An NIR-II Excitable AIE Small Molecule with Multimodal Phototheranostic Features for Orthotopic Breast Cancer Treatment

One-for-all phototheranostics, referring to a single component simultaneously exhibiting multiple optical imaging and therapeutic modalities, has attracted significant attention due to its excellent performance in cancer treatment. Benefitting from the superiority in balancing the diverse competing energy dissipation pathways, aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) are proven to be ideal templates for constructing one-for-all multimodal phototheranostic agents. However, to this knowledge, the all-round AIEgens that can be triggered by a second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) light have not been reported. Given the deep tissue penetration and high maximum permissible exposure of the NIR-II excitation light, herein, this work reports for the first time an NIR-II laser excitable AIE small molecule (named BETT-2) with multimodal phototheranostic features by taking full use of the advantage of AIEgens in single molecule-facilitated versatility as well as synchronously maximizing the molecular donor-acceptor strength and conformational distortion. As formulated into nanoparticles (NPs), the high performance of BETT-2 NPs in NIR-II light-driven fluorescence-photoacoustic-photothermal trimodal imaging-guided photodynamic-photothermal synergistic therapy of orthotopic mouse breast tumors is fully demonstrated by the systematic in vitro and in vivo evaluations. This work offers valuable insights for developing NIR-II laser activatable one-for-all phototheranostic systems.

Health benefits of yoga for cancer survivors: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective

To evaluate the effects of yoga on health-related outcomes [i.e., physical function, mental health, and overall quality of life (QOL)] of cancer survivors via a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) over the past 5 years across cancer types.

Methods

An updated systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. RCTs published from January 1, 2018, to February 23, 2023, were searched in five English databases (PubMed, The Cochrane Library, ISI, PsycINFO, and CINAHL), three Chinese databases (Wan Fang, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database), and three English clinical trials registry platforms (International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, ClinicalTrials.gov, and EU Clinical Trials Register).

Results

A total of 34 RCTs were included in this updated review. Yoga benefited the physical function, mental health, and overall QOL of cancer survivors. The effect size of yoga for most physical and mental health-related outcomes was relatively small, but that for the QOL was generally large. The impact of yoga on the QOL of cancer survivors ranged from moderate to high.

Conclusions

Yoga has health benefits for cancer survivors and could therefore be used as an optional supportive intervention for cancer-related symptom management.

Predictive Value of Preoperative Prostate Health Index and Serum Testosterone Testing for Biochemical Recurrence after Radical Prostatectomy for Non-Metastatic Prostate Cancer

OBJECTIVE

To analyse the predictive value of prostate health index (PHI) combined with serum testosterone after radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer (PCa).

METHODS

A total of 132 PCa patients who received RP treatment from January 2016 to December 2019 were selected, retrospectively. And then these patients were divided into biochemical recurrence (BCR) group (n = 51) and non-biochemical recurrence (non-BCR) group (n = 81) based on whether BCR was present after RP. Basic data of PCa patients were collected, and preoperative prostate health index (PHI) and serum testosterone levels were measured in both groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyse the influencing factors of BCR after RP. The predictive value of PHI and serum testosterone on BCR after RP was analysed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to plot survival curves, and log rank test was used to analyse the differences between survival curves.

RESULTS

The BCR rate of patients in this study was 38.64% (51/132). Single-factor analysis showed that BCR after RP in PCa patients was associated with prostate-specific antigen (PSA), Gleason score, pathological stage, postoperative adjuvant therapy, testosterone and PHI (p < 0.05). Logistics regression analysis showed that PSA >20 ng/mL, Gleason score (8 scores), pathological stage pT3, increased PHI and increased testosterone were independent risk factors for BCR after RP. ROC curve analysis showed that the area under curve (AUC) of PHI and serum testosterone predicting BCR after RP alone and in combination were 0.769, 0.725 and 0.906, respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that preoperative high PHI and low testosterone are negatively correlated with recurrence-free survival rate.

CONCLUSIONS

Preoperative PHI and testosterone can serve as simple prognostic indicators for postoperative BCR in PCa patients undergoing RP. PCa patients with higher PHI levels and lower testosterone levels may be more prone to developing BCR. The combination of PHI and testosterone has a higher value in predicting BCR after RP.

Mapping the virtual water trade in water-scarce basin: an environmentally extended input-output analysis in the Yellow River Basin of China

China's Yellow River, the nation's second-longest, grapples with severe water scarcity, impeding the high-quality development of its basin. Our study meticulously examines the intricate virtual water trade network inside and outside the basin, providing essential insights to combat its acute water scarcity. We calculated water consumption coefficients for seven pivotal sectors across diverse Chinese provinces, forming the foundational data for quantifying virtual water trade both inside and outside the basin. Utilizing the 2015 Multi-Regional Input-Output Table, we assessed the Yellow River Basin's reliance on external water resources. Despite enduring chronic water scarcity, the basin annually exports a substantial 27.2 billion m3 of virtual water, equivalent to half of its yearly runoff. This outflow predominantly flows to the economically advanced eastern coastal region, with Agriculture and Manufacturing sectors dominating. Significantly, an irrational industrial layout leads to a substantial transfer of virtual water from economically disadvantaged areas to more affluent regions, exacerbating water scarcity in the basin's less privileged areas. Our study yields critical insights for mitigating water shortages in the Yellow River Basin and provides a transferrable framework for regions worldwide grappling with analogous challenges.

Reflections of nurses in the fight against COVID-19 in Hubei: a qualitative study

OBJECTIVES

To explore the reflections and experiences of nurses who were deployed to the frontline to combat COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. In order to gain insights that can be useful in developing cultivating positive professional values and attitudes towards future public health emergencies.

DESIGN

Qualitative study using semistructured interviews. Data were transcribed and analysed using the Colaizzi's 7-step method. The study is reported in accordance with the consolidated Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research.

SETTING

Telephonic interviews with nine participants who were deployed from Nanjing to Hubei Province for the fight against COVID-19.

PARTICIPANTS

Of 11 volunteer nurses deployed to Hubei Province for the fight against COVID-19, two nurses did not finish the interview because of their working hours. The remaining nine were recruited through purposive sampling using the following criteria: nurses who were deployed at the first stage and those who verbally agreed and signed an informed consent form to participate in the study.

RESULTS

Three thematic categories and subthemes that were identified from the analysis were as follows: (1) 'Assertive attitude to fight against the pandemic', included three subthemes: 'Inner calling towards professional accountability for saving lives', 'Extrinsic support that facilitates the commitment to the nursing profession' and 'Holistic value ascribed to the nursing profession'. (2) 'Challenges associated with the anti-pandemic mission', included 'overcoming challenges around the strict requirements for personal protection' and 'Fear and uncertainty over the rapid progression of the disease'. (3) 'Unbearable heaviness and lightness of being a nurse', with two subthemes: 'the heavy crown of the anti-pandemic hero' and 'eternal reverence without regrets'.

CONCLUSIONS

As reflected by the nurses on frontline combating COVID-19, it was necessary to inculcate professional nursing values in them, as only their dedication and selflessness could improve humanity's chances against the disease.

Viscosity-responsive NIR-II fluorescent probe with aggregation-induced emission features for early diagnosis of liver injury

As the primary organ for drug metabolism and detoxification, the liver is susceptible to damage and seriously impaired function. In situ diagnosing and real-time monitoring of liver damage are thus of great significance but remain limited owing to the lack of reliable in vivo visualization protocols with minimal invasion. Herein, we reported for the first time an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) probe, namely DPXBI, emitting light in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II) for early diagnosis liver injury. DPXBI featured by strong intramolecular rotations, excellent aqueous solubility and robust chemical stability, is powerfully sensitive to viscosity alteration affording rapid response and high selectivity, through NIR-Ⅱ fluorescence intensity changes. The prominent viscosity-responsive performance enables DPXBI to accurately monitor both drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (HIRI) with excellent image contrast to the background. By using the presented strategy, the detection of liver injury in mouse model can be achieved at least several hours earlier than typical clinical assays. Moreover, DPXBI is able to dynamically track the liver improvement process in vivo in the case of DILI when the hepatotoxicity is alleviated by using hepatoprotective medication. All these results demonstrate that DPXBI is a promising probe for investigating viscosity-associated pathological and physiological processes.

MiR-301b-3p can be Used as a Potential Marker for the Diagnosis of Lung Adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

The involvement of aberrantly expressed miR-301b-3p has been discovered in diverse human tumors. Our study was primarily centered around the role of miR-301b-3p in diagnosing lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD).

METHOD

We used the TCGA database to download the TCGA-LUAD dataset and selected miR-301b-3p as the object of our study by differential expression analysis of miRNAs combined with previous studies. The LUAD diagnostic model was constructed utilizing machine learning based on miR-301b-3p expression. The predictive performance of the diagnostic model was found to be excellent by ROC curves combined with the clinical information of the dataset samples. GSEA, GO, and KEGG enrichment analyses demonstrated that miR-301b-3p may mediate the cell cycle by regulating the expression of hormones. Subsequently, combined with tumor immunity and mutation analysis, it was found that patients in the low-expression group had better immune infiltration, indicating that their response rate to immunotherapy may be relatively high. Finally, a mouse xenograft model was constructed to verify how miR-301b-3p affected LUAD progression in mice.

RESULT

The results illustrated that overexpressed miR-301b-3p could cause faster tumor growth in mice. On the contrary, the growth of LUAD could be impeded by the downregulated miR-301b-3p expression. It was suggested that miR-301b-3p had a crucial part in LUAD progression.

CONCLUSION

Overall, the diagnostic performance of the LUAD diagnostic model constructed based on miR-301b-3p is great, and the model can be used as a potential diagnostic marker for LUAD to provide new ideas for clinical diagnosis.

Sublobar resection versus lobectomy in the treatment of synchronous multiple primary lung cancer

OBJECTIVE

Although synchronous multiple primary lung cancers (sMPLCs) are common in clinical practice, the choice of surgical modalities for the main lesion is still at the stage of exploration. This study is designed to analyze the prognosis of sMPLCs and single primary lung cancers with similar tumor stages and to explore whether sublobar resection has a similar prognosis as lobectomy for sMPLCs.

METHODS

One-hundred forty-one cases of sMPLCs were selected, including the following: 65 cases underwent lobectomy for main lesions, and 76 cases underwent sublobar resection for main lesions. One thousand one hundred forty-four cases of single primary lung cancer were matched at 1:1 by propensity score matching. Then, the patients with sMPLCs were divided into a lobectomy group and a sublobar group according to the first tumor stage. Ninety-eight cases of patients with sMPLCs were matched. The short-term perioperative effect, 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate, and 5-year overall survival (OS) rate between the two groups were compared.

RESULTS

There was no significant difference in OS between sMPLCs and single primary lung cancer after lobectomy (77.1% vs. 77.2%, P = 0.157) and sublobar resection (98.7% vs. 90.7%, P = 0.309). There was no significant difference in OS (86.7% vs. 83.9%, P = 0.482) or DFS (67.6 vs. 87.7%, P = 0.324) between the lobectomy group and sublobar group with sMPLCs. The sublobar resection group obtained a lower incidence of postoperative complications (40.8% vs. 16.3%, P = 0.007) and shorter postoperative hospital stay (11.22 vs. 9.27, P = 0.049).

CONCLUSION

The prognosis of patients with sMPLCs generally depends on the main tumor state, which has no statistical difference regardless of sublobar resection or lobectomy, and the perioperative period of sublobar resection is safer than that of lobectomy.

Preparation, characterisation, and in vitro cancer-suppression function of RNA nanoparticles carrying miR-301b-3p Inhibitor

BACKGROUND

Multidrug resistance is the biggest barrier on the way to chemotherapy for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). For some LUAD patients with cisplatin (DDP) resistance and poor prognoses, the authors put forward RNA nanoparticles (NPs) carrying miR-301b-3p Inhibitor.

METHODS

The NPs were composed of miR-301b-3p, A549 aptamer (A549apt), and Cyanine 5 in a bottom-up manner with a 3-way-junction (3WJ) structure. Diameter, assembly process, and morphology of NPs were observed by Dynamic Light Scattering, Native-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis, and Atomic Force Microscopy. Cell internalisation, toxicity, proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis were assayed by confocal laser scanning microscope, CCK8, colony formation assay, Transwell, western blot, and flow cytometry.

RESULTS

3WJ-apt-miR was evenly distributed, with diameter of 19.61 ± 0.49 nm and triangular branching structures. The accurate delivery of this NP in vivo was ensured by A549 aptamer featuring specific targeting, with smaller side effects than traditional chemotherapy. Such nanomaterials were effectively internalized by cancer cells, with normal cell activity intact. Cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration were suppressed, and DDP sensitivity was enhanced, causing DNA damage and facilitating apoptosis of DDP-resistant cells.

CONCLUSION

Based on RNA self-assembling, the authors researched the effect of miRNA on DDP sensitivity in LUAD regarding gene regulation. 3WJ-apt-miR paves the way for clinical tumour therapy.

Evolving landscape of research on cancer-related cognitive impairment: A bibliometric analysis

Objective

This study describes the state of the art in the field of cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) to facilitate research opportunities in future CRCI research.

Methods

Five databases were searched: PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), and PsycINFO, from inception to August 20, 2022. Python, VOSviewer, and CiteSpace software were used for data preprocessing and analysis.

Results

The published articles were predominantly from the United States, followed by China and Canada. Breast cancer and brain tumors were the dominant cancer types. The study population consisted mainly of adult cancer survivors. Prospective and multicenter studies were the most frequently used study designs. Keyword co-occurrence and mutation analysis indicated major themes: drug therapy was the most common treatment cluster, and adverse effects were another major cluster. The etiology of CRCI was a research hotspot and included the exploration of chemotherapy-associated and psychosocial factors by using measurement tools, such as neuropsychological tests and treatment outcomes.

Conclusions

This study's findings highlight CRCI as a major research area, on the basis of the significantly increasing number of annual publications. Keyword co-occurrence analysis provided a quantitative visualization of the current research status for CRCI, but this method cannot provide in-depth qualitative insights explaining the potential emerging trends in this field.

Catalyst-free synthesis of diverse fluorescent polyoxadiazoles for the facile formation and morphology visualization of microporous films and cell imaging

The development of facile polymerizations toward functional heterocyclic polymers is of great significance for chemistry and materials science. As an important class of heterocyclic polymers, polyoxadiazoles (PODs) have found applications in various fields. However, the synthetic difficulties of PODs greatly restrict their structural diversity and property investigation. Herein, we report a series of catalyst-free multicomponent polymerizations (MCPs) that can facilely synthesize functional PODs with well-defined and diversified topological structures from commercially available or readily accessible aldehydes, carboxylic acids, secondary amines, and (N-isocyanimino)triphenylphosphorane at room temperature. Unlike conventional Ugi polycondensations, the present Ugi-type MCPs can in situ generate oxadiazole moieties in polymer backbones. The obtained PODs possess good solubility, high thermal and morphological stability, and excellent film-forming ability. The introduction of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) moieties together with the inherent structural features of PODs endow these polymers with multiple functionalities. The AIE-active linear PODs can form fluorescent microporous films with stable and ordered structures based on the simple breath figure patterning method, and the self-assembly morphologies can be directly visualized by fluorescence microscopy in a high-contrast and sensitive manner. Moreover, both the linear and hyperbranched AIE-active PODs possess excellent biocompatibility, good lysosome specificity, and excellent photobleaching resistance, which enable them to serve as promising lysosome-specific fluorescent probes in biological imaging.

A Water-Soluble AIEgen for Noninvasive Diagnosis of Kidney Fibrosis via SWIR Fluorescence and Photoacoustic Imaging

Early diagnosis of renal fibrosis is crucially significant on account of its worldwide prevalent tendency. Optical imaging in the near-infrared window has been recognized as an appealing technique for the timely detection of renal dysfunction. However, formulating a contrast agent that allows early monitoring of renal fibrosis and concurrently renally clearable in a normal group is still challenging. Herein, a nanosized fluorophore with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) features, namely AIE-4PEG550 NPs, is well-tailored and amenable to longitudinal visualization of the fibrosis progression specifically in the early-stage via short-wave infrared (SWIR, 900-1700 nm) fluorescence and photoacoustic bimodal imaging. The small size (≈26 nm), renally filtrable molecular weight (3.3 kDa), high renal clearance efficiency (93.1 ± 1.7% excretion through the kidneys within 24 h), outstanding imaging performance, and good biocompatibility, together make AIE-4PEG550 NPs remarkably impressive and far superior to clinical diagnostic assays. The finding in this study would provide a blueprint for the next generation of diagnostic agents for the extent of renal fibrosis.

Tumor Microenvironment Stimuli-Responsive Single-NIR-Laser Activated Synergistic Phototherapy for Hypoxic Cancer by Perylene Functionalized Dual-Targeted Upconversion Nanoparticles

Although synergistic therapy has shown great promise for effective treatment of cancer, the unsatisfactory therapeutic efficacy of photothermal therapy/photodynamic therapy is resulted from the absorption wavelength mismatch, tumor hypoxia, photosensitizer leakage, and inability in intelligent on-demand activation. Herein, based on the characteristics of tumor microenvironment (TME), such as the slight acidity, hypoxia, and overexpression of H₂ O₂ , a TME stimuli-responsive and dual-targeted composite nanoplatform (UCTTD-PC4) is strategically explored by coating a tannic acid (TA)/Fe³⁺ nanofilm with good biocompatibility onto the upconversion nanoparticles in an ultrafast, green and simple way. The pH-responsive feature of UCTTD-PC4 remains stable during the blood circulation, while rapidly releases Fe³⁺ in the slightly acidic tumor cells, which results in catalyzing H₂ O₂ to produce O₂ and overcoming the tumor hypoxia. Notably, the emission spectrum of the UCTTD perfectly matches the absorption spectrum of the photosensitizer (perylene probe (PC4)) to achieve the enhanced therapeutic effect triggered by a single laser. This study provides a new strategy for the rational design and development of the safe and efficient single near-infrared laser-triggered synergistic treatment platform for hypoxic cancer under the guidance of multimodal imaging.

Development and validation of a prognostic nomogram for early stage non-small cell lung cancer: a study based on the SEER database and a Chinese cohort

Objective

This study aimed to construct a nomogram to effectively predict the overall survival (OS) of patients with early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Methods

For the training and internal validation cohorts, a total of 26,941 patients with stage I and II NSCLC were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. A nomogram was constructed based on the risk factors affecting prognosis using a Cox proportional hazards regression model. And 505 patients were recruited from Jiaxing First Hospital for external validation. The discrimination and calibration of the nomogram were evaluated by C-index and calibration curves.

Results

A Nomogram was created after identifying independent prognostic factors using univariate and multifactorial factor analysis. The C-index of this nomogram was 0.726 (95% CI, 0.718–0.735) and 0.721 (95% CI, 0.709–0.734) in the training cohort and the internal validation cohort, respectively, and 0.758 (95% CI, 0.691–0.825) in the external validation cohort, which indicates that the model has good discrimination. Calibration curves for 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS probabilities showed good agreement between predicted and actual survival. In addition, DCA analysis showed that the net benefit of the new model was significantly higher than that of the TNM staging system.

Conclusion

We developed and validated a survival prediction model for patients with non-small cell lung cancer in the early stages. This new nomogram is superior to the traditional TNM staging system and can guide clinicians to make the best clinical decisions.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-10067-8.

Three-Pronged Attack by Hybrid Nanoplatform Involving MXenes, Upconversion Nanoparticle and Aggregation-Induced Emission Photosensitizer for Potent Cancer Theranostics

Inspired by the excellent photothermal conversion ability and inherent nanomedicine platform property of MXenes, efficient reactive oxygen species production and prominent fluorescence emission feature of aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-active photosensitizers (PSs), as well as the extending excitation wavelength capability of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), a versatile nanoplatform comprised of Ti₃ C₂ nanosheets (NSs), AIE-active PSs and UCNPs is intelligently fabricated. This three-pronged strategy takes advantages of each component simultaneously, and realizes fluorescence imaging/photoacoustic imaging/photothermal imaging triple-modal imaging-guided photothermal/photodynamic synergetic therapy under 808 nm laser irradiation. The introduction of UCNPs actualizes the long wavelength-activation of AIE-active PSs, which significantly increases the tissue penetration depth. Spatially isolation of AIE-active PSs and Ti₃ C₂ NSs is beneficial for suppressing the fluorescence quenching effect of Ti₃ C₂ NSs, bringing about ultimately brilliant fluorescence. The covalently bonded polymer surface endows the nanoplatform with excellent physiological stability and efficient tumor accumulation. These outputs reveal a win-win cooperation of multiple inorganic/organic nanocomposites for phototheranostics, and present great potential for future clinical translations.

Effect of Thymosin on Inflammatory Factor Levels, Immune Function, and Quality of Life in Lung Cancer Patients Undergoing Radical Thoracoscopic Surgery

Purpose

To explore the effect of thymosin on inflammatory factor levels, immune function, and quality of life in patients undergoing radical thoracoscopic lung cancer surgery.

Methods

One hundred and twenty patients admitted to the Surgical Oncology Department of the First Hospital of Jiaxing from January 2018 to January 2019 were randomized into the study group and the control group using the random number table method, with 60 cases in each group. The control group was treated with radical thoracoscopic lung cancer surgery, and the study group was treated with radical thoracoscopic lung cancer surgery combined with thymosin. The clinical efficiency, inflammatory factors, immune function, and quality of life between the two groups of patients were compared.

Results

There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of pathological stage, tissue type, maximum tumor diameter, and perioperative indicators such as operative time, intraoperative bleeding, pleural drainage, hospital stay, and the number of intraoperative lymph nodes removed. The levels of CD4 (+%), CD8 (+%), CD4+/CD8+, and natural killer cell (NK) (%) were significantly decreased in both groups after treatment, with significantly higher results in the study group than in the control group. The study group had significantly lower serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and higher interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels than the control group. After treatment, patients in the study group had better postoperative physiological status and overall score than the control group. There was no significant difference in postoperative survival and adverse reactions between the two groups.

Conclusion

The use of thymosin treatment in lung cancer patients undergoing radical thoracoscopic surgery significantly improves immune function, mitigates inflammatory response, and enhances the quality of life, which is worthy of clinical application.

"One Stone, Four Birds" Ion Engineering to Fabricate Versatile Core-Shell Organosilica Nanoparticles for Intelligent Nanotheranostics

Developing effective intelligent nanotheranostics is highly desirable for cancer treatment but remains challenging. In this study, an acidic tumor microenvironment-activated organosilica nanosystem, namely AD-Cu-DOX-HA, is straightforwardly constructed, which is composed of aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-active photosensitizer, copper ion-engineered aminosilica, direct coordination polymer of doxorubicin (DOX), and targeting component hyaluronic acid (HA). AD-Cu-DOX-HA is able to accurately distinguish cancer cells over normal cells; meanwhile, it simultaneously exhibits selective accumulation and copper ion-mediated rapid disassembly and turn-on fluorescence in tumor tissue, consequently achieving efficient tumor diagnosis and tumor-growth inhibition through fluorescence imaging-navigated synergetic photodynamic therapy, copper ion-mediated chemodynamic therapy, and DOX-enabled chemotherapy. This work thus brings fresh insight into the exploration of versatile theranostics and presents a momentous advance for potential clinical cancer treatment.

Decoy engineering of the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase StPBS1 to defend against virus infection in potato

Potato virus Y (PVY) is an important pathogen of potato (Solanum tuberosum). Although the PBS1-RPS5 immune system is well documented in Arabidopsis thaliana, it has not been reported in potato. In Arabidopsis, the bacterial effector AvrPphB cleaves AtPBS1 to trigger an immune response. Here, we show that the AvrPphB-triggered immune response is mediated by StPBS1, a close homologue of AtPBS1 in potato. However, downstream signalling of StPBS1 was mediated by unknown resistance (R) proteins other than potato orthologues of AtRPS5 and HvPBR1, which is important for HvPBS1 signalling in barley. Immune signalling of StPBS1 is mediated by the AvrPphB C-terminal cleavage domain and an STKPQ motif, in contrast to AtPBS1-mediated immunity in which both AvrPphB cleavage fragments and an SEMPH motif are essential. The cleavage sequence of AvrPphB in StPBS1 was replaced with that of the PVY NIa-Pro protease to obtain StPBS1^NIa . StPBS1^NIa overexpression potato displayed stronger immunity to PVY infection than did the StPBS1 transgenic lines. StPBS1^NIa was cleaved at the expected target site by NIa-Pro protease from PVY. Thus, we characterized the function of StPBS1 in potato immunity and provide a biotechnology control method for PVY via transformation of decoy-engineered StPBS1^NIa .

A cell membrane-targeting AIE photosensitizer as a necroptosis inducer for boosting cancer theranostics

The exploration of cellular organelle-specific anchoring photosensitizers with both prominent fluorescence imaging behavior and extraordinary reactive oxygen species (ROS) production capability is highly in demand but remains a severe challenge for effective cancer theranostics involving photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this contribution, we developed a cell membrane-targeting and NIR-emission photosensitizer having an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) tendency. The AIE photosensitizer, namely TBMPEI, is capable of lighting up and ablating cancer cells by means of a necroptosis procedure enabling cell membrane rupture and DNA degradation upon light irradiation, endowing TBMPEI with impressive performance for both in vitro and in vivo fluorescence imaging-guided PDT.

Multimodal Imaging-Guided Photothermal Immunotherapy Based on a Versatile NIR-II Aggregation-Induced Emission Luminogen

Synergistic photothermal immunotherapy has captured great attention owing to the mutually strengthening therapeutic outcomes towards both original tumors and abscopal tumors. Herein, a versatile theranostic agent displaying aggregation-induced emission, namely TPA-BT-DPTQ, was designed and prepared based on benzo[c]thiophene unit as a building block; it can be used for simultaneous fluorescence imaging (FLI) in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window, photoacoustic imaging (PAI), photothermal imaging (PTI), and thermal eradication of tumors. Further experiments validate that photothermal therapy (PTT) mediated by TPA-BT-DPTQ nanoparticles not only destroys the primary tumor but also enhances immunogenicity for further suppressing the growth of tumors at distant sites. Furthermore, PTT combining a programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibody prevents the metastasis and recurrence of cancer by potentiating the effect of immunotherapy.

Risk factors for the development of a parastomal hernia in patients with enterostomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

Parastomal hernia (PSH) is a common and serious complication in patients with enterostomy, but there is no current consensus for the risk factors for PSH from previous studies. Therefore, this study systematically analyzed the risk factors for PSH to provide a reference for prevention and treatment of this condition.

METHODS

Seven databases and 3 registers were systematically searched from database inception to January, 2021. Study quality was assessed by Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Review Manager 5.3 software was used for statistical analysis. The data that could not be combined quantitatively were only analyzed qualitatively.

RESULTS

Sixteen studies with 2031 patients were included. Higher BMI (OR, 1.29; 95% CI,1.02-1.63), older age (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02-1.07), female (OR, 2.55; 95% CI,1.39-4.67), lager aperture size (OR, 2.8; 95%CI, 1.78-4.42), transperitoneal stoma creation (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.33-4.35), and lager waist circumference (OR, 1.01; 95% CI,1.0-1.01) were significant risk factors for PSH. The laparoscopic approach was not a risk factor for PSH (OR, 2.09; 95% CI, 0.83-5.27). Other risk factors, including the thickness of abdominal subcutaneous fat, no mesh, a stoma not through the middle of the rectus abdominis, atrophy of left lower medial part of rectus abdominis, α1(III) procollagen expression level, emergency surgery, no preoperative stoma site marking, end colostomy, smoking, diabetes, peristomal infection, severe abdominal distention, severe cough, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, operation time and hypertension, were significant on the multivariate analysis of each individual study.

CONCLUSIONS

The current available evidence showed that higher BMI, older age, female, larger aperture size, the creation of a transperitoneal stoma, and a larger waist circumference were independent risk factors for PSH. For factors without exact cutoff value, further explorations are needed in the future. In addition, reference to the limited number of studies in the pooled analysis, these factors still need to be interpreted carefully.

ATIC facilitates cell growth and migration by upregulating Myc expression in lung adenocarcinoma

5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase/IMP cyclohydrolase (ATIC), a catalysing enzyme in the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway, has been previously reported to be upregulated and to participate in myeloma and hepatocellular carcinoma progression. In the present study, by using bioinformatics technology, a higher ATIC expression was identified in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) tissues than in normal tissues, and ATIC expression was found to be positively associated with Myc expression in LUAD tissues. In addition, the role of ATIC in modulating the growth and migration of LUAD cells was explored and the involvement of Myc was revealed. ATIC expression in 56 paired LUAD and tumour adjacent non-cancerous tissues was assessed using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot analysis. Pearson's correlation analysis was applied to evaluate the correlation between ATIC and Myc expression levels in LUAD tissues. A rescue experiment was performed to explore the role of ATIC/Myc in regulating the growth, migration and invasion of HCC827 and NCI-H1435 cells. It was demonstrated that ATIC was overexpressed in LUAD tissues, particularly in advanced-stage LUAD, and was predicted to be associated with an advanced TNM stage, a higher lymph node metastasis rate, poor tissue differentiation and a lower overall survival rate. ATIC overexpression promoted cell growth, migratory and invasive capacities, whereas this effect was abrogated by Myc knockdown in the HCC827 and NCI-H1435 cells. On the whole, the present study demonstrates that ATIC promotes LUAD cell growth and migration by increasing Myc expression.

Neuropsychological Interventions for Cancer-Related Cognitive Impairment: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

The aim of this network meta-analysis was to evaluate the comparative effects of neuropsychological interventions for cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI), and to rank the best intervention options for adult cancer patients with CRCI. Twenty-seven eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were searched, and a total of six interventions identified: cognitive behavioral therapies (CBT), cognitive rehabilitation (CR), cognitive training (CT), meditation/mindfulness-based interventions, psychoeducation, and supportive care. In terms of effectiveness, the relative effect size of CBT, CR, and CT in managing subjective cognition had statistically significant differences - 0.94 (0.43-1.44), 0.54 (0.03-1.05), and 0.47 (0.13-0.81), respectively. The most effective interventions to manage the objective cognition of attention were meditation or mindfulness-based interventions: intervention effect size was 0.58 (0.24-0.91). The relative effect size of CT had a statistically significant difference in managing verbal memory, and the intervention effect size was 1.16 (0.12-2.20). The relative effect size of psychoeducation in managing executive function compared with control had a statistically significant difference, which was 0.56 (0.26-0.86). For managing information processing speed, the most effective intervention was CT and the effect size was -0.58 (-1.09--0.06). This network meta-analysis found that CT is the most effective intervention for managing the objective cognition of verbal memory and processing speed; meditation/mindfulness-based interventions may be the best option for enhancing attention; psychoeducation is the most effective intervention for managing executive function; CT may be the best option for managing verbal fluency as the intervention ranking probability. For the management of subjective cognition, CBT may be the most effective intervention.

Well-defined polyacrylamides with AIE properties via rapid Cu-mediated living radical polymerization in aqueous solution: thermoresponsive nanoparticles for bioimaging

There is a requirement for the development of methods for the preparation of well-controlled polymers with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties.

Aggregation-Induced Emission-Active Poly(phenyleneethynylene)s for Fluorescence and Raman Dual-Modal Imaging and Drug-Resistant Bacteria Killing

Poly(phenyleneethynylene) (PPE) is a widely used functional conjugated polymer with applications ranging from organic optoelectronics and fluorescence sensors to optical imaging and theranostics. However, the fluorescence efficiency of PPE in aggregate states is generally not as good as their solution states, which greatly compromises their performance in fluorescence-related applications. Herein, a series of PPE derivatives with typical aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties is designed and synthesized. In these PPEs, the diethylamino-substituted tetraphenylethene units function as the long-wavelength AIE source and the alkyl side chains serve as the functionalization site. The obtained AIE-active PPEs with large π-conjugation show strong aggregate-state fluorescence, interesting self-assembly behaviors, inherently enhanced alkyne vibrations in the Raman-silent region of cells, and efficient antibacterial activities. The PPE nanoparticles with good cellular uptake capability can clearly and sensitively visualize the tumor region and residual tumors via their fluorescence and Raman signals, respectively, to benefit the precise tumor resection surgery. After post-functionalization, the obtained PPE-based polyelectrolyte can preferentially image bacteria over mammalian cells and possesses efficient photodynamic killing capability against Gram-positive and drug-resistant bacteria. This work provides a feasible design strategy for developing functional conjugated polymers with multimodal imaging capability as well as photodynamic antimicrobial ability.

Expression of an Antiviral Gene GmRUN1 from Soybean Is Regulated via Intron-Mediated Enhancement (IME)

Most of R (resistance) genes encode the protein containing NBS-LRR (nucleotide binding site and leucine-rich repeat) domains. Here, N. benthamiana plants were used for transient expression assays at 3-4 weeks of age. We identified a TNL (TIR-NBS-LRR) encoding gene GmRUN1 that was resistant to both soybean mosaic virus (SMV) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Truncation analysis indicated the importance of all three canonical domains for GmRUN1-mediated antiviral activity. Promoter-GUS analysis showed that GmRUN1 expression is inducible by both salicylic acid (SA) and a transcription factor GmDREB3 via the cis-elements as-1 and ERE (ethylene response element), which are present in its promoter region. Interestingly, GmRUN1 gDNA (genomic DNA) shows higher viral resistance than its cDNA (complementary DNA), indicating the existence of intron-mediated enhancement (IME) for GmRUN1 regulation. We provided evidence that intron2 of GmRUN1 increased the mRNA level of native gene GmRUN1, a soybean antiviral gene SRC7 and also a reporter gene Luciferase, indicating the general transcriptional enhancement of intron2 in different genes. In summary, we identified an antiviral TNL type soybean gene GmRUN1, expression of which was regulated at different layers. The investigation of GmRUN1 gene regulatory network would help to explore the mechanism underlying soybean-SMV interactions.

Genome scanning reveals novel candidate genes for vertebral and teat number in the Beijing Black Pig

Porcine vertebral and teat numbers are variable and important economic traits in pig production. However, the quantitative trait loci (QTL) and candidate genes for both of these traits in the Beijing Black Pig are not yet known. In the present study, number of vertebrae and number of teats were obtained for 891 individuals of the Beijing Black Pig and genotyped using the Illumina Porcine 50 K BeadChip. Genome scanning was performed to detect associated variants and candidate genes for both traits using a genome-wide association study by tassel software. For vertebral number, 15 significant SNPs were located on SSC7. According to linkage disequilibrium analysis on SSC7, a haplotype block of 221 kb from 97.4 to 97.6 Mb was shown to contain a good candidate gene ABCD4. Interestingly, on SSC12, we recorded a novel QTL containing three significant SNPs and 34 annotated genes from 24.0 to 25.7 Mb for vertebral number. Of the 34 genes, nine Hox family genes (HOXB 1-7, 9, and 13) were found to be good candidate genes. Using the 34 genes, a gene ontology analysis was performed to detect enrichment of anterior/posterior pattern specification. For teat number, a novel chromosome-wide significant QTL was identified on SSC10. In this QTL region, one significant SNP was identified. The nearest gene, NTRK2, was regarded as a candidate gene. The present results expanded the QTL for vertebral and teat numbers and provided useful molecular markers for breeding in the Beijing Black Pig population.

LmIntegrinβ-PS is required for wing morphogenesis and development in Locusta migratoria

Wings are an important flight organ of insects and their morphogenesis depends on a series of cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions. Integrin as a transmembrane protein receptor mediates cell-to-cell adhesion, cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions and signal transduction. In the present study, we characterized an integrin gene that encodes integrinβ-PS protein in Locusta migratoria. LmIntegrinβ-PS is highly expressed in the wing pads and the middle stages of 5th instar nymphs. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the LmIntegrinβ-PS protein was localized at the cell base of the two layers of wings. After suppression of LmIntegrinβ-PS by RNA interference, the wing pads or wings were unable to form normally, with a blister wing appearance during nymph to nymph transition and nymph to adult transition. We further found that the dorsal and ventral epidermis of the wings after dsLmIntegrinβ-PS injection were improperly connected and formed huge cavities revealed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Furthermore, the morphology and structure of the wing cuticle was significantly disturbed which affected the stable arrangement and attachments of the wing epidermis. Moreover, the expression of related cell adhesion genes was significantly decreased in LmIntegrinβ-PS-suppressed L. migratoria, suggesting that LmIntegrinβ-PS is required for the morphogenesis and development of wings during molting by stabilizing cell adhesion and maintaining the cytoskeleton of these cells.

Hypoxia-activated probe for NIR fluorescence and photoacoustic dual-mode tumor imaging

Construction of tumor microenvironment responsive probe with more than one imaging modality, in particular toward hypoxia of solid tumors, is an appealing yet significantly challenging task. In this work, we designed a hypoxia-activated probe TBTO (Triphenylamine-Benzothiadiazole-Triphenylamine derivative featuring four diethylamino N-Oxide groups) for in vivo imaging. TBTO could undergo bioreduction in a hypoxic microenvironment to yield compound TBT sharing both near-infrared (NIR) aggregation-induced emission and strong twisted intramolecular charge transfer features, which endows the probe with excellent performance in NIR fluorescence and photoacoustic dual-mode tumor imaging. This study offers useful insights into designing a new generation agent for clinical cancer diagnosis.

DLC1 inhibits lung adenocarcinoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion via regulating MAPK signaling pathway

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), one of the most common cancers, is a major threat to people's health due to its high mortality, and the survival of most patients suffering LUAD remains poor. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of Deleted in Liver Cancer 1 (DLC1) as a tumor suppressor underlying the occurrence and progression of LUAD. As revealed by bioinformatics analysis and qRT-PCR, DLC1 was significantly down-regulated in LUAD tumor tissue and cells. A series of cellular experiments including CCK-8, wound healing and Transwell assays were performed to detect the effect of DLC1 on the biological function of LUAD cells. It was found that overexpressing DLC1 significantly inhibited LUAD cell proliferative, migratory and invasive abilities, while knockdown of DLC1 promoted these abilities. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and dual-luciferase assay were used to explore the downstream signaling pathway of DLC1, finding that DLC1 could remarkably inhibit the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Western blot implemented for MAPK signaling pathway-related proteins further identified that DLC1 restrained the activation of MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Furthermore, rescue experiments suggested that DLC1 inhibited LUAD cell proliferation and invasion by suppressing the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Overall, our study discussed the DLC1-dependent mechanism involved in LUAD. We found that the up-regulation of DLC1 may inhibit the malignant progression of LUAD by suppressing MAPK signaling pathway, which supports the view that DLC1 may serve as a molecular target for the targeted therapy of LUAD patients.

Controlled synthesis and upconversion luminescence properties of highly uniform and monodisperse β-NaYF4 :Yb3+ ,Tm3+ nanocrystals

Ytterbium, thulium (Yb³⁺ ,Tm³⁺ ) co-doped β-NaYF₄ upconversion nanocrystals (U-NCs) were synthesized by a convenient hydrothermal method using sodium citrate as a capping agent. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that NCs phase structures were dependent on reaction time. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results showed that the morphology of U-NCs could be controlled by adjusting the concentration of sodium citrate added in the hydrothermal reaction. Moreover, the emission spectra of the U-NCs were investigated to evaluate upconversion efficiency. Strong luminescence intensity of the U-NCs was observed after tuned with optimized concentration of sodium citrate. Furthermore, the U-NCs were incubated with MCF-7 cells at 37°C for 24 h. Under irradiation of a 980 nm laser, the upconversion blue emission of the NCs in MCF-7 cells can be clearly observed through a confocal microscope with an upconversion imaging system and high quality upconversion luminescence images can be acquired. Thus, prepared β-NaYF₄ :Yb³⁺ ,Tm³⁺ NCs provide us with highly efficient luminescent probes which can be applied for diverse bio-applications.

MIR-301b-3p Promotes Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell Proliferation, Migration and Invasion by Targeting DLC1

BACKGROUND

miR-301b-3p is reported in various human cancers for its abnormal expression, while the role and molecular mechanisms in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remain unclear, and this is the focus of the present study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

TCGA database was consulted to know gene expression in LUAD tissue. CCK-8, colony formation assay and Transwell assay were applied to identify the role of target genes in regulating LUAD cell biological properties. Bioinformatics analysis plus dual-luciferase assay were performed to validate the potential connection between genes.

RESULTS

miR-301b-3p and DLC1 were the target genes of this study and respectively differentially up-regulated and down-regulated in LUAD. Functional experiments indicated that miR-301b-3p contributed to cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion, while this effect was reversed with overexpressed DLC1 which was identified as a direct target of and regulated by miR-301b-3p.

CONCLUSIONS

Collectively, miR-301b-3p was identified to actively function on LUAD malignant progression by suppressing DLC1 expression. This discovery provides a novel therapeutic strategy for LUAD patients, which helps improve the survival of patients.

Two fatty acid synthase genes from the integument contribute to cuticular hydrocarbon biosynthesis and cuticle permeability in Locusta migratoria

Lipids of the insect cuticle have important roles in resistance against the arid environment and invasion of foreign substances. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is an important enzyme of the insect lipid synthesis pathway. In the present study, we identified three FAS genes from transcriptome data of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, based on bioinformatics analyses. Among them, two FAS genes (LmFAS1 and LmFAS3) are highly expressed in the integument of fifth instar nymphs. Suppression of LmFAS1 and LmFAS3 by RNA interference caused lethality during ecdysis or shortly after moulting. The weight of the locusts and the content of lipid droplets were reduced compared with those of the control. The results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that knockdown of LmFAS3 led to a decrease of both cuticular hydrocarbons and inner hydrocarbons (CHCs and IHCs) contents, especially the content of methyl branched hydrocarbons. By contrast, knockdown of LmFAS1 only resulted in a decrease in the IHC content, but not that of CHCs. By consequence, in LmFAS1- and LmFAS3-suppressed locusts, hydrocarbon deficiency reduced desiccation resistance and enhanced cuticle permeability and sensitivity to insecticides. These results indicate that LmFAS1 and LmFAS3 are essential for hydrocarbon production and cuticle permeability, which play influential roles in waterproofing the insect cuticle.

A perylene monoimide probe based fluorescent micelle sensor for the selective and sensitive detection of picric acid

A hydroxyl functionalized perylene monoimide probe (PMI-OH) was prepared and self-assembled with the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 (TX100) to fabricate a fluorescent micelle sensor for the selective and sensitive detection of picric acid (PA), a common explosive and environmental pollutant. The synthesized PMI-OH probe exhibited excimer fluorescence emission, and the intensity of the excimer fluorescence emission was significantly enhanced after the PMI-OH probe formed micelles with TX100. The obtained PMI-OH@TX100 micelles presented excellent photoluminescence properties and had a maximum fluorescence emission at 630 nm. The red fluorescence of the PMI-OH@TX100 micelles was quenched upon introduction of the nitro explosive PA due to electron transfer from the donor (PMI-OH) to the acceptor (PA). The fluorescence quenching of the fluorescent micelle sensor was proportional to the concentration of PA in the range of 2 to 10 μM. The limit of detection was 500 nM using 3σ/k. Thus, the developed PMI-OH@TX100 micelle sensor has great potential to detect PA in ordinary samples.

Nurses' psychological changes and coping strategies during home isolation for the 2019 novel coronavirus in China: A qualitative study

AIMS

To explore the psychological changes of nurses during home isolation, the factors that related with these changes, and coping strategies in home isolation during the epidemic of COVID-19 in China.

DESIGN

A qualitative study based on grounded theory.

METHODS

Individual semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted from January 2020-February 2020 with 10 nurses who were isolated at home sharing the experiences of the epidemic of COVID-19. All interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and analysed using constant comparative data analysis.

RESULTS

Analyses of the collected data reveal that the psychological changes of nurses during home isolation reflect a complex, dynamic, and gradually adaptive process that was affected by many factors. Nurses had many negative emotional reactions in the early stages of isolation and positive emotions gradually increased during home isolation. After release from home isolation, they become more confident and calm after. Six categories of coping strategies were identified, including reasoned cognition; autosuggestion; develop healthy protective behaviours; shifting attention; social support; and the power of a role model.

CONCLUSIONS

The study provides a better understanding of the psychological changes and the coping strategies used among nurses isolated at home. It is necessary to pay more attention to negative emotions in the early stages of home isolation to help nurses adjust quickly. The coping strategies used by nurses are likely to help those in home isolation reduce negative psychological changes and experience more optimal self-adjustment.

IMPACT

This study explored the psychological changes and coping strategies of home isolation among nurses, providing useful advice for psychologists to develop psychological crisis interventions to help individuals reduce negative psychological and have more actively coping strategies when faced sudden stressful infectious diseases.

Aza-BODIPY Probe-Decorated Mesoporous Black TiO2 Nanoplatform for the Highly Efficient Synergistic Phototherapy

As an important noninvasive tumor treatment method, phototherapy has drawn extensive research interest. However, the requirements of separate excitation wavelengths, high degree of electron-hole recombination, and low reactive oxygen species (ROS) production capability are still the major barriers. This work reports the construction of a novel nanoplatform: design and synthesis of an aza-BODIPY (AB) probe-decorated mesoporous black titanium dioxide (TiO₂) (MT) nanoparticles (NPs) for enhanced photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy under single-wavelength near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation for the first time. AB probe-decorated MT NPs (abbreviated as MTAB) were synthesized through the Al reduction of mesoporous anatase TiO₂ NPs and subsequent adsorption of the AB probe. The mesoporous structure of MT ensured AB loading capacity and avoided the complicated modification and synthesis processes. Heterogeneous MTAB, which possessed staggered energy levels, were assessed for their capability for effective separation of photogenerated electrons and holes for the first time. Upon NIR laser light irradiation, MTAB exhibited sufficient ROS generation, resulting in distinct tumor cell killing and tumor tissue elimination. This unique heterogeneous nanoplatform with staggered energy levels provides a new strategy to enhance ROS generation and improve the therapeutic efficacy.

Factors associated with nurses' willingness to participate in care of patients with COVID-19: A survey in China

Aim

The research aims to assess nurses’ willingness to participate in care of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in China and to identify its associated factors.

Background

Along with the increasing number of infections, the world has paid widespread attention to COVID‐19.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study used a convenience sampling method that included a demographics questionnaire and the Nurses' Perceived Professional Benefits Questionnaire. The survey was distributed to 1,787 nurses from 36 hospitals in China.

Results

In total, 1,176 questionnaires were usable for this research. 92.79% of nurses were willing to participate in care of patients with COVID‐19. Intensive care unit (ICU) nurses were less willing to participate, while surgical nurses were more willing to participate. In addition, nurses with high positive professional perception scores were more willing to participate than those with low scores.

Conclusion

The vast majority of nurses were willing to participate in care of patients with COVID‐19 in China. Surgical nurses and nurses with positive professional perceptions are more likely to be willing to participate in treatment.

Implications for nursing management

To increase nurses’ willingness to participate in care of patients with COVID‐19, improving the sense of perceived professional benefits, offering salary and offering paid sick leave for nursing staff are effective ways. In addition, raising the awareness of infectious diseases and increased pre‐disaster training during infectious diseases is critical.

miR-29b enhances the proliferation and migration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in rats with castration-induced osteoporosis through the PI3K/AKT and TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of microRNA (miR)-29b in the proliferation and migration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in rats with castration-induced osteoporosis and the relevant mechanisms. The gene expression profiling microarray technique was utilized to sequence the BMSCs with overexpressed miR-29b. The intersection of the potential targets and the genes downregulated in the sequencing were utilized for GO enrichment analysis. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was employed to analyze the effect of miR-29b on signaling pathways. Additionally, the effects of miR-29b overexpression on the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic protein (Smad) signaling pathways were detected via RT-qPCR assay and western blotting. The expression level of miR-29b was found to be significantly reduced in bone marrow tissues of postmenopausal osteoporosis patients and BMSCs of rats with castration-induced osteoporosis established via ovariectomy. Based on transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics software prediction, 76 potential targets of miR-29b were obtained, which were distinctly enriched in such biological processes as cell proliferation, cell cycle, cell migration and cell adhesion. The results of CCK-8 and EdU assays showed that overexpression of miR-29b overtly promoted the proliferation of BMSCs in rats with castration-induced osteoporosis. Moreover, the Transwell assay results revealed that the overexpression of miR-29b significantly facilitated the migration of BMSCs in rats with castration-induced osteoporosis. According to RT-qPCR assay and western blotting, miR-29b activated the PI3K/AKT and TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways. miR-29b exhibited a clearly lower expression level in the bone marrow tissues of the postmenopausal osteoporosis patients and BMSCs of rats with castration-induced osteoporosis established via ovariectomy. Overexpression of miR-29b was able to enhance the proliferation and migration ability of BMSCs in rats with castration-induced osteoporosis, and such an enhancement may be correlated with the activation of the PI3K/AKT and TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways.

The prevalence and prevention of pressure ulcers: A multicenter study of nine nursing homes in eastern China

AIM

To assess the prevalence, related factors, and strategies for the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers (PUs) in nursing homes in eastern China.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this cross-sectional multicenter survey, assessments of 1158 residents in nine nursing homes in eastern China were conducted on a single day in August of 2019.

RESULTS

Of the 1158 residents, 56 (4.8%) had at least one PU. Most of the identified PUs were classified as stage 3 (39.3%) and developed at home (55.4%). By multiple regression analysis, eating mode, bed-bound, and Braden score were significant association with the development of PUs in nursing homes.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of PUs in this study was similar to that reported by previous international studies. The implementation of measures for the prevention and treatment of PUs is insufficient in nursing homes in eastern China. Further, this study raised the issue of the lack of measures to prevent the development of PUs at home.

Mucin family genes are essential for the growth and development of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria

Mucins are highly glycosylated proteins that are characterized by a higher proportion of threonine, serine, and proline residues in their sequences. Although mucins in humans and vertebrates have been implicated in many biological processes, their roles in growth and development in invertebrates such as in insects remain largely unknown. Based on bioinformatic analyses, we identified eight mucin or mucin-like genes in the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. RNA interference against these genes demonstrated that three Lmmucin genes were essential for the survival of L. migratoria nymphs, and one Lmmucin was required for adult wing development. Indeed, knockdown of Lmhemomucin and Lmmucin-12 caused lethal phenotypes, with an observed defect of the gastric caeca in which cells were detached from cell junctions. Deficiency of LmIIM3 resulted in lethality of nymphs, with defects of the peritrophic membrane in midgut. Suppression of Lmmucin-17 greatly impaired the structural integrity of the wing cuticle during nymph-adult molting. The present study revealed the significance of mucin and mucin-like genes in insect growth and development, using the orthopteran insect locust as a model.