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Otaka Y, Kanai K, Okada D, Nagai N, Yamashita Y, Ichikawa Y, Tajima K. Sodium Ferrous Citrate and 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Exert a Therapeutic Effect on Endotoxin-Induced Uveitis in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13525. [PMID: 37686331 PMCID: PMC10487957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is more efficient when combined with sodium ferrous citrate (SFC). Our previous study revealed that oral administration of ALA, which has anti-inflammatory properties, and SFC (ALA/SFC) immediately before lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inoculation suppressed endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in rats. However, the therapeutic effect of ALA/SFC post-administration remains unexplored. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of ALA/SFC on EIU in rats, which were administered with a gastric gavage of ALA/SFC (100/157 mg/kg) or prednisolone (Pred, 10 mg/kg) after 4 h of LPS inoculation. The treatment groups showed ameliorated clinical scores, inflammatory cells, protein levels in the aqueous humor (AqH), and histopathologic evaluation 24 h after LPS inoculation. Furthermore, the treatment groups had reduced tumor necrosis factor-α, nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, and interleukin-6 levels in the AqH. ALA/SFC demonstrated an anti-inflammatory effect equivalent to that demonstrated by Pred. These findings indicate that ALA/SFC exerts a therapeutic effect on EIU in rats, indicating its clinical usefulness in uveitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Otaka
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1 Higashi 23 Ban-Cho, Towada 034-8628, Aomori, Japan; (Y.O.); (D.O.); (Y.Y.); (Y.I.); (K.T.)
| | - Kazutaka Kanai
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1 Higashi 23 Ban-Cho, Towada 034-8628, Aomori, Japan; (Y.O.); (D.O.); (Y.Y.); (Y.I.); (K.T.)
| | - Daiki Okada
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1 Higashi 23 Ban-Cho, Towada 034-8628, Aomori, Japan; (Y.O.); (D.O.); (Y.Y.); (Y.I.); (K.T.)
| | - Noriaki Nagai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Yohei Yamashita
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1 Higashi 23 Ban-Cho, Towada 034-8628, Aomori, Japan; (Y.O.); (D.O.); (Y.Y.); (Y.I.); (K.T.)
| | - Yoichiro Ichikawa
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1 Higashi 23 Ban-Cho, Towada 034-8628, Aomori, Japan; (Y.O.); (D.O.); (Y.Y.); (Y.I.); (K.T.)
| | - Kazuki Tajima
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1 Higashi 23 Ban-Cho, Towada 034-8628, Aomori, Japan; (Y.O.); (D.O.); (Y.Y.); (Y.I.); (K.T.)
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Otaka Y, Kanai K, Mori A, Okada D, Nagai N, Yamashita Y, Ichikawa Y, Tajima K. 5-ALA/SFC Ameliorates Endotoxin-Induced Ocular Inflammation in Rats by Inhibiting the NF-κB Signaling Pathway and Activating the HO-1/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108653. [PMID: 37239995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium ferrous citrate (SFC) is involved in the metabolism of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and enhances its anti-inflammatory effects. The effects of 5-ALA/SFC on inflammation in rats with endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) have yet to be elucidated. In this study, during lipopolysaccharide injection, 5-ALA/SFC (10 mg/kg 5-ALA plus 15.7 mg/kg SFC) or 5-ALA (10 or 100 mg/kg) was administered via gastric gavage, wherein we saw that 5-ALA/SFC ameliorated ocular inflammation in EIU rats by suppressing clinical scores; by infiltrating cell counts, aqueous humor protein, and inflammatory cytokine levels; and by improving histopathological scores to the same extent as 100 mg/kg 5-ALA. Immunohistochemistry showed that 5-ALA/SFC suppressed iNOS and COX-2 expression, NF-κB activation, IκB-α degradation, and p-IKKα/β expression, and activated HO-1 and Nrf2 expression. Therefore, this study has investigated how 5-ALA/SFC reduces inflammation and revealed the pathways involved in EIU rats. 5-ALA/SFC is shown to inhibit ocular inflammation in EIU rats by inhibiting NF-κB and activating the HO-1/Nrf2 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Otaka
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1 Higashi-23ban-cho, Towada 034-8628, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Kanai
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1 Higashi-23ban-cho, Towada 034-8628, Aomori, Japan
| | - Arisa Mori
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1 Higashi-23ban-cho, Towada 034-8628, Aomori, Japan
| | - Daiki Okada
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1 Higashi-23ban-cho, Towada 034-8628, Aomori, Japan
| | - Noriaki Nagai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yohei Yamashita
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1 Higashi-23ban-cho, Towada 034-8628, Aomori, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Ichikawa
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1 Higashi-23ban-cho, Towada 034-8628, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tajima
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1 Higashi-23ban-cho, Towada 034-8628, Aomori, Japan
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Shang T, Fang CM, Ong CE, Pan Y. Heterologous Expression of Recombinant Human Cytochrome P450 (CYP) in Escherichia coli: N-Terminal Modification, Expression, Isolation, Purification, and Reconstitution. BioTech (Basel) 2023; 12. [PMID: 36810444 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play important roles in metabolising endogenous and xenobiotic substances. Characterisations of human CYP proteins have been advanced with the rapid development of molecular technology that allows heterologous expression of human CYPs. Among several hosts, bacteria systems such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) have been widely used thanks to their ease of use, high level of protein yields, and affordable maintenance costs. However, the levels of expression in E. coli reported in the literature sometimes differ significantly. This paper aims to review several contributing factors, including N-terminal modifications, co-expression with a chaperon, selections of vectors and E. coli strains, bacteria culture and protein expression conditions, bacteria membrane preparations, CYP protein solubilizations, CYP protein purifications, and reconstitution of CYP catalytic systems. The common factors that would most likely lead to high expression of CYPs were identified and summarised. Nevertheless, each factor may still require careful evaluation for individual CYP isoforms to achieve a maximal expression level and catalytic activity. Recombinant E. coli systems have been evidenced as a useful tool in obtaining the ideal level of human CYP proteins, which ultimately allows for subsequent characterisations of structures and functions.
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Suprihadi A, Pustimbara A, Ogura SI. 5-aminolevulinic acid and sodium ferrous citrate decreased cell viability of gastric cancer cells by enhanced ROS generation through improving COX activity. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 40:103055. [PMID: 35934181 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunctions are related to cancer development.. 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is used for photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this PDT, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), which is converted from ALA, can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that kill the cancer cell. ALA is also reported to promote cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity, which can generate ROS itself. Therefore, this study focused on the effect of ALA during PDT. In addition, in the previous study, sodium ferrous citrate (SFC) is reported to increase COX activity. So, this study also aims to improve the COX activity by the addition of SFC that can promote ROS generation, which has a cytotoxic effect. METHODS In this study, we used ALA and SFC, then evaluated the effects of the treatment on the human gastric cancer cell line MKN45, including the induction of cell death. RESULTS This study showed that treatment with ALA and SFC increases intracellular heme and heme proteins. Moreover, COX activity was promoted, resulting in the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which eventually reduced the cell viability in human gastric cancer cell line MKN45. CONCLUSION Our study can detect ROS generation with ALA and SFC. Furthermore, we found this generation of ROS has a cytotoxic effect. Therefore, this phenomenon contributes to the effect of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Suprihadi
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, 4259 Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
| | - Anantya Pustimbara
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, 4259 Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
| | - Shun-Ichiro Ogura
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, 4259 Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
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Li J, Xie Y, Li M, Zhang S, Cheng Q, Yang W. Effects of Feeding 5-Aminolevulinic Acid on Iron Status in Weaned Rats from the Female Rats during Gestation and Lactation. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12. [PMID: 36290255 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Using female Sprague−Dawley (SD) rats as a model, the current study aimed to investigate whether feeding 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) to female SD rats during gestation and lactation can affect the iron status of weaned rats and provide new ideas for the iron supplementation of piglets. A total of 27 pregnant SD rats were randomly assigned to three treatments in nine replicates, with one rat per litter. Dietary treatments were basal diet (CON), CON + 50 mg/kg 5-ALA (5-ALA50), and CON + 100 mg/kg 5-ALA (5-ALA100). After parturition, ten pups in each litter (a total of 270) were selected for continued feeding by their corresponding mother, and the pregnant rats were fed diets containing 5-ALA (0, 50 and 100 mg/kg diet) until the newborn pups were weaned at 21 days. The results showed that the number of red blood cells (RBCs) in weaned rats in the 5-ALA100 group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that in the CON or 5-ALA50 group. The diet with 5-ALA significantly increased (p < 0.05) the hemoglobin (HGB) concentration, hematocrit (HCT) level, serum iron (SI) content, and transferrin saturation (TSAT) level in the blood of weaned rats, as well as the concentration of Hepcidin in the liver and serum of weaned rats and the expression of Hepcidin mRNA in the liver of weaned rats, with the 5-ALA100 group having the highest (p < 0.05) HGB concentration in the weaned rats, and the 5-ALA50 group having the highest (p < 0.05) Hepcidin concentration in serum and in the expression of Hepcidin mRNA in the liver of weaned rats. The other indicators between the 5-ALA groups had no effects. However, the level of total iron binding capacity (TIBC) was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the 5-ALA50 group. Moreover, the iron content in the liver of weaned rats fed with 5-ALA showed an upward trend (p = 0.085). In addition, feeding a 5-ALA-supplemented diet could also significantly reduce (p < 0.05) the expression of TfR1 mRNA in the liver of weaning rats (p < 0.05), and the expression of Tfr1 was not affected between 5-ALA groups. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 5-ALA could improve the blood parameters, increase the concentration of Hepcidin in the liver and serum, and affect the expression of iron-related genes in the liver of weaned rats. Moreover, it is appropriate to add 50 mg/kg 5-ALA to the diet under this condition.
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Nakai Y, Tatsumi Y, Hori S, Morizawa Y, Iida K, Onishi K, Miyake M, Oda Y, Owari T, Fujii T, Onishi S, Tanaka N, Fujimoto K. 5‑Aminolevurinic acid inhibits the proliferation of bladder cancer cells by activating heme synthesis. Oncol Rep 2022; 48:186. [PMID: 36082808 PMCID: PMC9478956 DOI: 10.3892/or.2022.8401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient that facilitates cell proliferation and growth, and it can contribute to tumor growth. Although iron chelators have shown great potential in preclinical cancer models, they can cause adverse side-effects. The aim of the present study was to determine whether treatment with 5-aminolevurinic acid (5-ALA) has antitumor effects in bladder cancer, by reduction of mitochondrial iron without using an iron chelator, through activation of heme synthesis. T24 and MGH-U3 cells were treated with 5-ALA. Ferrochelatase uses iron to convert protoporphyrin IX into heme, thus additional groups of T24 and MGH-U3 cells were transfected with synthesized ferrochelatase small interfering RNA (siRNA) either to silence ferrochelatase or to provide a negative siRNA control group, and then cell viability, apoptosis, mitochondrial Fe2+, the cell cycle, and ferritin expression were analyzed in all groups and compared. As an in vivo assessment, mice with orthotopic bladder cancer induced using N-butyl-N-(4-hydro-oxybutyl) were treated with 5-ALA. Bladder weight and pathological findings were evaluated, and immunohistochemical analysis was performed for ferritin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). In the cells treated with 5-ALA, proliferation was decreased compared with the controls, and apoptosis was not detected. In addition, the expression of Fe2+ in mitochondria was decreased by 5-ALA, expression of ferritin was also reduced by 5-ALA, and the percentage of cells in the S phase of the cell cycle was significantly increased by 5-ALA. In T24 and MGH-U3 cells with silenced ferrochelatase, the inhibition of cell proliferation, decreased expression of Fe2+ in mitochondria, reduced expression of ferritin, and increased percentage of cells in the S phase by treatment with 5-ALA were weakened. In vivo, no mouse treated with 5-ALA developed muscle-invasive bladder cancer. The expression of ferritin was weaker in mice treated with 5-ALA and that of PCNA was higher than that in mice treated without 5-ALA. It was concluded that 5-ALA inhibited proliferation of bladder cancer cells by activating heme synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Nakai
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8522, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Tatsumi
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8522, Japan
| | - Shunta Hori
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8522, Japan
| | - Yosuke Morizawa
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8522, Japan
| | - Kota Iida
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8522, Japan
| | - Kenta Onishi
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8522, Japan
| | - Makito Miyake
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8522, Japan
| | - Yuki Oda
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8522, Japan
| | - Takuya Owari
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8522, Japan
| | - Tomomi Fujii
- Department of Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8522, Japan
| | - Sayuri Onishi
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8522, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Tanaka
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8522, Japan
| | - Kiyohide Fujimoto
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8522, Japan
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Taniguchi S, Zhu Z, Matsuzaki M, Tsudzuki M, Maeda T. 5-aminolevulinic acid improves chicken sperm motility. Anim Biosci 2021; 34:1912-1920. [PMID: 33902172 PMCID: PMC8563236 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study investigated the effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) on the motility parameters, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and ATP levels in chicken sperm. Methods The pooled semen from Barred Plymouth Rock males was used. In the first experiment, the semen was diluted 4-times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS (-)) containing various concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 mM) of 5-ALA, and then the sperm motility parameters after incubation were evaluated by computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). In the second experiment, the semen was diluted 4-times with PBS (-) containing 0.05 mM 5-ALA, and then sperm mitochondrial membrane depolarization and ATP levels after 1.5 h of incubation were analyzed with the MitoPT® JC-1 Assay and ATP Assay kits, respectively. In the third experiment, the semen was removed from the seminal plasma and resuspended with the mediums of PBS (-), PBS (-) supplemented with CaCl2 and MgCl2 (PBS (+)) + 5-ALA, PBS (+) + caffeine, and PBS (+) + caffeine + 5-ALA. Then, the sperm motility parameters after incubation were evaluated by CASA. In the last experiment, the semen was treated with the mediums of PBS (-), PBS (-) + 5-ALA, 5.7% glucose, 5.7% glucose + 5-ALA after removing the seminal plasma, and then the sperm motility parameters were evaluated by CASA. Results The addition of 0.05 mM 5-ALA significantly increased the chicken sperm motility, progressive motility, linearity, average path velocity, curvilinear velocity, straight-line velocity, and the wobble. The sperm mitochondrial membrane depolarization was also increased by the 5-ALA treatment. The 5-ALA treatment decreased the sperm ATP levels. Both the caffeine treatment and glucose treatment decreased the sperm motility during incubation period. Conclusion 5-ALA might increase sperm mitochondrial membrane depolarization to utilize the ATP for enhancing sperm movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan.,One Health Business Department, Neopharma Japan Co., Ltd., Fujimi, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 102-0071, Japan
| | - Zhendong Zhu
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Mei Matsuzaki
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Masaoki Tsudzuki
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan.,Japanese Avian Bioresource Project Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Teruo Maeda
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan.,Japanese Avian Bioresource Project Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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Shishido Y, Amisaki M, Matsumi Y, Yakura H, Nakayama Y, Miyauchi W, Miyatani K, Matsunaga T, Hanaki T, Kihara K, Yamamoto M, Tokuyasu N, Takano S, Sakamoto T, Honjo S, Hasegawa T, Fujiwara Y. Antitumor Effect of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Through Ferroptosis in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2020; 28:3996-4006. [PMID: 33210267 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-020-09334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to its tumor-specific metabolic pathway characteristics, 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is a natural amino acid widely used in cancer treatment. The current study, demonstrated that 5-ALA induced ferroptosis via glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) and had an antitumor effect in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). METHODS Expression of GPX4 and HMOX1 in pathologic specimens of 97 ESCC patients was examined, and prognostic analyses were performed. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), RNA microarray, and Western blotting analyses were used to evaluate the role of 5-ALA in ferroptosis in vitro. In addition, this study used ferrostatin-1, a ferroptosis inhibitor, and a lipid peroxidation reagent against cell lines treated with 5-ALA. Finally, the role of 5-ALA was confirmed by its effect on an ESCC subcutaneous xenograft mouse model. RESULTS The study showed that upregulation of GPX4 and downregulation of HMOX1 were poor prognostic factors in ESCC. In an RNA microarray analysis of KYSE30, ferroptosis was one of the most frequently induced pathways, with GPX4 suppressed and HMOX1 overexpressed by 5-ALA treatment. These findings were verified by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Furthermore, 5-ALA led to an increase in lipid peroxidation and exerted an antitumor effect in various cancer cell lines, which was inhibited by ferrostatin-1. In vivo, 5-ALA suppressed GPX4 and overexpressed HMOX1 in tumor tissues and led to a reduction in tumor size. CONCLUSIONS Modulation of GPX4 and HMOX1 by 5-ALA induced ferroptosis in ESCC. Thus, 5-ALA could be a promising new therapeutic agent for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Shishido
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan.
| | - Masataka Amisaki
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Matsumi
- Division of Chemical Biology, Technical Department, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Haruna Yakura
- Advanced Medicine and Translational Research Center, Organization for Research Initiative and Promotion, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakayama
- Division of Radioisotope Science, Research Initiative Center, Organization for Research Initiative and Promotion, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Wataru Miyauchi
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Kozo Miyatani
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Matsunaga
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Takehiko Hanaki
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Kihara
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Manabu Yamamoto
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Naruo Tokuyasu
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Shuichi Takano
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Teruhisa Sakamoto
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Soichiro Honjo
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Toshimichi Hasegawa
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Fujiwara
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
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Kumondai M, Hishinuma E, Gutiérrez Rico EM, Ito A, Nakanishi Y, Saigusa D, Hirasawa N, Hiratsuka M. Heterologous expression of high-activity cytochrome P450 in mammalian cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14193. [PMID: 32843676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymatic activity is essential to estimate drug pharmacokinetics. Numerous CYP allelic variants have been identified; the functional characterisation of these variants is required for their application in precision medicine. Results from heterologous expression systems using mammalian cells can be integrated in in vivo studies; however, other systems such as E. coli, bacteria, yeast, and baculoviruses are generally used owing to the difficulty in expressing high CYP levels in mammalian cells. Here, by optimising transfection and supplementing conditions, we developed a heterologous expression system using 293FT cells to evaluate the enzymatic activities of three CYP isoforms (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4). Moreover, we established co-expression with cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase and cytochrome b5. This expression system would be a potential complementary or beneficial alternative approach for the pharmacokinetic evaluation of clinically used and developing drugs in vitro.
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Park H, Park G, Jeon W, Ahn JO, Yang YH, Choi KY. Whole-cell biocatalysis using cytochrome P450 monooxygenases for biotransformation of sustainable bioresources (fatty acids, fatty alkanes, and aromatic amino acids). Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107504. [PMID: 31926255 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are heme-thiolated enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of CH bonds in a regio and stereoselective manner. Activation of the non-activated carbon atom can be further enhanced by multistep chemo-enzymatic reactions; moreover, several useful chemicals can be synthesized to provide alternative organic synthesis routes. Given their versatile functionality, CYPs show promise in a number of biotechnological fields. Recently, various CYPs, along with their sequences and functionalities, have been identified owing to rapid developments in sequencing technology and molecular biotechnology. In addition to these discoveries, attempts have been made to utilize CYPs to industrially produce biochemicals from available and sustainable bioresources such as oil, amino acids, carbohydrates, and lignin. Here, these accomplishments, particularly those involving the use of CYP enzymes as whole-cell biocatalysts for bioresource biotransformation, will be reviewed. Further, recently developed biotransformation pathways that result in gram-scale yields of fatty acids and fatty alkanes as well as aromatic amino acids, which depend on the hosts used for CYP expression, and the nature of the multistep reactions will be discussed. These pathways are similar regardless of whether the hosts are CYP-producing or non-CYP-producing; the limitations of these methods and the ways to overcome them are reviewed here.
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Shimura M, Nozawa N, Ogawa-Tominaga M, Fushimi T, Tajika M, Ichimoto K, Matsunaga A, Tsuruoka T, Kishita Y, Ishii T, Takahashi K, Tanaka T, Nakajima M, Okazaki Y, Ohtake A, Murayama K. Effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid and sodium ferrous citrate on fibroblasts from individuals with mitochondrial diseases. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10549. [PMID: 31332208 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46772-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes II, III, and IV and cytochrome c contain haem, which is generated by the insertion of Fe2+ into protoporphyrin IX. 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) combined with sodium ferrous citrate (SFC) was reported to enhance haem production, leading to respiratory complex and haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) upregulation. Here, we investigated the effects of different concentrations of ALA and SFC alone or in combination (ALA/SFC) on fibroblasts from 8 individuals with mitochondrial diseases and healthy controls. In normal fibroblasts, expression levels of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complex subunits and corresponding genes were upregulated only by ALA/SFC. Additionally, the increased oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and ATP levels in normal fibroblasts were more obvious after treatment with ALA/SFC than after treatment with ALA or SFC. OXPHOS complex proteins were enhanced by ALA/SFC, whereas OCR and ATP levels were increased in 6 of the 8 patient-derived fibroblasts. Further, HO-1 protein and mRNA levels were enhanced by ALA/SFC in all fibroblasts. The relative mtDNA copy number was increased by ALA/SFC. Thus, our findings indicate that ALA/SFC is effective in elevating OXPHOS, HO-1 protein, and mtDNA copy number, resulting in an increase in OCR and ATP levels, which represents a promising therapeutic option for mitochondrial diseases.
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Liu C, Zhu P, Fujino M, Zhu S, Ito H, Takahashi K, Nakajima M, Tanaka T, Zhuang J, Li XK. 5-ALA/SFC Attenuated Binge Alcohol-Induced Gut Leakiness and Inflammatory Liver Disease in HIV Transgenic Rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:1651-1661. [PMID: 31141180 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and sodium ferrous citrate (SFC) against binge alcohol-induced gut leakiness and inflammatory liver disease in HIV transgenic (TG) rats. METHODS TG rats were treated with 3 consecutive doses of binge ethanol (EtOH) with or without 5-ALA/SFC. Blood and liver tissue samples were collected at 6 hours following the last dose of EtOH. RESULTS Compared with the wild-type (WT) rats, the TG rats showed increased sensitivity to alcohol-mediated inflammation, as evidenced by the significantly elevated levels of serum endotoxin, AST, ALT, ED1, and ED2 staining in liver. In contrast, 5-ALA/SFC improved the above biochemical and histochemical profiles. 5-ALA/SFC also attenuated the up-regulated mRNA expression of leptin and CCL2. Furthermore, down-regulated intestinal ZO-1 protein expression was also inhibited by 5-ALA/SFC. Moreover, the expressions of HO-1, HO-2, Sirt1, and related signal transduction molecules in liver were increased by 5-ALA/SFC. These results demonstrated that 5-ALA/SFC treatment ameliorated binge alcohol exposure liver injury in a rat model of HIV-infected patients by reducing macrophage activation and expression of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, and by inducing HO-1, HO-2, and Sirt1 expression. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings suggested that treatment with 5-ALA/SFC has a potential therapeutic effect for binge alcohol exposure liver injury in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Liu
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ping Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Masayuki Fujino
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuoji Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Jian Zhuang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Sugiyama Y, Hiraiwa Y, Hagiya Y, Nakajima M, Tanaka T, Ogura SI. 5-Aminolevulinic acid regulates the immune response in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. BMC Immunol 2018; 19:41. [PMID: 30567499 PMCID: PMC6300011 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-018-0277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages are crucial players in a variety of inflammatory responses to environmental cues. However, it has been widely reported that macrophages cause chronic inflammation and are involved in a variety of diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. In this study, we report the suppressive effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), via the HO-1-related system, on the immune response of the LPS-stimulated mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7. RESULTS RAW264.7 cells were treated with LPS with or without ALA, and proinflammatory mediator expression levels and phagocytic ability were assessed. ALA treatment resulted in the attenuation of iNOS and NO expression and the downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, cyclooxygenase2, IL-1β, IL-6). In addition, ALA treatment did not affect the phagocytic ability of macrophages. To our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the effect of ALA on macrophage function. Our findings suggest that ALA may have high potential as a novel anti-inflammatory agent. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, we showed that exogenous addition of ALA induces HO-1 and leads to the downregulation of NO and some proinflammatory cytokines. These findings support ALA as a promising anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Sugiyama
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Yukari Hiraiwa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hagiya
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa Japan
| | | | - Tohru Tanaka
- SBI Pharma CO., LTD., Roppongi, Tokyo, 106-6020 Japan
| | - Shun-ichiro Ogura
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa Japan
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Murayama K, Shimura M, Liu Z, Okazaki Y, Ohtake A. Recent topics: the diagnosis, molecular genesis, and treatment of mitochondrial diseases. J Hum Genet 2019; 64:113-25. [PMID: 30459337 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-018-0528-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are inherited metabolic diseases based on disorders of energy production. The expansion of exome analyses has led to the discovery of many pathogenic nuclear genes associated with these diseases, and research into the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases has progressed. In cases of Leigh syndrome, it is desirable to perform both biochemical and genetic analyses, and pathogenic gene mutations have been identified in over half of the cases analyzed this way. Tandem mass screening and organic acid analyses of urine can sometimes provide important information that leads to the identification of pathogenic genes. Our comprehensive gene analyses have led to the discovery of several novel genes for mitochondrial diseases. Indeed, we reported that GTPBP3 and QRSL1 are involved in mitochondrial DNA maturation. In 2017, as a result of international collaboration, we also identified that mutations in ATAD3 and C1QBP cause mitochondrial disease. Given the varied pathogeneses, treatments for mitochondrial diseases should be specifically tailored to the mutated gene. Clinical trials of sodium pyruvate, 5-aminolevulinic acid with sodium ferrous citrate, and taurine as a treatment for mitochondrial disease have begun in Japan. Given that some mitochondrial diseases may respond well to certain treatments if the pathogenic gene can be identified, an early genetic diagnosis is crucial. Additionally, in Japan, prenatal diagnoses for mitochondrial diseases caused by nuclear genes have been achieved for genes shown to be pathogenic. Treatment and management approaches, including prenatal diagnoses, specifically tailored to the various phenotypes and pathologies of mitochondrial diseases are expected to become increasingly available.
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Liu C, Yang X, Zhu P, Fujino M, Ito H, Takahashi K, Nakajima M, Tanaka T, Wang J, Zhuang J, Zou H, Li XK. Combination of 5-aminolevulinic acid and iron prevents skin fibrosis in murine sclerodermatous graft-versus-host disease. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:1104-1111. [PMID: 29978518 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Scleroderma or systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a clinically heterogeneous rheumatological autoimmune disease affecting the skin, internal organs and blood vessels. There is at present no effective treatment for this condition. Our study investigated the effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), which is a precursor of haem synthesis, on graft-vs-host disease (GvHD)-induced SSc murine model. Lymphocytes were intravenously injected from donor mice (B10.D2) into recipient BALB/c mice (recombination-activating gene 2 (Rag-2)-null mice) deficient in mature T and B cells to induce sclerodermatous GvHD (scl-GvHD). To investigate the effect of 5-ALA on scl-GvHD, combination of 5-ALA and sodium ferrous citrate (SFC) was orally administered to the recipient mice for 9 weeks. 5-ALA/SFC treatment significantly reduced progressive inflammation and fibrosis in the skin and ears. Furthermore, 5-ALA/SFC suppressed mRNA expression of transforming growth factor-β, type I collagen and inflammatory cytokines. These results indicate that the 5-ALA/SFC combination treatment has a protective effect against tissue fibrosis and inflammation in a murine scl-GvHD-induced skin and ear inflammation and fibrosis. Furthermore, the efficacy of 5-ALA/SFC suggests important implications of HO-1 protective activity in autoimmune diseases, and therefore, 5-ALA/SFC may have promising clinical applications. These findings suggested that the 5-ALA/SFC treatment may be the potential strategies for SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Liu
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Masayuki Fujino
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Jiucun Wang
- Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hejian Zou
- Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Ota U, Hara T, Nakagawa H, Tsuru E, Tsuda M, Kamiya A, Kuroda Y, Kitajima Y, Koda A, Ishizuka M, Fukuhara H, Inoue K, Shuin T, Nakajima M, Tanaka T. 5-aminolevulinic acid combined with ferrous ion reduces adiposity and improves glucose tolerance in diet-induced obese mice via enhancing mitochondrial function. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 18:7. [PMID: 28132645 PMCID: PMC5278573 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-016-0108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with obesity and various obesity-associated pathological conditions including glucose intolerance. 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a precursor of heme metabolites, is a natural amino acid synthesized in the mitochondria, and various types of cytochromes containing heme contribute to aerobic energy metabolism. Thus, ALA might have beneficial effects on the reduction of adiposity and improvement of glucose tolerance through its promotion of heme synthesis. In the present study, we investigated the effects of ALA combined with sodium ferrous citrate (SFC) on obesity and glucose intolerance in diet-induced obese mice. Methods We used 20-weeks-old male C57BL/6J diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice that had been fed high-fat diet from 4th week or wild-type C57BL/6J mice. The DIO mice were orally administered ALA combined with SFC (ALA/SFC) for 6 weeks. At the 4th and 5th week during ALA/SFC administration, mice were fasted for 5 h and overnight, respectively and used for oral glucose tolerance test. After the ALA/SFC administration, the plasma glucose levels, weight of white adipose tissue, and expression levels of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes were examined. Furthermore, the effects of ALA/SFC on lipid content and glucose uptake were examined in vitro. Results Oral administration of ALA/SFC for 6 weeks reduced the body weight by about 10% and the weight of white adipose tissues in these animals. In vitro, ALA/SFC reduced lipid content in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a dose dependent manner, and enhanced glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by 70–90% and rat L6 myoblasts by 30% at 6 h. Additionally, oral administration of ALA/SFC reduced plasma glucose levels and improved glucose tolerance in DIO mice. Furthermore, ALA/SFC enhanced the expression of OXPHOS complexes III, IV, and V by 40–70% in white adipose tissues of DIO mice, improving mitochondrial function. Conclusions Our findings indicate that ALA/SFC is effective in the reduction of adiposity and improvement of glucose tolerance, and that the induction of mitochondrial OXPHOS complex III, IV, and V by ALA/SFC might be an essential component of the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. ALA/SFC might be a useful supplement for obesity and obesity-related metabolic disease such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40360-016-0108-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urara Ota
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-6020, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hara
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-6020, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Nakagawa
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-6020, Japan
| | - Emi Tsuru
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tsuda
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Atsuko Kamiya
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-6020, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kuroda
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-6020, Japan
| | - Yuya Kitajima
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-6020, Japan
| | - Aya Koda
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-6020, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ishizuka
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-6020, Japan
| | - Hideo Fukuhara
- Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Keiji Inoue
- Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Taro Shuin
- Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Motowo Nakajima
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-6020, Japan
| | - Tohru Tanaka
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-6020, Japan
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