1
|
Fryer AL, Abdullah A, Mobilio F, Jobling A, Moore Z, de Veer M, Zheng G, Wong BX, Taylor JM, Crack PJ. Pharmacological inhibition of STING reduces neuroinflammation-mediated damage post-traumatic brain injury. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38710660 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a major public health concern worldwide with unmet effective treatment. Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and its downstream type-I interferon (IFN) signalling are now appreciated to be involved in TBI pathogenesis. Compelling evidence have shown that STING and type-I IFNs are key in mediating the detrimental neuroinflammatory response after TBI. Therefore, pharmacological inhibition of STING presents a viable therapeutic opportunity in combating the detrimental neuroinflammatory response after TBI. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of the small-molecule STING inhibitor n-(4-iodophenyl)-5-nitrofuran-2-carboxamide (C-176) in the controlled cortical impact mouse model of TBI in 10- to 12-week-old male mice. Thirty minutes post-controlled cortical impact surgery, a single 750-nmol dose of C-176 or saline (vehicle) was administered intravenously. Analysis was conducted 2 h and 24 h post-TBI. KEY RESULTS Mice administered C-176 had significantly smaller cortical lesion area when compared to vehicle-treated mice 24 h post-TBI. Quantitative temporal gait analysis conducted using DigiGait™ showed C-176 administration attenuated TBI-induced impairments in gait symmetry, stride frequency and forelimb stance width. C-176-treated mice displayed a significant reduction in striatal gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines Tnf-α, Il-1β and Cxcl10 compared to their vehicle-treated counterparts 2 h post-TBI. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS This study demonstrates the neuroprotective activity of C-176 in ameliorating acute neuroinflammation and preventing white matter neurodegeneration post-TBI. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of small-molecule inhibitors targeting STING for the treatment of trauma-induced inflammation and neuroprotective potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia L Fryer
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Amar Abdullah
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Frank Mobilio
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Andrew Jobling
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Zachery Moore
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Michael de Veer
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Gang Zheng
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Bruce X Wong
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Juliet M Taylor
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Peter J Crack
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
García-García ÓD, Carriel V, Chato-Astrain J. Myelin histology: a key tool in nervous system research. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:277-281. [PMID: 37488878 PMCID: PMC10503616 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.375318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The myelin sheath is a lipoprotein-rich, multilayered structure capable of increasing conduction velocity in central and peripheral myelinated nerve fibers. Due to the complex structure and composition of myelin, various histological techniques have been developed over the centuries to evaluate myelin under normal, pathological or experimental conditions. Today, methods to assess myelin integrity or content are key tools in both clinical diagnosis and neuroscience research. In this review, we provide an updated summary of the composition and structure of the myelin sheath and discuss some histological procedures, from tissue fixation and processing techniques to the most used and practical myelin histological staining methods. Considering the lipoprotein nature of myelin, the main features and technical details of the different available methods that can be used to evaluate the lipid or protein components of myelin are described, as well as the precise ultrastructural techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Darío García-García
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, University of Granada & Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Víctor Carriel
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, University of Granada & Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Chato-Astrain
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, University of Granada & Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim WK, Kang BJ. Transplantation of Heat-Shock Preconditioned Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Combined with RGD-Functionalised Hydrogel Promotes Spinal Cord Functional Recovery in a Rat Hemi-Transection Model. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:283-300. [PMID: 37821771 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) transplantation in spinal cord injury (SCI) is a potential treatment that supports regeneration by promoting neuroprotection, remyelination, and neurite outgrowth. However, glial scarring hinders neuroregeneration and reduces the efficiency of cell transplantation. The present study aimed to enhance this neuroregeneration by surgically removing the glial scar and transplanting heat-shock (HS) preconditioned NSPCs in combination with Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-functionalised hydrogel in a rat spinal cord hemi-transection model. METHODS Twelve Sprague-Dawley rats underwent spinal cord hemi-transection and were randomly divided into three treatment groups: hydrogel implantation (control group), NSPC-encapsulated hydrogel implantation, and HS-NSPC-encapsulated hydrogel implantation. HS preconditioning was applied to the NSPCs to reinforce cell retention and an RGD-functionalised hydrogel was used as a biomatrix. RESULTS In vitro culture showed that preconditioned NSPCs highly differentiated into neurons and oligodendrocytes and exhibited higher proliferation and neurite outgrowth in hydrogels. Rats in the HS-NSPC-encapsulated hydrogel implantation group showed significantly improved functional recovery, neuronal and oligodendrocyte differentiation of transplanted cells, remyelination, and low fibrotic scar formation. CONCLUSIONS The surgical removal of the glial scar in combination with HS-preconditioning and RGD-functionalised hydrogels should be considered as a new paradigm in NSPC transplantation for spinal cord regeneration treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woo Keyoung Kim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Byung-Jae Kang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
- BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang XB, Zhou LY, Chen XQ, Li R, Yu BB, Pan MX, Fang L, Li J, Cui XJ, Yao M, Lu X. Neuroprotective effect and possible mechanism of edaravone in rat models of spinal cord injury: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2023; 12:177. [PMID: 37752580 PMCID: PMC10521558 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-023-02306-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most disabling neurological conditions, afflicting thousands of human beings. Edaravone, a well-known reactive oxygen species scavenger, is expanding its new scope in field of SCI. The objective of this systematic review is to determine the neuroprotective effects and discuss the underlying mechanism of edaravone in management of SCI. METHODS The systematic review will include the controlled studies evaluating the neurological roles of edaravone on experiment rat models following SCI. The primary outcome will be the 21-point Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale. The secondary outcomes will include the preservation of white matter areas and malondialdehyde levels. Two researchers will independently search PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane Library from their inception date. Following study selection, data extraction, and assessment of methodological quality in included studies using the SYRCLE's RoB tool, data from eligible studies will be pooled and analyzed using random-effects models with RevMan 5.3 software. In case of sufficient data, subgroup analyses with respect to species, age, gender, injury characteristics, or administration details will be carried out to explore the factors modifying efficacy of edaravone. For exploring the appropriate dose of edaravone, a network meta-analysis approach will be conducted based on the Bayesian method. Importantly, the proposed mechanisms and changes of related molecules will be also extracted from included studies for comprehensively investigating the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of edaravone. DISCUSSION In this study, we aim to quantitatively analyze the role of edaravone in locomotor recovery and tissue damage in SCI rat model. The efficacy of edaravone in distinct scenarios will be investigated by subgroup analyses, and we expect to predict the candidate dose that offers a superior treatment effect using network meta-analyses. Moreover, a comprehensive framework regarding the neuroprotective mechanisms behind edaravone will be constructed via a combination of systematic and traditional review. This study will bring implications for future preclinical studies and clinical applications of SCI. Nonetheless, in light of the anticipated limitations in animal experimental design and methodological quality, the results in this review should be interpreted with caution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bo Wang
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Long-Yun Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu-Qing Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ran Li
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of LuAn, Luan, 237006, Anhui, China
| | - Bin-Bin Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng-Xiao Pan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Fang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue-Jun Cui
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Min Yao
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
González P, González-Fernández C, Maqueda A, Pérez V, Escalera-Anzola S, Rodríguez de Lope Á, Arias FJ, Girotti A, Rodríguez FJ. Silk-Elastin-like Polymers for Acute Intraparenchymal Treatment of the Traumatically Injured Spinal Cord: A First Systematic Experimental Approach. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122713. [PMID: 36559207 PMCID: PMC9784492 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the promising potential of hydrogel-based therapeutic approaches for spinal cord injury (SCI), the need for new biomaterials to design effective strategies for SCI treatment and the outstanding properties of silk-elastin-like polymers (SELP), the potential use of SELPs in SCI is currently unknown. In this context, we assessed the effects elicited by the in vivo acute intraparenchymal injection of an SELP named (EIS)2-RGD6 in a clinically relevant model of SCI. After optimization of the injection system, the distribution, structure, biodegradability, and cell infiltration capacity of (EIS)2-RGD6 were assessed. Finally, the effects exerted by the (EIS)2-RGD6 injection-in terms of motor function, myelin preservation, astroglial and microglia/macrophage reactivity, and fibrosis-were evaluated. We found that (EIS)2-RGD6 can be acutely injected in the lesioned spinal cord without inducing further damage, showing a widespread distribution covering all lesioned areas with a single injection and facilitating the formation of a slow-degrading porous scaffold at the lesion site that allows for the infiltration and/or proliferation of endogenous cells with no signs of collapse and without inducing further microglial and astroglial reactivity, as well as even reducing SCI-associated fibrosis. Altogether, these observations suggest that (EIS)2-RGD6-and, by extension, SELPs-could be promising polymers for the design of therapeutic strategies for SCI treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pau González
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Alfredo Maqueda
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Virginia Pérez
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Sara Escalera-Anzola
- Smart Devices for NanoMedicine Group University of Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Javier Arias
- Smart Devices for NanoMedicine Group University of Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alessandra Girotti
- Smart Devices for NanoMedicine Group University of Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 47003 Valladolid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (F.J.R.)
| | - Francisco Javier Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, 45071 Toledo, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (F.J.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tong LY, Deng YB, Du WH, Zhou WZ, Liao XY, Jiang X. Clemastine Promotes Differentiation of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells Through the Activation of ERK1/2 via Muscarinic Receptors After Spinal Cord Injury. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:914153. [PMID: 35865954 PMCID: PMC9294397 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.914153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recovery of spinal cord injury (SCI) is closely associated with the obstruction of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) differentiation, which ultimately induces the inability to generate newly formed myelin. To address the concern, drug-based methods may be the most practical and feasible way, possibly applying to clinical therapies for patients with SCI. In our previous study, we found that clemastine treatment preserves myelin integrity, decreases the loss of axons, and improves functional recovery in the SCI model. Clemastine acts as an antagonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (muscarinic receptor, MR) identified from a string of anti-muscarinic drugs that can enhance oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin wrapping. However, the effects of clemastine on OPC differentiation through MRs in SCI and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. To explore the possibility, a rat model of SCI was established. To investigate if clemastine could promote the differentiation of OPCs in SCI via MR, the expressions of OPC and mature OL were detected at 7 days post injury (dpi) or at 14 dpi. The significant effect of clemastine on encouraging OPC differentiation was revealed at 14 dpi rather than 7 dpi. Under pre-treatment with the MR agonist cevimeline, the positive role of clemastine on OPC differentiation was partially disrupted. Further studies indicated that clemastine increased the phosphorylation level of extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2) and the expressions of transcription factors, Myrf and Olig2. To determine the relationship among clemastine, ERK1/2 signaling, specified transcription factors, and OPC differentiation, the ERK1/2 signaling was disturbed by U0126. The inhibition of ERK1/2 in SCI rats treated with clemastine decreased the expressions of p-ERK 1/2, Myrf, Olig2, and mature OLs, suggesting that ERK1/2 is required for clemastine on promoting OPC differentiation and that specified transcription factors may be affected by the activity of ERK1/2. Moreover, the impact of clemastine on modulating the level of p-ERK 1/2 was restricted following cevimeline pre-injecting, which provides further evidence that the role of clemastine was mediated by MRs. Altogether, our data demonstrated that clemastine, mediated by MRs, promotes OPC differentiation under the enhancement of Myrf and Olig2 by activating ERK1/2 signaling and suggests a novel therapeutic prospect for SCI recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Yao Tong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong-Bing Deng
- Department of Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Center Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei-Hong Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-Zhu Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin-Yu Liao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Xue Jiang, ,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu Q, Zhou S, Wang X, Gu C, Guo Q, Li X, Zhang C, Zhang N, Zhang L, Huang F. Apelin alleviated neuroinflammation and promoted endogenous neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation after spinal cord injury in rats. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:160. [PMID: 35725619 PMCID: PMC9208139 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes devastating neurological damage, including secondary injuries dominated by neuroinflammation. The role of Apelin, an endogenous ligand that binds the G protein-coupled receptor angiotensin-like receptor 1, in SCI remains unclear. Thus, our aim was to investigate the effects of Apelin in inflammatory responses and activation of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) after SCI. Methods Apelin expression was detected in normal and injured rats, and roles of Apelin in primary NSCs were examined. In addition, we used induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as a carrier to prolong the effective duration of Apelin and evaluate its effects in a rat model of SCI. Results Co-immunofluorescence staining suggested that Apelin was expressed in both astrocytes, neurons and microglia. Following SCI, Apelin expression decreased from 1 to 14 d and re-upregulated at 28 d. In vitro, Apelin promoted NSCs proliferation and differentiation into neurons. In vivo, lentiviral-transfected iPSCs were used as a carrier to prolong the effective duration of Apelin. Transplantation of transfected iPSCs in situ immediately after SCI reduced polarization of M1 microglia and A1 astrocytes, facilitated recovery of motor function, and promoted the proliferation and differentiation of endogenous NSCs in rats. Conclusion Apelin alleviated neuroinflammation and promoted the proliferation and differentiation of endogenous NSCs after SCI, suggesting that it might be a promising target for treatment of SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Laishan, 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Institute of Neurobiology, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Laishan, 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Laishan, 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Chengxu Gu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Laishan, 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Qixuan Guo
- Institute of Neurobiology, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Laishan, 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Xikai Li
- Institute of Neurobiology, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Laishan, 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Laishan, 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Naili Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Laishan, 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Luping Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Laishan, 264003, Shandong, China.
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Laishan, 264003, Shandong, China. .,School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, 17 Shandong Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Slater PG, Domínguez-Romero ME, Villarreal M, Eisner V, Larraín J. Mitochondrial function in spinal cord injury and regeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:239. [PMID: 35416520 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many people around the world suffer from some form of paralysis caused by spinal cord injury (SCI), which has an impact on quality and life expectancy. The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system (CNS), which in mammals is unable to regenerate, and to date, there is a lack of full functional recovery therapies for SCI. These injuries start with a rapid and mechanical insult, followed by a secondary phase leading progressively to greater damage. This secondary phase can be potentially modifiable through targeted therapies. The growing literature, derived from mammalian and regenerative model studies, supports a leading role for mitochondria in every cellular response after SCI: mitochondrial dysfunction is the common event of different triggers leading to cell death, cellular metabolism regulates the immune response, mitochondrial number and localization correlate with axon regenerative capacity, while mitochondrial abundance and substrate utilization regulate neural stem progenitor cells self-renewal and differentiation. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of the cellular responses during the secondary phase of SCI, the mitochondrial contribution to each of them, as well as evidence of mitochondrial involvement in spinal cord regeneration, suggesting that a more in-depth study of mitochondrial function and regulation is needed to identify potential targets for SCI therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula G Slater
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Departamento de Biología Celular Y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Miguel E Domínguez-Romero
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Departamento de Biología Celular Y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maximiliano Villarreal
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Departamento de Biología Celular Y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Eisner
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Departamento de Biología Celular Y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Larraín
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Departamento de Biología Celular Y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kabdesh IM, Mukhamedshina YO, Arkhipova SS, Sabirov DK, Kuznecov MS, Vyshtakalyuk AB, Rizvanov AA, James V, Chelyshev YA. Cellular and Molecular Gradients in the Ventral Horns With Increasing Distance From the Injury Site After Spinal Cord Contusion. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:817752. [PMID: 35221924 PMCID: PMC8866731 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.817752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify cellular and molecular gradients following spinal cord injury (SCI), a rat contusion model of severe SCI was used to investigate the expression of NG2 and molecules that identify astrocytes and axons of the ventral horns (VH) at different distances on 7 and 30 days post-injury (dpi). A gradient of expression of NG2+/Olig2+ cells was determined, with the highest concentrations focused close to the injury site. A decrease in NG2 mean intensity correlates with a decrease in the number of NG2+ cells more distally. Immunoelectron microscopy subsequently revealed the presence of NG2 in connection with the membrane and within the cytoplasm of NG2+ glial cells and in large amounts within myelin membranes. Analysis of the astrocyte marker GFAP showed increased expression local to injury site from 7 dpi, this increase in expression spread more distally from the injury site by 30 dpi. Paradoxically, astrocyte perisynaptic processes marker GLT-1 was only increased in expression in areas remote from the epicenter, which was traced both at 7 and 30 dpi. Confocal microscopy showed a significant decrease in the number of 5-HT+ axons at a distance from the epicenter in the caudal direction, which is consistent with a decrease in β3-tubulin in these areas. The results indicate significant cellular and molecular reactions not only in the area of the gray matter damage but also in adjacent and remote areas, which is important for assessing the possibility of long-distance axonal growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilyas M Kabdesh
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technologies, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Yana O Mukhamedshina
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technologies, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Svetlana S Arkhipova
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technologies, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Davran K Sabirov
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technologies, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Maxim S Kuznecov
- Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Alexandra B Vyshtakalyuk
- FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan, Russia.,Department of Zoology and General Biology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Albert A Rizvanov
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technologies, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Victoria James
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yuri A Chelyshev
- Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jaiswal S, Brabazon F, von Leden R, Acs D, Collier S, Allison N, Dardzinski B, Byrnes KR. Spinal cord injury chronically depresses glucose uptake in the rodent model. Neurosci Lett 2021; 771:136416. [PMID: 34954116 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology following spinal cord injury (SCI) progresses from its lesion epicenter resulting in cellular and systemic changes acutely, sub-acutely and chronically. The symptoms of the SCI depend upon the severity of the injury and its location in the spinal cord. However, there is lack of studies that have longitudinally assessed acute through chronic in vivo changes following SCI. In this combinatorial study we fill this gap by evaluating acute to chronic effects of moderate SCI in rats. We have used fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) as a marker to assess glucose metabolism, motor function, and immunohistochemistry to examine changes following moderate SCI. Our results demonstrate decreased FDG uptake at the injury site chronically at days 28 and 90 post injury compared to baseline. This alteration in glucose uptake was not restricted to the lesion site, showing depressed FDG uptake in non-injured areas (cervical spinal cord and cerebellum). The alteration in glucose uptake was correlated with reductions in neuronal cell viability and increases in glial cell activation at 90 days at the lesion site, as well as chronic impairments in motor function. These data demonstrate the chronic effects of SCI on glucose metabolism both within the lesion and distally within the spinal cord and brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Jaiswal
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fiona Brabazon
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ramona von Leden
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Deanna Acs
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sean Collier
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nathanael Allison
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bernard Dardzinski
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kimberly R Byrnes
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang H, Yu H, Yang H, Zhan Y, Liu X. miR-378-3p alleviates contusion spinal cord injury by negatively regulating ATG12. Int J Exp Pathol 2021; 102:200-208. [PMID: 34709686 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) serve essential roles in the pathogenic process of spinal cord injury (SCI). The present study investigated the role of miR-378-3p and autophagy-related 12 (ATG12) in SCI. RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of miR-378-3p and ATG12. Cell viability and membrane integrity were evaluated using CCK-8 and LDH assays. For the analysis of the interaction between miR-378-3p and ATG12, a dual-luciferase reporter assay was conducted. The hindlimb function of rats was detected with the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan score, and the motor deficit index score was used to evaluate nerve function. Using these approaches, it was identified that miR-378-3p expression was downregulated, while that of ATG12 was upregulated in SCI tissues and in cells exposed to hypoxia. Hypoxia repressed the expression of miR-378-3p via hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α. The overexpression of miR-378-3p exerted anti-apoptotic effects on nerve cells by directly repressing ATG12. The infusion of miR-378-3p improved hindlimb motor function and the neurological functions of rats with contusion SCI, which contributed to amelioration of functional deficits and the relief of contusion SCI. Therefore, it was concluded that upregulated expression of miR-378-3p in PC12 or N2A cells repressed the apoptosis of nerve cells, and the administration of miR-378-3p in model rats with contusion SCI improved neurological and motor functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haocong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Hailong Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Huifeng Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Zhan
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinwei Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Du W, Deng Y, Jiang R, Tong L, Li R, Jiang X. Clemastine Enhances Myelination, Delays Axonal Loss and Promotes Functional Recovery in Spinal Cord Injury. Neurochem Res 2021; 47:503-515. [PMID: 34661796 PMCID: PMC8827101 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that demyelination occurs along with axonal degeneration in spinal cord injury (SCI) during the secondary injury phase. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC) are present in the lesions but fail to differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes and form new myelin. Given the limited recovery of neuronal functions after SCI in adults without effective treatment available so far, it remains unknown whether enhancing OPC differentiation and myelination could benefit the recovery of SCI. To show the significance of myelin regeneration after SCI, the injury was treated with clemastine in the rat model. Clemastine is an FDA-approved drug that is potent in promoting oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in vivo, for four weeks following SCI. Motor function was assessed using sloping boards and grid walking tests and scored according to the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan protocol. The myelin integrity and protein expression were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence, respectively. The results indicated that clemastine treatment preserves myelin integrity, decreases loss of axons and improves functional recovery in the rat SCI model. The presented data suggest that myelination-enhancing strategies may serve as a potential therapeutic approach for the functional recovery in SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yongbing Deng
- Department of Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Center Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Rong Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Luyao Tong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ruixue Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ge H, Xue X, Xian J, Yuan L, Wang L, Zou Y, Zhong J, Jiang Z, Shi J, Chen T, Su H, Feng H, Hu S. Ferrostatin-1 Alleviates White Matter Injury Via Decreasing Ferroptosis Following Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2021. [PMID: 34635980 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02571-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI), a devastating neurological impairment, usually imposes a long-term psychological stress and high socioeconomic burden for the sufferers and their family. Recent researchers have paid arousing attention to white matter injury and the underlying mechanism following SCI. Ferroptosis has been revealed to be associated with diverse diseases including stroke, cancer, and kidney degeneration. Ferrostatin-1, a potent inhibitor of ferroptosis, has been illustrated to curb ferroptosis in neurons, subsequently improving functional recovery after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and SCI. However, the role of ferroptosis in white matter injury and the therapeutic effect of ferrostatin-1 on SCI are still unknown. Here, our results indicated that ferroptosis played a pivotal role in the secondary white matter injury, and ferrostatin-1 could reduce iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and downregulate the ferroptosis-related genes and its products of IREB2 and PTGS2 to further inhibit ferroptosis in oligodendrocyte, finally reducing white matter injury and promoting functional recovery following SCI in rats. Meanwhile, the results demonstrated that ferrostatin-1 held the potential of inhibiting the activation of reactive astrocyte and microglia. Mechanically, the present study deciphers the potential mechanism of white matter damage, which enlarges the therapeutic effects of ferrostatin-1 on SCI and even in other central nervous system (CNS) diseases existing ferroptosis.
Collapse
|
14
|
Fessler RG, Liu CY, McKenna S, Fessler RD, Lebkowski JS, Priest CA, Wirth ED. Safety of direct injection of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells into the spinal cord of uninjured Göttingen minipigs. J Neurosurg Spine 2021:1-9. [PMID: 34243160 DOI: 10.3171/2020.12.spine201853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted as a final proof-of-safety direct injection of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells into the uninjured spinal cord prior to translation to the human clinical trials. METHODS In this study, 107 oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (LCTOPC1, also known as AST-OPC1 and GRNOPC1) in 50-μL suspension were injected directly into the uninjured spinal cords of 8 immunosuppressed Göttingen minipigs using a specially designed stereotactic delivery device. Four additional Göttingen minipigs were given Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution and acted as the control group. RESULTS Cell survival and no evidence of histological damage, abnormal inflammation, microbiological or immunological abnormalities, tumor formation, or unexpected morbidity or mortality were demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS These data strongly support the safety of intraparenchymal injection of LCTOPC1 into the spinal cord using a model anatomically similar to that of the human spinal cord. Furthermore, this research provides guidance for future clinical interventions, including mechanisms for precise positioning and anticipated volumes of biological payloads that can be safely delivered directly into uninjured portions of the spinal cord.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Fessler
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Stephen McKenna
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto; and
| | - R David Fessler
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jane S Lebkowski
- 4Asterias Biotherapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Carlsbad, California
| | - Catherine A Priest
- 4Asterias Biotherapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Carlsbad, California
| | - Edward D Wirth
- 4Asterias Biotherapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Carlsbad, California
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ye J, Jin S, Cai W, Chen X, Zheng H, Zhang T, Lu W, Li X, Liang C, Chen Q, Wang Y, Gu X, Yu B, Chen Z, Wang X. Rationally Designed, Self-Assembling, Multifunctional Hydrogel Depot Repairs Severe Spinal Cord Injury. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100242. [PMID: 34029000 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Following severe spinal cord injury (SCI), dysregulated neuroinflammation causes neuronal and glial apoptosis, resulting in scar and cystic cavity formation during wound healing and ultimately the formation of an atrophic microenvironment that inhibits nerve regrowth. Because of this complex and dynamic pathophysiology, a systemic solution for scar- and cavity-free wound healing with microenvironment remodeling to promote nerve regrowth has rarely been explored. A one-step solution is proposed through a self-assembling, multifunctional hydrogel depot that punctually releases the anti-inflammatory drug methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) and growth factors (GFs) locally according to pathophysiology to repair severe SCI. Synergistically releasing the anti-inflammatory drug MPSS and GFs in the hydrogel depot throughout SCI pathophysiology protects spared tissues/axons from secondary injury, promotes scar boundary- and cavity-free wound healing, and results in permissive bridges for remarkable axonal regrowth. Behavioral and electrophysiological studies indicate that remnants of spared axons, not regenerating axons, mediate functional recovery, strongly suggesting that additional interventions are still required to render the rebuilt neuronal circuits functional. These findings pave the way for the development of a systemic solution to treat acute SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjia Ye
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Orthopedics 2nd Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310009 P. R.China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain–Machine Integration School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310003 P. R. China
| | - Shuang Jin
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain–Machine Integration School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310003 P. R. China
| | - Wanxiong Cai
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain–Machine Integration School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310003 P. R. China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Orthopedics 2nd Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310009 P. R.China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain–Machine Integration School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310003 P. R. China
| | - Hanyu Zheng
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain–Machine Integration School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310003 P. R. China
| | - Tianfang Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine First Affiliated Hospital College of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310003 P. R. China
| | - Wujie Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine First Affiliated Hospital College of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310003 P. R. China
| | - Xiaojian Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBCI) Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen‐Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science‐Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions Shenzhen Guangdong Province 518055 P. R. China
| | - Chengzhen Liang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Orthopedics 2nd Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310009 P. R.China
| | - Qixin Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Orthopedics 2nd Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310009 P. R.China
| | - Yaxian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products Nantong University Nantong Jiangsu Province 226001 P. R. China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products Nantong University Nantong Jiangsu Province 226001 P. R. China
| | - Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products Nantong University Nantong Jiangsu Province 226001 P. R. China
| | - Zuobing Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine First Affiliated Hospital College of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310003 P. R. China
| | - Xuhua Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Orthopedics 2nd Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310009 P. R.China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain–Machine Integration School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310003 P. R. China
- Co‐innovation Center of Neuroregeneration Nantong University Nantong Jiangsu Province 226001 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Khodabandeh Z, Mehrabani D, Dehghani F, Gashmardi N, Erfanizadeh M, Zare S, Bozorg-Ghalati F. Spinal cord injury repair using mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow in mice: A stereological study. Acta Histochem 2021; 123:151720. [PMID: 34083065 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) has shown to have a vital role in promoting nerve regeneration after SCI. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of BMSCs transplantation in healing of spinal cord injury (SCI) in mice based on morphologic parameters. Forty two male mice were randomly divided into 3 groups of control with no intervention, experimental SCI without treatment, and experimental SCI transplanted with 2 × 105 BMSCs intravenously. To induce SCI bilaterally, T10 was compressed for 2 min. The animals were sacrificed 3 and 5 weeks after SCI and T7-T11 segments of spinal cord were removed and stained by Giemsa and H&E methods. Stereological assessment estimated the gray and white matter volume, the number of neurons and neuroglia and diameter of central canal. The average amount of gray matter in SCI injury group was significantly lower than control group. An increase in the number of neurons was noted after cell transplantation. The number of neurons in SCI injury group significantly decreased in comparison to the control group. In cell transplantation group, a significant increase in the number of neurons was visible when compared to SCI injury group. The increase in the number of neurons after cell transplantation denotes to the regenerative potential of BMSCs in SCI. These findings can be added to the literature and open a new window when targeting treatment of SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Khodabandeh
- Stem cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Davood Mehrabani
- Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Comparative and Experimental Medicine Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Li Ka Shing Center for Health Research and Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Farzaneh Dehghani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | | | - Mahboobeh Erfanizadeh
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Zare
- Stem cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Bozorg-Ghalati
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kim WK, Kim WH, Kweon OK, Kang BJ. Intravenous Administration of Heat Shock-Treated MSCs Can Improve Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration in Canine Spinal Cord Injury Model. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2164. [PMID: 33233628 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are found in connective tissues, can be used to treat spinal cord injury (SCI) in dogs. These stem cells have the ability to repair damaged tissues and can be transplanted into the injured area. While this is considered a promising treatment, the transplanted cells often do not survive in the injured spinal cord. In this study, we found that heat shock treatment, i.e., exposure to high temperatures, increased the efficacy of MSC treatment for SCI. Abstract Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a promising treatment for spinal cord injury (SCI). However, many transplanted cells die within a few days, eventually limiting the efficacy of cellular therapy. To overcome this problem, we focused on the potential of heat shock (HS) proteins in facilitating recovery from cell damage and protecting against cytotoxicity. PCR results showed that the expression of neurotrophic factor, anti-inflammatory, stemness, and homing genes increased in HS-treated MSCs. We investigated whether HS-treated MSCs could promote recovery of hindlimb function in an acute canine SCI model. We compared the effects of intravenous transplantation with (i) lactated Ringer’s solution as a control, (ii) green fluorescent protein-expressing MSCs (MSCs-GFP), and (iii) GFP-expressing and HS-treated MSCs (MSCs-GFP-HS). Spinal cords were harvested at four weeks and used for Western blot and histopathological analyses. The MSCs-GFP-HS group showed significant improvements in hindlimb function from weeks 3 and 4 compared with the other groups. This group also showed higher expression of neural markers, fewer intervening fibrotic changes, and pronounced myelination. These results suggest that induction of an HS response in MSCs could promote neural sparing. In conclusion, transplantation of HS-treated MSCs could improve neuroprotection and neuroregeneration in acute SCI.
Collapse
|
18
|
Strotton MC, Bodey AJ, Wanelik K, Hobbs C, Rau C, Bradbury EJ. The spatiotemporal spread of cervical spinal cord contusion injury pathology revealed by 3D in-line phase contrast synchrotron X-ray microtomography. Exp Neurol 2020; 336:113529. [PMID: 33220238 PMCID: PMC7840595 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extensive structural changes occur within the spinal cord following traumatic injury. Acute tissue debris and necrotic tissue are broken down, proliferating local glia and infiltrating leukocytes remodel tissue biochemical and biophysical properties, and a chronic cavity surrounded by a scar forms at the injury epicentre. Serial-section 2D histology has traditionally assessed these features in experimental models of spinal cord injury (SCI) to measure the extent of tissue pathology and evaluate efficacy of novel therapies. However, this 2D snapshot approach overlooks slice intervening features, with accurate representation of tissue compromised by mechanical processing artefacts. 3D imaging avoids these caveats and allows full exploration of the injured tissue volume to characterise whole tissue pathology. Amongst 3D imaging modalities, Synchrotron Radiation X-ray microtomography (SRμCT) is advantageous for its speed, ability to cover large tissue volumes at high resolution, and need for minimal sample processing. Here we demonstrate how extended lengths of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) rat spinal cord can be completely imaged by SRμCT with micron resolution. Label-free contrast derived from X-ray phase interactions with low-density soft tissues, reveals spinal cord white matter, gray matter, tissue damage and vasculature, with tissue still viable for targeted 2D-histology after 3D imaging. We used SRμCT to quantify tissue pathology after a midline, cervical level (C6), 225 kDyne contusion injury over acute-to-chronic (24 h to 5 weeks) post injury time points. Quantification revealed acute tissue swelling prior to chronic atrophy across the whole imaged region (spanning 2 spinal segments above and below injury), along with rostro-caudal asymmetries in white and gray matter volume loss. 3D volumes revealed satellite damage in tissue far removed from the epicentre, and extensive rostro-caudal spread of damage through the base of the dorsal columns at 24 h post injury. This damage overlapped regions of vasogenic oedema, confirmed with subsequent histology. Tissue damage at later time points in border regions was most prominent in the dorsal columns, where it overlapped sites of damaged venous vasculature. Elaborating rostro-caudal and spatiotemporal asymmetries in reduced traumatic injury models centred on these regions may inform future treatments that seek to limit the spread of tissue pathology to these ‘at-risk’ regions. Whole rat spinal cord SRμCT tomograms (up to 20 mm length) with μm resolution Pathology of 3 SHAM and 24 acute-to-chronic C6 midline contusion SCIs quantified Rostro-caudal asymmetries in gray and white matter pathology progression Differences in ascending and descending dorsal column tract pathology Delayed rostral-caudal pathology associated with sites of venous vasculature
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merrick C Strotton
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | | | | | - Carl Hobbs
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | | | - Elizabeth J Bradbury
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yip PK, Bowes AL, Hall JCE, Burguillos MA, Ip THR, Baskerville T, Liu ZH, Mohamed MAEK, Getachew F, Lindsay AD, Najeeb SUR, Popovich PG, Priestley JV, Michael-Titus AT. Docosahexaenoic acid reduces microglia phagocytic activity via miR-124 and induces neuroprotection in rodent models of spinal cord contusion injury. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:2427-2448. [PMID: 30972415 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are activated after spinal cord injury (SCI), but their phagocytic mechanisms and link to neuroprotection remain incompletely characterized. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been shown to have significant neuroprotective effects after hemisection and compression SCI and can directly affect microglia in these injury models. In rodent contusion SCI, we demonstrate that DHA (500 nmol/kg) administered acutely post-injury confers neuroprotection and enhances locomotor recovery, and also exerts a complex modulation of the microglial response to injury. In rodents, at 7 days after SCI, the level of phagocytosed myelin within Iba1-positive or P2Y12-positive cells was significantly lower after DHA treatment, and this occurred in parallel with an increase in intracellular miR-124 expression. Furthermore, intraspinal administration of a miR-124 inhibitor significantly reduced the DHA-induced decrease in myelin phagocytosis in mice at 7 days post-SCI. In rat spinal primary microglia cultures, DHA reduced the phagocytic response to myelin, which was associated with an increase in miR-124, but not miR-155. A similar response was observed in a microglia cell line (BV2) treated with DHA, and the effect was blocked by a miR-124 inhibitor. Furthermore, the phagocytic response of BV2 cells to stressed neurones was also reduced in the presence of DHA. In peripheral monocyte-derived macrophages, the expression of the M1, but not the M0 or M2 phenotype, was reduced by DHA, but the phagocytic activation was not altered. These findings show that DHA induces neuroprotection in contusion injury. Furthermore, the improved outcome is via a miR-124-dependent reduction in the phagocytic response of microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping K Yip
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Amy L Bowes
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jodie C E Hall
- Centre for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Miguel A Burguillos
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla and, Sevilla, Spain
| | - T H Richard Ip
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Tracey Baskerville
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Zhuo-Hao Liu
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Chang Gung Medical College and University, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, 5 Fu-Shin Street, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Moumin A E K Mohamed
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Fanuelle Getachew
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Anna D Lindsay
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Saif-Ur-Rehman Najeeb
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Centre for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John V Priestley
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Adina T Michael-Titus
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abdullahi D, Ahmad Annuar A, Sanusi J. Neuroprotective potential of Spirulina platensis on lesioned spinal cord corticospinal tract under experimental conditions in rat models. Ultrastruct Pathol 2019; 43:273-289. [PMID: 31779507 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2019.1695693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results from penetrating or compressive traumatic injury to the spine in humans or by the surgical compression of the spinal cord in experimental animals. In this study, the neuroprotective potential of Spirulina platensis was investigated on ultrastructural and functional recovery of the spinal cord following surgical-induced injury. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups; sham group, control (trauma) group, and experimental (S. platensis) group (180 mg/kg) of eight rats each. For each group, the rats were then subdivided into two groups to allow measurement at two different timepoints (day 14 and 28) for the microscopic analysis. Rats in the control and experimental S. platensis groups were subjected to partial crush injury at the level of T12 with Inox number 2 modified forceps by compressing on the spinal cord for 30 s. Pairwise comparisons of ultrastructural grading mean scores difference between the control and experimental S. platensis groups reveals that there were significant differences on the axonal ultrastructure, myelin sheath and BBB Score on Day 28; these correlate with the functional locomotor recovery at this timepoint. The results suggest that supplementation with S. platensis induces functional recovery and effective preservation of the spinal cord ultrastructure after SCI. These findings will open new potential avenue for further research into the mechanism of S. platensis-mediated spinal cord repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dauda Abdullahi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medical Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, Bauchi, Nigeria
| | - Azlina Ahmad Annuar
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Junedah Sanusi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shi J, Tang R, Zhou Y, Xian J, Zuo C, Wang L, Wang J, Feng H, Hu S. Attenuation of White Matter Damage Following Deferoxamine Treatment in Rats After Spinal Cord Injury. World Neurosurg 2019; 137:e9-e17. [PMID: 31518742 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.08.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With little information available on axonal and myelin damage surrounding the contusion, the study of spinal cord injury (SCI) so far has focused on neuronal death. In this study, we investigated the role of iron overload in long-term oligodendroglia death and progressive white matter damage to rats after SCI using the iron chelator, deferoxamine (DFX). METHODS Female Sprague-Dawley rats received either a contusion at T10 or sham-surgery. The rats were treated with DFX or vehicle. All rats were evaluated in behavioral assessments and then euthanized at different time points. Spinal cords were analyzed by diaminobenzidine-enhanced Perls' staining, non-heme iron measurements, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Iron accumulation after SCI resulted in the upregulation of transferrin receptor and divalent metal transporter 1, which exacerbated the intracellular iron overload. DFX treatment reduced iron overload-induced delayed oligodendrocyte death (e.g., 21 days: 47.12 ± 10.5 vs. 20.02 ± 9.4 x 103/mm2 in the vehicle-treated group, n = 4, P < 0.05). After SCI, the markers of axonal damage and demyelination were increased in white matter in the vehicle-treated group compared with the DFX-treated group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Iron overload plays an important role in progressive white matter damage after SCI. DFX may be an effective treatment for white matter damage after SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chong'qing, China
| | - Rongrui Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chong'qing, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chong'qing, China
| | - Jishu Xian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chong'qing, China
| | - Chenghai Zuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chong'qing, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chong'qing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chong'qing, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chong'qing, China
| | - Shengli Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chong'qing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ghosh B, Nong J, Wang Z, Urban MW, Heinsinger NM, Trovillion VA, Wright MC, Lepore AC, Zhong Y. A hydrogel engineered to deliver minocycline locally to the injured cervical spinal cord protects respiratory neural circuitry and preserves diaphragm function. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:591-604. [PMID: 31028873 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested a biomaterial-based approach to preserve the critical phrenic motor circuitry that controls diaphragm function by locally delivering minocycline hydrochloride (MH) following cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). MH is a clinically-available antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drug that targets a broad range of secondary injury mechanisms via its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. However, MH is only neuroprotective at high concentrations that cannot be achieved by systemic administration, which limits its clinical efficacy. We have developed a hydrogel-based MH delivery system that can be injected into the intrathecal space for local delivery of high concentrations of MH, without damaging spinal cord tissue. Implantation of MH hydrogel after unilateral level-C4/5 contusion SCI robustly preserved diaphragm function, as assessed by in vivo recordings of compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and electromyography (EMG) amplitudes. MH hydrogel also decreased lesion size and degeneration of cervical motor neuron somata, demonstrating its central neuroprotective effects within the injured cervical spinal cord. Furthermore, MH hydrogel significantly preserved diaphragm innervation by the axons of phrenic motor neurons (PhMNs), as assessed by both detailed neuromuscular junction (NMJ) morphological analysis and retrograde PhMN labeling from the diaphragm using cholera toxin B (CTB). In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that local MH hydrogel delivery to the injured cervical spinal cord is effective in preserving respiratory function after SCI by protecting the important neural circuitry that controls diaphragm activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biswarup Ghosh
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S. 10th St., Bluemle Life Sciences Building - Room 245, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America
| | - Jia Nong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Bossone 7-716, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Bossone 7-716, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America
| | - Mark W Urban
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S. 10th St., Bluemle Life Sciences Building - Room 245, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America
| | - Nicolette M Heinsinger
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S. 10th St., Bluemle Life Sciences Building - Room 245, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America
| | - Victoria A Trovillion
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S. 10th St., Bluemle Life Sciences Building - Room 245, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America
| | - Megan C Wright
- Department of Biology, Arcadia University, 450 S Easton Rd, 220 Boyer Hall, Glenside, PA 19038, United States of America
| | - Angelo C Lepore
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S. 10th St., Bluemle Life Sciences Building - Room 245, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America.
| | - Yinghui Zhong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Bossone 7-716, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Walker CL, Wu X, Liu NK, Xu XM. Bisperoxovanadium Mediates Neuronal Protection through Inhibition of PTEN and Activation of PI3K/AKT-mTOR Signaling after Traumatic Spinal Injuries. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:2676-2687. [PMID: 30672370 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although mechanisms involved in progression of cell death in spinal cord injury (SCI) have been studied extensively, few are clear targets for translation to clinical application. One of the best-understood mechanisms of cell survival in SCI is phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and associated downstream signaling. Clear therapeutic efficacy of a phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) inhibitor called bisperoxovanadium (bpV) has been shown in SCI, traumatic brain injury, stroke, and other neurological disease models in both neuroprotection and functional recovery. The present study aimed to elucidate mechanistic influences of bpV activity in neuronal survival in in vitro and in vivo models of SCI. Treatment with 100 nM bpV(pic) reduced cell death in a primary spinal neuron injury model (p < 0.05) in vitro, and upregulated both Akt and ribosomal protein S6 (pS6) activity (p < 0.05) compared with non-treated injured neurons. Pre-treatment of spinal neurons with a PI3K inhibitor, LY294002 or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, rapamycin blocked bpV activation of Akt and ribosomal protein S6 activity, respectively. Treatment with bpV increased extracellular signal-related kinase (Erk) activity after scratch injury in vitro, and rapamycin reduced influence by bpV on Erk phosphorylation. After a cervical hemicontusive SCI, Akt phosphorylation decreased in total tissue via Western blot analysis (p < 0.01) as well as in penumbral ventral horn motor neurons throughout the first week post-injury (p < 0.05). Conversely, PTEN activity appeared to increase over this period. As observed in vitro, bpV also increased Erk activity post-SCI (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that PI3K/Akt signaling is the likely primary mechanism of bpV action in mediating neuroprotection in injured spinal neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandler L Walker
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Xiangbing Wu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nai-Kui Liu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Leimer EM, Gayoso MG, Jing L, Tang SY, Gupta MC, Setton LA. Behavioral Compensations and Neuronal Remodeling in a Rodent Model of Chronic Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3759. [PMID: 30842475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39657-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Low back pain is associated with degeneration of the intervertebral disc, but specific mechanisms of pain generation in this pathology remain unknown. Sensory afferent nerve fiber growth into the intervertebral disc after injury-induced inflammation may contribute to discogenic pain. We describe a clinically relevant behavioral phenotype in a rodent model of chronic intervertebral disc degeneration which provides a means to map sensory neuron changes to a single affected lumbar intervertebral disc. Unilateral disc puncture of one lumbar intervertebral disc revealed a bilateral behavioral phenotype characterized by gait changes and decreased activity. Moreover, neurons extracted from the dorsal root ganglia in animals with intervertebral disc injury demonstrated altered TRPV1 activation in vitro independent of exogenous NGF administration. Finally, neuronal nuclear hypertrophy and elevated expression of p75NTR provide evidence of active adaptation of innervating sensory neurons in chronic intervertebral disc degeneration. Therefore, this model and findings provide the template for future studies to establish specific mechanisms of nociceptive pain in chronic intervertebral disc degeneration.
Collapse
|
25
|
Hassannejad Z, Yousefifard M, Azizi Y, Zadegan SA, Sajadi K, Sharif-Alhoseini M, Shakouri-Motlagh A, Mokhatab M, Rezvan M, Shokraneh F, Hosseini M, Vaccaro AR, Harrop JS, Rahimi-Movaghar V. Axonal degeneration and demyelination following traumatic spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 97:9-22. [PMID: 30726717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI) related processes of axonal degeneration and demyelination are poorly understood. The present systematic review and meta-analysis were performed such to establish quantitative results of animal studies regarding the role of injury severity, SCI models and level of injury on the pathophysiology of axon and myelin sheath degeneration. 39 related articles were included in the analysis. The compiled data showed that the total number of axons, number of myelinated axons, myelin sheath thickness, axonal conduction velocity, and internode length steadily decreased as time elapsed from the injury (Pfor trend<0.0001). The rate of axonal retrograde degeneration was affected by SCI model and severity of the injury. Axonal degeneration was higher in injuries of the thoracic region. The SCI model and the site of the injury also affected axonal retrograde degeneration. The number of myelinated axons in the caudal region of the injury was significantly higher than the lesion site and the rostral region. The findings of the present meta-analysis show that the pathophysiology of axons and myelin sheath differ in various phases of SCI and are affected by multiple factors related to the injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hassannejad
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Yousefifard
- Physiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaser Azizi
- Physiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayan Abdollah Zadegan
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiavash Sajadi
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aida Shakouri-Motlagh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Mona Mokhatab
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Motahareh Rezvan
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Shokraneh
- Cochrane Schizophrenia Group, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mostafa Hosseini
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alexander R Vaccaro
- Department of Orthopedics and Neurosurgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, USA
| | - James S Harrop
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Brain and Spinal Injuries Research Center (BASIR), Neuroscience Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Spinal cord contusion injury is one of the most serious nervous system disorders, characterized by high morbidity and disability. To mimic spinal cord contusion in humans, various animal models of spinal contusion injury have been developed. These models have been developed in rats, mice, and monkeys. However, most of these models are developed using rats. Two types of animal models, i.e. bilateral contusion injury and unilateral contusion injury models, are developed using either a weight drop method or impactor method. In the weight drop method, a specific weight or a rod, having a specific weight and diameter, is dropped from a specific height on to the exposed spinal cord. Low intensity injury is produced by dropping a 5 g weight from a height of 8 cm, moderate injury by dropping 10 g weight from a height of 12.5–25 mm, and high intensity injury by dropping a 25 g weight from a height of 50 mm. In the impactor method, injury is produced through an impactor by delivering a specific force to the exposed spinal cord area. Mild injury is produced by delivering 100 ± 5 kdyn of force, moderate injury by delivering 200 ± 10 kdyn of force, and severe injury by delivering 300 ± 10 kdyn of force. The contusion injury produces a significant development of locomotor dysfunction, which is generally evident from the 0–14th day of surgery and is at its peak after the 28–56th day. The present review discusses different animal models of spinal contusion injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, India
| | - Jasleen Kaur Virdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, India
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, India
| | - Amteshwar Singh Jaggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Guest JD, Moore SW, Aimetti AA, Kutikov AB, Santamaria AJ, Hofstetter CP, Ropper AE, Theodore N, Ulich TR, Layer RT. Internal decompression of the acutely contused spinal cord: Differential effects of irrigation only versus biodegradable scaffold implantation. Biomaterials 2018; 185:284-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
28
|
Song W, Song G, Zhao C, Li X, Pei X, Zhao W, Gao Y, Rao JS, Duan H, Yang Z. Testing Pathological Variation of White Matter Tract in Adult Rats after Severe Spinal Cord Injury with MRI. Biomed Res Int 2018; 2018:4068156. [PMID: 30534561 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4068156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the pathological variation in white matter tracts in the adult severe thoracic contusion spinal cord injury (SCI) rat models combined with in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as the effect of spared white matter (WM) quantity on hindlimb motor function recovery. 7.0T MRI was conducted for all experimental animals before SCI and 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after SCI. The variation in the white matter tract in different regions of the spinal cord after SCI was examined by luxol fast blue (LFB) staining, NF200 immunochemistry, and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters, including fraction anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusion, and radial diffusivity. Meanwhile, Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) open-field scoring was performed to evaluate the behavior of the paraplegic hind limbs. The quantitative analysis showed that spared white matter measures assessed by LFB and MRI had a close correlation (R2 = 0.8508). The percentage of spared white matter area was closely correlated with BBB score (R2 = 0.8460). After SCI, spared white matter in the spinal cord, especially the ventral column WM, played a critical role in motor function restoration. The results suggest that the first three days provides a key time window for SCI protection and treatment; spared white matter, especially in the ventral column, plays a key role in motor function recovery in rats. Additionally, DTI may be an important noninvasive technique to diagnose acute SCI degree as well as a tool to evaluate functional prognosis. During the transition from nerve protection toward clinical treatment after SCI, in vivo DTI may serve as an emerging noninvasive technique to diagnose acute SCI degree and predict the degree of spontaneous functional recovery after SCI.
Collapse
|
29
|
von Leden RE, Moritz KE, Bermudez S, Jaiswal S, Wilson CM, Dardzinski BJ, Byrnes KR. Aging alters glucose uptake in the naïve and injured rodent spinal cord. Neurosci Lett 2019; 690:23-8. [PMID: 30296507 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aging results in increased activation of inflammatory glial cells and decreased neuronal viability following spinal cord injury (SCI). Metabolism and transport of glucose is also decreased with age, although the influence of age on glucose transporter (GLUT) expression or glucose uptake in SCI is currently unknown. We therefore performed [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET imaging of young (3 month) and middle-aged (12 month) rats. Glucose uptake in middle-aged rats was decreased compared to young rats at baseline, followed by increased uptake 14 days post contusion SCI. qRT-PCR and protein analysis revealed an association between 14 day glucose uptake and 14 day post-injury inflammation. Further, gene expression analysis of neuron-specific GLUT3 and non-specific GLUT4 (present on glial cells) revealed an inverse relationship between GLUT3/4 gene expression and glucose uptake patterns. Protein expression revealed increased GLUT3 in 3 month rats only, consistent with age related decreases in glucose uptake, and increased GLUT4 in 12 month rats only, consistent with age related increases in inflammatory activity and glucose uptake. Inconsistencies between gene and protein suggest an influence of age-related impairment of translation and/or protein degradation. Overall, our findings show that age alters glucose uptake and GLUT3/4 expression profiles before and after SCI, which may be dependent on level of inflammatory response, and may suggest a therapeutic avenue in addressing glucose uptake in the aging population.
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes immediate damage to the nervous tissue accompanied by loss of motor and sensory function. The limited self-repair competence of injured nervous tissue underscores the need for reparative interventions to recover function after SCI. The vasculature of the spinal cord plays a crucial role in SCI and repair. Ruptured and sheared blood vessels in the injury epicenter and blood vessels with a breached blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) in the surrounding tissue cause bleeding and inflammation, which contribute to the overall tissue damage. The insufficient formation of new functional vasculature in and near the injury impedes endogenous tissue repair and limits the prospect of repair approaches. Limiting the loss of blood vessels, stabilizing the BSCB, and promoting the formation of new blood vessels are therapeutic targets for spinal cord repair. Inflammation is an integral part of injury-mediated vascular damage, which has deleterious and reparative consequences. Inflammation and the formation of new blood vessels are intricately interwoven. Biomaterials can be effectively used for promoting and guiding blood vessel formation or modulating the inflammatory response after SCI, thereby governing the extent of damage and the success of reparative interventions. This review deals with the vasculature after SCI, the reciprocal interactions between inflammation and blood vessel formation, and the potential of biomaterials to support revascularization and immunomodulation in damaged spinal cord nervous tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes E Haggerty
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Halder SK, Kant R, Milner R. Chronic mild hypoxia promotes profound vascular remodeling in spinal cord blood vessels, preferentially in white matter, via an α5β1 integrin-mediated mechanism. Angiogenesis 2018; 21:251-266. [PMID: 29299782 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-017-9593-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to rapid destruction of neuronal tissue, resulting in devastating motor and sensory deficits. This is exacerbated by damage to spinal cord blood vessels and loss of vascular integrity. Thus, approaches that protect existing blood vessels or stimulate the growth of new blood vessels might present a novel approach to minimize loss or promote regeneration of spinal cord tissue following SCI. In light of the remarkable power of chronic mild hypoxia (CMH) to stimulate vascular remodeling in the brain, the goal of this study was to examine how CMH (8% O2 for up to 7 days) affects blood vessel remodeling in the spinal cord. We found that CMH promoted the following: (1) endothelial proliferation and increased vascularity as a result of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis, (2) increased vascular expression of the angiogenic extracellular matrix protein fibronectin as well as concomitant increases in endothelial expression of the fibronectin receptor α5β1 integrin, (3) strongly upregulated endothelial expression of the tight junction proteins claudin-5, ZO-1 and occludin and (4) astrocyte activation. Of note, the vascular remodeling changes induced by CMH were more extensive in white matter. Interestingly, hypoxic-induced vascular remodeling in spinal cord blood vessels was markedly attenuated in mice lacking endothelial α5 integrin expression (α5-EC-KO mice). Taken together, these studies demonstrate the considerable remodeling potential of spinal cord blood vessels and highlight an important angiogenic role for the α5β1 integrin in promoting endothelial proliferation. They also imply that stimulation of the α5β1 integrin or controlled use of mild hypoxia might provide new approaches for promoting angiogenesis and improving vascular integrity in spinal cord blood vessels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebok K Halder
- Department of Molecular Medicine, MEM-132, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ravi Kant
- Department of Molecular Medicine, MEM-132, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Richard Milner
- Department of Molecular Medicine, MEM-132, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Monteiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno A Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lin YH, Wu Y, Wang Y, Yao ZF, Tang J, Wang R, Shen L, Ding SQ, Hu JG, Lü HZ. Spatio-temporal expression of Hexokinase-3 in the injured female rat spinal cords. Neurochem Int 2018; 113:23-33. [PMID: 29196144 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hexokinase-3 (HK3) is a member of hexokinase family, which can catalyze the first step of glucose metabolism. It can increase ATP levels, reduce the production of reactive oxygen species, increase mitochondrial biogenesis, protect mitochondrial membrane potential and play an antioxidant role. However, the change of its expression in spinal cord after injury is still unknown. In this study, we investigated the spatio-temporal expression of HK3 in the spinal cords by using a spinal cord injury (SCI) model in adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and western blot analysis revealed that HK3 could be detected in sham-opened spinal cords. After SCI, it gradually increased, reached a peak at 7 days post-injury (dpi), and then gradually decreased with the prolonging of injury time, but still maintained at a higher level for up to 28 dpi (the longest time evaluated in this study). Immunofluorescence staining showed that HK3 was found in GFAP+, β-tubulin III+ and IBA-1+ cells in sham-opened spinal cords. After SCI, in addition to the above-mentioned cells, it could also be found in CD45+ and CD68+ cells. These results demonstrate that HK3 is mainly expressed in astrocytes, neurons and microglia in normal spinal cords, and could rapidly increase in infiltrated leukocytes, activated microglia/macrophages and astrocytes after SCI. These data suggest that HK3 may be involved in the pathologic process of SCI by promoting glucose metabolism.
Collapse
|
34
|
Hong LTA, Kim YM, Park HH, Hwang DH, Cui Y, Lee EM, Yahn S, Lee JK, Song SC, Kim BG. An injectable hydrogel enhances tissue repair after spinal cord injury by promoting extracellular matrix remodeling. Nat Commun 2017; 8:533. [PMID: 28912446 PMCID: PMC5599609 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00583-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cystic cavity that develops following injuries to brain or spinal cord is a major obstacle for tissue repair in central nervous system (CNS). Here we report that injection of imidazole-poly(organophosphazenes) (I-5), a hydrogel with thermosensitive sol–gel transition behavior, almost completely eliminates cystic cavities in a clinically relevant rat spinal cord injury model. Cystic cavities are bridged by fibronectin-rich extracellular matrix. The fibrotic extracellular matrix remodeling is mediated by matrix metalloproteinase-9 expressed in macrophages within the fibrotic extracellular matrix. A poly(organophosphazenes) hydrogel lacking the imidazole moiety, which physically interacts with macrophages via histamine receptors, exhibits substantially diminished bridging effects. I-5 injection improves coordinated locomotion, and this functional recovery is accompanied by preservation of myelinated white matter and motor neurons and an increase in axonal reinnervation of the lumbar motor neurons. Our study demonstrates that dynamic interactions between inflammatory cells and injectable biomaterials can induce beneficial extracellular matrix remodeling to stimulate tissue repair following CNS injuries. The cystic cavity that develops following injuries to brain or spinal cord is a major obstacle. Here the authors show an injection of imidazole poly(organophosphazenes), a hydrogel with thermosensitive sol–gel transition behavior, almost completely eliminates cystic cavities in a clinically relevant rat spinal cord injury model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Thi Anh Hong
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Kim
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Hwan Park
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Hwang
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuexian Cui
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mi Lee
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephanie Yahn
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace (R-48), Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Jae K Lee
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace (R-48), Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Soo-Chang Song
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byung Gon Kim
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea. .,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Layer RT, Ulich TR, Coric D, Arnold PM, Guest JD, Heary RH, Hsieh PC, Jenkins AL, Kim KD, Lee KS, Masuoka LK, Neff KM, Ray WZ, Theodore N, Fehlings MG. New Clinical-Pathological Classification of Intraspinal Injury Following Traumatic Acute Complete Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury: Postdurotomy/Myelotomy Observations From the INSPIRE Trial. Neurosurgery 2017; 64:105-109. [DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyx204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul M Arnold
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - James D. Guest
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Robert H. Heary
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Patrick C. Hsieh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Arthur L Jenkins
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Kee D. Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | | | | | | | - Wilson Z. Ray
- De-partment of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Nicholas Theodore
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael G. Fehlings
- Division of Neurosurgery and Spinal Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, California
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Manley NC, Priest CA, Denham J, Wirth ED, Lebkowski JS. Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells: Preclinical Efficacy and Safety in Cervical Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:1917-1929. [PMID: 28834391 PMCID: PMC6430160 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) remains an important research focus for regenerative medicine given the potential for severe functional deficits and the current lack of treatment options to augment neurological recovery. We recently reported the preclinical safety data of a human embryonic cell‐derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) therapy that supported initiation of a phase I clinical trial for patients with sensorimotor complete thoracic SCI. To support the clinical use of this OPC therapy for cervical injuries, we conducted preclinical efficacy and safety testing of the OPCs in a nude rat model of cervical SCI. Using the automated TreadScan system to track motor behavioral recovery, we found that OPCs significantly improved locomotor performance when administered directly into the cervical spinal cord 1 week after injury, and that this functional improvement was associated with reduced parenchymal cavitation and increased sparing of myelinated axons within the injury site. Based on large scale biodistribution and toxicology studies, we show that OPC migration is limited to the spinal cord and brainstem and did not cause any adverse clinical observations, toxicities, allodynia, or tumors. In combination with previously published efficacy and safety data, the results presented here supported initiation of a phase I/IIa clinical trial in the U.S. for patients with sensorimotor complete cervical SCI. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:1917–1929
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Manley
- Asterias Biotherapeutics Inc., Dumbarton Circle, Fremont, California, USA
| | | | | | - Edward D Wirth
- Asterias Biotherapeutics Inc., Dumbarton Circle, Fremont, California, USA.,Geron Corporation, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Jane S Lebkowski
- Asterias Biotherapeutics Inc., Dumbarton Circle, Fremont, California, USA.,Geron Corporation, Menlo Park, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bastidas J, Athauda G, De La Cruz G, Chan WM, Golshani R, Berrocal Y, Henao M, Lalwani A, Mannoji C, Assi M, Otero PA, Khan A, Marcillo AE, Norenberg M, Levi AD, Wood PM, Guest JD, Dietrich WD, Bartlett Bunge M, Pearse DD. Human Schwann cells exhibit long-term cell survival, are not tumorigenic and promote repair when transplanted into the contused spinal cord. Glia 2017; 65:1278-1301. [PMID: 28543541 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The transplantation of rodent Schwann cells (SCs) provides anatomical and functional restitution in a variety of spinal cord injury (SCI) models, supporting the recent translation of SCs to phase 1 clinical trials for human SCI. Whereas human (Hu)SCs have been examined experimentally in a complete SCI transection paradigm, to date the reported behavior of SCs when transplanted after a clinically relevant contusive SCI has been restricted to the use of rodent SCs. Here, in a xenotransplant, contusive SCI paradigm, the survival, biodistribution, proliferation and tumorgenicity as well as host responses to HuSCs, cultured according to a protocol analogous to that developed for clinical application, were investigated. HuSCs persisted within the contused nude rat spinal cord through 6 months after transplantation (longest time examined), exhibited low cell proliferation, displayed no evidence of tumorigenicity and showed a restricted biodistribution to the lesion. Neuropathological examination of the CNS revealed no adverse effects of HuSCs. Animals exhibiting higher numbers of surviving HuSCs within the lesion showed greater volumes of preserved white matter and host rat SC and astrocyte ingress as well as axon ingrowth and myelination. These results demonstrate the safety of HuSCs when employed in a clinically relevant experimental SCI paradigm. Further, signs of a potentially positive influence of HuSC transplants on host tissue pathology were observed. These findings show that HuSCs exhibit a favorable toxicity profile for up to 6 months after transplantation into the contused rat spinal cord, an important outcome for FDA consideration of their use in human clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johana Bastidas
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136
| | - Gagani Athauda
- The Department of Cellular Biology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199.,The Department of Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199
| | - Gabriela De La Cruz
- Translational Pathology Laboratory, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| | - Wai-Man Chan
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136
| | - Roozbeh Golshani
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136
| | - Yerko Berrocal
- The Department of Cellular Biology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199.,The Department of Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199
| | - Martha Henao
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136
| | - Anil Lalwani
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136
| | - Chikato Mannoji
- The Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chiba University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mazen Assi
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136
| | - P Anthony Otero
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136
| | - Aisha Khan
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136
| | - Alexander E Marcillo
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136
| | - Michael Norenberg
- The Department of Pathology, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136
| | - Allan D Levi
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136.,The Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136
| | - Patrick M Wood
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136
| | - James D Guest
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136.,The Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136.,The Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136.,The Department of Neurology, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136.,The Neuroscience Program, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136.,The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136.,The Department of Cell Biology, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136
| | - Mary Bartlett Bunge
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136.,The Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136.,The Neuroscience Program, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136.,The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136.,The Department of Cell Biology, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136
| | - Damien D Pearse
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136.,The Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136.,The Neuroscience Program, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136.,The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136.,Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida, 33136
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Martirosyan NL, Turner GH, Kaufman J, Patel AA, Belykh E, Kalani MYS, Theodore N, Preul MC. Manganese-enhanced MRI Offers Correlation with Severity of Spinal Cord Injury in Experimental Models. Open Neuroimag J 2016; 10:139-147. [PMID: 28144384 PMCID: PMC5226969 DOI: 10.2174/1874440001610010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injuries (SCI) are clinically challenging, because neural regeneration after cord damage is unknown. In SCI animal models, regeneration is evaluated histologically, requiring animal sacrifice. Noninvasive techniques are needed to detect longitudinal SCI changes. OBJECTIVE To compare manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI [MEMRI]) in hemisection and transection of SCI rat models with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and histology. METHODS Rats underwent T9 spinal cord transection (n=6), hemisection (n=6), or laminectomy without SCI (controls, n=6). One-half of each group received lateral ventricle MnCl2 injections 24 hours later. Conventional DTI or T1-weighted MRI was performed 84 hours post-surgery. MEMRI signal intensity ratio above and below the SCI level was calculated. Fractional anisotropy (FA) measurements were taken 1 cm rostral to the SCI. The percentage of FA change was calculated 10 mm rostral to the SCI epicenter, between FA at the dorsal column lesion normalized to a lateral area without FA change. Myelin load (percentage difference) among groups was analyzed by histology. RESULTS In transection and hemisection groups, mean MEMRI ratios were 0.62 and 0.87, respectively, versus 0.99 in controls (P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively); mean FA decreases were 67.5% and 40.1%, respectively, compared with a 6.1% increase in controls (P=0.002 and P=0.019, respectively). Mean myelin load decreased by 38.8% (transection) and 51.8% (hemisection) compared to controls (99.1%) (P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively). Pearson's correlation coefficients were -0.94 for MEMRI ratio and FA changes and 0.87 for MEMRI and myelin load. CONCLUSION MEMERI results correlated to SCI severity measured by FA and myelin load. MEMRI is a useful noninvasive tool to assess neuronal damage after SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay L Martirosyan
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center Phoenix, Arizona,USA
| | - Gregory H Turner
- Center for Preclinical Imaging, Barrow Neurological Institute St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Jason Kaufman
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Arpan A Patel
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center Phoenix, Arizona,USA
| | - Evgenii Belykh
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center Phoenix, Arizona,USA ; Irkutsk Scientific Center of Surgery and Traumatology, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - M Yashar S Kalani
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center Phoenix, Arizona,USA
| | - Nicholas Theodore
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center Phoenix, Arizona,USA
| | - Mark C Preul
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center Phoenix, Arizona,USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang Y, Li WY, Li ZG, Guan LX, Deng LX. Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation in Injury-Mediated Neuronal Dendritic Plasticity. Neurosci Bull 2017; 33:85-94. [PMID: 27730386 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-016-0071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the nervous system induces localized damage in neural structures and neuronal death through the primary insult, as well as delayed atrophy and impaired plasticity of the delicate dendritic fields necessary for interneuronal communication. Excitotoxicity and other secondary biochemical events contribute to morphological changes in neurons following injury. Evidence suggests that various transcription factors are involved in the dendritic response to injury and potential therapies. Transcription factors play critical roles in the intracellular regulation of neuronal morphological plasticity and dendritic growth and patterning. Mounting evidence supports a crucial role for epigenetic modifications via histone deacetylases, histone acetyltransferases, and DNA methyltransferases that modify gene expression in neuronal injury and repair processes. Gene regulation through epigenetic modification is of great interest in neurotrauma research, and an early picture is beginning to emerge concerning how injury triggers intracellular events that modulate such responses. This review provides an overview of injury-mediated influences on transcriptional regulation through epigenetic modification, the intracellular processes involved in the morphological consequences of such changes, and potential approaches to the therapeutic manipulation of neuronal epigenetics for regulating gene expression to facilitate growth and signaling through dendritic arborization following injury.
Collapse
|
40
|
Wang Z, Nong J, Shultz RB, Zhang Z, Kim T, Tom VJ, Ponnappan RK, Zhong Y. Local delivery of minocycline from metal ion-assisted self-assembled complexes promotes neuroprotection and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Biomaterials 2016; 112:62-71. [PMID: 27744221 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Many mechanisms contribute to the secondary injury cascades following traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). However, most current treatment strategies only target one or a few elements in the injury cascades, and have been largely unsuccessful in clinical trials. Minocycline hydrochloride (MH) is a clinically available antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drug that has been shown to target a broad range of secondary injury mechanisms via its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties. However, MH is only neuroprotective at high concentrations. The inability to translate the high doses of MH used in experimental animals to tolerable doses in human patients limits its clinical efficacy. In addition, the duration of MH treatment is limited because long-term systemic administration of high doses of MH has been shown to cause liver toxicity and even death. We have developed a drug delivery system in the form of hydrogel loaded with polysaccharide-MH complexes self-assembled by metal ions for controlled release of MH. This drug delivery system can be injected into the intrathecal space for local delivery of MH with sufficient dose and duration, without causing any additional tissue damage. We show that local delivery of MH at a dose that is lower than the standard human dose (3 mg/kg) was more effective in reducing secondary injury and promoting locomotor functional recovery than systemic injection of MH with the highest dose and duration reported in experimental animal SCI (90-135 mg/kg).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jia Nong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert B Shultz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhiling Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Taegyo Kim
- Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Veronica J Tom
- Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Ravi K Ponnappan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Yinghui Zhong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Koehn LM, Noor NM, Dong Q, Er SY, Rash LD, King GF, Dziegielewska KM, Saunders NR, Habgood MD. Selective inhibition of ASIC1a confers functional and morphological neuroprotection following traumatic spinal cord injury. F1000Res 2016; 5:1822. [PMID: 28105306 PMCID: PMC5200949 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9094.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue loss after spinal trauma is biphasic, with initial mechanical/haemorrhagic damage at the time of impact being followed by gradual secondary expansion into adjacent, previously unaffected tissue. Limiting the extent of this secondary expansion of tissue damage has the potential to preserve greater residual spinal cord function in patients. The acute tissue hypoxia resulting from spinal cord injury (SCI) activates acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a). We surmised that antagonism of this channel should provide neuroprotection and functional preservation after SCI. We show that systemic administration of the spider-venom peptide PcTx1, a selective inhibitor of ASIC1a, improves locomotor function in adult Sprague Dawley rats after thoracic SCI. The degree of functional improvement correlated with the degree of tissue preservation in descending white matter tracts involved in hind limb locomotor function. Transcriptomic analysis suggests that PcTx1-induced preservation of spinal cord tissue does not result from a reduction in apoptosis, with no evidence of down-regulation of key genes involved in either the intrinsic or extrinsic apoptotic pathways. We also demonstrate that trauma-induced disruption of blood-spinal cord barrier function persists for at least 4 days post-injury for compounds up to 10 kDa in size, whereas barrier function is restored for larger molecules within a few hours. This temporary loss of barrier function provides a “
treatment window” through which systemically administered drugs have unrestricted access to spinal tissue in and around the sites of trauma. Taken together, our data provide evidence to support the use of ASIC1a inhibitors as a therapeutic treatment for SCI. This study also emphasizes the importance of objectively grading the functional severity of initial injuries (even when using standardized impacts) and we describe a simple scoring system based on hind limb function that could be adopted in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam M Koehn
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Natassya M Noor
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Qing Dong
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sing-Yan Er
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Lachlan D Rash
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Glenn F King
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | | | - Norman R Saunders
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Mark D Habgood
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Koehn LM, Noor NM, Dong Q, Er SY, Rash LD, King GF, Dziegielewska KM, Saunders NR, Habgood MD. Selective inhibition of ASIC1a confers functional and morphological neuroprotection following traumatic spinal cord injury. F1000Res 2016; 5:1822. [PMID: 28105306 PMCID: PMC5200949 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9094.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue loss after spinal trauma is biphasic, with initial mechanical/haemorrhagic damage at the time of impact being followed by gradual secondary expansion into adjacent, previously unaffected tissue. Limiting the extent of this secondary expansion of tissue damage has the potential to preserve greater residual spinal cord function in patients. The acute tissue hypoxia resulting from spinal cord injury (SCI) activates acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a). We surmised that antagonism of this channel should provide neuroprotection and functional preservation after SCI. We show that systemic administration of the spider-venom peptide PcTx1, a selective inhibitor of ASIC1a, improves locomotor function in adult Sprague Dawley rats after thoracic SCI. The degree of functional improvement correlated with the degree of tissue preservation in descending white matter tracts involved in hind limb locomotor function. Transcriptomic analysis suggests that PcTx1-induced preservation of spinal cord tissue does not result from a reduction in apoptosis, with no evidence of down-regulation of key genes involved in either the intrinsic or extrinsic apoptotic pathways. We also demonstrate that trauma-induced disruption of blood-spinal cord barrier function persists for at least 4 days post-injury for compounds up to 10 kDa in size, whereas barrier function is restored for larger molecules within a few hours. This temporary loss of barrier function provides a " treatment window" through which systemically administered drugs have unrestricted access to spinal tissue in and around the sites of trauma. Taken together, our data provide evidence to support the use of ASIC1a inhibitors as a therapeutic treatment for SCI. This study also emphasizes the importance of objectively grading the functional severity of initial injuries (even when using standardized impacts) and we describe a simple scoring system based on hind limb function that could be adopted in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam M Koehn
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Natassya M Noor
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Qing Dong
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sing-Yan Er
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Lachlan D Rash
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Glenn F King
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | | | - Norman R Saunders
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Mark D Habgood
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Rand A, Litz RJ, Zahn P. [Anesthesiological approach for patients with spinal cord injuries]. Anaesthesist 2016; 65:553-70. [PMID: 27371543 DOI: 10.1007/s00101-016-0193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries (SCI) are serious medical conditions, which are associated with severe and potentially fatal risks and complications depending on the location and extent of injury. Traffic accidents, falls and recreational activities are the leading causes for traumatic SCI (TSCI) worldwide whereas non-traumatic spinal cord injuries (NTSCI) are mostly due to tumors and congenital diseases. As chronification of the injuries progresses other organ systems are affected including anatomical changes, the respiratory and cardiovascular systems and endocrinological pathways. All these effects have to be considered in the anesthesiological management of patients with SCI. Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is the most dangerous and life-threatening complication in patients with chronic SCI above T6 that results from an overstimulation of sympathetic reflex circuits in the upper thoracic spine and can be fatal. This article summarizes the specific pathophysiology of SCI and how AD can be avoided as well as also providing anesthetists with strategies for perioperative and intensive care management of patients with SCI.
Collapse
|
44
|
Hu J, Lang Y, Zhang T, Ni S, Lu H. Lentivirus-mediated PGC-1α overexpression protects against traumatic spinal cord injury in rats. Neuroscience 2016; 328:40-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
45
|
Redondo-Castro E, Navarro X, García-Alías G. Longitudinal Evaluation of Residual Cortical and Subcortical Motor Evoked Potentials in Spinal Cord Injured Rats. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:907-16. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Redondo-Castro
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
- Present address: Faculty of Life Sciences, A.V. Hill Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Guillermo García-Alías
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
von Leden RE, Selwyn RG, Jaiswal S, Wilson CM, Khayrullina G, Byrnes KR. (18)F-FDG-PET imaging of rat spinal cord demonstrates altered glucose uptake acutely after contusion injury. Neurosci Lett 2016; 621:126-132. [PMID: 27084688 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in an acute reduction in neuronal and glial cell viability, disruption in axonal tract integrity, and prolonged increases in glial activity and inflammation, all of which can influence regional metabolism and glucose utilization. To date, the understanding of glucose uptake and utilization in the injured spinal cord is limited. Positron emission tomography (PET)-based measurements of glucose uptake may therefore serve as a novel biomarker for SCI. This study aimed to determine the acute and sub-acute glucose uptake pattern after SCI to determine its potential as a novel non-invasive tool for injury assessment and to begin to understand the glucose uptake pattern following acute SCI. Briefly, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to moderate contusion SCI, confirmed by locomotor function and histology. PET imaging with [(18)F] Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) was performed prior to injury and at 6 and 24h and 15days post-injury (dpi). FDG-PET imaging revealed significantly depressed glucose uptake at 6h post-injury at the lesion epicenter that returned to sham/naïve levels at 24h and 15 dpi after moderate injury. FDG uptake at 15 dpi was likely influenced by a combination of elevated glial presence and reduced neuronal viability. These results show that moderate SCI results in acute depression in glucose uptake followed by an increase in glucose uptake that may be related to neuroinflammation. This acute and sub-acute uptake, which is dependent on cellular responses, may represent a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramona E von Leden
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
| | - Reed G Selwyn
- Department of Radiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
| | - Shalini Jaiswal
- Translational Imaging Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
| | - Colin M Wilson
- Translational Imaging Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
| | - Guzal Khayrullina
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
| | - Kimberly R Byrnes
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States; Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Díaz Galindo C, Gómez-González B, Salinas E, Calderón-Vallejo D, Hernández-Jasso I, Bautista E, Quintanar JL. Leuprolide acetate induces structural and functional recovery of injured spinal cord in rats. Neural Regen Res 2016; 10:1819-24. [PMID: 26807118 PMCID: PMC4705795 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.170311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and its synthetic analog leuprolide acetate, a GnRH agonist, have neurotrophic properties. This study was designed to determine whether administration of leuprolide acetate can improve locomotor behavior, gait, micturition reflex, spinal cord morphology and the amount of microglia in the lesion epicenter after spinal cord injury in rats. Rats with spinal cord compression injury were administered leuprolide acetate or saline solution for 5 weeks. At the 5th week, leuprolide acetate-treated rats showed locomotor activity recovery by 38%, had improvement in kinematic gait and exhibited voiding reflex recovery by 60%, as compared with the 1st week. By contrast, saline solution-treated rats showed locomotor activity recovery only by 7%, but voiding reflex did not recover. More importantly, leuprolide acetate treatment reduced microglial immunological reaction and induced a trend towards greater area of white and gray matter in the spinal cord. Therefore, leuprolide acetate has great potential to repair spinal cord injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Díaz Galindo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Beatriz Gómez-González
- Area of Neuroscience, Department of Reproductive Biology, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, México
| | - Eva Salinas
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Denisse Calderón-Vallejo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Irma Hernández-Jasso
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Eduardo Bautista
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - J Luis Quintanar
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sashindranath M, Daglas M, Medcalf R. Evaluation of gait impairment in mice subjected to craniotomy and traumatic brain injury. Behav Brain Res 2015; 286:33-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
49
|
May Z, Fouad K, Shum-Siu A, Magnuson DSK. Challenges of animal models in SCI research: Effects of pre-injury task-specific training in adult rats before lesion. Behav Brain Res 2015; 291:26-35. [PMID: 25975172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A rarely explored subject in animal research is the effect of pre-injury variables on behavioral outcome post-SCI. Low reporting of such variables may underlie some discrepancies in findings between laboratories. Particularly, intensive task-specific training before a SCI might be important, considering that sports injuries are one of the leading causes of SCI. Thus, individuals with SCI often underwent rigorous training before their injuries. In the present study, we asked whether training before SCI on a grasping task or a swimming task would influence motor recovery in rats. Swim pre-training impaired recovery of swimming 2 and 4 weeks post-injury. This result fits with the idea of motor learning interference, which posits that learning something new may disrupt learning of a new task; in this case, learning strategies to compensate for functional loss after SCI. In contrast to swimming, grasp pre-training did not influence grasping ability after SCI at any time point. However, grasp pre-trained rats attempted to grasp more times than untrained rats in the first 4 weeks post-injury. Also, lesion volume of grasp pre-trained rats was greater than that of untrained rats, a finding which may be related to stress or activity. The increased participation in rehabilitative training of the pre-trained rats in the early weeks post-injury may have potentiated spontaneous plasticity in the spinal cord and counteracted the deleterious effect of interference and bigger lesions. Thus, our findings suggest that pre-training plays a significant role in recovery after CNS damage and needs to be carefully controlled for.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zacnicte May
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Karim Fouad
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alice Shum-Siu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - David S K Magnuson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Dent KA, Christie KJ, Bye N, Basrai HS, Turbic A, Habgood M, Cate HS, Turnley AM. Oligodendrocyte birth and death following traumatic brain injury in adult mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121541. [PMID: 25798924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are responsible for producing and maintaining myelin throughout the CNS. One of the pathological features observed following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the progressive demyelination and degeneration of axons within white matter tracts. While the effect of TBI on axonal health has been well documented, there is limited information regarding the response of oligodendrocytes within these areas. The aim of this study was to characterize the response of both mature oligodendrocytes and immature proliferative oligodendrocyte lineage cells across a 3 month timecourse following TBI. A computer-controlled cortical impact model was used to produce a focal lesion in the left motor cortex of adult mice. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed at 48 hours, 7 days, 2 weeks, 5 weeks and 3 months following injury to assess the prevalence of mature CC-1+ oligodendrocyte cell death, immature Olig2+ cell proliferation and longer term survival in the corpus callosum and external capsule. Decreased CC-1 immunoreactivity was observed in white matter adjacent to the site of injury from 2 days to 2 weeks post TBI, with ongoing mature oligodendrocyte apoptosis after this time. Conversely, proliferation of Olig2+ cells was observed as early as 48 hours post TBI and significant numbers of these cells and their progeny survived and remained in the external capsule within the injured hemisphere until at least 3 months post injury. These findings demonstrate that immature oligodendrocyte lineage cells respond to TBI by replacing oligodendrocytes lost due to damage and that this process occurs for months after injury.
Collapse
|