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Vartak T, Giardini E, Kelly D, Moran B, Kennedy C, Barry M, Godson C, Brennan E. Induction of let-7d-5p miRNA modulates aortic smooth muscle inflammatory signaling and phenotypic switching. Atherosclerosis 2024:117573. [PMID: 38796407 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2024.117573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Activation of vascular smooth muscle cell inflammation is recognised as an important early driver of vascular disease. We have previously identified the let-7 miRNA family as important regulators of inflammation in in vitro and in vivo models of atherosclerosis. Here we investigated a dual statin/let-7d-5p miRNA combination therapy approach to target human aortic SMC (HAoSMC) activation and inflammation. METHODS In vitro studies using primary HAoSMCs were performed to investigate the effects of let-7d-5p miRNA overexpression and inhibition. HAoSMCs were treated with combinations of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and atorvastatin or lovastatin. HAoSMC Bulk RNA-seq transcriptomics of HAoSMCs revealed downstream regulatory networks modulated by let-7d-5p miRNA overexpression and statins. Proteome profiler cytokine array, Western blotting and quantitative PCR analyses were performed on HAoSMCs to validate key findings. RESULTS Let-7d-5p overexpression significantly attenuated TNF-α-induced upregulation of IL-6, ICAM1, VCAM1, CCL2, CD68, MYOCD gene expression in HAoSMCs (p<0.05). Statins (atorvastatin, lovastatin) significantly attenuated inflammatory gene expression and upregulated Let-7d levels in HAoSMCs (p<0.05). Bulk RNA-seq analysis of a dual Let-7d-5p overexpression/statin therapy in HAoSMCs revealed that let-7d-5p activation and statins converge on key inflammatory pathways (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ). Let-7d-5p overexpression led to reduced expression of the ox-LDL receptor OLR1, and this was associated with lower ox-LDL uptake in HAoSMCs. In silico analysis of smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching shows that overexpression of let-7d-5p in HAoSMCs maintains a contractile phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Targeting the Let-7 network alongside statins can modulate HAoSMC activation and attenuate key inflammatory pathway signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanwi Vartak
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute & UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Elena Giardini
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute & UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Daniel Kelly
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute & UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Bruce Moran
- St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ciarán Kennedy
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute & UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mary Barry
- Department of Vascular Surgery, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine Godson
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute & UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Eoin Brennan
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute & UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Tao ZS, Shen CL. Favorable osteogenic activity of vericiguat doped in β-tricalcium phosphate: In vitro and in vivo studies. J Biomater Appl 2024; 38:1073-1086. [PMID: 38569649 DOI: 10.1177/08853282241245543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Recently, more and more studies have shown that guanylate cyclase, an enzyme that synthesizes cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), plays an important role in bone metabolism. Vericiguat (VIT), a novel oral soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator, directly generates cyclic guanosine monophosphate and reduce the death incidence from cardio-vascular causes or hospitalization. Recent studies have shown beneficial effects of VIT in animal models of osteoporosis, but very little is currently known about the effects of VIT on bone defects in the osteoporotic states. Therefore, in this study, β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) was used as a carrier to explore the effect of local VIT administration on the repair of femoral metaphyseal bone defects in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. When MC3T3-E1 was cultured in the presence of H2H2, VIT, similar to Melatonin (MT), therapy could increase the matrix mineralization and ALP, SOD2, SIRT1, and OPG expression, reduce ROS and Mito SOX production, RANKL expression, Promote the recovery of mitochondrial membrane potential. In the OVX rat model, VIT increases the osteogenic effect of β-TCP and better results were obtained at a dose of 5 mg. Local use of VIT can inhibit increased OC, BMP2 and RUNX2 expressions in bone tissue, while decreased SOST and TRAP expressions by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Thereby, VIT stimulates bone regeneration and is a promising candidate for promoting bone repair in osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou-Shan Tao
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cai-Liang Shen
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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3
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Nam U, Kim J, Yi HG, Jeon JS. Investigation of the Dysfunction Caused by High Glucose, Advanced Glycation End Products, and Interleukin-1 Beta and the Effects of Therapeutic Agents on the Microphysiological Artery Model. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2302682. [PMID: 38575148 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has substantial global implications and contributes to vascular inflammation and the onset of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. However, translating the findings from animal models to humans has inherent limitations, necessitating a novel platform. Therefore, herein, an arterial model is established using a microphysiological system. This model successfully replicates the stratified characteristics of human arteries by integrating collagen, endothelial cells (ECs), and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Perfusion via a peristaltic pump shows dynamic characteristics distinct from those of static culture models. High glucose, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and interleukin-1 beta are employed to stimulate diabetic conditions, resulting in notable cellular changes and different levels of cytokines and nitric oxide. Additionally, the interactions between the disease models and oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are examined. Finally, the potential therapeutic effects of metformin, atorvastatin, and diphenyleneiodonium are investigated. Metformin and diphenyleneiodonium mitigate high-glucose- and AGE-associated pathological changes, whereas atorvastatin affects only the morphology of ECs. Altogether, the arterial model represents a pivotal advancement, offering a robust and insightful platform for investigating cardiovascular diseases and their corresponding drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ungsig Nam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Daejeon, 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesang Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Gyeong Yi
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jessie S Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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Berdowska I, Matusiewicz M, Fecka I. Methylglyoxal in Cardiometabolic Disorders: Routes Leading to Pathology Counterbalanced by Treatment Strategies. Molecules 2023; 28:7742. [PMID: 38067472 PMCID: PMC10708463 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MGO) is the major compound belonging to reactive carbonyl species (RCS) responsible for the generation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Its upregulation, followed by deleterious effects at the cellular and systemic levels, is associated with metabolic disturbances (hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia/insulin resistance/hyperlipidemia/inflammatory processes/carbonyl stress/oxidative stress/hypoxia). Therefore, it is implicated in a variety of disorders, including metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, an interplay between pathways leading to MGO generation and scavenging is addressed in regard to this system's impairment in pathology. The issues associated with mechanistic MGO involvement in pathological processes, as well as the discussion on its possible causative role in cardiometabolic diseases, are enclosed. Finally, the main strategies aimed at MGO and its AGEs downregulation with respect to cardiometabolic disorders treatment are addressed. Potential glycation inhibitors and MGO scavengers are discussed, as well as the mechanisms of their action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Berdowska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | | | - Izabela Fecka
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
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5
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Tusa I, Menconi A, Tubita A, Rovida E. Pathophysiological Impact of the MEK5/ERK5 Pathway in Oxidative Stress. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081154. [PMID: 37190064 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress regulates many physiological and pathological processes. Indeed, a low increase in the basal level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is essential for various cellular functions, including signal transduction, gene expression, cell survival or death, as well as antioxidant capacity. However, if the amount of generated ROS overcomes the antioxidant capacity, excessive ROS results in cellular dysfunctions as a consequence of damage to cellular components, including DNA, lipids and proteins, and may eventually lead to cell death or carcinogenesis. Both in vitro and in vivo investigations have shown that activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (MEK5/ERK5) pathway is frequently involved in oxidative stress-elicited effects. In particular, accumulating evidence identified a prominent role of this pathway in the anti-oxidative response. In this respect, activation of krüppel-like factor 2/4 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 emerged among the most frequent events in ERK5-mediated response to oxidative stress. This review summarizes what is known about the role of the MEK5/ERK5 pathway in the response to oxidative stress in pathophysiological contexts within the cardiovascular, respiratory, lymphohematopoietic, urinary and central nervous systems. The possible beneficial or detrimental effects exerted by the MEK5/ERK5 pathway in the above systems are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazia Tusa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Menconi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tubita
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rovida
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
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López-Acosta O, Ruiz-Ramírez A, Barrios-Maya MÁ, Alarcon-Aguilar J, Alarcon-Enos J, Céspedes Acuña CL, El-Hafidi M. Lipotoxicity, glucotoxicity and some strategies to protect vascular smooth muscle cell against proliferative phenotype in metabolic syndrome. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 172:113546. [PMID: 36513245 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and atherosclerosis through a mechanism that involves vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, lipotoxicity and glucotoxicity. Several molecules found to be increased in MetS, including free fatty acids, fatty acid binding protein 4, leptin, resistin, oxidized lipoprotein particles, and advanced glycation end products, influence VSMC proliferation. Most of these molecules act through their receptors on VSMCs by activating several signaling pathways associated with ROS generation in various cellular compartments. ROS from NADPH-oxidase and mitochondria have been found to promote VSMC proliferation and cell cycle progression. In addition, most of the natural or synthetic substances described in this review, including pharmaceuticals with hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties, attenuate VSMC proliferation by their simultaneous modulation of cell signaling and their scavenging property due to the presence of a phenolic ring in their structure. This review discusses recent data in the literature on the role that several MetS-related molecules and ROS play in the change from contractile to proliferative phenotype of VSMCs. Hence the importance of proposing an appropriate strategy to prevent uncontrolled VSMC proliferation using antioxidants, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ocarol López-Acosta
- Depto de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No 1, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Angélica Ruiz-Ramírez
- Depto de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No 1, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Miguel-Ángel Barrios-Maya
- Depto de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No 1, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Javier Alarcon-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Depto. de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Iztapalapa, Mexico
| | - Julio Alarcon-Enos
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bio Bio, Av. Andres Bello 720, Chillan, Chile
| | - Carlos L Céspedes Acuña
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bio Bio, Av. Andres Bello 720, Chillan, Chile.
| | - Mohammed El-Hafidi
- Depto de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No 1, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, México D.F., Mexico.
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7
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Effects of shear stress on vascular endothelial functions in atherosclerosis and potential therapeutic approaches. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114198. [PMID: 36916427 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Different blood flow patterns in the arteries can alter the adaptive phenotype of vascular endothelial cells (ECs), thereby affecting the functions of ECs and are directly associated with the occurrence of lesions in the early stages of atherosclerosis (AS). Atherosclerotic plaques are commonly found at curved or bifurcated arteries, where the blood flow pattern is dominated by oscillating shear stress (OSS). OSS can induce ECs to transform into pro-inflammatory phenotypes, increase cellular inflammation, oxidative stress response, mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic abnormalities and endothelial permeability, thereby promoting the progression of AS. On the other hand, the straight artery has a stable laminar shear stress (LSS), which promotes the transformation of ECs into an anti-inflammatory phenotype, improves endothelial cell function, thereby inhibits atherosclerotic progression. ECs have the ability to actively sense, integrate, and convert mechanical stimuli by shear stress into biochemical signals that further induces intracellular changes (such as the opening and closing of ion channels, activation and transcription of signaling pathways). Here we not only outline the relationship between functions of vascular ECs and different forms of fluid shear stress in AS, but also aim to provide new solutions for potential atherosclerotic therapies targeting intracellular mechanical transductions.
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Wu W, Hendrix A, Nair S, Cui T. Nrf2-Mediated Dichotomy in the Vascular System: Mechanistic and Therapeutic Perspective. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193042. [PMID: 36231004 PMCID: PMC9563590 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor, controls the expression of more than 1000 genes that can be clustered into different categories with distinct functions ranging from redox balance and metabolism to protein quality control in the cell. The biological consequence of Nrf2 activation can be either protective or detrimental in a context-dependent manner. In the cardiovascular system, most studies have focused on the protective properties of Nrf2, mainly as a key transcription factor of antioxidant defense. However, emerging evidence revealed an unexpected role of Nrf2 in mediating cardiovascular maladaptive remodeling and dysfunction in certain disease settings. Herein we review the role of Nrf2 in cardiovascular diseases with a focus on vascular disease. We discuss the negative effect of Nrf2 on the vasculature as well as the potential underlying mechanisms. We also discuss the clinical relevance of targeting Nrf2 pathways for the treatment of cardiovascular and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wu
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Andrew Hendrix
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Sharad Nair
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
- Columbia VA Health System, Wm. Jennings Bryan Dorn VA Medical Center, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Taixing Cui
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
- Columbia VA Health System, Wm. Jennings Bryan Dorn VA Medical Center, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-803-216-3804
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Borghi C, Levy BI. Synergistic actions between angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and statins in atherosclerosis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:815-826. [PMID: 35082055 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia are independent risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) by acting directly on the endothelium and activating the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) and mevalonate pathways. This review examines how the severity and duration of these risk factors may influence the cardiovascular risk through a reciprocal interplay leading to oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory response. DATA SYNTHESIS The review highlights the clinical evidence supporting the benefits of statins and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors for hypertension, lipid disorders and ASCVD management, both individually and combined, at all stages of the cardiovascular continuum. CONCLUSION Drug strategies incorporating an ACE-inhibitor and a statin, and in particular perindopril and atorvastatin, have consistently demonstrated reductions in the rate of ASCVD events in patients with hypertension and lipid disorders, cementing their position as first-line therapies for the management of atherosclerosis complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Borghi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS-S.Orsola, University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Bernard I Levy
- INSERM Unit 970, PARCC, 56 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
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Mansouri A, Reiner Ž, Ruscica M, Tedeschi-Reiner E, Radbakhsh S, Bagheri Ekta M, Sahebkar A. Antioxidant Effects of Statins by Modulating Nrf2 and Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling in Different Diseases. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11051313. [PMID: 35268403 PMCID: PMC8911353 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins are competitive inhibitors of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase and have been used to treat elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) for almost four decades. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties which are independent of the lipid-lowering effects of statins, i.e., their pleiotropic effects, might be beneficial in the prevention or treatment of many diseases. This review discusses the antioxidant effects of statins achieved by modulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2/ heme oxygenase-1 (Nrf2/HO-1) pathway in different organs and diseases. Nrf2 and other proteins involved in the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway have a crucial role in cellular responses to oxidative stress, which is a risk factor for ASCVD. Statins can significantly increase the DNA-binding activity of Nrf2 and induce the expression of its target genes, such as HO-1 and glutathione peroxidase) GPx, (thus protecting the cells against oxidative stress. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of statins, which are independent of their lipid-lowering effects, could be partly explained by the modulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atena Mansouri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717853577, Iran;
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948954, Iran
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Massimiliano Ruscica
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20100 Milan, Italy;
| | - Eugenia Tedeschi-Reiner
- University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, University of Osijek, Vinogradska Cesta 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Shabnam Radbakhsh
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran;
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
| | - Mariam Bagheri Ekta
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, A.P. Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy Str., 117418 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948954, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948954, Iran
- Correspondence: or
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Wijaya A, Wang Y, Tang D, Zhong Y, Liu B, Yan M, Jiu Q, Wu W, Wang G. A study of lovastatin and L-arginine co-loaded PLGA nanomedicine for enhancing nitric oxide production and eNOS expression. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:607-624. [PMID: 34994373 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01455b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an exceptional endogenous biological gas that mediates and regulates physiological and pathological processes in the human body. However, its synthesis process is impaired during athero-progression and formation. Hence, a strategy to boost NO production and target endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is crucial and intriguing in atherosclerosis (AS) management. Herein, we prepare L-arginine (LA) and lovastatin (LV) co-loaded PLGA nanomedicine to achieve sustainable release for enhancing NO production. The utilization of LA reveals that LA has dual contributions, acting as a NO donor and enhancing the solubility of LV by stabilizing PLGA NPs. PLGA-LA/LV demonstrated its potential to boost NO in vitro and in vivo confirmed using DAF-FM DA, augment eNOS and p-eNOS mRNA and protein levels, and suppress the ki67 proliferation marker in VSMCs; in addition, it lowers the total cholesterol level of blood plasma in C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, PLGA can protect the compound delivered and enhance the bioavailability to reach and get released in the blood circulation after oral administration. Collectively, our results endow a safe and efficient nanomedicine outcome, specifically with potential for AS management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Wijaya
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Dan Tang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Yuan Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Boyan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Meng Yan
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Quhui Jiu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
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12
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Kabel AM, Salama SA, Borg HM, Ali DA, Abd Elmaaboud MA. Targeting p-AKT/mTOR/MAP kinase signaling, NLRP3 inflammasome and apoptosis by fluvastatin with or without taxifolin mitigates gonadal dysfunction induced by bisphenol-A in male rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2022; 41:9603271221089919. [PMID: 35465754 DOI: 10.1177/09603271221089919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a chemical substance that is widely used in industry for manufacturing of plastic bottles and resins. Recent reports found that BPA may mimic the effects of estrogen to a great manner that might disrupt the normal hormonal balance in the human body. Fluvastatin is an agent used for treatment of hypercholesterolemia that was proven to possess promising antioxidant ant anti-inflammatory properties. Taxifolin is a polyphenolic compound with potential antioxidant and antiestrogenic effects. The present study investigated the prospect of fluvastatin with or without taxifolin to mitigate testicular dysfunction elicited by BPA in rats. In a model of BPA-induced testicular toxicity, the hormonal profile was assessed and the testicular tissues were examined by biochemical analysis, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. Fluvastatin with or without taxifolin improved the body weight gain, hormonal profile, testicular weight and functions, sperm characteristics, the antioxidant status, and the anti-inflammatory mechanisms together with enhancement of autophagy and suppression of the proapoptotic events induced by BPA in the testicular tissues. In addition, fluvastatin with or without taxifolin significantly mitigated the histopathological and the immunohistochemical changes induced by BPA in the testicular tissues. These desirable effects were more pronounced with fluvastatin/taxifolin combination relative to the use of each of these agents alone. In tandem, fluvastatin/taxifolin combination might counteract the pathogenic events induced by BPA in the testicular tissues which may be considered as a novel strategy for amelioration of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Kabel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, 68782Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Samir A Salama
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, 125895Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany M Borg
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, 289154Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Dina A Ali
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, 68782Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Maaly A Abd Elmaaboud
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, 68782Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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13
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Mao L, Yin R, Yang L, Zhao D. Role of advanced glycation end products on vascular smooth muscle cells under diabetic atherosclerosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:983723. [PMID: 36120471 PMCID: PMC9470882 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.983723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease and leading cause of cardiovascular diseases. The progression of AS is a multi-step process leading to high morbidity and mortality. Hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), inflammation and insulin resistance which strictly involved in diabetes are closely related to the pathogenesis of AS. A growing number of studies have linked AGEs to AS. As one of the risk factors of cardiac metabolic diseases, dysfunction of VSMCs plays an important role in AS pathogenesis. AGEs are increased in diabetes, participate in the occurrence and progression of AS through multiple molecular mechanisms of vascular cell injury. As the main functional cells of vascular, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play different roles in each stage of atherosclerotic lesions. The interaction between AGEs and receptor for AGEs (RAGE) accelerates AS by affecting the proliferation and migration of VSMCs. In addition, increasing researches have reported that AGEs promote osteogenic transformation and macrophage-like transformation of VSMCs, and affect the progression of AS through other aspects such as autophagy and cell cycle. In this review, we summarize the effect of AGEs on VSMCs in atherosclerotic plaque development and progression. We also discuss the AGEs that link AS and diabetes mellitus, including oxidative stress, inflammation, RAGE ligands, small noncoding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dong Zhao
- *Correspondence: Longyan Yang, ; Dong Zhao,
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14
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Qiu L, Hu L, Liu X, Li W, Zhang X, Xia H, Zhang C. Physalin B inhibits PDGF-BB-induced VSMC proliferation, migration and phenotypic transformation by activating the Nrf2 pathway. Food Funct 2021; 12:10950-10966. [PMID: 34647944 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01926k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vascular intimal hyperplasia is a hallmark event in vascular restenosis. The excessive proliferation, migration and phenotypic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play important roles in the pathological mechanism of vascular intimal hyperplasia. Physalin B is an alcoholate isolated from Physalis (Solanaceae) that has a wide range of biological activities. However, the effect of physalin B on VSMCs is currently unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that physalin B significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and phenotypic transformation of VSMCs induced by PDGF-BB. Physalin B also reduced inflammation and oxidative stress in VSMCs induced by PDGF-BB. Mechanistic studies showed that physalin B plays a role mainly by activating Nrf2. After Nrf2 activation, physalin B mitigates oxidative stress by enhancing the expression of the antioxidant gene HO-1; on the other hand, physalin B inhibits the NF-κB pathway to alleviate the inflammatory response. These two effects ultimately reduce the proliferation, migration and phenotypic transformation of VSMCs induced by PDGF-BB. In addition, in the mouse carotid artery ligation model, physalin B prevented intimal hyperplasia and inhibited the proliferation, migration and phenotypic transformation of cells in the hyperplastic intima. In conclusion, we provided significant evidence that physalin B abrogates PDGF-BB-induced VSMC proliferation, migration, phenotypic transformation and intimal hyperplasia by activating Nrf2-mediated signal transduction. Therefore, physalin B may be a potential therapeutic agent for preventing or treating restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Qiu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China. .,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China
| | - Lingli Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaoxiong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China. .,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430064, P.R. China
| | - Xutao Zhang
- Jianshi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jianshi, Hubei 445300, P.R. China
| | - Hao Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China. .,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China
| | - Changjiang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Minda Hospital of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi 445000, P.R. China.
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15
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Hartwick Bjorkman S, Oliveira Pereira R. The Interplay Between Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Nrf2 Signaling in Cardiometabolic Health. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:252-269. [PMID: 33599550 PMCID: PMC8262388 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (mtROS) are by-products of normal physiology that may disrupt cellular redox homeostasis on a regular basis. Nonetheless, failure to resolve sustained mitochondrial stress to mitigate high levels of mtROS might contribute to the etiology of numerous pathological conditions, such as obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent Advances: Notably, recent studies have demonstrated that moderate mitochondrial stress might result in the induction of different stress response pathways that ultimately improve the organism's ability to deal with subsequent stress, a process termed mitohormesis. mtROS have been shown to play a key role in regulating this adaptation. Critical Issue: mtROS regulate the convergence of different signaling pathways that, when disturbed, might impair cardiometabolic health. Conversely, mtROS seem to be required to mediate activation of prosurvival pathways, contributing to improved cardiometabolic fitness. In the present review, we will primarily focus on the role of mtROS in the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant pathway and examine the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in coordinating the convergence of ER stress and oxidative stress signaling through activation of Nrf2 and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). Future Directions: The mechanisms underlying cardiometabolic protection in response to mitochondrial stress have only started to be investigated. Integrated understanding of how mtROS and ER stress cooperatively promote activation of prosurvival pathways might shed mechanistic insight into the role of mitohormesis in mediating cardiometabolic protection and might inform future therapeutic avenues for the treatment of metabolic diseases contributing to CVD. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 252-269.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hartwick Bjorkman
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Renata Oliveira Pereira
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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16
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Afshari AR, Mollazadeh H, Henney NC, Jamialahmad T, Sahebkar A. Effects of statins on brain tumors: a review. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 73:116-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Badr-Eldin SM, Alhakamy NA, Fahmy UA, Ahmed OAA, Asfour HZ, Althagafi AA, Aldawsari HM, Rizg WY, Mahdi WA, Alghaith AF, Alshehri S, Caraci F, Caruso G. Cytotoxic and Pro-Apoptotic Effects of a Sub-Toxic Concentration of Fluvastatin on OVCAR3 Ovarian Cancer Cells After its Optimized Formulation to Melittin Nano-Conjugates. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:642171. [PMID: 33633571 PMCID: PMC7901935 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.642171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluvastatin (FLV) is a hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor often used to lower total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and for the prevention of adverse cardiovascular events. This drug as well as melittin (MEL), the major component of honeybee venom (Apis mellifera), has shown antineoplastic activity, then representing promising approaches for cancer therapy. However, adverse effects related to the use of FLV and MEL have been reported and very few studies have been carried out to obtain an optimized formulation allowing for combining the two drugs and then maximizing the anticancer activity, then minimizing the needed dosage. In the present study, an optimized formulation in terms of minimized particle size and maximized zeta potential was investigated for its cytotoxic potential in human OVCAR3 ovarian cancer cells. FLV-MEL nano-conjugates, containing a sub-toxic concentration of drug, demonstrated an improved cytotoxic potential (IC50 = 2.5 µM), about 18-fold lower, compared to the free drug (IC50 = 45.7 µM). Cell cycle analysis studies demonstrated the significant inhibition of the OVCAR3 cells proliferation exerted by FLV-MEL nano-conjugates compared to all the other treatments, with a higher percentage of cells accumulating on G2/M and pre-G1 phases, paralleled by lower percentage of cells in G0/G1 and S phases. The synergistic antineoplastic activity of FLV and MEL combined in the optimized formula was also showed by the marked pronecrotic and pro-apoptotic activities, the latter mediated by the modulation of BAX/BCL-2 ratio in favor of BAX. Our optimized FLV-MEL formulation might therefore represents a novel path for the development of specific and more effective antineoplastic drugs directed against ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa M Badr-Eldin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nabil A Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Advanced Drug Delivery Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Usama A Fahmy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama A A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Advanced Drug Delivery Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Z Asfour
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hibah M Aldawsari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Y Rizg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Advanced Drug Delivery Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael A Mahdi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel F Alghaith
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Almaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy.,Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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18
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MicroRNA-143–5p modulates pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells functions in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension through targeting HIF-1α. J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-9992-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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Niedzielski M, Broncel M, Gorzelak-Pabiś P, Woźniak E. New possible pharmacological targets for statins and ezetimibe. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110388. [PMID: 32559626 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Statin therapy is the gold standard in the treatment of dyslipidemia. Understanding the mechanisms of action of these drugs provides an opportunity to define new therapeutic goals for pharmacotherapy in patients with atherosclerotic lesions. The present review indicates the existence of previously unknown therapeutic targets for statins, such as Krüppel-like Factor 2 (KLF-2), Cystathionine γ lyase (CSE) and the microRNA regulating eNOS activity and synthesis; nuclear PXR receptor and EB transcription factor regulating Inflammasome NLRP3 activity; the Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK-1), which inhibits the WNT signalling pathway; the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-γ) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which regulates the cell cycle, and the ERK5-Nrf2 pathway, which reduces the level of harmful advanced glycation end-products (AGE) in VSMCs during diabetic vasculopathy. Importantly, our review includes a number of promising discoveries, specifically those related to the effects of miR-221, miR-222 and miR-27b on the structure, synthesis and activity of eNOS, such as microRNA-based therapies, which offer promise in future targeted therapies. In contrast to numerous experiments confirming the pleiotropic effect of statins, there is still insufficient evidence on the pleiotropic effect of ezetimibe, which goes beyond its basic inhibitory effect on intestinal cholesterol absorption. However, recent studies indicate that this effect is limited to inhibiting macrophage migration, decreasing VCAM-1 expression and reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species. Defining new therapeutic goals for pharmacotherapy in patients with atherosclerotic lesions and ensuring effective treatment of dyslipidemia and its associated cardiovascular complications requires a thorough understanding of both the mechanisms of action of these drugs and of atherosclerosis itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Niedzielski
- Medical University of Lodz, Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Kniaziewicza 1/5, 91-347 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marlena Broncel
- Medical University of Lodz, Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Kniaziewicza 1/5, 91-347 Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Gorzelak-Pabiś
- Medical University of Lodz, Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Kniaziewicza 1/5, 91-347 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Woźniak
- Medical University of Lodz, Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Kniaziewicza 1/5, 91-347 Lodz, Poland.
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20
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Unveiling the Role of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress on Age-Related Cardiovascular Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:1954398. [PMID: 32454933 PMCID: PMC7232723 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1954398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The global population above 60 years has been growing exponentially in the last decades, which is accompanied by an increase in the prevalence of age-related chronic diseases, highlighting cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure. Aging is the main risk factor for these diseases. Such susceptibility to disease is explained, at least in part, by the increase of oxidative stress, in which it damages cellular components such as proteins, DNA, and lipids. In addition, the chronic inflammatory process in aging “inflammaging” also contributes to cell damage, creating a stressful environment which drives to the development of CVDs. Taken together, it is possible to identify the molecular connection between oxidative stress and the inflammatory process, especially by the crosstalk between the transcription factors Nrf-2 and NF-κB which are mediated by redox signalling and are involved in aging. Therapies that control this process are key targets in the prevention/combat of age-related CVDs. In this review, we show the basics of inflammation and oxidative stress, including the crosstalk between them, and the implications on age-related CVDs.
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21
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Tang BI, Tang MM, Xu QM, Guo JL, Xuan L, Zhou J, Wang XJ, Zhang H, Kang PF. MicroRNA-143-5p modulates pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells functions in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension through targeting HIF-1α. J Biosci 2020; 45:37. [PMID: 32098916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper explores the potential mechanism of microRNA-143-5p regulation effects on pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) functions in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) via targeting HIF-1a, which may offer a new idea for HPH therapy. PASMCs were transfected with mimics control/miR-143-5p mimics or inhibitor control/miR-143-5p inhibitor. We used Western blotting and RT-qPCR to detect the protein and mRNA expressions, CCK-8 assay to detect cellular viability, Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and caspase- 3/cleaved caspase-3 protein to evaluate cellular apoptosis, transwell migration experiment for cellular migration measurement and Dual luciferase reporter gene assay to prove the target of miR-143-5p. Cells under hypoxic condition presented the decreased protein and mRNA expressions of α-smooth muscle actin (SM-α-actin), Myocardin, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC), and smooth muscle-22α (SM22α), Calponin1 and Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α), the increased cell viability and miR-143-5p level; Overexpression of miR-143-5p obviously reduced vascular smooth muscle-specific contraction marker protein levels and cellular apoptosis, increased cellular migration of PASMCs with hypoxia stimulation; Low-expression of miR-143-5p caused the opposite changes, while co-transfected with Si HIF-1 α blocked the beneficial effects of miR-143-5p inhibition on PASMCs under hypoxia. MicroRNA-143-5p can promote the phenotype conversion, proliferation and migration of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells under hypoxic condition through direct targeting of HIF-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, Anhui, China
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22
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Singh MV, Kotla S, Le NT, Ae Ko K, Heo KS, Wang Y, Fujii Y, Thi Vu H, McBeath E, Thomas TN, Jin Gi Y, Tao Y, Medina JL, Taunton J, Carson N, Dogra V, Doyley MM, Tyrell A, Lu W, Qiu X, Stirpe NE, Gates KJ, Hurley C, Fujiwara K, Maggirwar SB, Schifitto G, Abe JI. Senescent Phenotype Induced by p90RSK-NRF2 Signaling Sensitizes Monocytes and Macrophages to Oxidative Stress in HIV-Positive Individuals. Circulation 2019; 139:1199-1216. [PMID: 30586719 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.036232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of cardiovascular disease is higher in HIV-positive (HIV+) patients than it is in the average population, and combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is a recognized risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, the molecular mechanisms that link cART and cardiovascular disease are currently unknown. Our study explores the role of the activation of p90RSK, a reactive oxygen species-sensitive kinase, in engendering senescent phenotype in macrophages and accelerating atherogenesis in patients undergoing cART. METHODS Peripheral whole blood from cART-treated HIV+ individuals and nontreated HIV-negative individuals was treated with H2O2 (200 µmol/L) for 4 minutes, and p90RSK activity in CD14+ monocytes was measured. Plaque formation in the carotids was also analyzed in these individuals. Macrophage senescence was determined by evaluating their efferocytotic ability, antioxidation-related molecule expression, telomere length, and inflammatory gene expression. The involvement of p90RSK-NRF2 signaling in cART-induced senescence was assessed by p90RSK-specific inhibitor (FMK-MEA) or dominant-negative p90RSK (DN-p90RSK) and NRF2 activator (NRF2A). Further, the severity of atherosclerosis was determined in myeloid cell-specific wild-type and DN-p90RSK transgenic mice. RESULTS Monocytes from HIV+ patients exhibited higher levels of p90RSK activity and were also more sensitive to reactive oxygen species than monocytes from HIV-negative individuals. A multiple linear regression analysis involving cART, Reynolds cardiovascular risk score, and basal p90RSK activity revealed that cART and basal p90RSK activity were the 2 significant determinants of plaque formation. Many of the antiretroviral drugs individually activated p90RSK, which simultaneously triggered all components of the macrophage senescent phenotype. cART inhibited antioxidant response element reporter activity via ERK5 S496 phosphorylation. NRF2A reversed the H2O2-induced overactivation of p90RSK in cART-treated macrophages by countering the induction of senescent phenotype. Last, the data obtained from our gain- or loss-of-function mice conclusively showed the crucial role of p90RSK in inducing senescent phenotype in macrophages and atherogenesis. CONCLUSIONS cART increased monocyte/macrophage sensitivity to reactive oxygen species- in HIV+ individuals by suppressing NRF2-ARE activity via p90RSK-mediated ERK5 S496 phosphorylation, which coordinately elicited senescent phenotypes and proinflammatory responses. As such, our report underscores the importance of p90RSK regulation in monocytes/macrophages as a viable biomarker and therapeutic target for preventing cardiovascular disease, especially in HIV+ patients treated with cART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera V Singh
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology (M.V.S., N.E.S., K.J.G., S.B.M.), University of Rochester, NY
| | - Sivareddy Kotla
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (S.K., N.-T.L., K.A.K., K.-S.H., Y.W., Y.F., H.T.V., E.M., T.N.T., Y.J.G., Y.T., J.L.M., K.F., J.-i.A.).,Radiology Research (S.K., N.-T.L., K.A.K.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX
| | - Nhat-Tu Le
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (S.K., N.-T.L., K.A.K., K.-S.H., Y.W., Y.F., H.T.V., E.M., T.N.T., Y.J.G., Y.T., J.L.M., K.F., J.-i.A.).,Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences (N.-T.L.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX.,Radiology Research (S.K., N.-T.L., K.A.K.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX
| | - Kyung Ae Ko
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (S.K., N.-T.L., K.A.K., K.-S.H., Y.W., Y.F., H.T.V., E.M., T.N.T., Y.J.G., Y.T., J.L.M., K.F., J.-i.A.).,Radiology Research (S.K., N.-T.L., K.A.K.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX
| | - Kyung-Sun Heo
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (S.K., N.-T.L., K.A.K., K.-S.H., Y.W., Y.F., H.T.V., E.M., T.N.T., Y.J.G., Y.T., J.L.M., K.F., J.-i.A.).,Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (K.-S.H.)
| | - Yin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (S.K., N.-T.L., K.A.K., K.-S.H., Y.W., Y.F., H.T.V., E.M., T.N.T., Y.J.G., Y.T., J.L.M., K.F., J.-i.A.)
| | - Yuka Fujii
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (S.K., N.-T.L., K.A.K., K.-S.H., Y.W., Y.F., H.T.V., E.M., T.N.T., Y.J.G., Y.T., J.L.M., K.F., J.-i.A.)
| | - Hang Thi Vu
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (S.K., N.-T.L., K.A.K., K.-S.H., Y.W., Y.F., H.T.V., E.M., T.N.T., Y.J.G., Y.T., J.L.M., K.F., J.-i.A.)
| | - Elena McBeath
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (S.K., N.-T.L., K.A.K., K.-S.H., Y.W., Y.F., H.T.V., E.M., T.N.T., Y.J.G., Y.T., J.L.M., K.F., J.-i.A.)
| | - Tamlyn N Thomas
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (S.K., N.-T.L., K.A.K., K.-S.H., Y.W., Y.F., H.T.V., E.M., T.N.T., Y.J.G., Y.T., J.L.M., K.F., J.-i.A.)
| | - Young Jin Gi
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (S.K., N.-T.L., K.A.K., K.-S.H., Y.W., Y.F., H.T.V., E.M., T.N.T., Y.J.G., Y.T., J.L.M., K.F., J.-i.A.)
| | - Yunting Tao
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (S.K., N.-T.L., K.A.K., K.-S.H., Y.W., Y.F., H.T.V., E.M., T.N.T., Y.J.G., Y.T., J.L.M., K.F., J.-i.A.)
| | - Jan L Medina
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (S.K., N.-T.L., K.A.K., K.-S.H., Y.W., Y.F., H.T.V., E.M., T.N.T., Y.J.G., Y.T., J.L.M., K.F., J.-i.A.)
| | - Jack Taunton
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California-San Francisco (J.T.)
| | - Nancy Carson
- Imaging Sciences (N.C., V.D.), University of Rochester, NY
| | - Vikram Dogra
- Imaging Sciences (N.C., V.D.), University of Rochester, NY
| | - Marvin M Doyley
- Electrical and Computer Engineering (M.M.D.), University of Rochester, NY
| | - Alicia Tyrell
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology (A.T., W.L., X.Q.), University of Rochester, NY
| | - Wang Lu
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology (A.T., W.L., X.Q.), University of Rochester, NY
| | - Xing Qiu
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology (A.T., W.L., X.Q.), University of Rochester, NY
| | - Nicole E Stirpe
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology (M.V.S., N.E.S., K.J.G., S.B.M.), University of Rochester, NY
| | - Kathleen J Gates
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology (M.V.S., N.E.S., K.J.G., S.B.M.), University of Rochester, NY
| | - Christine Hurley
- Medicine, Infectious Disease (C.H.), University of Rochester, NY
| | - Keigi Fujiwara
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (S.K., N.-T.L., K.A.K., K.-S.H., Y.W., Y.F., H.T.V., E.M., T.N.T., Y.J.G., Y.T., J.L.M., K.F., J.-i.A.)
| | - Sanjay B Maggirwar
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology (M.V.S., N.E.S., K.J.G., S.B.M.), University of Rochester, NY
| | | | - Jun-Ichi Abe
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (S.K., N.-T.L., K.A.K., K.-S.H., Y.W., Y.F., H.T.V., E.M., T.N.T., Y.J.G., Y.T., J.L.M., K.F., J.-i.A.)
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23
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Expression of Longevity Genes Induced by a Low-Dose Fluvastatin and Valsartan Combination with the Potential to Prevent/Treat "Aging-Related Disorders". Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081844. [PMID: 31013989 PMCID: PMC6514706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of aging-related disorders may be decreased through strategies influencing the expression of longevity genes. Although numerous approaches have been suggested, no effective, safe, and easily applicable approach is yet available. Efficacy of low-dose fluvastatin and valsartan, separately or in combination, on the expression of the longevity genes in middle-aged males, was assessed. Stored blood samples from 130 apparently healthy middle-aged males treated with fluvastatin (10 mg daily), valsartan (20 mg daily), fluvastatin-valsartan combination (10 and 20 mg, respectively), and placebo (control) were analyzed. They were taken before and after 30 days of treatment and, additionally, five months after treatment discontinuation. The expression of the following longevity genes was assessed: SIRT1, PRKAA, KLOTHO, NFE2L2, mTOR, and NF-κB. Treatment with fluvastatin and valsartan in combination significantly increased the expression of SIRT1 (1.8-fold; p < 0.0001), PRKAA (1.5-fold; p = 0.262) and KLOTHO (1.7-fold; p < 0.0001), but not NFE2L2, mTOR and NF-κB. Both fluvastatin and valsartan alone significantly, but to a lesser extent, increased the expression of SIRT1, and did not influence the expression of other genes. Five months after treatment discontinuation, genes expression decreased to the basal levels. In addition, analysis with previously obtained results revealed significant correlation between SIRT1 and both increased telomerase activity and improved arterial wall characteristics. We showed that low-dose fluvastatin and valsartan, separately and in combination, substantially increase expression of SIRT1, PRKAA, and KLOTHO genes, which may be attributed to their so far unreported pleiotropic beneficial effects. This approach could be used for prevention of ageing (and longevity genes)–related disorders.
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da Costa RM, Rodrigues D, Pereira CA, Silva JF, Alves JV, Lobato NS, Tostes RC. Nrf2 as a Potential Mediator of Cardiovascular Risk in Metabolic Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:382. [PMID: 31031630 PMCID: PMC6473049 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Free radicals act as secondary messengers, modulating a number of important biological processes, including gene expression, ion mobilization in transport systems, protein interactions and enzymatic functions, cell growth, cell cycle, redox homeostasis, among others. In the cardiovascular system, the physiological generation of free radicals ensures the integrity and function of cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and adjacent smooth muscle cells. In physiological conditions, there is a balance between free radicals generation and the activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems. Redox imbalance, caused by increased free radical's production and/or reduced antioxidant defense, plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular diseases, contributing to cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, endothelial dysfunction, hypertrophy and hypercontractility of vascular smooth muscle. Excessive production of oxidizing agents in detriment of antioxidant defenses in the cardiovascular system has been described in obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. The transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2), a major regulator of antioxidant and cellular protective genes, is primarily activated in response to oxidative stress. Under physiological conditions, Nrf2 is constitutively expressed in the cytoplasm of cells and is usually associated with Keap-1, a repressor protein. This association maintains low levels of free Nrf2. Stressors, such as free radicals, favor the translocation of Nrf2 to the cell nucleus. The accumulation of nuclear Nrf2 allows the binding of this protein to the antioxidant response element of genes that code antioxidant proteins. Although little information on the role of Nrf2 in the cardiovascular system is available, growing evidence indicates that decreased Nrf2 activity contributes to oxidative stress, favoring the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disorders found in obesity, diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis. The present mini-review will provide a comprehensive overview of the role of Nrf2 as a contributing factor to cardiovascular risk in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael M da Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Special Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Jataí, Brazil
| | - Daniel Rodrigues
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila A Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Josiane F Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliano V Alves
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Núbia S Lobato
- Special Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Jataí, Brazil
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Niu N, Xu S, Xu Y, Little PJ, Jin ZG. Targeting Mechanosensitive Transcription Factors in Atherosclerosis. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:253-266. [PMID: 30826122 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the primary underlying cause of cardiovascular disease which preferentially develops at arterial regions exposed to disturbed flow (DF), but much less at regions of unidirectional laminar flow (UF). Recent studies have demonstrated that DF and UF differentially regulate important aspects of endothelial function, such as vascular inflammation, oxidative stress, vascular tone, cell proliferation, senescence, mitochondrial function, and glucose metabolism. DF and UF regulate vascular pathophysiology via differential regulation of mechanosensitive transcription factors (MSTFs) (KLF2, KLF4, NRF2, YAP/TAZ/TEAD, HIF-1α, NF-κB, AP-1, and others). Emerging studies show that MSTFs represent promising therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. We present here a comprehensive overview of the role of MSTFs in atherosclerosis, and highlight future directions for developing novel therapeutic agents by targeting MSTFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niu Niu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Suowen Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Yanni Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA; National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, National Center for Drug (Microbiology) Screening Laboratory, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS and PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Wooloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Zheng-Gen Jin
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Cuadrado A, Manda G, Hassan A, Alcaraz MJ, Barbas C, Daiber A, Ghezzi P, León R, López MG, Oliva B, Pajares M, Rojo AI, Robledinos-Antón N, Valverde AM, Guney E, Schmidt HHHW. Transcription Factor NRF2 as a Therapeutic Target for Chronic Diseases: A Systems Medicine Approach. Pharmacol Rev 2018; 70:348-383. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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27
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Hwang AR, Nam JO, Kang YJ. Fluvastatin inhibits advanced glycation end products-induced proliferation, migration, and extracellular matrix accumulation in vascular smooth muscle cells by targeting connective tissue growth factor. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29520172 PMCID: PMC5840078 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2018.22.2.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a novel fibrotic mediator, which is considered to mediate fibrosis through extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis in diabetic cardiovascular complications. Statins have significant immunomodulatory effects and reduce vascular injury. We therefore examined whether fluvastatin has anti-fibrotic effects in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and elucidated its putative transduction signals. We show that advanced glycation end products (AGEs) stimulated CTGF mRNA and protein expression in a time-dependent manner. AGE-induced CTGF expression was mediated via ERK1/2, JNK, and Egr-1 pathways, but not p38; consequently, cell proliferation and migration and ECM accumulation were regulated by CTGF signaling pathway. AGE-stimulated VSMC proliferation, migration, and ECM accumulation were blocked by fluvastatin. However, the inhibitory effect of fluvastatin was restored by administration of CTGF recombinant protein. AGE-induced VSMC proliferation was dependent on cell cycle arrest, thereby increasing G1/G0 phase. Fluvastatin repressed cell cycle regulatory genes cyclin D1 and Cdk4 and augmented cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p27 and p21 in AGE-induced VSMCs. Taken together, fluvastatin suppressed AGE-induced VSMC proliferation, migration, and ECM accumulation by targeting CTGF signaling mechanism. These findings might be evidence for CTGF as a potential therapeutic target in diabetic vasculature complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ae-Rang Hwang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Korea
| | - Ju-Ock Nam
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Young Jin Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Korea
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