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Khan HA, Ibrahim KE, Alrashood ST, Alamery S, Alrokayan SH, Al-Harbi N, Al-Mutary MG, Sobki SH, Khan I. Immunohistochemistry of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in spleens of mice treated with gold nanoparticles. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:1163-1168. [PMID: 32256179 PMCID: PMC7105655 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) possess considerable biocompatibility and therefore gaining more attention for their biomedical applications. Previous studies have shown the transient increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines expression in different organs of rats and mice exposed to AuNPs. Structural changes in the spleen of mice treated with AuNPs have also been reported. This investigation was aimed to study the immunostaining of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in mice treated with different sizes of AuNPs. The animals were divided into 7 groups of 4 animals in each group. One group received saline and served as control. Two sets of three groups were treated with 5 nm, 20 nm and 50 nm diameter AuNPs. One set was sacrificed on day 1 and the other on day 7 following the AuNPs injections. Spleens were dissected out and promptly fixed in formalin for 3 days and then processed for IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α immunostaining using target-specific antibodies. The immunoreactivities of IL-1β and IL-6 were increased with the increase of AuNP size. The immunostaining of IL-1β in spleen of 20 nm AuNP treated mice was subsequently decreased on day 7 whereas it persisted in 50 nm AuNP group. The increase in the immunoreactivity of IL-6 on day 1 was decreased on day 7 in the spleens of mice treated with 20 nm or 50 nm AuNPs. The immunostaining of TNF-α was found to be negative in all the treatment groups. In conclusion, the size of AuNPs plays an important role in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in mouse spleen; small size (5 nm) AuNPs caused minimal effect, whereas larger (50 nm) AuNPs produced intense immunostaining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb A. Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid E. Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara T. Alrashood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman Alamery
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman H. Alrokayan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najla Al-Harbi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohsen G. Al-Mutary
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Education, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samia H. Sobki
- Department of Central Military Laboratory and Blood Bank, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 11159, Saudi Arabia
| | - Isra Khan
- Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital, Bareilly 243006, India
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Patel M, Siddiqi NJ, Sharma P, Alhomida AS, Khan HA. Reproductive Toxicity of Pomegranate Peel Extract Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles: A Multigeneration Study in C. elegans. Journal of Nanomaterials 2019; 2019:1-7. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/8767943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
C. elegans is a preferential model for testing environmental toxicity of compounds including nanomaterials. The impact of multigeneration exposure of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the lifespan and fertility of C. elegans is not known and therefore is investigated in this study. We used pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel extracts as a reducing agent to synthesize gold nanoparticles (PPE-AuNPs) from chloroauric acid. Nematodes were grown till adult stage and then exposed to 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml of PPE-AuNPs at 20°C for 72 hours and then assessed for lifespan and fertility. The same protocols were followed for subsequent F1, F2, and F3 generations. The results showed that PPE-AuNPs dose-dependently but insignificantly reduced the lifespan of C. elegans. Exposure of PPE-AuNPs significantly and dose-dependently reduced the fertility of C. elegans in terms of the number of eggs produced. The reproductive toxicity of PPE-AuNPs was found to be minimal in parental generation (F0) and maximal in F3 generation. In conclusion, biologically synthesized PPE-AuNPs adversely affect the fertility of C. elegans while the factors responsible for reproductive toxicity are inherited by subsequent generations.
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Alwelaie MA, Al-Mutary MG, Siddiqi NJ, Arafah MM, Alhomida AS, Khan HA. Time-Course Evaluation of Iminodipropionitrile-Induced Liver and Kidney Toxicities in Rats: A Biochemical, Molecular and Histopathological Study. Dose Response 2019; 17:1559325819852233. [PMID: 31191186 PMCID: PMC6537673 DOI: 10.1177/1559325819852233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) is known to produce axonopathy and vestibular hair cell degeneration. Recent histopathological studies have shown IDPN-induced liver and kidney toxicities in rodents; however, the associated mechanisms are not clearly understood. We investigated the role of proinflammatory cytokines in IDPN-induced liver and kidney toxicities in rats. Rats were treated with saline (control) and IDPN (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) daily for 1, 5, and 10 days, respectively. Animals were killed 24 hours after the last dose and liver and kidneys were collected for histopathology and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α messenger RNA expression analysis. Serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities were significantly increased after 10 doses of IDPN. The level of serum creatinine was initially increased after the first dose of IDPN but subsided on days 5 and 10. Blood urea nitrogen levels were significantly increased on days 5 and 10 following IDPN exposure. Histopathology showed dose-dependent hepatotoxicity in IDPN-treated rats. Iminodipropionitrile-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines peaked after day 1 in liver and after day 5 in kidneys. In conclusion, repeated exposure of IDPN for 10 days produced significant structural and functional damages in rat liver whereas kidneys showed gradual recovery with time. These findings point toward the role of inflammatory mediators in IDPN-induced toxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar A. Alwelaie
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohsen G. Al-Mutary
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Education, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nikhat J. Siddiqi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha M. Arafah
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S. Alhomida
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haseeb A. Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Haseeb A. Khan, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, Bldg. 5. King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. Emails: ;
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Khan HA, Alamery S, Ibrahim KE, El-Nagar DM, Al-Harbi N, Rusop M, Alrokayan SH. Size and time-dependent induction of proinflammatory cytokines expression in brains of mice treated with gold nanoparticles. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 26:625-631. [PMID: 30899181 PMCID: PMC6408702 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are among the ideal nano-sized materials for medical applications such as imaging and drug delivery. Considering the significance of recent reports on acute phase induction of inflammatory mediators by GNPs, we studied the effect of GNPs on proinflammatory cytokines gene expression in mouse brain. Group 1 served as control whereas groups 2-4 were given only one intraperitoneal dose of 5, 20 and 50 nm GNPs, respectively and sacrificed after 24 h. The animals in groups 5-7 also received the same treatment but sacrificed after 7 days. Groups 8-10 received two injections of GNPs (5, 20 and 50 nm, respectively), first at the beginning of study and second on day 6, and sacrificed on day 7. Total RNA was extracted from the cerebral tissue and analyzed for the gene expressions of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. A single injection of 5 nm diameter GNPs significantly increased the mRNA expression of IL-1β and IL-6 in mouse brain on day 7, which was not augmented by the second dose of the same GNPs. Larger size GNPs (20 nm and 50 nm) did not cause any significant change in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in mouse brain. In conclusion, systemic administration of small sized GNPs (5 nm) induced a proinflammatory cascade in mouse brain indicating a crucial role of GNPs size on immune response. It is important to use the right sized GNPs in order to avoid an acute phase inflammatory response that could be cytotoxic or interfere with the bioavailability of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb A. Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman Alamery
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid E. Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Doaa M. El-Nagar
- Department of Zoology, College of Girls for Science, Arts and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Najla Al-Harbi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad Rusop
- NANO-Electronic Centre, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Salman H. Alrokayan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Ibrahim KE, Al-Mutary MG, Bakhiet AO, Khan HA. Histopathology of the Liver, Kidney, and Spleen of Mice Exposed to Gold Nanoparticles. Molecules 2018; 23:E1848. [PMID: 30044410 PMCID: PMC6222535 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23081848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are biocompatible nanomaterials that are currently researched for biomedical applications such as imaging and targeted drug delivery. In this investigation, we studied the effects of a single dose (injected on day 1) as well as a priming dose (two injections with a gap of one week) of 5 nm, 20 nm, and 50 nm diameter GNPs on the structural and biochemical changes in the liver, kidney, and spleen of mice. The results showed that small sized GNPs (5 nm) produced significant pathological changes in the liver on day 2 that gradually reduced on day 8. The medium (20 nm) and large (50 nm) sized GNPs preferentially targeted the spleen and caused significant pathological changes to the spleen architecture on day 2 that persisted on day 8 as well. There were minimal and insignificant pathological changes to the kidneys irrespective of the GNPs size. The animals that were primed with the pre-exposure of GNPs did not show any aggravation of histological changes after the second dose of the same GNPs. None of the dose regimens of the GNPs were able to significantly affect the markers of oxidative stress including glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in all of the organs that were studied. In conclusion, the size of GNPs plays an important role in their pathological effects on different organs of mice. Moreover, the primed animals become refractory to further pathological changes after the second dose of GNPs, suggesting the importance of a priming dose in medical applications of GNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Elfaki Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohsen Ghaleb Al-Mutary
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Education, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Amel Omer Bakhiet
- Deanship of Scientific Research, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum 11111, Sudan.
| | - Haseeb Ahmad Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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