1
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Xu Y, Zheng WB, Li HY, Cai L, Zou Y, Xie SC, Zhu XQ, Elsheikha HM. RNA sequencing reveals dynamic expression of spleen lncRNAs and mRNAs in Beagle dogs infected by Toxocara canis. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:279. [PMID: 35927758 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05380-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxocara canis is a cosmopolitan parasite with a significant adverse impact on the health of humans and animals. The spleen is a major immune organ that plays essential roles in protecting the host against various infections. However, its role in T. canis infection has not received much attention. METHODS We performed sequencing-based transcriptome profiling of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in the spleen of Beagle puppies at 24 h post-infection (hpi), 96 hpi and 36 days post-infection (dpi). Deep sequencing of RNAs isolated from the spleen of six puppies (three infected and three control) at each time point after infection was conducted. RESULTS Our analysis revealed 614 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs and 262 DEmRNAs at 24 hpi; 726 DElncRNAs and 878 DEmRNAs at 96 hpi; and 686 DElncRNAs and 504 DEmRNAs at 36 dpi. Of those, 35 DElncRNA transcripts and 11 DEmRNAs were detected at all three time points post-infection. Many DE genes were enriched in immune response, such as ifit1, ifit2 and rorc. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis revealed that some genes (e.g. prkx and tnfrsf11a) were involved in the T cell receptor signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, Ras signaling pathway and NF-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study show marked alterations in the expression profiles of spleen lncRNAs and mRNAs, with possible implications in the pathophysiology of toxocariasis.
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Cooper TK, Meyerholz DK, Beck AP, Delaney MA, Piersigilli A, Southard TL, Brayton CF. Research-Relevant Conditions and Pathology of Laboratory Mice, Rats, Gerbils, Guinea Pigs, Hamsters, Naked Mole Rats, and Rabbits. ILAR J 2022; 62:77-132. [PMID: 34979559 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals are valuable resources in biomedical research in investigations of biological processes, disease pathogenesis, therapeutic interventions, safety, toxicity, and carcinogenicity. Interpretation of data from animals requires knowledge not only of the processes or diseases (pathophysiology) under study but also recognition of spontaneous conditions and background lesions (pathology) that can influence or confound the study results. Species, strain/stock, sex, age, anatomy, physiology, spontaneous diseases (noninfectious and infectious), and neoplasia impact experimental results and interpretation as well as animal welfare. This review and the references selected aim to provide a pathology resource for researchers, pathologists, and veterinary personnel who strive to achieve research rigor and validity and must understand the spectrum of "normal" and expected conditions to accurately identify research-relevant experimental phenotypes as well as unusual illness, pathology, or other conditions that can compromise studies involving laboratory mice, rats, gerbils, guinea pigs, hamsters, naked mole rats, and rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K Cooper
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Pathology, Yeshiva University Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Martha A Delaney
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Alessandra Piersigilli
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology and the Genetically Modified Animal Phenotyping Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Teresa L Southard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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3
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Parlak Ak T. Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) Histology and Its Role in Various Pathologies. Vet Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The lower respiratory tract is in direct communication with the external environment for gas exchange to occur. Therefore, it is constantly exposed to allergens, antigens, bacteria, viruses, and a wide variety of airborne foreign bodies. Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT), which develops in response to these exposures and is one of the most prominent representatives of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), is important for generating rapid and specific bronchopulmonary adaptive immune responses. Therefore, this chapter focuses on the lymphoid architecture of BALT, which was first discovered in the bronchial wall of rabbits, its inducible form called inducible BALT (iBALT), its immunological response mechanisms, and its roles in certain pathologies including infectious and autoimmune diseases as well as in allergic and malignant conditions. In conclusion, it is hypothesized that BALT plays an important role in maintaining health and in the development of lower respiratory tract diseases; thanks to the pulmonary immune system in which it functions as a functional lymphoid tissue.
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4
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Rojas C, García MP, Polanco AF, González-Osuna L, Sierra-Cristancho A, Melgar-Rodríguez S, Cafferata EA, Vernal R. Humanized Mouse Models for the Study of Periodontitis: An Opportunity to Elucidate Unresolved Aspects of Its Immunopathogenesis and Analyze New Immunotherapeutic Strategies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:663328. [PMID: 34220811 PMCID: PMC8248545 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.663328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an oral inflammatory disease in which the polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis of the subgingival microbiota trigger a deregulated host immune response, that leads to the breakdown of tooth-supporting tissues and finally tooth loss. Periodontitis is characterized by the increased pathogenic activity of T helper type 17 (Th17) lymphocytes and defective immunoregulation mediated by phenotypically unstable T regulatory (Treg), lymphocytes, incapable of resolving the bone-resorbing inflammatory milieu. In this context, the complexity of the immune response orchestrated against the microbial challenge during periodontitis has made the study of its pathogenesis and therapy difficult and limited. Indeed, the ethical limitations that accompany human studies can lead to an insufficient etiopathogenic understanding of the disease and consequently, biased treatment decision-making. Alternatively, animal models allow us to manage these difficulties and give us the opportunity to partially emulate the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis by inoculating periodontopathogenic bacteria or by placing bacteria-accumulating ligatures around the teeth; however, these models still have limited translational application in humans. Accordingly, humanized animal models are able to emulate human-like complex networks of immune responses by engrafting human cells or tissues into specific strains of immunodeficient mice. Their characteristics enable a viable time window for the study of the establishment of a specific human immune response pattern in an in vivo setting and could be exploited for a wider study of the etiopathogenesis and/or treatment of periodontitis. For instance, the antigen-specific response of human dendritic cells against the periodontopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis favoring the Th17/Treg response has already been tested in humanized mice models. Hypothetically, the proper emulation of periodontal dysbiosis in a humanized animal could give insights into the subtle molecular characteristics of a human-like local and systemic immune response during periodontitis and support the design of novel immunotherapeutic strategies. Therefore, the aims of this review are: To elucidate how the microbiota-elicited immunopathogenesis of periodontitis can be potentially emulated in humanized mouse models, to highlight their advantages and limitations in comparison with the already available experimental periodontitis non-humanized animal models, and to discuss the potential translational application of using these models for periodontitis immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rojas
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michelle P García
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alan F Polanco
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis González-Osuna
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfredo Sierra-Cristancho
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Samanta Melgar-Rodríguez
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emilio A Cafferata
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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5
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Ma H, Pilvankar M, Wang J, Giragossian C, Popel AS. Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Modeling of PBMC-Humanized Mouse to Facilitate Preclinical Immuno-oncology Drug Development. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 4:213-225. [PMID: 33615174 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Progress in immunotherapy has resulted in explosively increased new therapeutic interventions and they have shown promising results in the treatment of cancer. Animal testing is performed to provide preliminary efficacy and safety data for drugs under development prior to clinical trials. However, translational challenges remain for preclinical studies such as study design and the relevance of animal models to humans. Hence, only a small fraction of cancer patients showed response. The explosion of drug candidates and therapies makes preclinical assessment of every plausible option impossible, but it can be easily tested using Quantitative System Pharmacology (QSP) models. Here, we developed a QSP model for humanized mice. Tumor growth dynamics, T cell dynamics, cytokine release, immune checkpoint expression, and drug administration were modeled and calibrated using experimental data. Tumor growth inhibition data were used for model validation. Pharmacokinetics of T cell engager (TCE), tumor growth profile, T cell expansion in the blood and infiltration into tumor, T cell dissemination from primary tumor, cytokine release profile, and expression of additional PD-L1 induced by IFN-γ were modeled and calibrated using a variety of experimental data and showed good consistency. Mouse-specific response to T cell engager monotherapy also showed the key features of in vivo efficacy of TCE. This novel QSP model, designed for human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) engrafted xenograft mice, incorporating the most critical components of the mouse model with key cancer and immune cells, can become an integral part of preclinical drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Minu Pilvankar
- Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Jun Wang
- Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Craig Giragossian
- Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Aleksander S Popel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States.,Department of Oncology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
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6
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Blümich S, Zdimerova H, Münz C, Kipar A, Pellegrini G. Human CD34 + Hematopoietic Stem Cell-Engrafted NSG Mice: Morphological and Immunophenotypic Features. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:161-180. [PMID: 32901581 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820948822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunodeficient mice engrafted with human immune cells represent an innovative tool to improve translatability of animal models for the study of human diseases. Immunophenotyping in these mice focuses on engraftment rates and cellular differentiation in blood and secondary lymphoid organs, and is predominantly carried out by FACS (fluorescent activated cell sorting) analysis; information on the morphological aspects of engraftment and the prevalence of histologic lesions is limited. We histologically examined 3- to 6-month-old NSG mice, naïve or engrafted with CD34+ human hemopoietic stem cells (HSC), and employed a quantitative immunohistochemical approach to identify human and murine cell compartments, comparing the results with the FACS data. NSG mice mainly exhibited incidental findings in lungs, kidneys, testes, and adrenal glands. A 6-month-old NSG mouse had a mediastinal lymphoblastic lymphoma. The lymphoid organs of NSG mice lacked typical lymphoid tissue architecture but frequently exhibited small periarteriolar leukocyte clusters in the spleen. Mice engrafted with human HSC frequently showed nephropathy, ovarian atrophy, cataract, and abnormal retinal development, lesions considered secondary to irradiation. In addition, 20% exhibited multisystemic granulomatous inflammatory infiltrates, dominated by human macrophages and T cells, leading to the observed 7% mortality and morbidity. Immunophenotypic data revealed variable repopulation of lymphoid organs with hCD45+ human cells, which did not always parallel the engraftment levels measured via FACS. The study describes the most common pathological features in young NSG mice after human HSC engraftment. As some of these lesions contribute to morbidity, morphological assessment of the engraftment at tissue level might help improve immunophenotypic evaluations of this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Blümich
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology (LAMP), Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, 27217University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hana Zdimerova
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, 27217University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, 27217University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Kipar
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology (LAMP), Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, 27217University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Pellegrini
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology (LAMP), Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, 27217University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Sundberg JP, Pratt CH, Goodwin LP, Silva KA, Kennedy VE, Potter CS, Dunham A, Sundberg BA, HogenEsch H. Keratinocyte-specific deletion of SHARPIN induces atopic dermatitis-like inflammation in mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235295. [PMID: 32687504 PMCID: PMC7371178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous mutations in the SHANK-associated RH domain interacting protein (Sharpin) resulted in a severe autoinflammatory type of chronic proliferative dermatitis, inflammation in other organs, and lymphoid organ defects. To determine whether cell-type restricted loss of Sharpin causes similar lesions, a conditional null mutant was created. Ubiquitously expressing cre-recombinase recapitulated the phenotype seen in spontaneous mutant mice. Limiting expression to keratinocytes (using a Krt14-cre) induced a chronic eosinophilic dermatitis, but no inflammation in other organs or lymphoid organ defects. The dermatitis was associated with a markedly increased concentration of serum IgE and IL18. Crosses with S100a4-cre resulted in milder skin lesions and moderate to severe arthritis. This conditional null mutant will enable more detailed studies on the role of SHARPIN in regulating NFkB and inflammation, while the Krt14-Sharpin-/- provides a new model to study atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Sundberg
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | - C. Herbert Pratt
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Anisa Dunham
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Beth A. Sundberg
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | - Harm HogenEsch
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
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8
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Willard-Mack CL, Elmore SA, Hall WC, Harleman J, Kuper CF, Losco P, Rehg JE, Rühl-Fehlert C, Ward JM, Weinstock D, Bradley A, Hosokawa S, Pearse G, Mahler BW, Herbert RA, Keenan CM. Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Rat and Mouse Hematolymphoid System. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 47:665-783. [PMID: 31526133 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319867053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The INHAND Project (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions in Rats and Mice) is a joint initiative of the Societies of Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP), and North America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and nonproliferative changes in rats and mice. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying changes observed in the hematolymphoid organs, including the bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, and other lymphoid tissues (serosa-associated lymphoid clusters and tertiary lymphoid structures) with color photomicrographs illustrating examples of the lesions. Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test materials. The nomenclature for these organs is divided into 3 terminologies: descriptive, conventional, and enhanced. Three terms are listed for each diagnosis. The rationale for this approach and guidance for its application to toxicologic pathology are described in detail below.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan A Elmore
- Thymus subgroup lead.,National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Johannes Harleman
- Lymph node subgroup lead.,Neoplasm subgroup leads.,Independent Consultant, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - C Frieke Kuper
- Associated lymphoid organs subgroup lead.,Independent Consultant, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia Losco
- General hematolymphoid subgroup lead.,Independent Consultant, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Jerold E Rehg
- Spleen subgroup leads.,Neoplasm subgroup leads.,Saint Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Jerrold M Ward
- Spleen subgroup leads.,Neoplasm subgroup leads.,Global VetPathology, Montgomery Village, MD, USA
| | | | - Alys Bradley
- Charles River Laboratories, Tranent, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Satoru Hosokawa
- Eisai Co, Ltd, Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Beth W Mahler
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Ronald A Herbert
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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9
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Curran M, Mairesse M, Matas-Céspedes A, Bareham B, Pellegrini G, Liaunardy A, Powell E, Sargeant R, Cuomo E, Stebbings R, Betts CJ, Saeb-Parsy K. Recent Advancements and Applications of Human Immune System Mice in Preclinical Immuno-Oncology. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 48:302-316. [PMID: 31847725 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319886304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances in immunotherapies have resulted in the increasing need of predictive preclinical models to improve immunotherapeutic drug development, treatment combination, and to prevent or minimize toxicity in clinical trials. Immunodeficient mice reconstituted with human immune system (HIS), termed humanized mice or HIS mice, permit detailed analysis of human immune biology, development, and function. Although this model constitutes a great translational model, some aspects need to be improved as the incomplete engraftment of immune cells, graft versus host disease and the lack of human cytokines and growth factors. In this review, we discuss current HIS platforms, their pathology, and recent advances in their development to improve the quality of human immune cell reconstitution. We also highlight new technologies that can be used to better understand these models and how improved characterization is needed for their application in immuno-oncology safety, efficacy, and new modalities therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Curran
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maelle Mairesse
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alba Matas-Céspedes
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bethany Bareham
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Pellegrini
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ardi Liaunardy
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Powell
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Sargeant
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emanuela Cuomo
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Stebbings
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine J Betts
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kourosh Saeb-Parsy
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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10
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Asanomi Y, Shigemizu D, Miyashita A, Mitsumori R, Mori T, Hara N, Ito K, Niida S, Ikeuchi T, Ozaki K. A rare functional variant of SHARPIN attenuates the inflammatory response and associates with increased risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Mol Med 2019; 25:20. [PMID: 31216982 PMCID: PMC6585023 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-019-0090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD), the most common form of dementia, results from complicated interactions among multiple environmental and genetic factors. Despite recent advances in genetic analysis of LOAD, more than half of the heritability for the disease remains unclear. Although genetic studies in Caucasians found rare risk variants for LOAD with large effect sizes, these variants are hardly detectable in the Japanese population. Methods To identify rare variants possibly explaining part of the genetic architecture for LOAD in Japanese people, we performed whole-exome sequencing analyses of 202 LOAD individuals without the APOE ε4 risk allele, a major genetic factor for LOAD susceptibility. We also implemented in vitro functional analyses of the variant(s) to reveal possible functions associated with LOAD risk. Results Via step-by-step selection of whole-exome variants, we found seven candidate risk variants. We then conducted a case-control association study in a large Japanese cohort consisting of 4563 cases and 16,459 controls. We finally identified a rare nonsynonymous variant, rs572750141 (NM_030974.3:p.Gly186Arg), in SHARPIN that was potentially associated with increased risk of LOAD (corrected P = 8.05 × 10− 5, odds ratio = 6.1). The amino acid change in SHARPIN resulted in aberrant cellular localization of the variant protein and attenuated the activation of NF-κB, a central mediator of inflammatory and immune responses. Conclusions Our work identified a rare functional SHARPIN variant as a previously unknown genetic risk factor for LOAD. The functional alteration in SHARPIN induced by the rare coding variant is associated with an attenuated inflammatory/immune response that may promote LOAD development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s10020-019-0090-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Asanomi
- Division for Genomic Medicine, Medical Genome Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Daichi Shigemizu
- Division for Genomic Medicine, Medical Genome Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akinori Miyashita
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Risa Mitsumori
- Division for Genomic Medicine, Medical Genome Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Taiki Mori
- Division for Genomic Medicine, Medical Genome Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Norikazu Hara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kaoru Ito
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shumpei Niida
- Medical Genome Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeuchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kouichi Ozaki
- Division for Genomic Medicine, Medical Genome Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan. .,Laboratory for Cardiovascular Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.
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11
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Abstract
B cells are differentiated to recognize antigen and respond by producing antibodies. These activities, governed by recognition of ancillary signals, defend the individual against microorganisms and the products of microorganisms and constitute the canonical function of B cells. Despite the unique differentiation (e.g. recombination and mutation of immunoglobulin gene segments) toward this canonical function, B cells can provide other, "non-canonical" functions, such as facilitating of lymphoid organogenesis and remodeling and fashioning T cell repertoires and modifying T cell responses. Some non-canonical functions are exerted by antibodies, but most are mediated by other products and/or direct actions of B cells. The diverse set of non-canonical functions makes the B cell as much as any cell a central organizer of innate and adaptive immunity. However, the diverse products and actions also confound efforts to weigh the importance of individual non-canonical B cell functions. Here we shall describe the non-canonical functions of B cells and offer our perspective on how those functions converge in the development and governance of immunity, particularly immunity to transplants, and hurdles to advancing understanding of B cell functions in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Platt
- Departments of Surgery and of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Marilia Cascalho
- Departments of Surgery and of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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12
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Abstract
Head and neck cancers (HNCs) cause significant mortality and morbidity. There have been few advances in therapeutic management of HNC in the past 4 to 5 decades, which support the need for studies focusing on HNC biology. In recent years, increased recognition of the relevance of the host response in cancer progression has led to novel therapeutic strategies and putative biomarkers of tumor aggressiveness. However, tumor-immune interactions are highly complex and vary with cancer type. Pre-clinical, in vivo models represent an important and necessary step in understanding biological processes involved in development, progression and treatment of HNC. Rodents (mice, rats, hamsters) are the most frequently used animal models in HNC research. The relevance and utility of information generated by studies in murine models is unquestionable, but it is also limited in application to tumor-immune interactions. In this review, we present information regarding the immune-specific characteristics of the murine models most commonly used in HNC research, including immunocompromised and immunocompetent animals. The particular characteristics of xenograft, chemically induced, syngeneic, transgenic, and humanized models are discussed in order to provide context and insight for researchers interested in the in vivo study of tumor-immune interactions in HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rossa
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, UNESP-State University of Sao Paulo, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara - SP, Brazil. .,Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Nisha J D'Silva
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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13
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El-shenawy NS, Hamza RZ, Khaled HE. Protective effect of α–lipoic acid against spleen toxicity of dimethylnitrosamine in male mice: Antioxidant and ultrastructure approaches. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:459-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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14
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Abstract
The spleen is the largest secondary immune organ in the body and is responsible for initiating immune reactions to blood-borne antigens and for filtering the blood of foreign material and old or damaged red blood cells. These functions are carried out by the 2 main compartments of the spleen, the white pulp (including the marginal zone) and the red pulp, which are vastly different in their architecture, vascular organization, and cellular composition. The morphology of these compartments is described and, to a lesser extent, their functions are discussed. The variation between species and effects of aging and genetics on splenic morphology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Cesta
- Integrated Laboratory Systems Inc., 601 Keystone Park Drive, Durham, NC 27713, USA.
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15
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Ganguli P, Chowdhury S, Bhowmick R, Sarkar RR. Temporal protein expression pattern in intracellular signalling cascade during T-cell activation: a computational study. J Biosci 2015; 40:769-89. [PMID: 26564978 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-015-9561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Various T-cell co-receptor molecules and calcium channel CRAC play a pivotal role in the maintenance of cell's functional responses by regulating the production of effector molecules (mostly cytokines) that aids in immune clearance and also maintaining the cell in a functionally active state. Any defect in these co-receptor signalling pathways may lead to an altered expression pattern of the effector molecules. To study the propagation of such defects with time and their effect on the intracellular protein expression patterns, a comprehensive and largest pathway map of T-cell activation network is reconstructed manually. The entire pathway reactions are then translated using logical equations and simulated using the published time series microarray expression data as inputs. After validating the model, the effect of in silico knock down of co-receptor molecules on the expression patterns of their downstream proteins is studied and simultaneously the changes in the phenotypic behaviours of the T-cell population are predicted, which shows significant variations among the proteins expression and the signalling routes through which the response is propagated in the cytoplasm. This integrative computational approach serves as a valuable technique to study the changes in protein expression patterns and helps to predict variations in the cellular behaviour.
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16
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Aeffner F, Bolon B, Davis IC. Mouse Models of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Review of Analytical Approaches, Pathologic Features, and Common Measurements. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 43:1074-92. [PMID: 26296628 DOI: 10.1177/0192623315598399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe pulmonary reaction requiring hospitalization, which is incited by many causes, including bacterial and viral pneumonia as well as near drowning, aspiration of gastric contents, pancreatitis, intravenous drug use, and abdominal trauma. In humans, ARDS is very well defined by a list of clinical parameters. However, until recently no consensus was available regarding the criteria of ARDS that should be evident in an experimental animal model. This lack was rectified by a 2011 workshop report by the American Thoracic Society, which defined the main features proposed to delineate the presence of ARDS in laboratory animals. These should include histological changes in parenchymal tissue, altered integrity of the alveolar capillary barrier, inflammation, and abnormal pulmonary function. Murine ARDS models typically are defined by such features as pulmonary edema and leukocyte infiltration in cytological preparations of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and/or lung sections. Common pathophysiological indicators of ARDS in mice include impaired pulmonary gas exchange and histological evidence of inflammatory infiltrates into the lung. Thus, morphological endpoints remain a vital component of data sets assembled from animal ARDS models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Famke Aeffner
- Flagship Biosciences Inc., Westminster, Colorado, USA
| | - Brad Bolon
- The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Columbus, Ohio, USA GEMpath Inc., Longmont, Colorado, USA
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17
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Brightbill HD, Jackman JK, Suto E, Kennedy H, Jones C, Chalasani S, Lin Z, Tam L, Roose-Girma M, Balazs M, Austin CD, Lee WP, Wu LC. Conditional Deletion of NF-κB-Inducing Kinase (NIK) in Adult Mice Disrupts Mature B Cell Survival and Activation. J Immunol 2015; 195:953-64. [PMID: 26116508 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) is a primary regulator of the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway, which plays a vital role downstream of BAFF, CD40L, lymphotoxin, and other inflammatory mediators. Germline deletion or inactivation of NIK in mice results in the defective development of B cells and secondary lymphoid organs, but the role of NIK in adult animals has not been studied. To address this, we generated mice containing a conditional allele of NIK. Deletion of NIK in adult mice results in decreases in B cell populations in lymph nodes and spleen, similar to what is observed upon blockade of BAFF. Consistent with this, B cells from mice in which NIK is acutely deleted fail to respond to BAFF stimulation in vitro and in vivo. In addition, mice with induced NIK deletion exhibit a significant decrease in germinal center B cells and serum IgA, which is indicative of roles for NIK in additional pathways beyond BAFF signaling. Our conditional NIK-knockout mice may be broadly useful for assessing the postdevelopmental and cell-specific roles of NIK and the noncanonical NF-κB pathway in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans D Brightbill
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080;
| | - Janet K Jackman
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Eric Suto
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Heather Kennedy
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Charles Jones
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Sreedevi Chalasani
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Zhonghua Lin
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Lucinda Tam
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Meron Roose-Girma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Mercedesz Balazs
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Cary D Austin
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Lawren C Wu
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080;
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18
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Cromer W, Wang W, Zawieja SD, von der Weid PY, Newell-Rogers MK, Zawieja DC. Colonic Insult Impairs Lymph Flow, Increases Cellular Content of the Lymph, Alters Local Lymphatic Microenvironment, and Leads to Sustained Inflammation in the Rat Ileum. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21:1553-63. [PMID: 25939039 DOI: 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphatic dysfunction has been linked to inflammation since the 1930s. Lymphatic function in the gut and mesentery is grossly underexplored in models of inflammatory bowel disease despite the use of lymphatic occlusion in early models of inflammatory bowel disease. Activation of the innate and adaptive immune system is a hallmark of TNBS-induced inflammation and is linked to disruption of the intrinsic lymph pump. Recent identification of crosstalk between lymphatic vessel resident immune cells and regulation of lymphatic vessel contractility underscore the importance of the timing of lymphatic dysfunction during tissue inflammation in response to TNBS. METHODS To evaluate lymphatic function in TNBS induced inflammation, lymph was collected and flow measured from mesenteric lymphatics. Cellularity and cytokine profile of the lymph was also measured. Histopathology was performed to determine severity of injury and immunofluorescent staining of the mesentery was done to evaluate changes in the population of immune cells that reside near and on gastro-intestinal collecting lymphatics. RESULTS Lymph transport fell 24 hours after TNBS administration and began recovering at 72 hours. Significant reduction of lymph flow preceded significant increase in histopathological score and occurred simultaneously with increased myeloperoxidase activity. These changes were preceded by increased MHCII cells surrounding mesenteric lymphatics leading to an altered lymphatic environment that would favor dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in environmental factors that effect lymphatic function occur before the development of gross GI inflammation. Reduced lymphatic function in TNBS-mediated inflammation is likely an early factor in the development of injury and that recovery of function is associated with resolution of inflammation.
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Sasaki
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology; Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Iwai
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology; Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
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20
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Mooster JL, Le Bras S, Massaad MJ, Jabara H, Yoon J, Galand C, Heesters BA, Burton OT, Mattoo H, Manis J, Geha RS. Defective lymphoid organogenesis underlies the immune deficiency caused by a heterozygous S32I mutation in IκBα. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:185-202. [PMID: 25601653 PMCID: PMC4322042 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Mooster et al. created a knock-in mouse harboring a mutation (S32I) in IκBα that has been identified in a patient with ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency. The mice are characterized by defective architectural cell function; they lack lymph nodes, Peyer’s patches, splenic marginal zones, and follicular DCs and fail to develop germinal centers. These features have not been previously recognized in patients. Patients with ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency (ED-ID) caused by mutations in the inhibitor of NF-κB α (IκBα) are susceptible to severe recurrent infections, despite normal T and B cell numbers and intact in vitro lymphocyte function. Moreover, the outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in these patients is poor despite good engraftment. Mice heterozygous for the IκBα S32I mutation found in patients exhibited typical features of ED-ID. Strikingly, the mice lacked lymph nodes, Peyer’s patches, splenic marginal zones, and follicular dendritic cells and failed to develop contact hypersensitivity (CHS) or form germinal centers (GCs), all features not previously recognized in patients and typical of defective noncanonical NF-κB signaling. Lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR)–driven induction of chemokines and adhesion molecules mediated by both canonical and noncanonical NF-κB pathways was impaired, and levels of p100 were markedly diminished in the mutant. IκBα mutant→Rag2−/−, but not WT→IκBα mutant, bone marrow chimeras formed proper lymphoid organs and developed CHS and GCs. Defective architectural cell function explains the immunodeficiency and poor outcome of HSCT in patients with IκBα deficiency and suggests that correction of this niche is critical for reconstituting their immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana L Mooster
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Severine Le Bras
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Michel J Massaad
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Haifa Jabara
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Juhan Yoon
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Claire Galand
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Balthasar A Heesters
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Oliver T Burton
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Hamid Mattoo
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - John Manis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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21
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Rendleman J, Antipin Y, Reva B, Adaniel C, Przybylo JA, Dutra-Clarke A, Hansen N, Heguy A, Huberman K, Borsu L, Paltiel O, Ben-Yehuda D, Brown JR, Freedman AS, Sander C, Zelenetz A, Klein RJ, Shao Y, Lacher M, Vijai J, Offit K, Kirchhoff T. Genetic variation in DNA repair pathways and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101685. [PMID: 25010664 PMCID: PMC4092067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular and genetic evidence suggests that DNA repair pathways may contribute to lymphoma susceptibility. Several studies have examined the association of DNA repair genes with lymphoma risk, but the findings from these reports have been inconsistent. Here we provide the results of a focused analysis of genetic variation in DNA repair genes and their association with the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). With a population of 1,297 NHL cases and 1,946 controls, we have performed a two-stage case/control association analysis of 446 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) tagging the genetic variation in 81 DNA repair genes. We found the most significant association with NHL risk in the ATM locus for rs227060 (OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.13-1.43, p = 6.77×10(-5)), which remained significant after adjustment for multiple testing. In a subtype-specific analysis, associations were also observed for the ATM locus among both diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) and small lymphocytic lymphomas (SLL), however there was no association observed among follicular lymphomas (FL). In addition, our study provides suggestive evidence of an interaction between SNPs in MRE11A and NBS1 associated with NHL risk (OR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.34-0.77, p = 0.0002). Finally, an imputation analysis using the 1,000 Genomes Project data combined with a functional prediction analysis revealed the presence of biologically relevant variants that correlate with the observed association signals. While the findings generated here warrant independent validation, the results of our large study suggest that ATM may be a novel locus associated with the risk of multiple subtypes of NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Rendleman
- NYU School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yevgeniy Antipin
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Boris Reva
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Christina Adaniel
- NYU School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Przybylo
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ana Dutra-Clarke
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nichole Hansen
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Adriana Heguy
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kety Huberman
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Laetitia Borsu
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ora Paltiel
- Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dina Ben-Yehuda
- Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jennifer R. Brown
- Dana Farber Cancer Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Arnold S. Freedman
- Dana Farber Cancer Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chris Sander
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew Zelenetz
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Klein
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yongzhao Shao
- NYU School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mortimer Lacher
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph Vijai
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Offit
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Tomas Kirchhoff
- NYU School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Sasaki Y, Sano S, Nakahara M, Murata S, Kometani K, Aiba Y, Sakamoto S, Watanabe Y, Tanaka K, Kurosaki T, Iwai K. Defective immune responses in mice lacking LUBAC-mediated linear ubiquitination in B cells. EMBO J 2013; 32:2463-76. [PMID: 23942237 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) plays a crucial role in activating the canonical NF-κB pathway, which is important for B-cell development and function. Here, we describe a mouse model (B-HOIP(Δlinear)) in which the linear polyubiquitination activity of LUBAC is specifically ablated in B cells. Canonical NF-κB and ERK activation, mediated by the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily receptors CD40 and TACI, was impaired in B cells from B-HOIP(Δlinear) mice due to defective activation of the IKK complex; however, B-cell receptor (BCR)-mediated activation of the NF-κB and ERK pathways was unaffected. B-HOIP(Δlinear) mice show impaired B1-cell development and defective antibody responses to thymus-dependent and thymus-independent II antigens. Taken together, these data suggest that LUBAC-mediated linear polyubiquitination is essential for B-cell development and activation, possibly via canonical NF-κB and ERK activation induced by the TNF receptor superfamily, but not by the BCR.
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23
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Tarantino G, Scalera A, Finelli C. Liver-spleen axis: Intersection between immunity, infections and metabolism. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:3534-3542. [PMID: 23801854 PMCID: PMC3691032 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i23.3534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spleen has been considered a neglected organ so far, even though is strictly linked to liver. The spleen plays an important role in the modulation of the immune system and in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance via the clearance of circulating apoptotic cells, the differentiation and activation of T and B cells and production of antibodies in the white pulp. Moreover, splenic macrophages are able to remove bacteria from the blood and protect from sepsis during systemic infections. We review the spleen function and its assessment in humans starting from the description of spleen diseases, ranging from the congenital asplenia to secondary hyposplenism. From the literature data it is clear that obesity in humans affects different compartments of immune system, even thought there are still few data available on the implicated mechamisms. The intent is to enable clinicians to evaluate the newly recognized role of metabolic and endocrine functions of the spleen with special emphasis to obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the context of the available literature. Moreover, understanding the spleen function could be important to develop appropriate prevention strategies in order to counteract the pandemia of obesity. In this direction, we suggest spleen longitudinal diameter at ultrasonography, as simple, cheap and largely available tool, be used as new marker for assessing splenic function, in the context of the so-called liver-spleen axis.
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Dang R, Sasaki N, Nishino T, Nakanishi M, Torigoe D, Agui T. Lymphopenia in Ednrb-deficient rat was strongly modified by genetic background. Biomed Res 2013; 33:249-53. [PMID: 22975636 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.33.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The endothelin signaling pathway plays an important role in the migration, proliferation, and differentiation of neural crest cells. Mutations in the gene encoding the endothelin receptor type B (EDNRB) cause three symptoms: aganglionosis, pigmented disorder and hearing loss. In addition, the Ednrb null mice show abnormal splenic microarchitecture with lymphopenia. In this study, we examined whether similar phenotypes are reproduced in three Ednrb-null rat strains that we established previously. AGH-Ednrb(sl)/(sl) strain showed a low white blood cell count, significant size reduction and abnormal microarchitecture of spleen. Thymus displayed a marked reduction in the size, but maintained a normal CD4/CD8 ratio. In contrast, splenic cellularity was reduced to < 15%, and splenic B and T cell numbers were reduced, showing a splenic lymphopenia. Interestingly, Ednrb-null rats in the LE and F344 genetic background did not show these abnormalities. These data show that proper T and B cell development is dependent on the endothelin signaling pathway, however, modifier gene(s) might be differentially expressed in these strain to modulate or compensate for the effect of the Ednrb deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Dang
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Tokunaga F, Iwai K. LUBAC, a novel ubiquitin ligase for linear ubiquitination, is crucial for inflammation and immune responses. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:563-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are immune cells that lack a specific antigen receptor yet can produce an array of effector cytokines that in variety match that of T helper cell subsets. ILCs function in lymphoid organogenesis, tissue remodeling, antimicrobial immunity, and inflammation, particularly at barrier surfaces. Their ability to promptly respond to insults inflicted by stress-causing microbes strongly suggests that ILCs are critical in first-line immunological defenses. Here, we review current data on developmental requirements, lineage relationships, and effector functions of two families of ILCs: (a) Rorγt-expressing cells involved in lymphoid tissue formation, mucosal immunity, and inflammation and (b) type 2 ILCs that are important for helminth immunity. We also discuss the potential roles of ILCs in the pathology of immune-mediated inflammatory and infectious diseases including allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hergen Spits
- Tytgat Institute of Liver and Intestinal Research of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
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27
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Lavilla-Alonso S, Abo-Ramadan U, Halavaara J, Escutenaire S, Tatlisumak T, Saksela K, Kanerva A, Hemminki A, Pesonen S. Optimized mouse model for the imaging of tumor metastasis upon experimental therapy. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26810. [PMID: 22073198 PMCID: PMC3207818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of new cancer treatments focuses increasingly on the relation of cancer tissue with its microenvironment. A major obstacle for the development of new anti-cancer therapies has been the lack of relevant animal models that would reproduce all the events involved in disease progression from the early-stage primary tumor until the development of mature metastatic tissue. To this end, we have developed a readily imageable mouse model of colorectal cancer featuring highly reproducible formation of spontaneous liver metastases derived from intrasplenic primary tumors. We optimized several experimental variables, and found that the correct choice of cell line and the genetic background, as well as the age of the recipient mice, were critical for establishing a useful model system. Among a panel of colorectal cancer cell lines tested, the epithelial carcinoma HT29 line was found to be the most suitable in terms of producing homogeneous tumor growth and metastases. In our hands, SCID mice at the age of 125 days or older were the most suitable in supporting consistent HT29 tumor growth after splenic implantation followed by reproducible metastasis to the liver. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol was optimized for use with this mouse model, and demonstrated to be a powerful method for analyzing the antitumor effects of an experimental therapy. Specifically, we used this system to with success to verify by MRI monitoring the efficacy of an intrasplenically administered oncolytic adenovirus therapy in reducing visceral tumor load and development of liver metastases. In summary, we have developed a highly optimized mouse model for liver metastasis of colorectal cancer, which allows detection of the tumor load at the whole body level and enables an accurate timing of therapeutic interventions to target different stages of cancer progression and metastatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Lavilla-Alonso
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute and Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Usama Abo-Ramadan
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Halavaara
- Department of Radiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Radiology, Jorvi Hospital, Espoo, Finland
| | - Sophie Escutenaire
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute and Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Turgut Tatlisumak
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kalle Saksela
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Kanerva
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute and Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute and Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail: (AH); (SP)
| | - Sari Pesonen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute and Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail: (AH); (SP)
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Bolon B, Couto S, Fiette L, Perle KL. Internet and Print Resources to Facilitate Pathology Analysis When Phenotyping Genetically Engineered Rodents. Vet Pathol 2011; 49:224-35. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985811415709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mice and rats are increasingly used as models for exploring disease progression and mechanisms. The full spectrum of anatomic, biochemical, and functional changes that develop in novel, genetically engineered mouse and rat lines must be cataloged before predictions regarding the significance of the mutation may be extrapolated to diseases in other vertebrate species, including humans. A growing list of reference materials, including books, journal articles, and websites, has been produced in the last 2 decades to assist researchers in phenotyping newly engineered rodent lines. This compilation provides an extensive register of materials related to the pathology component of rodent phenotypic analysis. In this article, the authors annotate the resources they use most often, to allow for quick determination of their relevance to research projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Bolon
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - S. Couto
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
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Abstract
NFκB is an inducible transcriptional factor controlled by two principal signaling cascades and plays pivotal roles in diverse physiological processes including inflammation, apoptosis, oncogenesis, immunity, and development. Activation of NFκB signaling was detected in skin of SHAPRIN-deficient mice and can be diminished by an NFκB inhibitor. However, in vitro studies demonstrated that SHARPIN activates NFκB signaling by forming a linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex with RNF31 (HOIP) and RBCK1 (HOIL1). The inconsistency between in vivo and in vitro findings about SHARPIN's function on NFκB activation could be partially due to SHARPIN's potential interactions with downstream molecules of NFκB pathway. In this study, 17 anti-flag immunoprecipitated proteins, including TRAF2, were identified by mass spectrum analysis among Sharpin-Flag transfected mouse fibroblasts, B lymphocytes, and BALB/c LN stroma 12 cells suggesting their interaction with SHARPIN. Interaction between SHARPIN and TRAF2 confirmed previous yeast two hybridization reports that SHARPIN was one TRAF2's partners. Furthermore, luciferase-based NFκB reporter assays demonstrated that SHARPIN negatively associates with NFκB activation, which can be partly compensated by over-expression of TRAF2. These data suggested that other than activating NFκB signaling by forming ubiquitin ligase complex with RNF31 and RBCK1, SHARPIN may also negatively associate with NFκB activation via interactions with other NFκB members, such as TRAF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Liang
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.
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Tokunaga F, Nakagawa T, Nakahara M, Saeki Y, Taniguchi M, Sakata S, Tanaka K, Nakano H, Iwai K. SHARPIN is a component of the NF-κB-activating linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex. Nature. 2011;471:633-636. [PMID: 21455180 DOI: 10.1038/nature09815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 492] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cpdm (chronic proliferative dermatitis) mice develop chronic dermatitis and an immunodeficiency with increased serum IgM, symptoms that resemble those of patients with X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome and hypohydrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XHM-ED), which is caused by mutations in NEMO (NF-κB essential modulator; also known as IKBKG). Spontaneous null mutations in the Sharpin (SHANK-associated RH domain interacting protein in postsynaptic density) gene are responsible for the cpdm phenotype in mice. SHARPIN shows significant similarity to HOIL-1L (also known as RBCK1), a component of linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC), which induces NF-κB activation through conjugation of linear polyubiquitin chains to NEMO. Here, we identify SHARPIN as an additional component of LUBAC. SHARPIN-containing complexes can linearly ubiquitinate NEMO and activated NF-κB. Thus, we re-define LUBAC as a complex containing SHARPIN, HOIL-1L, and HOIP (also known as RNF31). Deletion of SHARPIN drastically reduced the amount of LUBAC, which resulted in attenuated TNF-α- and CD40-mediated activation of NF-κB in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or B cells from cpdm mice. Considering the pleomorphic phenotype of cpdm mice, these results confirm the predicted role of LUBAC-mediated linear polyubiquitination in NF-κB activation induced by various stimuli, and strongly suggest the involvement of LUBAC-induced NF-κB activation in various disorders.
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Liang Y, Sundberg JP. SHARPIN regulates mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2011; 63:148-53. [PMID: 21620685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chronic proliferative dermatitis mutation (CPDM) in mice, due to Sharpin deficiency (Sharpin(cpdm)), is a multisystem disorder characterized by peripheral blood eosinophilia and eosinophil infiltration of affected tissues including the skin, bone marrow, spleen, lung, heart, and other organs. The epidermis has numerous apoptotic keratinocytes which increase with age, coalesce, form vesicles, and rupture causing ulceration. OBJECTIVE To clarify the molecular pathways involved in the keratinocyte apoptosis caused by loss of function of SHARPIN in mice. METHOD 10-week-old Sharpin(cpdm) and wildtype mice were used for experiments. Ultrastructural changes of skin were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Cross points of mitochondrial pathway were analyzed by in vitro and in vivo cellular and molecular assays. RESULTS 77.5% skin cells in Sharpin(cpdm) mice were functionally apoptotic and dead cells, compared to only 18.1% unhealthy skin cells in wildtype mice, indicated by annexin-V/propidium iodide FACS analysis. Mitochondria in keratinocytes were disrupted containing prominent electron dense inclusions and membrane potential depolarization, accompanied by a shift in protein expression between the anti-apoptotic BCL2 and pro-apoptotic BAX proteins. Enzymatic activities of caspases 9 and 3, but not 8, were markedly increased in Sharpin(cpdm) keratinocytes. Caspase-3 was cleaved in most cells in skin of 10-week-old mutant mice. CONCLUSION The present results indicated that keratinocyte apoptosis in Sharpin(cpdm) mice was regulated by an intrinsic caspase-dependent mitochondria pathway.
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Badr G, Waly H, Saad Eldien HM, Abdel-Tawab H, Hassan K, Alhazza IM, Ebaid H, Alwasel SH. Blocking Type I Interferon (IFN) Signaling Impairs Antigen Responsiveness of Circulating Lymphocytes and Alters Their Homing to Lymphoid Organs: Protective Role of Type I IFN. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 26:1029-40. [DOI: 10.1159/000323978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Liang Y, Seymour RE, Sundberg JP. Inhibition of NF-κB signaling retards eosinophilic dermatitis in SHARPIN-deficient mice. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:141-9. [PMID: 20811394 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The NF-κB pathway performs pivotal roles in diverse physiological processes such as immunity, inflammation, proliferation, and apoptosis. NF-κB is kept inactive in the cytoplasm through association with inhibitors (IκB), and translocates to the nucleus to activate its target genes after the IκBs are phosphorylated and degraded. Here, we demonstrate that loss of function of SHANK-associated RH domain interacting protein (SHARPIN) leads to activation of NF-κB signaling in skin, resulting in the development of an idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (IHES) with eosinophilic dermatitis in C57BL/KaLawRij-Sharpin(cpdm)/RijSunJ mice, and clonal expansion of B-1 B cells and CD3(+)CD4(-)CD8(-) T cells. Transcription profiling in skin revealed constitutive activation of classical NF-κB pathways, predominantly by overexpressed members of IL1 family. Compound-null mutants for both the IL1 receptor accessory protein (Il1rap(tm1Roml)) and SHARPIN (Sharpin(cpdm)) resulted in mice having decreased skin disease severity. Inhibition of IκBA degradation by the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib alleviated the dermatitis in Sharpin(cpdm) mice. These results indicate that absence of SHARPIN causes IHES with eosinophilic dermatitis by NF-κB activation, and bortezomib may be an effective treatment for skin problems of IHES.
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Boles MK, Wilkinson BM, Wilming LG, Liu B, Probst FJ, Harrow J, Grafham D, Hentges KE, Woodward LP, Maxwell A, Mitchell K, Risley MD, Johnson R, Hirschi K, Lupski JR, Funato Y, Miki H, Marin-Garcia P, Matthews L, Coffey AJ, Parker A, Hubbard TJ, Rogers J, Bradley A, Adams DJ, Justice MJ. Discovery of candidate disease genes in ENU-induced mouse mutants by large-scale sequencing, including a splice-site mutation in nucleoredoxin. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000759. [PMID: 20011118 PMCID: PMC2782131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An accurate and precisely annotated genome assembly is a fundamental requirement for functional genomic analysis. Here, the complete DNA sequence and gene annotation of mouse Chromosome 11 was used to test the efficacy of large-scale sequencing for mutation identification. We re-sequenced the 14,000 annotated exons and boundaries from over 900 genes in 41 recessive mutant mouse lines that were isolated in an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutation screen targeted to mouse Chromosome 11. Fifty-nine sequence variants were identified in 55 genes from 31 mutant lines. 39% of the lesions lie in coding sequences and create primarily missense mutations. The other 61% lie in noncoding regions, many of them in highly conserved sequences. A lesion in the perinatal lethal line l11Jus13 alters a consensus splice site of nucleoredoxin (Nxn), inserting 10 amino acids into the resulting protein. We conclude that point mutations can be accurately and sensitively recovered by large-scale sequencing, and that conserved noncoding regions should be included for disease mutation identification. Only seven of the candidate genes we report have been previously targeted by mutation in mice or rats, showing that despite ongoing efforts to functionally annotate genes in the mammalian genome, an enormous gap remains between phenotype and function. Our data show that the classical positional mapping approach of disease mutation identification can be extended to large target regions using high-throughput sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K. Boles
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bonney M. Wilkinson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Laurens G. Wilming
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Frank J. Probst
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Harrow
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Darren Grafham
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn E. Hentges
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lanette P. Woodward
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrea Maxwell
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Karen Mitchell
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D. Risley
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Randy Johnson
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Karen Hirschi
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - James R. Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yosuke Funato
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miki
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Pablo Marin-Garcia
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Matthews
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Alison J. Coffey
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Parker
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Tim J. Hubbard
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Rogers
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Allan Bradley
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Adams
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MJJ); (DJA)
| | - Monica J. Justice
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MJJ); (DJA)
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35
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Abstract
The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) initiates immune responses to specific antigens encountered along all mucosal surfaces. MALT inductive sites are secondary immune tissues where antigen sampling occurs and immune responses are initiated. Effector sites, present as diffuse lymphoid tissue along all mucosal surfaces are the sites of IgA transport across the mucosal epithelium. Though there are many differences between inductive sites in various organs, they all contain the same basic compartments-follicles, interfollicular regions, subepithelial dome regions, and follicle-associated epithelium. The morphologic differences between MALT and other secondary lymphoid tissues, between the MALT sites of differing anatomic locations, and species differences among laboratory animals are described. The morphologic changes in MALT associated with aging, route of nutrition, and genetic mutation (i.e., the nude and SCID mutations) are also discussed. MALT tissues comprise the mucosal immune system which can function independently of the systemic immune system and are, therefore, an important and often overlooked aspect of immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Cesta
- Integrated Laboratory Systems Inc., 601 Keystone Park Drive, Durham, NC 27713, USA.
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