joong-Sun Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757 ; Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Science (DIRAMS) , Busan 619-753
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Yang M, Kim SH, Kim JC, Shin T, Moon C. Toluene induces depression-like behaviors in adult mice. Toxicol Res 2013; 26:315-20. [PMID: 24278539 PMCID: PMC3834495 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2010.26.4.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been clinically reported that toluene causes mental depression in humans. However, the detrimental effects of toluene exposure on brain function and the relation between features of mental depression and toluene exposure are poorly understood. This study evaluated depression-like behaviors in adult C57BL/6 mice after administration of toluene, and elucidated the effects of classical antidepressants on the depression-like behaviors. For the estimation of depression-like behaviors, tail suspension test (TST) and forcedswim test (FST) were performed 1, 4 and 16 days after toluene (0~1000 mg/kg bw) treatment. In addition, classical antidepressants such as fluoxetine (FLX, 20 mg/kg bw) and imipramine (IMI, 40 mg/kg bw) were administered 12 h and 1 h before the tests. In the TST and FST, toluene-treated mice exhibited a longer duration of immobility than vehicle-treated mice 1 and 4 days after toluene treatment. The depression-like behaviors were significantly reversed by FLX and IMI. The weight of the adrenal gland and the size of adrenocortical cells were significantly higher in toluene-treated mice compared to vehicle-treated controls. It is suggested that acute toluene exposure of adult mice is sufficiently detrimental to induce depression. In addition, this study has established a mouse model for a depressive state induced by toluene treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyoung Yang
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine,Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757
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Harth S, Abo-Madyan Y, Zheng L, Siebenlist K, Herskind C, Wenz F, Giordano FA. Estimation of intracranial failure risk following hippocampal-sparing whole brain radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2013; 109:152-8. [PMID: 24100152 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate the risk of undertreatment in hippocampal-sparing whole brain radiotherapy (HS-WBRT). METHODS Eight hundred and fifty six metastases were contoured together with the hippocampi in cranial MRIs of 100 patients. For each metastasis, the distance to the closest hippocampus was calculated. Treatment plans for 10 patients were calculated and linear dose profiles were established. For SCLC and NSCLC, dose-response curves were created based on data from studies on prophylactic cranial irradiation, allowing estimating the risk for intracranial failure. RESULTS Only 0.4% of metastases were located inside a hippocampus in 3% of all patients. SCLC showed a relatively high rate of hippocampal metastasis (18.2% of all SCLC patients) and HS-WBRT in a commonly applied fractionation scheme would increase the risk for brain relapse by ∼4% compared to conventional WBRT. NSCLC showed a lower rate of brain metastasis in the hippocampi (2.8%) and HS-WBRT would account for a slightly increased absolute risk of 0.2%. CONCLUSIONS Prophylactic or therapeutic HS-WBRT is expected to be associated with a low risk of undertreatment. For SCLC, it bears a minimally elevated risk of failure compared to standard WBRT. In NSCLC, HS-WBRT is most likely not associated with a clinically relevant increase in risk of failure.
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Abstract
Neural stem cells are maintained in the subgranular layer of the dentate gyrus and in the subventricular zone in the adult mammalian brain throughout life. Neurogenesis is continuous, but its extent is tightly regulated by environmental factors, behavior, hormonal state, age, and brain health. Increasing evidence supports a role for new neurons in cognitive function in rodents. Recent evidence delineates significant similarities and differences between adult neurogenesis in rodents and humans. Being context-dependent, neurogenesis in the human brain might be manifested differently than in the rodent brain. Decline in neurogenesis may play a role in cognitive deterioration, leading to the development of progressive learning and memory disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease. This review discusses the different observations concerning neurogenesis in the rodent and human brain, and their functional implications for the healthy and diseased brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
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Kim J, Yang M, Kim SH, Kim JC, Wang H, Shin T, Moon C. Possible role of the glycogen synthase kinase-3 signaling pathway in trimethyltin-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70356. [PMID: 23940567 PMCID: PMC3734066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trimethyltin (TMT) is an organotin compound with potent neurotoxic effects characterized by neuronal destruction in selective regions, including the hippocampus. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) regulates many cellular processes, and is implicated in several neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of lithium, a selective GSK-3 inhibitor, on the hippocampus of adult C57BL/6 mice with TMT treatment (2.6 mg/kg, intraperitoneal [i.p.]) and on cultured hippocampal neurons (12 days in vitro) with TMT treatment (5 µM). Lithium (50 mg/kg, i.p., 0 and 24 h after TMT injection) significantly attenuated TMT-induced hippocampal cell degeneration, seizure, and memory deficits in mice. In cultured hippocampal neurons, lithium treatment (0–10 mM; 1 h before TMT application) significantly reduced TMT-induced cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, the dynamic changes in GSK-3/β-catenin signaling were observed in the mouse hippocampus and cultured hippocampal neurons after TMT treatment with or without lithium. Therefore, lithium inhibited the detrimental effects of TMT on the hippocampal neurons in vivo and in vitro, suggesting involvement of the GSK-3/β-catenin signaling pathway in TMT-induced hippocampal cell degeneration and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhwan Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Miyoung Yang
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology and Neurosceince Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sung-Ho Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurosceince Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (TS); (CM)
| | - Changjong Moon
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (TS); (CM)
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Yang M, Kim J, Kim T, Kim SH, Kim JC, Kim J, Takayama C, Hayashi A, Joo HG, Shin T, Moon C. Possible involvement of galectin-3 in microglial activation in the hippocampus with trimethyltin treatment. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:955-62. [PMID: 23063466 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Trimethyltin (TMT) is an organotin neurotoxicant with effects that are selectively localized to the limbic system (especially the hippocampus), which produces memory deficits and temporal lobe seizures. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a beta-galactoside-binding lectin that is important in cell proliferation and regulation of apoptosis. The present study evaluated the temporal expression of Gal-3 in the hippocampus of adult BALB/c mice after TMT treatment (i.p., 2.5mg/kg). Western blotting analyses showed that Gal-3 immunoreactivity began to increase days after treatment; the immunoreactivity peaked significantly within days after treatment but significantly declined between days 4 and 8. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that Gal-3 expression was very rare in the hippocampi of vehicle-treated controls. However, Gal-3 immunoreactivity appeared between 2 and 8 days after TMT treatment and was primarily localized to the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), in which neuronal degeneration occurred. The immunoreactivity was detected predominantly in most of the Iba1-positive microglia and in some GFAP-positive astrocytes of the hippocampal DG. Furthermore, Gal-3 expression co-localized with the pro-inflammatory enzymes cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the hippocampal DG. Therefore, we suggest that Gal-3 is involved in the inflammatory process of neurodegenerative disorder induced by organotin intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyoung Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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Park MK, Kim S, Jung U, Kim I, Kim JK, Roh C. Effect of acute and fractionated irradiation on hippocampal neurogenesis. Molecules 2012; 17:9462-8. [PMID: 22874790 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17089462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation has become an inevitable health concern emanating from natural sources like space travel and from artificial sources like medical therapies. In general, exposure to ionizing radiation such as γ-rays is one of the methods currently used to stress specific model systems. In this study, we elucidated the long-term effect of acute and fractionated irradiation on DCX-positive cells in hippocampal neurogenesis. Groups of two-month-old C57BL/6 female mice were exposed to whole-body irradiation at acute dose (5 Gy) or fractional doses (1 Gy × 5 times and 0.5 Gy × 10 times). Six months after exposure to γ-irradiation, the hippocampus was analyzed. Doublecortin (DCX) immunohistochemistry was used to measure changes of neurogenesis in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). The number of DCX-positive cells was significantly decreased in all acute and fractionally irradiation groups. The long-term changes in DCX-positive cells triggered by radiation exposure showed a very different pattern to the short-term changes which tended to return to the control level in previous studies. Furthermore, the number of DCX-positive cells was relatively lower in the acute irradiation group than the fractional irradiation groups (approximately 3.6-fold), suggesting the biological change on hippocampal neurogenesis was more susceptible to being damaged by acute than fractional irradiation. These results suggest that the exposure to γ-irradiation as a long-term effect can trigger biological responses resulting in the inhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Yang M, Kim H, Kim J, Kim SH, Kim JC, Bae CS, Kim JS, Shin T, Moon C. Fast neutron irradiation deteriorates hippocampus-related memory ability in adult mice. J Vet Sci 2012; 13:1-6. [PMID: 22437529 PMCID: PMC3317449 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2012.13.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Object recognition memory and contextual fear conditioning task performance in adult C57BL/6 mice exposed to cranial fast neutron irradiation (0.8 Gy) were examined to evaluate hippocampus-related behavioral dysfunction following acute exposure to relatively low doses of fast neutrons. In addition, hippocampal neurogenesis changes in adult murine brain after cranial irradiation were analyzed using the neurogenesis immunohistochemical markers Ki-67 and doublecortin (DCX). In the object recognition memory test and contextual fear conditioning, mice trained 1 and 7 days after irradiation displayed significant memory deficits compared to the sham-irradiated controls. The number of Ki-67- and DCX-positive cells decreased significantly 24 h post-irradiation. These results indicate that acute exposure of the adult mouse brain to a relatively low dose of fast neutrons interrupts hippocampal functions, including learning and memory, possibly by inhibiting neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyoung Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
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Yang M, Kim JS, Kim J, Jang S, Kim SH, Kim JC, Shin T, Wang H, Moon C. Acute treatment with methotrexate induces hippocampal dysfunction in a mouse model of breast cancer. Brain Res Bull 2012; 89:50-6. [PMID: 22796103 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is a well-known cytostatic agent used in adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer, that has neurological side effects, including depression and cognitive impairment. We investigated the neurotoxic effects of MTX on the hippocampus and hippocampus-dependent behaviors in breast cancer cell line (FM3A)-inoculated tumor-bearing mice. In addition, we evaluated the changes in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in the hippocampus of tumor-bearing mice after treatment with MTX. Depressive-like behavior test (tail-suspension test, TST) and learning and memory tasks (passive avoidance) were administered 24h after MTX (40 mg/kg, i.p.) injection. MTX-treated tumor-bearing mice showed significant depressive-like behaviors and cognitive impairment. Treatment with MTX significantly decreased the number of doublecortin (a marker for immature progenitor neurons)-positive cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of tumor-free and tumor-bearing mice. Moreover, treatment with MTX significantly upregulated proinflammatory enzymes, including iNOS and COX-2, in tumor-bearing mice. These findings indicate that the acute neurotoxic effect of MTX leads to hippocampal dysfunction including depressive-like behaviors and memory deficits, which may be related to an inhibition of neurogenesis and an increase of the inflammatory response in the hippocampus of a mouse model of breast cancer.
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