1
|
Yalfani A, Bigdeli N, Gandomi F. Comparing the effects of suspension and isometric-isotonic training on postural stability, lumbopelvic control, and proprioception in women with diastasis recti abdominis: a randomized, single-blinded, controlled trial. Physiother Theory Pract 2023; 39:2596-2608. [PMID: 35819090 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2022.2100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diastasis recti abdominis (DRA) affects a significant number of women in the postpartum period. OBJECTIVE This study compared the effectiveness of suspension training system (STS) with that of isometric-isotonic (ISoM-ISoT) exercises in the treatment of DRA and its secondary complications. METHODS Thirty-six women with DRA participated in this study. They were divided into the three groups of STS, ISoM-ISoT, and control. Inter-recti distance (IRD), proprioception, lumbopelvic control, postural stability, low back pain, and disability were assessed using a digital caliper, a goniometer, a lateral step-down test, a Biodex balance system, a visual analogue scale (VAS), and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), respectively. Two intervention groups underwent training for 8-week and the control group resumed their normal lives. RESULTS Positive effects were observed in the STS and ISoM-ISoT groups compared with the control group in: IRD (P = .001); lumbopelvic proprioception (P = .001); lumbopelvic control (P = .001); overall static balance (P = .010); overall dynamic balance (P = .012); low back pain (P = .001); and disability (P = .001). However, there was no significant difference between the training groups in: IRD (P = .12, MD = -2.76); lumbopelvic proprioception (P = .48, MD = -0.50); lumbopelvic control (P = .14, MD = 1.53); static balance (P = .62, MD = 0.07); dynamic balance (P = .27, MD = 0.33); pain (P = .25, MD = -0.52); and disability (P = .48, MD = -1.74). The results of the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) and minimal detectable change (MDC) suggested that the STS exercises outperformed ISoM-ISoT training regarding IRD, pain, disability, and proprioception, whereas ISoM-ISoT training had a better effect in lumbopelvic control and balance. CONCLUSION The results of our study showed that the STS had a positive effect on women with DRA and like the ISoM-ISoT exercises can be used to treat this dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Yalfani
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Nahid Bigdeli
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Gandomi
- Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Marquina Nieto M, Rivilla-García J, de la Rubia A, Lorenzo-Calvo J. Assessment of the Speed and Power of Push-Ups Performed on Surfaces with Different Degrees of Instability. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:13739. [PMID: 36360619 PMCID: PMC9658261 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192113739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
(I) Training in unstable conditions, with different elements, platforms, or situations, has been used because there is a significant increase in muscle activation, balance, proprioception, and even sports performance. However, it is not known how the devices used are classified according to performance variables, nor the differences according to instability experience. (II) This study aims to analyze the differences in power and speed in push-ups with different situations of instability in trained and untrained male subjects. Power and speed in push-up exercise were analyzed in 26 untrained and 25 trained participants in 6 different situations (one stable and five unstable) (1) stable (PS), (2) monopodal (PM), (3) rings (PR), (4) TRX® (PT), (5) hands-on Bosu® (PH) (6) feet on Bosu® (PF). The variables were analyzed using a linear position transducer. (III) The best data were evidenced with PS, followed by PR, PM, PT, PH and PF. The trained subjects obtained better results in all the conditions analyzed in mean and maximum power and speed values (p < 0.001). The decrease in these variables was significantly greater in the untrained subjects than in the trained subjects in the PR situation (8% and 18% respectively). In PF there were differences between groups (p < 0.001), reaching between 32-46% in all variables. The difference between the two groups was notable, varying between 12-58%. (IV) The results showed a negative and progressive influence of instability on power and speed in push-ups. This suggests that instability should be adapted to the subject's experience and is not advisable in untrained subjects who wish to improve power.
Collapse
|
3
|
Oyama S, Palmer TG. Effectiveness of Core Exercise Training Programs Designed to Enhance Ball-Throwing Velocity in Overhead Athletes: A Systematic Review. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
4
|
Marquina M, Lorenzo-Calvo J, Rivilla-García J, García-Aliaga A, Refoyo Román I. Effects on Strength, Power and Speed Execution Using Exercise Balls, Semi-Sphere Balance Balls and Suspension Training Devices: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:1026. [PMID: 33498957 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research in instability has focused on the analysis of muscle activation. The aim of this systematic review was to analyse the effects of unstable devices on speed, strength and muscle power measurements administered in the form of controlled trials to healthy individuals in adulthood. A computerized systematic literature search was performed through electronic databases. According to the criteria for preparing systematic reviews PRISMA, nine studies met the inclusion criteria. The quality of the selected studies was evaluated using STROBE. The average score was 14.3 points, and the highest scores were located in ‘Introduction’ (100%) and ‘Discussion’ (80%). There is great heterogeneity in terms of performance variables. However, instability seems to affect these variables negatively. The strength variable was affected to a greater degree, but with intensities near to the 1RM, no differences are observed. As for power, a greater number of repetitions seems to benefit the production of this variable in instability in the upper limb. Instability, in comparison to a stable condition, decreases the parameters of strength, power, and muscular speed in adults. The differences shown are quite significant in most situations although slight decreases can be seen in certain situations.
Collapse
|
5
|
Bigolin AV, Jost RT, Franceschi R, Wermann R, FalcÃo R, DO-Pinho AS, Plentz RDM, Cavazzola LT. What is the best method to assess the abdominal wall? Restoring strength does not mean functional recovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 33:e1487. [PMID: 32609254 PMCID: PMC7325695 DOI: 10.1590/0102-672020190001e1487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Restoring the contractile function to the abdominal wall is a major goal in
hernia repair. However, the core understanding is required when choosing the
method for outcome assessment. Aim: To assess the role of the anterolateral abdominal muscles on abdominal wall
function in patients undergoing hernia repair by analysis of correlation
between the surface electromyography activation signal of these muscles and
torque produced during validated strength tests. Methods: Activation of the rectus abdominis, external oblique, and internal
oblique/transverse abdominis muscles was evaluated by surface
electromyography during two validated tests: Step: 1-A, isometric
contraction in dorsal decubitus; 1-B, isometric contraction in lateral
decubitus; 2-A, isokinetic Biodex testing; and 2-B, isometric Biodex
testing. Results: Twenty healthy volunteers were evaluated. The linear correlation coefficient
between root mean square/peak data obtained from surface electromyography
signal analysis for each muscle and the peak torque variable was always
<0.2 and statistically non-significant (p<0.05). The
agonist/antagonist ratio showed a positive, significant, weak-to-moderate
correlation in the external oblique (Peak, p=0.027; root mean square,
0.564). Surface electromyography results correlated positively among
different abdominal contraction protocols, as well as with a daily physical
activity questionnaire. Conclusions: There was no correlation between surface electromyography examination of the
anterolateral abdominal wall muscles and torque measured by a validated
instrument, except in a variable that does not directly represent torque
generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Vicente Bigolin
- Cirurgia do Aparelho Digestivo, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Renan Trevisan Jost
- Cirurgia do Aparelho Digestivo, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Rafaela Franceschi
- Cirurgia do Aparelho Digestivo, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Rodolfo Wermann
- Cirurgia do Aparelho Digestivo, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo FalcÃo
- Cirurgia do Aparelho Digestivo, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | | | - Rodrigo Della Mea Plentz
- Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Leandro Totti Cavazzola
- Cirurgia do Aparelho Digestivo, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kullman EL, Saylor SM, Little KD. Efficacy of whole-body suspension training on enhancing functional movement abilities following a supervised or home-based training program. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 60:244-250. [PMID: 31665874 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.10066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of suspension training on functional movement and body composition, and to compare the effectiveness of home-based training to supervised training. METHODS Seventeen healthy subjects (8 males, 9 females, age=21.8±3.4 y) with no recent history of resistance training were randomly assigned to a home-based or supervised training group. Subjects performed an 8-week suspension training program consisting of 10 exercises targeting major muscle groups, twice per week for the duration of the study. Pre- and post-intervention testing included body composition using air displacement plethysmography, and a functional movement screen (FMS) to measure functional movement abilities. RESULTS The 8-week training program significantly improved total FMS scores across the whole sample of subjects (Pre=16.4; Post=17.5; P=0.004), with no differences in improvements between groups. When compared separately, only the supervised group significantly improved FMS scores. There was also a significant increase in lean mass across the total sample of subjects (Pre=52.4 kg; Post=53.3 kg; P=0.03) with no differences between groups. But when compared independently, neither group exhibited a significant increase in lean mass. CONCLUSIONS When completed as a whole-body exercise program over an 8-week period, suspension training can improve functional ability and increase lean mass in both a supervised and a home-based setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Kullman
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA -
| | - Shelby M Saylor
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kathleen D Little
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Aguilera-Castells J, Buscà B, Morales J, Solana-Tramunt M, Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe A, Rey-Abella F, Bantulà J, Peña J. Muscle activity of Bulgarian squat. Effects of additional vibration, suspension and unstable surface. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221710. [PMID: 31449568 PMCID: PMC6709890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Practitioners of strength and conditioning are increasingly using vibration and unstable environments to enhance training effects. However, little evidence has been found comparing the use of suspension devices and vibratory platforms used in the Bulgarian squat. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the effect of suspension devices (TRX®), unstable surfaces (BOSU®), and vibration plates on muscle activity and force during the Bulgarian squat. Twenty physically active male students (age = 24.40 ± 3.63 years) performed a set of five repetitions of Bulgarian squats, suspended lunges, suspended lunges-BOSU, suspended lunges-Vibro30, and suspended lunges-Vibro40 (vibration 30 Hz or 40 Hz and 4 mm of amplitude). A randomized within-subject design was used to compare leg muscle activity, vertical ground reaction forces, and force exerted on the strap across the five exercises. Results showed no significant differences in muscle activity between the Bulgarian squat and suspended lunge (p = 0.109, d = 2.84). However, the suspended lunge significantly decreased muscle activation compared to the suspended lunge-BOSU (p = 0.012, d = 0.47), suspended lunge-Vibro30 (p = 0.001, d = 1.26), and suspended lunge-Vibro40 (p = 0.000, d = 1.51). Likewise, the Bulgarian squat achieved lower activity than the suspended lunge-Vibro40 (p = 0.010, d = 0.96). The force on the strap significantly decreased in the suspended lunge-BOSU compared to the suspended lunge-Vibro30 (p = 0.009, d = 0.56). The suspended lunge achieved higher front leg force production than the Bulgarian squat (p = 0.006, d = 0.48). In conclusion, leaning the rear leg on a suspension device does not provoke an increase in the activation of the front leg during the Bulgarian squat but increases the vertical ground reaction forces. Thus, the use of unstable surfaces or vibration plates for the front leg increased muscular activity when performing a suspended lunge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Aguilera-Castells
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernat Buscà
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Jose Morales
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Solana-Tramunt
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Azahara Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Health Science Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Rey-Abella
- School of Health Science Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Bantulà
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Peña
- Sport and Physical Activity Studies Center (CEEAF), University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Silva FHO, Arantes FJ, Gregorio FC, Santos FRA, Fidale TM, Bérzin F, Bigaton DR, Lizardo FB. Comparison of the Electromyographic Activity of the Trunk and Rectus Femoris Muscles During Traditional Crunch and Exercise Using the 5-Minute Shaper Device. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 34:1-10. [PMID: 31373978 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Silva, FHO, Arantes, FJ, Gregorio, FC, Santos, FRA, Fidale, TM, Bérzin, F, Bigaton, DR, and Lizardo, FB. Comparison of the electromyographic activity of the trunk and rectus femoris muscles during traditional crunch and exercise using the 5-minute Shaper device. J Strength Cond Res 34(1): 1-10, 2020-Different training devices are available to trigger greater activation of the abdominal muscles compared with that achieved during traditional abdominal exercises. This study aimed to compare the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the upper and lower rectus abdominis, external oblique abdominis, erector spinae, and rectus femoris (RF) muscles during traditional crunch and exercise using the 5-minute Shaper device. A convenience sample of 15 healthy men (mean ± SD; age: 23.65 ± 4.49 years, body fat percentage: 14.26 ± 3.56%) was selected. All men regularly participated in physical activity. Electromyographic data were collected for 5 repetitions of each abdominal exercise (traditional crunch and exercise using the 5-minute Shaper device at beginner, intermediate, advanced, and extreme levels) in a randomized and counterbalanced manner. Data were collected using simple differential surface electrodes and analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance (p < 0.05). Electromyographic signals were quantified using a root-mean-square analysis and normalized using the maximum voluntary isometric contraction. Traditional crunch produced greater or similar EMG activity in the abdominal muscles and minimized RF activity compared to the 5-minute Shaper device, hence, traditional crunch is preferred for training, especially for individuals with weak abdominal musculature and lower back problems. Therefore, the use of the 5-minute Shaper device may be questioned when it is intended to intensify the activity of the abdominal muscles; however, this apparatus may be used if greater variations in training are desired, depending on individual preferences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio H O Silva
- Laboratory of Kinesiologic Electromyography, Department of Human Anatomy, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil; and
| | - Franciel J Arantes
- Laboratory of Kinesiologic Electromyography, Department of Human Anatomy, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil; and
| | - Fabio C Gregorio
- Laboratory of Kinesiologic Electromyography, Department of Human Anatomy, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil; and
| | - Fhillipe R A Santos
- Laboratory of Kinesiologic Electromyography, Department of Human Anatomy, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil; and
| | - Thiago M Fidale
- Laboratory of Kinesiologic Electromyography, Department of Human Anatomy, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil; and
| | - Fausto Bérzin
- Postgraduate Program in Bucco-Dental Biology, Dental School of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Delaine R Bigaton
- Postgraduate Program in Bucco-Dental Biology, Dental School of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederico B Lizardo
- Laboratory of Kinesiologic Electromyography, Department of Human Anatomy, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil; and
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Giancotti GF, Fusco A, Iannaccone A, Cortis C. Short-Term Effects of Suspension Training on Strength and Power Performances. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2018; 3. [PMID: 33466980 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk3040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Suspension Training (ST) workouts include a variety of movements requiring the individual to maintain balance while performing various resistance exercises in an interval fashion. Although ST is thought to elicit higher muscle activations than traditional exercises, only limited information is available on its acute effects on strength and power performances, especially in relation to gender. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the strength and power acute responses after ST, also in relation to gender. Eighty-eight (46 males, 42 females) participants were administered countermovement jumps (CMJ), squat jumps (SJ), lower limb Maximum Voluntary Contraction (MVC) at 90° angle knee extension, and grip strength (handgrip) before (PRE) and after (POST) a 50 min ST session involving upper, lower body and core exercises. ANOVA for repeated measures was used to evaluate the differences (p < 0.05) in relation to gender and experimental session. After ST session, significantly higher values emerged in males, whereas no significant changes were found in females. Findings indicate that ST as a form of exercise is useful to maintain and improve acute strength and power performances, especially in male participants. Future studies should be carried out to explore the gender-related differences in response to acute bout of ST exercises.
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Mueller J, Hadzic M, Mugele H, Stoll J, Mueller S, Mayer F. Effect of high-intensity perturbations during core-specific sensorimotor exercises on trunk muscle activation. J Biomech 2018; 70:212-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
12
|
Abstract
This investigation examined effects of two exercise modes (barbell, BB; bodyweight suspension, BWS) on muscle activation, resistance load, and fatigue. During session one, nine resistance-trained males completed an elbow flexion one-repetition maximum (1RM). During sessions two and three, subjects completed standing biceps curls to fatigue at 70% 1RM utilizing a randomized exercise mode. Surface electromyography (sEMG) recorded muscle activation of the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid, rectus abdominis, and erector spinae. BWS resistance load was measured using a force transducer. Standing maximal voluntary isometric contractions of the elbow flexors recorded at 90° were used to determine the isometric force decrement and rate of fatigue (ROF) during exercise. sEMG and resistance load data were divided into 25% contraction duration bins throughout the concentric phase. BWS resulted in a 67.7 ± 7.4% decline in resistance load throughout the concentric phase (p ≤ 0.05). As a result, BB elicited higher mean resistance loads (31.4 ± 4.0 kg) and biceps brachii sEMG (84.7 ± 27.8% maximal voluntary isometric contractions, MVIC) compared with BWS (20.4 ± 3.4 kg, 63.4 ± 21.6% MVIC). No difference in rectus abdominis or erector spinae sEMG was detected between exercise modes. Isometric force decrement was greater during BWS (-21.7 ± 7.0 kg) compared with BB (-14.9 ± 4.7 kg); however, BB (-3.0 ± 0.8 kg/set) resulted in a steeper decline in ROF compared with BWS (-1.7 ± 0.6 kg/set). The variable resistance loading and greater isometric force decrement observed suggest that select BWS exercises may resemble variable resistance exercise more than previously considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trent E Cayot
- a Department of Kinesiology , University of Toledo , Toledo , OH , USA.,b Division of Mathematics, Computer, and Natural Sciences , Ohio Dominican University , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Jakob D Lauver
- a Department of Kinesiology , University of Toledo , Toledo , OH , USA.,c Department of Exercise Science and Physical Education , Adrian College , Adrian , MI , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|