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Stark R. The olfactory bulb: A neuroendocrine spotlight on feeding and metabolism. J Neuroendocrinol 2024:e13382. [PMID: 38468186 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Olfaction is the most ancient sense and is needed for food-seeking, danger protection, mating and survival. It is often the first sensory modality to perceive changes in the external environment, before sight, taste or sound. Odour molecules activate olfactory sensory neurons that reside on the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity, which transmits this odour-specific information to the olfactory bulb (OB), where it is relayed to higher brain regions involved in olfactory perception and behaviour. Besides odour processing, recent studies suggest that the OB extends its function into the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Furthermore, numerous hormone receptors associated with appetite and metabolism are expressed within the OB, suggesting a neuroendocrine role outside the hypothalamus. Olfactory cues are important to promote food preparatory behaviours and consumption, such as enhancing appetite and salivation. In addition, altered metabolism or energy state (fasting, satiety and overnutrition) can change olfactory processing and perception. Similarly, various animal models and human pathologies indicate a strong link between olfactory impairment and metabolic dysfunction. Therefore, understanding the nature of this reciprocal relationship is critical to understand how olfactory or metabolic disorders arise. This present review elaborates on the connection between olfaction, feeding behaviour and metabolism and will shed light on the neuroendocrine role of the OB as an interface between the external and internal environments. Elucidating the specific mechanisms by which olfactory signals are integrated and translated into metabolic responses holds promise for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies and interventions aimed at modulating appetite and promoting metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Stark
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Iravani B, Frasnelli J, Arshamian A, Lundström JN. Metabolic state modulates neural processing of odors in the human olfactory bulb. Biol Psychol 2024; 187:108770. [PMID: 38460755 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
The olfactory and endocrine systems have recently been shown to reciprocally shape the homeostatic processes of energy intake. As demonstrated in animal models, the individual's metabolic state dynamically modulates how the olfactory bulb process odor stimuli using a range of endocrine signals. Here we aimed to determine whether the neural processing of odors in human olfactory bulb is modulated by metabolic state. Participants were exposed to food-associated odors, in separate sessions being hungry and sated, while neural responses from the olfactory bulb was obtained using electrobulbogram. We found significantly higher gamma power activity (51-100 Hz) in the OB's response to odors during the Hunger compared to Sated condition. Specifically, EBG gamma power were elevated while hungry already at 100 ms after odor onset, thereby suggesting intra-bulbar modulation according to metabolic state. These results demonstrate that, akin to other animal models, hunger state affects OB activity in humans. Moreover, we show that the EBG method has the potential to measure internal metabolic states and, as such, could be used to study specificities in olfactory processing of individuals suffering from pathologies such as obesity or anorexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Iravani
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Johannes Frasnelli
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivieres, QC, Canada
| | - Artin Arshamian
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan N Lundström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Zhao Y, Bhutani S, Kahnt T. Appetite-regulating hormones modulate odor perception and odor-evoked activity in hypothalamus and olfactory cortices. Chem Senses 2023; 48:bjad039. [PMID: 37796827 PMCID: PMC10590159 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Odors guide food seeking, and food intake modulates olfactory function. This interaction is mediated by appetite-regulating hormones like ghrelin, insulin, and leptin, which alter activity in the rodent olfactory bulb, but their effects on downstream olfactory cortices have not yet been established in humans. The olfactory tract connects the olfactory bulb to the cortex through 3 main striae, terminating in the piriform cortex (PirC), amygdala (AMY), olfactory tubercule (OT), and anterior olfactory nucleus (AON). Here, we test the hypothesis that appetite-regulating hormones modulate olfactory processing in the endpoints of the olfactory tract and the hypothalamus. We collected odor-evoked functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses and plasma levels of ghrelin, insulin, and leptin from human subjects (n = 25) after a standardized meal. We found that a hormonal composite measure, capturing variance relating positively to insulin and negatively to ghrelin, correlated inversely with odor intensity ratings and fMRI responses to odorized vs. clean air in the hypothalamus, OT, and AON. No significant correlations were found with activity in PirC or AMY, the endpoints of the lateral stria. Exploratory whole-brain analyses revealed significant correlations near the diagonal band of Broca and parahippocampal gyrus. These results demonstrate that high (low) blood plasma concentrations of insulin (ghrelin) decrease perceived odor intensity and odor-evoked activity in the cortical targets of the medial and intermediate striae of the olfactory tract, as well as the hypothalamus. These findings expand our understanding of the cortical mechanisms by which metabolic hormones in humans modulate olfactory processing after a meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhao
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Cellular and Neurocomputational Systems Branch, Baltimore, MD,United States
| | - Surabhi Bhutani
- San Diego State University, School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Thorsten Kahnt
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Cellular and Neurocomputational Systems Branch, Baltimore, MD,United States
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Cheng D, Lee JS, Brown M, Ebert MS, McGrath PT, Tomioka M, Iino Y, Bargmann CI. Insulin/IGF signaling regulates presynaptic glutamate release in aversive olfactory learning. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111685. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Odell SR, Clark D, Zito N, Jain R, Gong H, Warnock K, Carrion-Lopez R, Maixner C, Prieto-Godino L, Mathew D. Internal state affects local neuron function in an early sensory processing center to shape olfactory behavior in Drosophila larvae. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15767. [PMID: 36131078 PMCID: PMC9492728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Crawling insects, when starved, tend to have fewer head wavings and travel in straighter tracks in search of food. We used the Drosophila melanogaster larva to investigate whether this flexibility in the insect's navigation strategy arises during early olfactory processing and, if so, how. We demonstrate a critical role for Keystone-LN, an inhibitory local neuron in the antennal lobe, in implementing head-sweep behavior. Keystone-LN responds to odor stimuli, and its inhibitory output is required for a larva to successfully navigate attractive and aversive odor gradients. We show that insulin signaling in Keystone-LN likely mediates the starvation-dependent changes in head-sweep magnitude, shaping the larva's odor-guided movement. Our findings demonstrate how flexibility in an insect's navigation strategy can arise from context-dependent modulation of inhibitory neurons in an early sensory processing center. They raise new questions about modulating a circuit's inhibitory output to implement changes in a goal-directed movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth R Odell
- Integrative Neuroscience Program, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St., MS: 0314, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - David Clark
- Integrative Neuroscience Program, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St., MS: 0314, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Nicholas Zito
- Integrative Neuroscience Program, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St., MS: 0314, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Roshni Jain
- Molecular Biosciences Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Hui Gong
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Kendall Warnock
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | | | - Coral Maixner
- NSF-REU (BioSoRo) Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | | | - Dennis Mathew
- Integrative Neuroscience Program, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St., MS: 0314, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
- Molecular Biosciences Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
- NSF-REU (BioSoRo) Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
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Abstract
Olfactory perception guides daily decisions regarding food consumption, social interactions, and predator avoidance in all mammalian species. Volatile inputs, comprising odorants and pheromones, are relayed to the olfactory bulb (OB) from nasal sensory neurons cells and transferred to secondary processing regions within the brain. Olfaction has recently been shown to shape homeostatic and maladaptive processes of energy intake and expenditure through neuronal circuits involving the medial basal hypothalamus. Reciprocally, gastrointestinal hormones, such as ghrelin and leptin, the secretion of which depends on satiety and adiposity levels, might also influence olfactory sensitivity to alter food-seeking behaviors. Here, in addition to reviewing recent updates on identifying these neuronal networks, we also discuss how bidirectional neurocircuits existing between olfactory and energy processing centers can become dysregulated during obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Predrag Jovanovic
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Department and Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Celine E Riera
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Department and Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Movement Disorder Program, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Pickard SC, Bertsch DJ, Le Garrec Z, Ritzmann RE, Quinn RD, Szczecinski NS. Internal state effects on behavioral shifts in freely behaving praying mantises (Tenodera sinensis). PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009618. [PMID: 34928939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How we interact with our environment largely depends on both the external cues presented by our surroundings and the internal state from within. Internal states are the ever-changing physiological conditions that communicate the immediate survival needs and motivate the animal to behaviorally fulfill them. Satiety level constitutes such a state, and therefore has a dynamic influence on the output behaviors of an animal. In predatory insects like the praying mantis, hunting tactics, grooming, and mating have been shown to change hierarchical organization of behaviors depending on satiety. Here, we analyze behavior sequences of freely hunting praying mantises (Tenodera sinensis) to explore potential differences in sequential patterning of behavior as a correlate of satiety. First, our data supports previous work that showed starved praying mantises were not just more often attentive to prey, but also more often attentive to further prey. This was indicated by the increased time fraction spent in attentive bouts such as prey monitoring, head turns (to track prey), translations (closing the distance to the prey), and more strike attempts. With increasing satiety, praying mantises showed reduced time in these behaviors and exhibited them primarily towards close-proximity prey. Furthermore, our data demonstrates that during states of starvation, the praying mantis exhibits a stereotyped pattern of behavior that is highly motivated by prey capture. As satiety increased, the sequenced behaviors became more variable, indicating a shift away from the necessity of prey capture to more fluid presentations of behavior assembly.
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Faour M, Magnan C, Gurden H, Martin C. Olfaction in the context of obesity and diabetes: Insights from animal models to humans. Neuropharmacology 2021; 206:108923. [PMID: 34919903 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory system is at the crossroad between sensory processing and metabolic sensing. In addition to being the center of detection and identification of food odors, it is a sensor for most of the hormones and nutrients responsible for feeding behavior regulation. The consequences of modifications in body homeostasis, nutrient overload and alteration of this brain network in the pathological condition of food-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes are still not elucidated. The aim of this review was first to use both humans and animal studies to report on the current knowledge of the consequences of obesity and type 2 diabetes on odorant threshold and olfactory perception including identification discrimination and memory. We then discuss how olfactory processing can be modified by an alteration of the metabolic homeostasis of the organism and available elements on pharmacological treatments that regulate olfaction. We focus on data within the olfactory system but also on the interactions between the olfactory system and other brain networks impacted by metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Faour
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | | | - Hirac Gurden
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Claire Martin
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France.
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Guzmán-Ruiz MA, Jiménez A, Cárdenas-Rivera A, Guerrero-Vargas NN, Organista-Juárez D, Guevara-Guzmán R. Regulation of Metabolic Health by an "Olfactory-Hypothalamic Axis" and Its Possible Implications for the Development of Therapeutic Approaches for Obesity and T2D. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1727-1743. [PMID: 33813677 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory system is responsible for the reception, integration and interpretation of odors. However, in the last years, it has been discovered that the olfactory perception of food can rapidly modulate the activity of hypothalamic neurons involved in the regulation of energy balance. Conversely, the hormonal signals derived from changes in the metabolic status of the body can also change the sensitivity of the olfactory system, suggesting that the bidirectional relationship established between the olfactory and the hypothalamic systems is key for the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. In the first part of this review, we describe the possible mechanisms and anatomical pathways involved in the modulation of energy balance regulated by the olfactory system. Hence, we propose a model to explain its implication in the maintenance of the metabolic homeostasis of the organism. In the second part, we discuss how the olfactory system could be involved in the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type two diabetes and, finally, we propose the use of intranasal therapies aimed to regulate and improve the activity of the olfactory system that in turn will be able to control the neuronal activity of hypothalamic centers to prevent or ameliorate metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Alaide Guzmán-Ruiz
- Laboratorio Sensorial, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Edificio A, 4º piso, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Adriana Jiménez
- Laboratorio Sensorial, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Edificio A, 4º piso, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alfredo Cárdenas-Rivera
- Centro de Investigación en Bioingeniería, Universidad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Lima, Perú
| | - Natalí N Guerrero-Vargas
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Diana Organista-Juárez
- Laboratorio Sensorial, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Edificio A, 4º piso, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rosalinda Guevara-Guzmán
- Laboratorio Sensorial, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Edificio A, 4º piso, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
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Sanke H, Mita T, Yoshii H, Someya Y, Yamashiro K, Shimizu T, Ohmura C, Onuma T, Watada H. Olfactory dysfunction predicts the development of dementia in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 174:108740. [PMID: 33711397 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Olfactory dysfunction is associated with the transition from normal cognition to dementia in persons without type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to investigate whether olfactory dysfunction could be an early marker of future dementia in older patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS This exploratory study included 151 older Japanese outpatients with type 2 diabetes who did not have a diagnosis of probable dementia at baseline. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to determine whether Open Essence (OE) test score at baseline is associated with the development of probable dementia. RESULTS Over 3 years, approximately 9% of the study subjects developed probable dementia. Subjects with olfactory dysfunction at baseline developed probable dementia more frequently than those without. Multivariate logistic regression showed that lower OE test score, higher age, lower Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, higher total protein concentration, and more frequent use of a sulfonylurea are significantly associated with the development of probable dementia. Stepwise multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that change in OE test score over 3 years is significantly associated with change in MMSE score. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggested that olfactory dysfunction precedes the development of probable dementia in older patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Sanke
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tomoya Mita
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Center for Therapeutic Innovations in Diabetes, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Hidenori Yoshii
- Department of Medicine, Diabetology & Endocrinology Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center, Shinsuna 3-3-20, Koto-ku, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan
| | - Yuki Someya
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamashiro
- Department of Medicine, Diabetology & Endocrinology Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center, Shinsuna 3-3-20, Koto-ku, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Shimizu
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Chie Ohmura
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tomio Onuma
- Department of Medicine, Diabetology & Endocrinology Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center, Shinsuna 3-3-20, Koto-ku, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Watada
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Center for Therapeutic Innovations in Diabetes, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Center for Molecular Diabetology, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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Abstract
Pregnancy and lactation are highly metabolically demanding states. Maternal glucose is a key fuel source for the growth and development of the fetus, as well as for the production of milk during lactation. Hence, the maternal body undergoes major adaptations in the systems regulating glucose homeostasis to cope with the increased demand for glucose. As part of these changes, insulin levels are elevated during pregnancy and lower in lactation. The increased insulin secretion during pregnancy plays a vital role in the periphery; however, the potential effects of increased insulin action in the brain have not been widely investigated. In this review, we consider the impact of pregnancy on brain access and brain levels of insulin. Moreover, we explore the hypothesis that pregnancy is associated with site-specific central insulin resistance that is adaptive, allowing for the increases in peripheral insulin secretion without the consequences of increased central and peripheral insulin functions, such as to stimulate glucose uptake into maternal tissues or to inhibit food intake. Conversely, the loss of central insulin actions may impair other functions, such as insulin control of the autonomic nervous system. The potential role of low insulin in facilitating adaptive responses to lactation, such as hyperphagia and suppression of reproductive function, are also discussed. We end the review with a list of key research questions requiring resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R Ladyman
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Virginia L Brooks
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Mishra SK, Hidau M. Intranasal Insulin Enhances Intracerebroventricular Streptozotocin-Induced Decrease in Olfactory Discriminative Learning via Upregulation of Subventricular Zone-Olfactory Bulb Neurogenesis in the Rat Model. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:1248-1259. [PMID: 33123980 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02185-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory perception and learning play a vital role in the animal's entire life for habituation and survival. Insulin and insulin receptor signaling is well known to modulate the olfactory function and is also involved in the regulation of neurogenesis. A very high density of insulin receptors is present in the olfactory bulb (OB), the brain area involved in the olfactory function, where active adult neurogenesis also takes place. Hence, our study was aimed to explore the effect of intranasal insulin treatment and the involvement of the subventricular zone-olfactory bulb (SVZ-OB) neurogenesis on olfactory discriminative learning and memory in intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (ICV STZ) rat model. Our findings revealed that intranasal insulin treatment significantly increased ICV STZ-induced decrease in the olfactory discriminative learning. No significant change was observed in the post-treatment olfactory memory upon ICV STZ and intranasal insulin treatment. ICV STZ also caused a substantial decline in the SVZ-OB neurogenesis, as indicated by the reduction in the number of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU+) cells, BrdU+ Nestin+ cells, and Doublecortin (DCX+) cells, which was reversed by intranasal insulin treatment. Intranasal insulin treatment also increased the number of immature neurons reaching the olfactory bulb (OB) as indicated by an increase in the DCX expression in the OB as compared to the ICV STZ administered group. ICV STZ administration also resulted in the modulation of the expression of the genes regulating postnatal SVZ-OB neurogenesis like Mammalian achaete scute homolog 1 (Mash 1), Neurogenin 2 (Ngn 2), Neuronal differentiation 1 (Neuro D1), and T box brain protein 2 (Tbr 2). Intranasal insulin treatment reverted these changes in gene expression, which might be responsible for the observed increase in the SVZ-OB neurogenesis and hence the olfactory discriminative learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kohka-Kurud Road, Bhilai, (C.G.), 490024, India.
| | - Mahendra Hidau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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Soleimanzad H, Montaner M, Ternier G, Lemitre M, Silvestre JS, Kassis N, Giacobini P, Magnan C, Pain F, Gurden H. Obesity in Midlife Hampers Resting and Sensory-Evoked Cerebral Blood Flow in Mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:150-158. [PMID: 33174382 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) and aging on resting and activity-dependent cerebral blood flow (CBF). METHODS To run a comparison between obese and age-matched control animals, 6-week-old mice were fed either with regular chow or an HFD for 3 months or 8 months. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were assessed for metabolic phenotyping. Resting and odor-evoked CBF at the microvascular scale in the olfactory bulb (OB) was investigated by multiexposure speckle imaging. Immunolabeling-enabled imaging of solvent-cleared organs was used to analyze vascular density. The ejection fraction was studied by using cardioechography. Olfactory sensitivity was tested by using a buried-food test. RESULTS Glucose intolerance and compromised odor-evoked CBF were observed in obese mice in the younger group. Prolonged HFD feeding triggered insulin resistance and stronger impairment in activity-dependent CBF. Aging had a specific negative impact on resting CBF. There was no decrease in vascular density in the OB of obese mice, although cardiac function was impaired at both ages. In addition, decreased olfactory sensitivity was observed only in the older, middle-aged obese mice. CONCLUSIONS OB microvasculature in obese mice showed a specific functional feature characterized by impaired sensory-evoked CBF and a specific deleterious effect of aging on resting CBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Soleimanzad
- Université de Paris, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Mireia Montaner
- Université de Paris, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Gaëtan Ternier
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Mathilde Lemitre
- Université de Paris, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM, Paris, France
| | | | - Nadim Kassis
- Université de Paris, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Magnan
- Université de Paris, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Pain
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Palaiseau, France
| | - Hirac Gurden
- Université de Paris, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, Paris, France
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14
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Poessel M, Breuer N, Joshi A, Pampel A, Villringer A, Hummel T, Horstmann A. Reduced Olfactory Bulb Volume in Obesity and Its Relation to Metabolic Health Status. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:586998. [PMID: 33328935 PMCID: PMC7729134 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.586998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Smell perception plays an important role in eating behavior and might be involved in body weight gain. Since a body of literature implies that olfactory perception and function is hampered in obesity, we here investigate neuroanatomical correlates of this phenomenon. We assessed olfactory bulb (OB) volume with magnetic resonance imaging in 67 healthy participants with a body mass index (BMI) from 18.9 to 45.4 kg/m2 (mean = 28.58 ± 6.64). Moreover, we obtained psychophysiological data on olfactory ability (Sniffin' Sticks, Food associated odor test) and self-report measurements on eating behavior. Additionally, we collected parameters associated with metabolic health in obesity (waist-hip ratio, waist-height ratio, leptin levels, body fat percentage, fat mass index, insulin resistance) to investigate recently proposed mechanistic explanatory models of why olfaction may be altered in obesity. We showed that OB volume was significantly lower in participants with obesity when compared to those of normal weight. Moreover, we found weak to moderate negative correlations between OB volume and BMI and related measures of metabolic health, especially leptin, body fat percentage, waist-height ratio and insulin resistance. However, neither OB volume nor BMI were related to olfactory function in our young and healthy sample. Nevertheless, our results provide first indications that obesity is associated with brain anatomical changes in the OBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Poessel
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Integriertes Forschungs- und Behandlungszentrum (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nora Breuer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Integriertes Forschungs- und Behandlungszentrum (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Akshita Joshi
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School, Dresden, Germany
| | - André Pampel
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Day Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital at the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Mind Brain Body Institute, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, German.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School on the Life Course, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School on the Neuroscience of Communication, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annette Horstmann
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Integriertes Forschungs- und Behandlungszentrum (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Leipzig University Medical Center, Collaborative Research Council (CRC) 1052A5 'Obesity Mechanisms', Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Tashima T. Shortcut Approaches to Substance Delivery into the Brain Based on Intranasal Administration Using Nanodelivery Strategies for Insulin. Molecules 2020; 25:E5188. [PMID: 33171799 PMCID: PMC7664636 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct delivery of central nervous system (CNS) drugs into the brain after administration is an ideal concept due to its effectiveness and non-toxicity. However, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents drugs from penetrating the capillary endothelial cells, blocking their entry into the brain. Thus, alternative approaches must be developed. The nasal cavity directly leads from the olfactory epithelium to the brain through the cribriform plate of the skull bone. Nose-to-brain drug delivery could solve the BBB-related repulsion problem. Recently, it has been revealed that insulin improved Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related dementia. Several ongoing AD clinical trials investigate the use of intranasal insulin delivery. Related to the real trajectory, intranasal labeled-insulins demonstrated distribution into the brain not only along the olfactory nerve but also the trigeminal nerve. Nonetheless, intranasally administered insulin was delivered into the brain. Therefore, insulin conjugates with covalent or non-covalent cargos, such as AD or other CNS drugs, could potentially contribute to a promising strategy to cure CNS-related diseases. In this review, I will introduce the CNS drug delivery approach into the brain using nanodelivery strategies for insulin through transcellular routes based on receptor-mediated transcytosis or through paracellular routes based on escaping the tight junction at the olfactory epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Tashima
- Tashima Laboratories of Arts and Sciences, 1239-5 Toriyama-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 222-0035, Japan
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16
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Falkowski B, Duda-Sobczak A, Araszkiewicz A, Chudzinski M, Urbas M, Gajewska E, Borucki L, Zozulinska-Ziolkiewicz D. Insulin resistance is associated with impaired olfactory function in adult patients with type 1 diabetes: A cross-sectional study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2020; 36:e3307. [PMID: 32129918 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether insulin resistance is a predictor for decreased olfactory function in adult type 1 diabetes patients (T1DM). MATERIALS AND METHODS The following parameters were examined in the group of 113 T1DM participants: body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), TG/HDL ratio, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c ), visceral fat (VF) in body bioimpedance, specific calculators (eGDR, VAI). Bilateral olfactory test score (BOTS) was performed using 12-odour-tests from Sniffin' Sticks. Then participants were allocated to one of two groups: normosmia (10-12 odours identified) or hyposmia/anosmia (0-9 odours). The association between BOTS and insulin resistance indicators was analyzed using: Spearman's rank correlation, multivariate linear regression analysis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS 49.6% participants were diagnosed with hyposmia/anosmia, median BOTS was 10. BOTS correlated significantly with: WHR, TG, VF index, TG/HDL ratio, VAI, and eGDR. In multivariate linear regression analysis higher WHR turned out to be statistically significant independent predictor of lower BOTS (β = -0.36; P = .005) after adjustment for age, sex, TG and peripheral neuropathy (R2 = 0.19; P = .0005). The ROC analysis indicated a WHR cut-off of 0.92 [area under the ROC curve (AUC): 0.737; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.647-0.828, P < .0001] as the best among evaluated factors significantly affecting hyposmia/anosmia occurrence (sensitivity of this cut-off 0.50 and specificity 0.86). CONCLUSIONS We have provided evidence of an association between lowered insulin sensitivity expressed in bioelectrical impedance analysis, anthropometrical (WHR), laboratory (TG/HDL ratio) measurements, specific calculators (eGDR, VAI) and deteriorated olfactory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogusz Falkowski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Duda-Sobczak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Araszkiewicz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Chudzinski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Urbas
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Raszeja City Hospital, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Gajewska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Lukasz Borucki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Raszeja City Hospital, Poznan, Poland
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17
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Jiménez A, Organista-Juárez D, Torres-Castro A, Guzmán-Ruíz MA, Estudillo E, Guevara-Guzmán R. Olfactory Dysfunction in Diabetic Rats is Associated with miR-146a Overexpression and Inflammation. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:1781-1790. [PMID: 32405762 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with cognitive decline and dementia. Both neurodegenerative conditions are characterized by olfactory dysfunction (OD) which is also observed in diabetic patients. Diabetes and neurodegeneration display altered miRNAs expression; therefore, the study of miRNAs in the diabetic olfactory system is important in order to know the mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration induced by T2D. In this work we evaluated the expression of miRs206, 451, 146a and 34a in the olfactory bulb (OB) of T2D rats and its association with OD. T2D induction was performed by administering streptozotocin to neonatal rats. The olfactory function was evaluated after reaching the adulthood by employing the buried pellet and social recognition tests. After 18 weeks, animals were sacrificed to determinate miRNAs and protein expression in the OB. T2D animals showed a significant increase in the latency to find the odor stimulus in the buried pellet test and a significant reduction in the interest to investigate the novel juvenile subjects in the social recognition test, indicating OD. In miRNAs analysis we observed a significant increase of miR-146a expression in the OB of T2D rats when compared to controls. This increase in miR-146a correlated with the overexpression of IL-1β in the OB of T2D rats. The present results showed that OD in T2D rats is associated with IL-1β mediated-inflammation and miR-146a overexpression, suggesting that high levels of IL-1β could trigger miR-146a upregulation as a negative feedback of the inflammatory response in the OB of T2D rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Jiménez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Diana Organista-Juárez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Areli Torres-Castro
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.,, IMSS Hospital General Regional 1 Dr. Carlos Mac Gregor Sánchez Navarro, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mara A Guzmán-Ruíz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Enrique Estudillo
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular IFC/UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez,", Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rosalinda Guevara-Guzmán
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
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18
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Meunier N, Raynaud A, Le Bourhis M, Grébert D, Dewaele A, Acquistapace A, Bombail V. The olfactory mucosa, first actor of olfactory detection, is sensitive to glucocorticoid hormone. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:1403-1418. [PMID: 31465599 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory mucosa (OM) is the primary site of odorant detection, and its axonal projections relay information to brain structures for signal processing. We have previously observed that olfactory function can be affected during a prolonged stress challenge in Wistar rats. The stress response is a neuroendocrine retro-controlled loop allowing pleiotropic adaptive tissue alterations, which are partly mediated through the release of glucocorticoid hormones. We hypothesised that, as part of their wide-ranging pleiotropic effects, glucocorticoids might affect the first step of olfactory detection. To study this, we used a number of approaches ranging from the molecular detection and functional characterisation of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in OM cells, to the study of GR acute activation in vivo at the molecular, electrophysiological and behavioural levels. In contrast to previous reports, where GR was reported to be exclusive in olfactory sensory neurones, we located functional GR expression mostly in olfactory ensheathing cells. Dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally to activate GR in vivo, and this led to functional odorant electrophysiological response (electro-olfactogram) and OM gene expression changes. In a habituation/cross-habituation test of olfactory sensitivity, we observed that DEX-treated rats exhibited higher responsiveness to a complex odorant mixture. These findings support the idea that olfactory perception is altered in stressed animals, as glucocorticoids might enhance odour detection, starting at the first step of detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Meunier
- NBO, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,NBO, UVSQ, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | - Denise Grébert
- NBO, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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19
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Fiory F, Perruolo G, Cimmino I, Cabaro S, Pignalosa FC, Miele C, Beguinot F, Formisano P, Oriente F. The Relevance of Insulin Action in the Dopaminergic System. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:868. [PMID: 31474827 PMCID: PMC6706784 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The advances in medicine, together with lifestyle modifications, led to a rising life expectancy. Unfortunately, however, aging is accompanied by an alarming boost of age-associated chronic pathologies, including neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases. Interestingly, a non-negligible interplay between alterations of glucose homeostasis and brain dysfunction has clearly emerged. In particular, epidemiological studies have pointed out a possible association between Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) and Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Insulin resistance, one of the major hallmark for etiology of T2D, has a detrimental influence on PD, negatively affecting PD phenotype, accelerating its progression and worsening cognitive impairment. This review aims to provide an exhaustive analysis of the most recent evidences supporting the key role of insulin resistance in PD pathogenesis. It will focus on the relevance of insulin in the brain, working as pro-survival neurotrophic factor and as a master regulator of neuronal mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. Insulin action as a modulator of dopamine signaling and of alpha-synuclein degradation will be described in details, too. The intriguing idea that shared deregulated pathogenic pathways represent a link between PD and insulin resistance has clinical and therapeutic implications. Thus, ongoing studies about the promising healing potential of common antidiabetic drugs such as metformin, exenatide, DPP IV inhibitors, thiazolidinediones and bromocriptine, will be summarized and the rationale for their use to decelerate neurodegeneration will be critically assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fiory
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT "Genomic of Diabetes," Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Perruolo
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT "Genomic of Diabetes," Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cimmino
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT "Genomic of Diabetes," Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Cabaro
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT "Genomic of Diabetes," Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Chiara Pignalosa
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT "Genomic of Diabetes," Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Miele
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT "Genomic of Diabetes," Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT "Genomic of Diabetes," Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT "Genomic of Diabetes," Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Oriente
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT "Genomic of Diabetes," Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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20
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Merle L, Person O, Bonnet P, Grégoire S, Soubeyre V, Grosmaitre X, Jarriault D. Maternal high fat high sugar diet disrupts olfactory behavior but not mucosa sensitivity in the offspring. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 104:249-258. [PMID: 30904822 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The influence of maternal diet on progeny's metabolic health has been thoroughly investigated, but the impact on sensory systems remains unexplored. Neurons of the olfactory system start to develop during the embryonic life and carry on their maturation after birth. Besides, these neurons are under metabolic influences, and it has recently been shown that adult mice exposed to an obesogenic or diabetogenic diet display reduced olfactory abilities. However, whether or not Folfactory function is affected by the perinatal nutritional environment is unknown. Here we investigated the effect of a high fat high sucrose (HFHS) maternal diet (46% of total energy brought by lipids, 26.6% by sucrose) on progeny's olfactory system in mice. In male offspring at weaning stage, maternal HFHS diet induced overweight and increased gonadal fat, associated with hyperleptinemia. The progeny of HFHS diet fed dams showed reduced sniffing behavior in the presence of low doses of phenylethanol (an attractive odorant for mice), compared to the progeny of standard diet fed dams. Furthermore, they exhibited increased time to retrieve a piece of breakfast cereals hidden beneath the bedding in a buried food test. Meanwhile, electroolfactogram recordings revealed no change in the sensitivity of olfactory mucosa. mRNA levels for elements of the olfactory transduction cascade were not affected either. Our results demonstrate that maternal HFHS diet during gestation and lactation strongly modulates olfactory perception in the offspring, without impairing odor detection by the olfactory epithelium. Maternal HFHS diet starting two months before gestation did not induce additional impairments in progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laëtitia Merle
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9E boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Ophélie Person
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9E boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Pierre Bonnet
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9E boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Stéphane Grégoire
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9E boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Vanessa Soubeyre
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9E boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Xavier Grosmaitre
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9E boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - David Jarriault
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9E boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, F-21000 Dijon, France.
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21
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Edwin Thanarajah S, Hoffstall V, Rigoux L, Hanssen R, Brüning JC, Tittgemeyer M. The role of insulin sensitivity and intranasally applied insulin on olfactory perception. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7222. [PMID: 31076634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43693-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory perception determines food selection behavior depending on energy homeostasis and nutritional status. The mechanisms, however, by which metabolic signals in turn regulate olfactory perception remain largely unclear. Given the evidence for direct insulin action on olfactory neurons, we tested olfactory performance (olfactory threshold, olfactory discrimination) in 36 subjects of normal- and overweight after administration of three different insulin doses (40 I.U., 100 I.U., 160 I.U.) or corresponding placebo volume in a within-subject design. Poor peripheral insulin sensitivity as quantified by HOMA-IR in baseline condition and increases in systemic insulin levels reactive to intranasal administration predicted poor olfactory performance. In contrast, intranasal insulin enhanced odor perception with a dose-dependent improvement of olfactory threshold. These findings indicate a new diametric impact of insulin on olfactory perception depending on peripheral or central availability.
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22
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Rhea EM, Salameh TS, Banks WA. Routes for the delivery of insulin to the central nervous system: A comparative review. Exp Neurol 2018; 313:10-15. [PMID: 30500332 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) insulin resistance is a condition in which the cells within the CNS do not respond to insulin appropriately and is often linked to aberrant CNS insulin levels. CNS insulin is primarily derived from the periphery. Aberrant CNS insulin levels can arise due to various factors including i) decreased endogenous insulin transport into the brain, across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), ii) reduced CNS sequestration of insulin, and iii) increased CNS degradation. While the sole route of endogenous insulin transport into the brain is via the BBB, there are multiple therapeutic routes of administration that have been investigated to deliver exogenous insulin to the CNS. These alternative administrative routes can be utilized to increase the amount of CNS insulin and aid in overcoming CNS insulin resistance. This review focuses on the intravenous, intracerebroventricular, intranasal, ocular, and intrathecal routes of administration and compares the impact of insulin delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Rhea
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Therese S Salameh
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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23
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Al Koborssy D, Palouzier-Paulignan B, Canova V, Thevenet M, Fadool DA, Julliard AK. Modulation of olfactory-driven behavior by metabolic signals: role of the piriform cortex. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 224:315-336. [PMID: 30317390 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Olfaction is one of the major sensory modalities that regulates food consumption and is in turn regulated by the feeding state. Given that the olfactory bulb has been shown to be a metabolic sensor, we explored whether the anterior piriform cortex (aPCtx)-a higher olfactory cortical processing area-had the same capacity. Using immunocytochemical approaches, we report the localization of Kv1.3 channel, glucose transporter type 4, and the insulin receptor in the lateral olfactory tract and Layers II and III of the aPCtx. In current-clamped superficial pyramidal (SP) cells, we report the presence of two populations of SP cells: glucose responsive and non-glucose responsive. Using varied glucose concentrations and a glycolysis inhibitor, we found that insulin modulation of the instantaneous and spike firing frequency are both glucose dependent and require glucose metabolism. Using a plethysmograph to record sniffing frequency, rats microinjected with insulin failed to discriminate ratiometric enantiomers; considered a difficult task. Microinjection of glucose prevented discrimination of odorants of different chain-lengths, whereas injection of margatoxin increased the rate of habituation to repeated odor stimulation and enhanced discrimination. These data suggest that metabolic signaling pathways that are present in the aPCtx are capable of neuronal modulation and changing complex olfactory behaviors in higher olfactory centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolly Al Koborssy
- Program in Neuroscience, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Brigitte Palouzier-Paulignan
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), INSERM U1028/CNRS UMR5292 Team Olfaction: From Coding to Memory, 50 Av. Tony Garnier, 69366, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Canova
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), INSERM U1028/CNRS UMR5292 Team Olfaction: From Coding to Memory, 50 Av. Tony Garnier, 69366, Lyon, France
| | - Marc Thevenet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), INSERM U1028/CNRS UMR5292 Team Olfaction: From Coding to Memory, 50 Av. Tony Garnier, 69366, Lyon, France
| | - Debra Ann Fadool
- Program in Neuroscience, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Institute of Molecular Biophysics, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Andrée Karyn Julliard
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), INSERM U1028/CNRS UMR5292 Team Olfaction: From Coding to Memory, 50 Av. Tony Garnier, 69366, Lyon, France.
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24
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Min JY, Min KB. Insulin resistance and the increased risk for smell dysfunction in US adults. Laryngoscope 2018; 128:1992-1996. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.27093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Young Min
- Institute of Health and Environment; Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Bok Min
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Colleague of Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
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25
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Miranda-Martínez A, Mercado-Gómez OF, Arriaga-Ávila V, Guevara-Guzmán R. Distribution of Adiponectin Receptors 1 and 2 in the Rat Olfactory Bulb and the Effect of Adiponectin Injection on Insulin Receptor Expression. Int J Endocrinol 2017; 2017:4892609. [PMID: 29463982 PMCID: PMC5804105 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4892609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adiponectin (APN) is an adipocyte-derived hormone that has peripheral beneficial effects. Although its receptors AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 are expressed in the brain, their function in neurons is poorly understood. The aims of this work were to describe the distribution of APN receptors in the olfactory bulb (OB) as well as the possible effects of APN injection on the insulin receptor (InsR) content and Akt kinase. METHOD We performed the double immunofluorescence technique to describe the distribution of AdipoRs and the cellular type they were expressing. mRNA transcript and protein content were assessed by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. APN injection was performed to analyze its possible effect on the insulin pathway. RESULTS We found that AdipoRs were localized in all cell layers and in both neurons and astrocytes. We observed the presence of mRNA transcripts and immunoblot analysis confirmed the protein on the intact OB; APN injection in the OB resulted in a slight decrease of the total InsR and Akt phosphorylation and a reduction of phopho-InsR content. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrated that AdipoRs are expressed in OB regions, and APN injection could act as an insulin pathway modulator in the OB and thus possibly contribute to olfaction physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Miranda-Martínez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Del. Coyoacán, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Coordinación del Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Edificio B, 1° Piso. Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Del. Coyoacán, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Octavio Fabián Mercado-Gómez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Del. Coyoacán, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Virginia Arriaga-Ávila
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Del. Coyoacán, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rosalinda Guevara-Guzmán
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Del. Coyoacán, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
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26
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Daumas-Meyer V, Champeil-Potokar G, Chaumontet C, Dahirel P, Papillon C, Congar P, Denis I. Fasting induces astroglial plasticity in the olfactory bulb glomeruli of rats. Glia 2017; 66:762-776. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Patrice Dahirel
- NBO UR1197, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay; Jouy-en-Josas 78350 France
| | | | - Patrice Congar
- NBO UR1197, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay; Jouy-en-Josas 78350 France
| | - Isabelle Denis
- NBO UR1197, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay; Jouy-en-Josas 78350 France
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27
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Zhou Y, Wang X, Cao T, Xu J, Wang D, Restrepo D, Li A. Insulin Modulates Neural Activity of Pyramidal Neurons in the Anterior Piriform Cortex. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:378. [PMID: 29234275 PMCID: PMC5712367 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin is an important peptide hormone that regulates food intake and olfactory function. While a multitude of studies investigated the effect of insulin in the olfactory bulb and olfactory epithelium, research on how it modulates higher olfactory centers is lacking. Here we investigate how insulin modulates neural activity of pyramidal neurons in the anterior piriform cortex, a key olfactory signal processing center that plays important roles in odor perception, preference learning, and odor pattern separation. In vitro we find from brain slice recordings that insulin increases the excitation of pyramidal neurons, and excitatory synaptic transmission while it decreases inhibitory synaptic transmission. In vivo local field potential (LFP) recordings indicate that insulin decreases both ongoing gamma oscillations and odor evoked beta responses. Moreover, recordings of calcium activity from pyramidal neurons reveal that insulin modulates the odor-evoked responses by an inhibitory effect. These results indicate that insulin alters olfactory signal processing in the anterior piriform cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jinshan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dejuan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Diego Restrepo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Anan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Abstract
A growing body of evidence from research in rodents and humans has identified insulin as an important neuoregulatory peptide in the brain, where it coordinates diverse aspects of energy balance and peripheral glucose homeostasis. This review discusses where and how insulin interacts within the brain and evaluates the physiological and pathophysiological consequences of central insulin signalling in metabolism, obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Dodd
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - T Tiganis
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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29
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Julliard AK, Al Koborssy D, Fadool DA, Palouzier-Paulignan B. Nutrient Sensing: Another Chemosensitivity of the Olfactory System. Front Physiol 2017; 8:468. [PMID: 28747887 PMCID: PMC5506222 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfaction is a major sensory modality involved in real time perception of the chemical composition of the external environment. Olfaction favors anticipation and rapid adaptation of behavioral responses necessary for animal survival. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated that there is a direct action of metabolic peptides on the olfactory network. Orexigenic peptides such as ghrelin and orexin increase olfactory sensitivity, which in turn, is decreased by anorexigenic hormones such as insulin and leptin. In addition to peptides, nutrients can play a key role on neuronal activity. Very little is known about nutrient sensing in olfactory areas. Nutrients, such as carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipids, could play a key role in modulating olfactory sensitivity to adjust feeding behavior according to metabolic need. Here we summarize recent findings on nutrient-sensing neurons in olfactory areas and delineate the limits of our knowledge on this topic. The present review opens new lines of investigations on the relationship between olfaction and food intake, which could contribute to determining the etiology of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Karyn Julliard
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), INSERM U1028/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5292 Team Olfaction: From Coding to MemoryLyon, France
| | - Dolly Al Koborssy
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State UniversityTallahassee, FL, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Florida State UniversityTallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Debra A Fadool
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State UniversityTallahassee, FL, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Florida State UniversityTallahassee, FL, United States.,Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State UniversityTallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Brigitte Palouzier-Paulignan
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), INSERM U1028/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5292 Team Olfaction: From Coding to MemoryLyon, France
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30
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Altundag A, Ay SA, Hira S, Salıhoglu M, Baskoy K, Denız F, Tekelı H, Kurt O, Yonem A, Hummel T. Olfactory and gustatory functions in patients with non-complicated type 1 diabetes mellitus. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 274:2621-7. [PMID: 28258376 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-017-4497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate any possible relationship between diabetic state and olfactory and gustatory functions in patients with non-complicated diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1D), and also to present evidence of the association between olfactory and gustatory scores and HbA1c values and disease durations. The study included 39 patients with non-complicated T1D and 31 healthy controls. Clinical characteristics such as age, gender, duration of disease, education levels and biochemical analyses (fasting blood glucose, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), triglyceride, HbA1c, C-peptide, postprandial blood glucose) were measured. Subjective olfactory and gustatory tests were performed for all participants. There were no significant differences in olfactory tests between the two groups (odor thresholds 8.63 ± 0.91 vs. 8.55 ± 0.57, p = 0.66; odor discrimination 12.97 ± 0.80 vs. 12.74 ± 0.79, p = 0.24; odor identification 13.81 ± 0.98 vs. 13.72 ± 0.89, p = 0.69; TDI score 35.34 ± 1.94 vs. 34.97 ± 1.4, p = 0.37). There were also no significant differences in gustatory tests between the two groups (bitter 3.45 ± 0.51 vs. 3.44 ± 0.50, p = 0.90; sweet 3.32 ± 0.48 vs. 3.38 ± 0.49, p = 0.60; salty 3.13 ± 0.72 vs. 3.10 ± 0.72, p = 0.88; total score of taste 13.16 ± 1.61 vs. 13.13 ± 1.22, p = 0.92). Comparison of gustatory and olfactory scores according to disease duration of type 1 diabetes mellitus patients revealed that there were no differences between groups (all p > 0.05). T1D without complications may not be associated with olfactory and gustatory dysfunction according to subjective testing. We also found that gustatory and olfactory functions may not be related with HbA1c values and disease duration in non-complicated T1D.
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Bell GA, Fadool DA. Awake, long-term intranasal insulin treatment does not affect object memory, odor discrimination, or reversal learning in mice. Physiol Behav 2017; 174:104-113. [PMID: 28259806 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intranasal insulin delivery is currently being used in clinical trials to test for improvement in human memory and cognition, and in particular, for lessening memory loss attributed to neurodegenerative diseases. Studies have reported the effects of short-term intranasal insulin treatment on various behaviors, but less have examined long-term effects. The olfactory bulb contains the highest density of insulin receptors in conjunction with the highest level of insulin transport within the brain. Previous research from our laboratory has demonstrated that acute insulin intranasal delivery (IND) enhanced both short- and long-term memory as well as increased two-odor discrimination in a two-choice paradigm. Herein, we investigated the behavioral and physiological effects of chronic insulin IND. Adult, male C57BL6/J mice were intranasally treated with 5μg/μl of insulin twice daily for 30 and 60days. Metabolic assessment indicated no change in body weight, caloric intake, or energy expenditure following chronic insulin IND, but an increase in the frequency of meal bouts selectively in the dark cycle. Unlike acute insulin IND, which has been shown to cause enhanced performance in odor habituation/dishabituation and two-odor discrimination tasks in mice, chronic insulin IND did not enhance olfactometry-based odorant discrimination or olfactory reversal learning. In an object memory recognition task, insulin IND-treated mice did not perform differently than controls, regardless of task duration. Biochemical analyses of the olfactory bulb revealed a modest 1.3 fold increase in IR kinase phosphorylation but no significant increase in Kv1.3 phosphorylation. Substrate phosphorylation of IR kinase downstream effectors (MAPK/ERK and Akt signaling) proved to be highly variable. These data indicate that chronic administration of insulin IND in mice fails to enhance olfactory ability, object memory recognition, or a majority of systems physiology metabolic factors - as reported to elicit a modulatory effect with acute administration. This leads to two alternative interpretations regarding long-term insulin IND in mice: 1) It causes an initial stage of insulin resistance to dampen the behaviors that would normally be modulated under acute insulin IND, but ability to clear a glucose challenge is still retained, or 2) There is a lack of behavioral modulation at high concentration of insulin attributed to the twice daily intervals of hyperinsulinemia caused by insulin IND administration without any insulin resistance, per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve A Bell
- Department of Biological Science and Program in Neuroscience, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, United States
| | - Debra Ann Fadool
- Department of Biological Science and Program in Neuroscience, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, United States; Institute of Molecular Biophysics, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4380, United States.
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Rivière S, Soubeyre V, Jarriault D, Molinas A, Léger-Charnay E, Desmoulins L, Grebert D, Meunier N, Grosmaitre X. High Fructose Diet inducing diabetes rapidly impacts olfactory epithelium and behavior in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34011. [PMID: 27659313 PMCID: PMC5034277 DOI: 10.1038/srep34011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), a major public health issue reaching worldwide epidemic, has been correlated with lower olfactory abilities in humans. As olfaction represents a major component of feeding behavior, its alteration may have drastic consequences on feeding behaviors that may in turn aggravates T2D. In order to decipher the impact of T2D on the olfactory epithelium, we fed mice with a high fructose diet (HFruD) inducing early diabetic state in 4 to 8 weeks. After only 4 weeks of this diet, mice exhibited a dramatic decrease in olfactory behavioral capacities. Consistently, this decline in olfactory behavior was correlated to decreased electrophysiological responses of olfactory neurons recorded as a population and individually. Our results demonstrate that, in rodents, olfaction is modified by HFruD-induced diabetes. Functional, anatomical and behavioral changes occurred in the olfactory system at a very early stage of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Rivière
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.,INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.,Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Vanessa Soubeyre
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.,INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.,Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - David Jarriault
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.,INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.,Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Adrien Molinas
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.,INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.,Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Elise Léger-Charnay
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.,INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.,Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Lucie Desmoulins
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.,INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.,Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Denise Grebert
- INRA, UR1197 Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction et Modélisation en Imagerie, Domaine de Vilvert, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, IFR 144 Neuro-Sud Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Meunier
- INRA, UR1197 Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction et Modélisation en Imagerie, Domaine de Vilvert, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, IFR 144 Neuro-Sud Paris, France.,Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Xavier Grosmaitre
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.,INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.,Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
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Thiebaud N, Llewellyn-Smith IJ, Gribble F, Reimann F, Trapp S, Fadool DA. The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 increases mitral cell excitability by decreasing conductance of a voltage-dependent potassium channel. J Physiol 2016; 594:2607-28. [PMID: 26931093 PMCID: PMC4865572 DOI: 10.1113/jp272322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Key points The gut hormone called glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1) is a strong moderator of energy homeostasis and communication between the peripheral organs and the brain. GLP‐1 signalling occurs in the brain; using a newly developed genetic reporter line of mice, we have discovered GLP‐synthesizing cells in the olfactory bulb. GLP‐1 increases the firing frequency of neurons (mitral cells) that encode olfactory information by decreasing activity of voltage‐dependent K channels (Kv1.3). Modifying GLP‐1 levels, either therapeutically or following the ingestion of food, could alter the excitability of neurons in the olfactory bulb in a nutrition or energy state‐dependent manner to influence olfactory detection or metabolic sensing. The results of the present study uncover a new function for an olfactory bulb neuron (deep short axon cells, Cajal cells) that could be capable of modifying mitral cell activity through the release of GLP‐1. This might be of relevance for the action of GLP‐1 mimetics now widely used in the treatment of diabetes.
Abstract The olfactory system is intricately linked with the endocrine system where it may serve as a detector of the internal metabolic state or energy homeostasis in addition to its classical function as a sensor of external olfactory information. The recent development of transgenic mGLU‐yellow fluorescent protein mice that express a genetic reporter under the control of the preproglucagon reporter suggested the presence of the gut hormone, glucagon‐like peptide (GLP‐1), in deep short axon cells (Cajal cells) of the olfactory bulb and its neuromodulatory effect on mitral cell (MC) first‐order neurons. A MC target for the peptide was determined using GLP‐1 receptor binding assays, immunocytochemistry for the receptor and injection of fluorescence‐labelled GLP‐1 analogue exendin‐4. Using patch clamp recording of olfactory bulb slices in the whole‐cell configuration, we report that GLP‐1 and its stable analogue exendin‐4 increase the action potential firing frequency of MCs by decreasing the interburst interval rather than modifying the action potential shape, train length or interspike interval. GLP‐1 decreases Kv1.3 channel contribution to outward currents in voltage clamp recordings as determined by pharmacological blockade of Kv1.3 or utilizing mice with Kv1.3 gene‐targeted deletion as a negative control. Because fluctuations in GLP‐1 concentrations monitored by the olfactory bulb can modify the firing frequency of MCs, olfactory coding could change depending upon nutritional or physiological state. As a regulator of neuronal activity, GLP‐1 or its analogue may comprise a new metabolic factor with a potential therapeutic target in the olfactory bulb (i.e. via intranasal delivery) for controlling an imbalance in energy homeostasis. The gut hormone called glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1) is a strong moderator of energy homeostasis and communication between the peripheral organs and the brain. GLP‐1 signalling occurs in the brain; using a newly developed genetic reporter line of mice, we have discovered GLP‐synthesizing cells in the olfactory bulb. GLP‐1 increases the firing frequency of neurons (mitral cells) that encode olfactory information by decreasing activity of voltage‐dependent K channels (Kv1.3). Modifying GLP‐1 levels, either therapeutically or following the ingestion of food, could alter the excitability of neurons in the olfactory bulb in a nutrition or energy state‐dependent manner to influence olfactory detection or metabolic sensing. The results of the present study uncover a new function for an olfactory bulb neuron (deep short axon cells, Cajal cells) that could be capable of modifying mitral cell activity through the release of GLP‐1. This might be of relevance for the action of GLP‐1 mimetics now widely used in the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Thiebaud
- The Florida State University, Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Ida J Llewellyn-Smith
- Cardiovascular Medicine and Human Physiology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Fiona Gribble
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Reimann
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stefan Trapp
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Debra Ann Fadool
- The Florida State University, Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,The Florida State University, Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Lacroix MC, Caillol M, Durieux D, Monnerie R, Grebert D, Pellerin L, Repond C, Tolle V, Zizzari P, Baly C. Long-Lasting Metabolic Imbalance Related to Obesity Alters Olfactory Tissue Homeostasis and Impairs Olfactory-Driven Behaviors. Chem Senses 2015. [PMID: 26209545 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjv039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with chronic food intake disorders and binge eating. Food intake relies on the interaction between homeostatic regulation and hedonic signals among which, olfaction is a major sensory determinant. However, its potential modulation at the peripheral level by a chronic energy imbalance associated to obese status remains a matter of debate. We further investigated the olfactory function in a rodent model relevant to the situation encountered in obese humans, where genetic susceptibility is juxtaposed on chronic eating disorders. Using several olfactory-driven tests, we compared the behaviors of obesity-prone Sprague-Dawley rats (OP) fed with a high-fat/high-sugar diet with those of obese-resistant ones fed with normal chow. In OP rats, we reported 1) decreased odor threshold, but 2) poor olfactory performances, associated with learning/memory deficits, 3) decreased influence of fasting, and 4) impaired insulin control on food seeking behavior. Associated with these behavioral modifications, we found a modulation of metabolism-related factors implicated in 1) electrical olfactory signal regulation (insulin receptor), 2) cellular dynamics (glucorticoids receptors, pro- and antiapoptotic factors), and 3) homeostasis of the olfactory mucosa and bulb (monocarboxylate and glucose transporters). Such impairments might participate to the perturbed daily food intake pattern that we observed in obese animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monique Caillol
- INRA, UR1197, Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Didier Durieux
- INRA, UR1197, Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Régine Monnerie
- INRA, UR1197, Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Denise Grebert
- INRA, UR1197, Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, CH1005 Lausanne, Switzerland and
| | - Cendrine Repond
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, CH1005 Lausanne, Switzerland and
| | - Virginie Tolle
- UMR-S 894 INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Zizzari
- UMR-S 894 INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Christine Baly
- INRA, UR1197, Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Sanke H, Mita T, Yoshii H, Yokota A, Yamashiro K, Ingaki N, Onuma T, Someya Y, Komiya K, Tamura Y, Shimizu T, Ohmura C, Kanazawa A, Fujitani Y, Watada H. Relationship between olfactory dysfunction and cognitive impairment in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 106:465-73. [PMID: 25451914 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Recent clinical studies identified the relation between olfactory dysfunction and cognitive impairment in the elderly without type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of the present study was to define the relation between olfactory function and cognition in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS The study participants comprised 250 elderly (age, 68-77, median 72) Japanese outpatient with type 2 diabetes mellitus free of clinically-evident cognitive impairment. Olfactory and cognitive functions were evaluated by the Open Essence (OE) test and Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE), respectively. RESULTS Based on the MMSE score, 62.0%, 24.4%, and 13.6% of the participants were considered to have no impairment, possible cognitive impairment and probable dementia, respectively. The OE test score of the probable dementia group was significantly lower than other groups. Furthermore, age and serum uric acid were significantly higher in the probable dementia group than other groups. Simple correlation analysis showed positive correlation between the MMSE score and diastolic blood pressure, education, OE test score, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, folic acid, and negative correlation with age, HbA1c, aspartate aminotransferase, serum adiponectin and urinary albumin excretion. Multivariate regression analysis showed that OE test score correlated significantly and independently with MMSE score (standardized coefficients β=0.542, R(2)=0.478, P<0.01), in addition to education level, HbA1c and serum adiponectin. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested the association of olfactory dysfunction with cognitive impairment in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Sanke
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tomoya Mita
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Center for Molecular Diabetology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Hidenori Yoshii
- Department of Medicine, Diabetology & Endocrinology Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center, Shinsuna 3-3-20, Koto-ku, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan
| | - Ayako Yokota
- Department of Medicine, Diabetology & Endocrinology Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center, Shinsuna 3-3-20, Koto-ku, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamashiro
- Department of Medicine, Diabetology & Endocrinology Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center, Shinsuna 3-3-20, Koto-ku, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan
| | - Noriko Ingaki
- Department of Medicine, Diabetology & Endocrinology Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center, Shinsuna 3-3-20, Koto-ku, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan
| | - Tomio Onuma
- Department of Medicine, Diabetology & Endocrinology Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center, Shinsuna 3-3-20, Koto-ku, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan
| | - Yuki Someya
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Koji Komiya
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Tamura
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Shimizu
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Chie Ohmura
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Akio Kanazawa
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Center for Therapeutic Innovations in Diabetes, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yoshio Fujitani
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Watada
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Center for Therapeutic Innovations in Diabetes, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Center for Molecular Diabetology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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Soria-Gomez E, Bellocchio L, Marsicano G. New insights on food intake control by olfactory processes: the emerging role of the endocannabinoid system. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 397:59-66. [PMID: 25261796 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The internal state of the organism is an important modulator of perception and behavior. The link between hunger, olfaction and feeding behavior is one of the clearest examples of these connections. At the neurobiological level, olfactory circuits are the targets of several signals (i.e. hormones and nutrients) involved in energy balance. This indicates that olfactory areas are potential sensors of the internal state of the organism. Thus, the aim of this manuscript is to review the literature showing the interplay between metabolic signals in olfactory circuits and its impact on food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Soria-Gomez
- INSERM, U862 NeuroCentre Magendie, Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Luigi Bellocchio
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Sch. of Biology, Complutense Univ. and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- INSERM, U862 NeuroCentre Magendie, Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation, Bordeaux, France
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Al Koborssy D, Palouzier-Paulignan B, Salem R, Thevenet M, Romestaing C, Julliard AK. Cellular and molecular cues of glucose sensing in the rat olfactory bulb. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:333. [PMID: 25400540 PMCID: PMC4212682 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the brain, glucose homeostasis of extracellular fluid is crucial to the point that systems specifically dedicated to glucose sensing are found in areas involved in energy regulation and feeding behavior. Olfaction is a major sensory modality regulating food consumption. Nutritional status in turn modulates olfactory detection. Recently it has been proposed that some olfactory bulb (OB) neurons respond to glucose similarly to hypothalamic neurons. However, the precise molecular cues governing glucose sensing in the OB are largely unknown. To decrypt these molecular mechanisms, we first used immunostaining to demonstrate a strong expression of two neuronal markers of glucose-sensitivity, insulin-dependent glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), and sodium glucose co-transporter type 1 (SGLT1) in specific OB layers. We showed that expression and mapping of GLUT4 but not SGLT1 were feeding state-dependent. In order to investigate the impact of metabolic status on the delivery of blood-borne glucose to the OB, we measured extracellular fluid glucose concentration using glucose biosensors simultaneously in the OB and cortex of anesthetized rats. We showed that glucose concentration in the OB is higher than in the cortex, that metabolic steady-state glucose concentration is independent of feeding state in the two brain areas, and that acute changes in glycemic conditions affect bulbar glucose concentration alone. These data provide new evidence of a direct relationship between the OB and peripheral metabolism, and emphasize the importance of glucose for the OB network, providing strong arguments toward establishing the OB as a glucose-sensing organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolly Al Koborssy
- Team "Olfaction: From Coding to Memory," Lyon Neuroscience Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS, University Lyon 1 Lyon, France
| | - Brigitte Palouzier-Paulignan
- Team "Olfaction: From Coding to Memory," Lyon Neuroscience Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS, University Lyon 1 Lyon, France
| | - Rita Salem
- Team "Olfaction: From Coding to Memory," Lyon Neuroscience Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS, University Lyon 1 Lyon, France
| | - Marc Thevenet
- Team "Olfaction: From Coding to Memory," Lyon Neuroscience Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS, University Lyon 1 Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Romestaing
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés CNRS 5023, University Lyon 1, Bâtiments Darwin C and Forel Villeurbanne, France
| | - A Karyn Julliard
- Team "Olfaction: From Coding to Memory," Lyon Neuroscience Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS, University Lyon 1 Lyon, France
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Aimé P, Palouzier-Paulignan B, Salem R, Al Koborssy D, Garcia S, Duchamp C, Romestaing C, Julliard AK. Modulation of olfactory sensitivity and glucose-sensing by the feeding state in obese Zucker rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:326. [PMID: 25278856 PMCID: PMC4166364 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zucker fa/fa rat has been widely used as an animal model to study obesity, since it recapitulates most of its behavioral and metabolic dysfunctions, such as hyperphagia, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Although it is well established that olfaction is under nutritional and hormonal influences, little is known about the impact of metabolic dysfunctions on olfactory performances and glucose-sensing in the olfactory system of the obese Zucker rat. In the present study, using a behavioral paradigm based on a conditioned olfactory aversion, we have shown that both obese and lean Zucker rats have a better olfactory sensitivity when they are fasted than when they are satiated. Interestingly, the obese Zucker rats displayed a higher olfactory sensitivity than their lean controls. By investigating the molecular mechanisms involved in glucose-sensing in the olfactory system, we demonstrated that sodium-coupled glucose transporters 1 (SGLT1) and insulin dependent glucose transporters 4 (GLUT4) are both expressed in the olfactory bulb (OB). By comparing the expression of GLUT4 and SGLT1 in OB of obese and lean Zucker rats, we found that only SGLT1 is regulated in genotype-dependent manner. Next, we used glucose oxidase biosensors to simultaneously measure in vivo the extracellular fluid glucose concentrations ([Gluc]ECF) in the OB and the cortex. Under metabolic steady state, we have determined that the OB contained twice the amount of glucose found in the cortex. In both regions, the [Gluc]ECF was 2 fold higher in obese rats compared to their lean controls. Under induced dynamic glycemia conditions, insulin injection produced a greater decrease of [Gluc]ECF in the OB than in the cortex. Glucose injection did not affect OB [Gluc]ECF in Zucker fa/fa rats. In conclusion, these results emphasize the importance of glucose for the OB network function and provide strong arguments towards establishing the OB glucose-sensing as a key factor for sensory olfactory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascaline Aimé
- Team "Olfaction: From Coding to Memory", Lyon Neuroscience Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS 5292- Université Lyon1 Lyon, France
| | - Brigitte Palouzier-Paulignan
- Team "Olfaction: From Coding to Memory", Lyon Neuroscience Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS 5292- Université Lyon1 Lyon, France
| | - Rita Salem
- Team "Olfaction: From Coding to Memory", Lyon Neuroscience Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS 5292- Université Lyon1 Lyon, France
| | - Dolly Al Koborssy
- Team "Olfaction: From Coding to Memory", Lyon Neuroscience Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS 5292- Université Lyon1 Lyon, France
| | - Samuel Garcia
- Team "Olfaction: From Coding to Memory", Lyon Neuroscience Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS 5292- Université Lyon1 Lyon, France
| | - Claude Duchamp
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés CNRS 5023, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Caroline Romestaing
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés CNRS 5023, Villeurbanne, France
| | - A Karyn Julliard
- Team "Olfaction: From Coding to Memory", Lyon Neuroscience Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS 5292- Université Lyon1 Lyon, France
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Badonnel K, Lacroix MC, Durieux D, Monnerie R, Caillol M, Baly C. Rat strains with different metabolic statuses differ in food olfactory-driven behavior. Behav Brain Res 2014; 270:228-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kuczewski N, Fourcaud-Trocmé N, Savigner A, Thevenet M, Aimé P, Garcia S, Duchamp-Viret P, Palouzier-Paulignan B. Insulin modulates network activity in olfactory bulb slices: impact on odour processing. J Physiol 2014; 592:2751-69. [PMID: 24710056 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.269639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Odour perception depends closely on nutritional status, in animals as in humans. Insulin, the principal anorectic hormone, appears to be one of the major candidates for ensuring the link between olfactory abilities and nutritional status, by modifying processing in the olfactory bulb (OB), one of its main central targets. The present study investigates whether and how insulin can act in OB, by evaluating its action on the main output neurons activities, mitral cells (MCs), in acute rat OB slices. Insulin was found to act at two OB network levels: (1) on MCs, by increasing their excitability, probably by inhibiting two voltage-gated potassium (K(+)) channels; (2) on interneurons by modifying the GABAergic and on glutamatergic synaptic activity impinging on MCs, mainly reducing them. Insulin also altered the olfactory nerve (ON)-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents in 60% of MCs. Insulin decreased or increased the ON-evoked responses in equal proportion and the direction of its effect depended on the initial neuron ON-evoked firing rate. Indeed, insulin tended to decrease the high and to increase the low ON-evoked firing rates, thereby reducing inter-MC response firing variability. Therefore, the effects of insulin on the evoked firing rates were not carried out indiscriminately in the MC population. By constructing a mathematical model, the impact of insulin complex effects on OB was assessed at the population activity level. The model shows that the reduction of variability across cells could affect MC detection and discrimination abilities, mainly by decreasing and, less frequently, increasing them, depending on odour quality. Thus, as previously proposed, this differential action of insulin on MCs across odours would allow this hormone to put the olfactory function under feeding signal control, given the discerning valence of an odour as a function of nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Kuczewski
- Université Lyon1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon INSERM U1028/CNRS UMR5292 - Equipe Olfaction: Du codage à la mémoire, F-69366, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Fourcaud-Trocmé
- Université Lyon1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon INSERM U1028/CNRS UMR5292 - Equipe Olfaction: Du codage à la mémoire, F-69366, Lyon, France
| | - Agnès Savigner
- Université Lyon1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon INSERM U1028/CNRS UMR5292 - Equipe Olfaction: Du codage à la mémoire, F-69366, Lyon, France
| | - Marc Thevenet
- Université Lyon1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon INSERM U1028/CNRS UMR5292 - Equipe Olfaction: Du codage à la mémoire, F-69366, Lyon, France
| | - Pascaline Aimé
- Université Lyon1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon INSERM U1028/CNRS UMR5292 - Equipe Olfaction: Du codage à la mémoire, F-69366, Lyon, France
| | - Samuel Garcia
- Université Lyon1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon INSERM U1028/CNRS UMR5292 - Equipe Olfaction: Du codage à la mémoire, F-69366, Lyon, France
| | - Patricia Duchamp-Viret
- Université Lyon1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon INSERM U1028/CNRS UMR5292 - Equipe Olfaction: Du codage à la mémoire, F-69366, Lyon, France
| | - Brigitte Palouzier-Paulignan
- Université Lyon1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon INSERM U1028/CNRS UMR5292 - Equipe Olfaction: Du codage à la mémoire, F-69366, Lyon, France
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Lockie SH, Andrews ZB. The hormonal signature of energy deficit: Increasing the value of food reward. Mol Metab 2013; 2:329-36. [PMID: 24327949 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy deficit is characterised by high ghrelin levels, and low leptin and insulin levels and we suggest that this provides a metabolic signature sensed by the brain to increase motivated behaviour to obtain food. We believe that the hormonal profile of negative energy balance serves to increase the incentive salience (or the value) of a food reinforcer, which in turn leads to increased motivation to obtain this reinforcer. These processes are mediated by a number of alterations in the mesolimbic dopamine system which serves to increase dopamine availability in the forebrain during energy deficit. The currently available evidence suggests that changes in motivational state, rather than hedonic enjoyment of taste, are primarily affected by reduced energy availability. This review aims to clarify the term 'reward' in the metabolic literature and promote more focused discussion in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Lockie
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Hidaka R, Machida M, Fujimaki S, Terashima K, Asashima M, Kuwabara T. Monitoring neurodegeneration in diabetes using adult neural stem cells derived from the olfactory bulb. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:51. [PMID: 23673084 PMCID: PMC3707061 DOI: 10.1186/scrt201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neurons have the intrinsic capacity to produce insulin, similar to pancreatic cells. Adult neural stem cells (NSCs), which give rise to functional neurons, can be established and cultured not only by intracerebral collection, which requires difficult surgery, but also by collection from the olfactory bulb (OB), which is relatively easy. Adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus (HPC) is significantly decreased in diabetes patients. As a result, learning and memory functions, for which the HPC is responsible, decrease. Methods In the present study, we compared the effect of diabetes on neurogenesis and insulin expression in adult NSCs. Adult NSCs were derived from the HPC or OB of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Comparative gene-expression analyses were carried out by using extracted tissues and established adult NSC cultures from the HPC or OB in diabetic rats. Results Diabetes progression influenced important genes that were required for insulin expression in both OB- and HPC-derived cells. Additionally, we found that the expression levels of several genes, such as voltage-gated sodium channels, glutamate transporters, and glutamate receptors, were significantly different in OB and HPC cells collected from diabetic rats. Conclusions By using identified diabetes-response genes, OB NSCs from diabetes patients can be used during diabetes progression to monitor processes that cause neurodegeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). Because hippocampal NSCs and OB NSCs exhibited similar gene-expression profiles during diabetes progression, OB NSCs, which are more easily collected and established than HPC NSCs, may potentially be used for screening of effective drugs for neurodegenerative disorders that cause malignant damage to CNS functions.
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