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Rajaonarifara E, Roche B, Chesnais CB, Rabenantoandro H, Evans M, Garchitorena A. Heterogeneity in elimination efforts could increase the risk of resurgence of lymphatic filariasis in Madagascar. Infect Genet Evol 2024; 120:105589. [PMID: 38548211 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progress in lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination is spatially heterogeneous in many endemic countries, which may lead to resurgence in areas that have achieved elimination. Understanding the drivers and consequences of such heterogeneity could help inform strategies to reach global LF elimination goals by 2030. This study assesses whether differences in age-specific compliance with mass drug administration (MDA) could explain LF prevalence patterns in southeastern Madagascar and explores how spatial heterogeneity in prevalence and age-specific MDA compliance may affect the risk of LF resurgence after transmission interruption. METHODOLOGY We used LYMFASIM model with parameters in line with the context of southeastern Madagascar and explored a wide range of scenarios with different MDA compliance for adults and children (40-100%) to estimate the proportion of elimination, non-elimination and resurgence events associated with each scenario. Finally, we evaluated the risk of resurgence associated with different levels of migration (2-6%) from surrounding districts combined with varying levels of LF microfilaria (mf) prevalence (0-24%) during that same study period. RESULTS Differences in MDA compliance between adults and children better explained the observed heterogeneity in LF prevalence for these age groups than differences in exposure alone. The risk of resurgence associated with differences in MDA compliance scenarios ranged from 0 to 19% and was highest when compliance was high for children (e.g. 90%) and low for adults (e.g. 50%). The risk of resurgence associated with migration was generally higher, exceeding 60% risk for all the migration levels explored (2-6% per year) when mf prevalence in the source districts was between 9% and 20%. CONCLUSION Gaps in the implementation of LF elimination programme can increase the risk of resurgence and undermine elimination efforts. In Madagascar, districts that have not attained elimination pose a significant risk for those that have achieved it. More research is needed to help guide LF elimination programme on the optimal strategies for surveillance and control that maximize the chances to sustain elimination and avoid resurgence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinambinina Rajaonarifara
- UMR 224 MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France; NGO Pivot, Ifanadiana, Madagascar; Sciences & Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
| | - Benjamin Roche
- UMR 224 MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Holivololona Rabenantoandro
- Service de Lutte contre les Maladies Epidémiques et Négligées - Ministère de la Santé Publique, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Michelle Evans
- NGO Pivot, Ifanadiana, Madagascar; Departement of Global Health and Social Medicine, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andres Garchitorena
- UMR 224 MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France; NGO Pivot, Ifanadiana, Madagascar
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Maddren R, Collyer B, Phillips AE, Rayment Gomez S, Abtew B, Anjulo U, Tadele D, Sharma A, Tamiru A, Liyew EF, Chernet M, Anderson RM. Patterns of individual compliance with anthelmintic treatment for soil-transmitted helminth infections in southern Ethiopia over six rounds of community-wide mass drug administration. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2024; 118:304-312. [PMID: 37965994 PMCID: PMC11062190 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trad079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mainstay of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) control is repeated mass drug administration (MDA) of anthelmintics to endemic populations. Individual longitudinal compliance treatment patterns are important for identifying pockets of infected individuals who remain untreated and serve as infection reservoirs. METHODS The Geshiyaro Project censused the study population in Wolaita, Ethiopia at baseline in 2018. Individual longitudinal compliance was recorded for six rounds of community-wide MDA (cMDA). The probability distribution of treatment frequency was analysed by age and gender stratifications. Probabilities of transmission interruption for different compliance patterns were calculated using an individual-based stochastic model of Ascaris lumbricoides transmission. RESULTS The never-treated (0.42%) population was smaller than expected from a random positive binomial distribution. The observed compliance frequency was well described by the beta-binomial distribution. Preschool-age children (odds ratio [OR] 10.1 [95% confidence interval {CI} 6.63 to 15.4]) had the highest never-treated proportion of the age groups. Conversely, school-age children (SAC) and adults (OR 1.03 [95% CI 0.98 to 1.09]) had the highest always-treated proportion of the age groups. CONCLUSIONS The study reports the largest dataset of individual longitudinal compliance to cMDA for STH control. Clear pattens are shown in the age-dependent distribution of individual compliance behaviour. The impact of compliance on the probability of elimination is significant, highlighting the importance of recording the full frequency distribution, not just the never-treated proportion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Maddren
- Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - B Collyer
- Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - A E Phillips
- FHI360, 359 Blackwell Street, Suite 200, Durham, NC, USA
| | - S Rayment Gomez
- Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - B Abtew
- Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - U Anjulo
- Federal Ministry of Health, 1234 Sudan Street, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - D Tadele
- Simprints, Cambridge CB1 2FH, UK
| | - A Sharma
- Simprints, Cambridge CB1 2FH, UK
| | - A Tamiru
- Federal Ministry of Health, 1234 Sudan Street, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - E Firdawek Liyew
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Swaziland Street, 2PWJ P8C, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - M Chernet
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Swaziland Street, 2PWJ P8C, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - R M Anderson
- Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, UK
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Kura K, Mutono N, Basáñez MG, Collyer BS, Coffeng LE, Thumbi SM, Anderson RM. How Does Treatment Coverage and Proportion Never Treated Influence the Success of Schistosoma mansoni Elimination as a Public Health Problem by 2030? Clin Infect Dis 2024; 78:S126-S130. [PMID: 38662698 PMCID: PMC11045018 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciae074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2030 target for schistosomiasis is elimination as a public health problem (EPHP), achieved when the prevalence of heavy-intensity infection among school-aged children (SAC) reduces to <1%. To achieve this, the new World Health Organization guidelines recommend a broader target of population to include pre-SAC and adults. However, the probability of achieving EPHP should be expected to depend on patterns in repeated uptake of mass drug administration by individuals. METHODS We employed 2 individual-based stochastic models to evaluate the impact of school-based and community-wide treatment and calculated the number of rounds required to achieve EPHP for Schistosoma mansoni by considering various levels of the population never treated (NT). We also considered 2 age-intensity profiles, corresponding to a low and high burden of infection in adults. RESULTS The number of rounds needed to achieve this target depends on the baseline prevalence and the coverage used. For low- and moderate-transmission areas, EPHP can be achieved within 7 years if NT ≤10% and NT <5%, respectively. In high-transmission areas, community-wide treatment with NT <1% is required to achieve EPHP. CONCLUSIONS The higher the intensity of transmission, and the lower the treatment coverage, the lower the acceptable value of NT becomes. Using more efficacious treatment regimens would permit NT values to be marginally higher. A balance between target treatment coverage and NT values may be an adequate treatment strategy depending on the epidemiological setting, but striving to increase coverage and/or minimize NT can shorten program duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klodeta Kura
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Nyamai Mutono
- Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, University of Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman
| | - Maria-Gloria Basáñez
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin S Collyer
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Luc E Coffeng
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S M Thumbi
- Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, University of Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Anderson
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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Nieves E, Cimino R, Krolewiecki A, Juarez M, Lanusse C, Alvarez L, Ceballos L. Albendazole metabolites excretion in human saliva as a biomarker to assess treatment compliance in mass drug administration (MDA) anthelmintic programs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6271. [PMID: 38491091 PMCID: PMC10943003 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56804-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Soil-transmitted-helminth (STH) infections continue to be a persistent global public health problem. Control strategies for STH have been based on the use of mass drug administration (MDA). Coverage and compliance assessment is critical to understanding the true effectiveness of albendazole (ABZ) in those MDA programs. The aims of this work were to characterize the pattern of albendazole and metabolites excretion in human saliva, and to develop a saliva-based biomarker (HPLC drug/metabolite detection) useful to accurately estimate the coverage/compliance in MDA campaigns. The study subjects were 12 healthy volunteers treated with a single oral dose of ABZ (400 mg). Saliva and blood (dried blood spot, DBS) samples were taken previously and between 2 and 72 h post-treatment. The samples were analyzed by HPLC with UV detection, C18 reversed-phase column. ABZ sulphoxide was the main analyte recovered up to 72 h p.t. in blood and saliva. The concentration profiles measured in the blood (DBS samples) were higher (P < 0.05) than those in saliva, however, this ABZ-metabolite was recovered longer in saliva. The in vivo measurement of drugs/metabolites in saliva samples from ABZ-treated volunteers offers strong scientific evidence to support the use of saliva as a valid biological sample for assessing compliance in MDA programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nieves
- Facultad Regional Orán, Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Salta, Argentina
| | - R Cimino
- Facultad Regional Orán, Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Salta, Argentina
| | - A Krolewiecki
- Facultad Regional Orán, Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Salta, Argentina
| | - M Juarez
- Facultad Regional Orán, Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Salta, Argentina
| | - C Lanusse
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L Ceballos
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Kamber L, Bürli C, Harbrecht H, Odermatt P, Sayasone S, Chitnis N. Modeling the persistence of Opisthorchis viverrini worm burden after mass-drug administration and education campaigns with systematic adherence. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011362. [PMID: 38422118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Opisthorchis viverrini is a parasitic liver fluke contracted by consumption of raw fish, which affects over 10 million people in Southeast Asia despite sustained control efforts. Chronic infections are a risk factor for the often fatal bile duct cancer, cholangiocarcinoma. Previous modeling predicted rapid elimination of O. viverrini following yearly mass drug administration (MDA) campaigns. However, field data collected in affected populations shows persistence of infection, including heavy worm burden, after many years of repeated interventions. A plausible explanation for this observation is systematic adherence of individuals in health campaigns, such as MDA and education, with some individuals consistently missing treatment. We developed an agent-based model of O. viverrini which allows us to introduce various heterogeneities including systematic adherence to MDA and education campaigns at the individual level. We validate the agent-based model by comparing it to a previously published population-based model. We estimate the degree of systematic adherence to MDA and education campaigns indirectly, using epidemiological data collected in Lao PDR before and after 5 years of repeated MDA, education and sanitation improvement campaigns. We predict the impact of interventions deployed singly and in combination, with and without the estimated systematic adherence. We show how systematic adherence can substantially increase the time required to achieve reductions in worm burden. However, we predict that yearly MDA campaigns alone can result in a strong reduction of moderate and heavy worm burden, even under systematic adherence. We predict latrines and education campaigns to be particularly important for the reduction in overall prevalence, and therefore, ultimately, elimination. Our findings show how systematic adherence can explain the observed persistence of worm burden; while emphasizing the benefit of interventions for the entire population, even under systematic adherence. At the same time, the results highlight the substantial opportunity to further reduce worm burden if patterns of systematic adherence can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Kamber
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christine Bürli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Harbrecht
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Odermatt
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Somphou Sayasone
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Maddren R, Anderson RM. Measuring heterogeneities in soil-transmitted helminth transmission and control. Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:45-59. [PMID: 38087679 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The global effort over the past decade to control soil-transmitted helminths (STH) has resulted in communities with endemic infection reaching low prevalence levels suitable for the validation of elimination as a public health problem (EPHP), defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as <2% of infections classified as moderate or heavy intensity. The spatial scale in which this is validated is currently undefined. As the burden of STH infection decreases, the degree of aggregation of infection within individuals in a population increases. Identifying these remaining pockets of infection requires fine-scale monitoring and evaluation (M&E) programmes that are rarely implemented within current national neglected tropical disease (NTD) control. This review examines various heterogeneities that characterise the epidemiology of STH infections, and discusses their impact on control policy formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie Maddren
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Roy M Anderson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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