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Sheikh AM, Tabassum S. Potential role of tubulin glutamylation in neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1191-1192. [PMID: 37905859 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.385859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Md Sheikh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Shimane, Japan
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Mahalingan KK, Grotjahn DA, Li Y, Lander GC, Zehr EA, Roll-Mecak A. Structural basis for α-tubulin-specific and modification state-dependent glutamylation. Nat Chem Biol 2024:10.1038/s41589-024-01599-0. [PMID: 38658656 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-024-01599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Microtubules have spatiotemporally complex posttranslational modification patterns. Tubulin tyrosine ligase-like (TTLL) enzymes introduce the most prevalent modifications on α-tubulin and β-tubulin. How TTLLs specialize for specific substrate recognition and ultimately modification-pattern generation is largely unknown. TTLL6, a glutamylase implicated in ciliopathies, preferentially modifies tubulin α-tails in microtubules. Cryo-electron microscopy, kinetic analysis and single-molecule biochemistry reveal an unprecedented quadrivalent recognition that ensures simultaneous readout of microtubule geometry and posttranslational modification status. By binding to a β-tubulin subunit, TTLL6 modifies the α-tail of the longitudinally adjacent tubulin dimer. Spanning two tubulin dimers along and across protofilaments (PFs) ensures fidelity of recognition of both the α-tail and the microtubule. Moreover, TTLL6 reads out and is stimulated by glutamylation of the β-tail of the laterally adjacent tubulin dimer, mediating crosstalk between α-tail and β-tail. This positive feedback loop can generate localized microtubule glutamylation patterns. Our work uncovers general principles that generate tubulin chemical and topographic complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore K Mahalingan
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Danielle A Grotjahn
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Proteomics Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gabriel C Lander
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Elena A Zehr
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Biochemistry & Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Aljammal R, Saravanan T, Guan T, Rhodes S, Robichaux MA, Ramamurthy V. Excessive tubulin glutamylation leads to progressive cone-rod dystrophy and loss of outer segment integrity. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:802-817. [PMID: 38297980 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddae013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Cytosolic Carboxypeptidase-like Protein 5 (CCP5) are associated with vision loss in humans. To decipher the mechanisms behind CCP5-associated blindness, we generated a novel mouse model lacking CCP5. In this model, we found that increased tubulin glutamylation led to progressive cone-rod dystrophy, with cones showing a more pronounced and earlier functional loss than rod photoreceptors. The observed functional reduction was not due to cell death, levels, or the mislocalization of major phototransduction proteins. Instead, the increased tubulin glutamylation caused shortened photoreceptor axonemes and the formation of numerous abnormal membranous whorls that disrupted the integrity of photoreceptor outer segments (OS). Ultimately, excessive tubulin glutamylation led to the progressive loss of photoreceptors, affecting cones more severely than rods. Our results highlight the importance of maintaining tubulin glutamylation for normal photoreceptor function. Furthermore, we demonstrate that murine cone photoreceptors are more sensitive to disrupted tubulin glutamylation levels than rods, suggesting an essential role for axoneme in the structural integrity of the cone outer segment. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of photoreceptor diseases linked to excessive tubulin glutamylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawaa Aljammal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, One Stadium Dr, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Thamaraiselvi Saravanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, One Stadium Dr, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Tongju Guan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, One Stadium Dr, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Scott Rhodes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, One Stadium Dr, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Michael A Robichaux
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, One Stadium Dr, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Visvanathan Ramamurthy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, One Stadium Dr, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
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Gogus B, Elmas M, Turk Boru U. Genetic aspects of ataxias in a cohort of Turkish patients. Neurol Sci 2024:10.1007/s10072-024-07484-x. [PMID: 38587696 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-024-07484-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ataxia is one of the clinical findings of the movement disorder disease group. Although there are many underlying etiological reasons, genetic etiology has an increasing significance thanks to the recently developing technology. The aim of this study is to present the variants detected in WES analysis excluding non-genetic causes, in patients with ataxia. METHODS Thirty-six patients who were referred to us with findings of ataxia and diagnosed through WES or other molecular genetic analysis methods were included in our study. At the same time, information such as the onset time of the complaints, consanguinity status between parents, and the presence of relatives with similar symptoms were evaluated. If available, the patient's biochemical and radiological test results were presented. RESULTS Thirty-six patients were diagnosed through WES or CES. The rate of detected autosomal recessive inheritance disease was 80.5%, while that of autosomal dominant inheritance disease was 19.5%. Abnormal cerebellum was detected on brain MRI images in 26 patients, while polyneuropathy was detected on EMG in eleven of them. While the majority of the patients were compatible with similar cases reported in the literature, five patients had different/additional features (variants in MCM3AP, AGTPBP1, GDAP2, and SH3TC2 genes). CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of ataxia patients with unknown etiology is made possible thanks to these clues. Consideration of a genetic approach is recommended in patients with ataxia of unknown etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basak Gogus
- Ministry of Health General Directorate of Public Health, Ankara, Turkey.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
| | - Muhsin Elmas
- Department of Medical Genetics, İstanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ulku Turk Boru
- Department of Neurology, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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5
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Power KM, Nguyen KC, Silva A, Singh S, Hall DH, Rongo C, Barr MM. NEKL-4 regulates microtubule stability and mitochondrial health in C. elegans ciliated neurons. bioRxiv 2024:2024.02.14.580304. [PMID: 38405845 PMCID: PMC10888866 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.14.580304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Ciliopathies are often caused by defects in the ciliary microtubule core. Glutamylation is abundant in cilia, and its dysregulation may contribute to ciliopathies and neurodegeneration. Mutation of the deglutamylase CCP1 causes infantile-onset neurodegeneration. In C. elegans, ccpp-1 loss causes age-related ciliary degradation that is suppressed by mutation in the conserved NEK10 homolog nekl-4. NEKL-4 is absent from cilia, yet negatively regulates ciliary stability via an unknown, glutamylation-independent mechanism. We show that NEKL-4 was mitochondria-associated. nekl-4 mutants had longer mitochondria, a higher baseline mitochondrial oxidation state, and suppressed ccpp-1 mutant lifespan extension in response to oxidative stress. A kinase-dead nekl-4(KD) mutant ectopically localized to ccpp-1 cilia and rescued degenerating microtubule doublet B-tubules. A nondegradable nekl-4(PESTΔ) mutant resembled the ccpp-1 mutant with dye filling defects and B-tubule breaks. The nekl-4(PESTΔ) Dyf phenotype was suppressed by mutation in the depolymerizing kinesin-8 KLP-13/KIF19A. We conclude that NEKL-4 influences ciliary stability by activating ciliary kinesins and promoting mitochondrial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiden M Power
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Ken C Nguyen
- Center for C. elegans Anatomy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Andriele Silva
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America
| | - Shaneen Singh
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America
| | - David H Hall
- Center for C. elegans Anatomy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Christopher Rongo
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Maureen M Barr
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
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Zafar S, Fatima SI, Schmitz M, Zerr I. Current Technologies Unraveling the Significance of Post-Translational Modifications (PTMs) as Crucial Players in Neurodegeneration. Biomolecules 2024; 14:118. [PMID: 38254718 PMCID: PMC10813409 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease, are identified and characterized by the progressive loss of neurons and neuronal dysfunction, resulting in cognitive and motor impairment. Recent research has shown the importance of PTMs, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, nitration, truncation, O-GlcNAcylation, and hydroxylation, in the progression of neurodegenerative disorders. PTMs can alter protein structure and function, affecting protein stability, localization, interactions, and enzymatic activity. Aberrant PTMs can lead to protein misfolding and aggregation, impaired degradation, and clearance, and ultimately, to neuronal dysfunction and death. The main objective of this review is to provide an overview of the PTMs involved in neurodegeneration, their underlying mechanisms, methods to isolate PTMs, and the potential therapeutic targets for these disorders. The PTMs discussed in this article include tau phosphorylation, α-synuclein and Huntingtin ubiquitination, histone acetylation and methylation, and RNA modifications. Understanding the role of PTMs in neurodegenerative diseases may provide new therapeutic strategies for these devastating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Zafar
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Georg-August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
- Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Department, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Bolan Road, H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Shehzadi Irum Fatima
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Georg-August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Georg-August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Georg-August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
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Lin Y, Wang Y, Lai T, Teng J, Lin C, Ke C, Yu I, Lee H, Chan C, Tung C, Conrad DF, O'Bryan MK, Lin Y. Deleterious genetic changes in AGTPBP1 result in teratozoospermia with sperm head and flagella defects. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18031. [PMID: 37937809 PMCID: PMC10826451 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 10%-15% of couples worldwide are infertile, and male factors account for approximately half of these cases. Teratozoospermia is a major cause of male infertility. Although various mutations have been identified in teratozoospermia, these can vary among ethnic groups. In this study, we performed whole-exome sequencing to identify genetic changes potentially causative of teratozoospermia. Out of seven genes identified, one, ATP/GTP Binding Protein 1 (AGTPBP1), was characterized, and three missense changes were identified in two patients (Affected A: p.Glu423Asp and p.Pro631Leu; Affected B: p.Arg811His). In those two cases, severe sperm head and tail defects were observed. Moreover, AGTPBP1 localization showed a fragmented pattern compared to control participants, with specific localization in the neck and annulus regions. Using murine models, we found that AGTPBP1 is localized in the manchette structure, which is essential for sperm structure formation. Additionally, in Agtpbp1-null mice, we observed sperm head and tail defects similar to those in sperm from AGTPBP1-mutated cases, along with abnormal polyglutamylation tubulin and decreasing △-2 tubulin levels. In this study, we established a link between genetic changes in AGTPBP1 and human teratozoospermia for the first time and identified the role of AGTPBP1 in deglutamination, which is crucial for sperm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Hua Lin
- Division of Urology, Department of SurgeryCardinal Tien HospitalNew TaipeiTaiwan
- Department of ChemistryFu Jen Catholic UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan
| | - Ya‐Yun Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan
| | - Tsung‐Hsuan Lai
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyCathay General HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan
| | - Jih‐Lung Teng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan
| | - Chi‐Wei Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan
| | - Chih‐Chun Ke
- Department of UrologyEn Chu Kong HospitalNew Taipei CityTaiwan
| | - I‐Shing Yu
- Laboratory Animal CenterCollege of Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Hui‐Ling Lee
- Department of ChemistryFu Jen Catholic UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan
| | - Chying‐Chyuan Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyTaipei City Hospital, Zhongxing Branch and Branch for Women and ChildrenTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chi‐Hua Tung
- Program of Artificial Intelligence & Information SecurityFu Jen Catholic UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan
| | - Donald F. Conrad
- Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research CenterBeavertonOregonUSA
| | - Moira K. O'Bryan
- School of BioSciences and Bio21 Institute, The University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Ying‐Hung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan
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Ashaat EA, Ahmed HA, Elaraby NM, Fayez A, Metwally AM, Mekkawy MK, Hussen DF, Ashaat NA, Elhossini RM, ElAwady HA, Abdelgawad RHA, Gammal ME, Al Kersh MA, Saleh DA. The Diagnostic Value of Whole-Exome Sequencing in a Spectrum of Rare Neurological Disorders Associated with Cerebellar Atrophy. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03866-y. [PMID: 38153683 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03866-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Several neurological disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders, and neurodegenerative disorders have a genetic element with various clinical presentations ranging from mild to severe presentation. Neurological disorders are rare multifactorial disorders characterized by dysfunction and degeneration of synapses, neurons, and glial cells which are essential for movement, coordination, muscle strength, sensation, and cognition. The cerebellum might be involved at any time, either during development and maturation or later in life. Herein, we describe a spectrum of NDDs and NDs in seven patients from six Egyptian families. The core clinical and radiological features of our patients included dysmorphic features, neurodevelopmental delay or regression, gait abnormalities, skeletal deformities, visual impairment, seizures, and cerebellar atrophy. Previously unreported clinical phenotypic findings were recorded. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed followed by an in silico analysis of the detected genetic variants' effect on the protein structure. Three novel variants were identified in three genes MFSD8, AGTPBP1, and APTX, and other previously reported three variants have been detected in "TPP1, AGTPBP1, and PCDHGC4" genes. In this cohort, we described the detailed unique phenotypic characteristics given the identified genetic profile in patients with neurological "neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative disorders" disorders associated with cerebellar atrophy, hence expanding the mutational spectrum of such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engy A Ashaat
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Hoda A Ahmed
- Medical Molecular Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nesma M Elaraby
- Medical Molecular Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alaaeldin Fayez
- Molecular Genetics and Enzymology Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ammal M Metwally
- Community Medicine Research Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona K Mekkawy
- Human Cytogenetic Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia Farouk Hussen
- Human Cytogenetic Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Rasha M Elhossini
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Mona El Gammal
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Dina Amin Saleh
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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9
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McKenna ED, Sarbanes SL, Cummings SW, Roll-Mecak A. The Tubulin Code, from Molecules to Health and Disease. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2023; 39:331-361. [PMID: 37843925 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-030123-032748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are essential dynamic polymers composed of α/β-tubulin heterodimers. They support intracellular trafficking, cell division, cellular motility, and other essential cellular processes. In many species, both α-tubulin and β-tubulin are encoded by multiple genes with distinct expression profiles and functionality. Microtubules are further diversified through abundant posttranslational modifications, which are added and removed by a suite of enzymes to form complex, stereotyped cellular arrays. The genetic and chemical diversity of tubulin constitute a tubulin code that regulates intrinsic microtubule properties and is read by cellular effectors, such as molecular motors and microtubule-associated proteins, to provide spatial and temporal specificity to microtubules in cells. In this review, we synthesize the rapidly expanding tubulin code literature and highlight limitations and opportunities for the field. As complex microtubule arrays underlie essential physiological processes, a better understanding of how cells employ the tubulin code has important implications for human disease ranging from cancer to neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D McKenna
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
| | - Stephanie L Sarbanes
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
| | - Steven W Cummings
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
| | - Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Nicot S, Gillard G, Impheng H, Joachimiak E, Urbach S, Mochizuki K, Wloga D, Juge F, Rogowski K. A family of carboxypeptidases catalyzing α- and β-tubulin tail processing and deglutamylation. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadi7838. [PMID: 37703372 PMCID: PMC10499314 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi7838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Tubulin posttranslational modifications represent an important mechanism involved in the regulation of microtubule functions. The most widespread among them are detyrosination, α∆2-tubulin, and polyglutamylation. Here, we describe a family of tubulin-modifying enzymes composed of two closely related proteins, KIAA0895L and KIAA0895, which have tubulin metallocarboxypeptidase activity and thus were termed TMCP1 and TMCP2, respectively. We show that TMCP1 (also known as MATCAP) acts as α-tubulin detyrosinase that also catalyzes α∆2-tubulin. In contrast, TMCP2 preferentially modifies βI-tubulin by removing three amino acids from its C terminus, generating previously unknown βI∆3 modification. We show that βI∆3-tubulin is mostly found on centrioles and mitotic spindles and in cilia. Moreover, we demonstrate that TMCPs also remove posttranslational polyglutamylation and thus act as tubulin deglutamylases. Together, our study describes the identification and comprehensive biochemical analysis of a previously unknown type of tubulin-modifying enzymes involved in the processing of α- and β-tubulin C-terminal tails and deglutamylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Nicot
- Tubulin Code team, Institute of Human Genetics, Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Ghislain Gillard
- Tubulin Code team, Institute of Human Genetics, Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Hathaichanok Impheng
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Ewa Joachimiak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Serge Urbach
- Functional Proteomics Platform (FPP), IGF, Université Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Kazufumi Mochizuki
- Epigenetic Chromatin Regulation team, Institute of Human Genetics, Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Dorota Wloga
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - François Juge
- Tubulin Code team, Institute of Human Genetics, Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Krzysztof Rogowski
- Tubulin Code team, Institute of Human Genetics, Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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11
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Guzmán-Vega FJ, González-Álvarez AC, Peña-Guerra KA, Cardona-Londoño KJ, Arold ST. Leveraging AI Advances and Online Tools for Structure-Based Variant Analysis. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e857. [PMID: 37540795 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how a gene variant affects protein function is important in life science, as it helps explain traits or dysfunctions in organisms. In a clinical setting, this understanding makes it possible to improve and personalize patient care. Bioinformatic tools often only assign a pathogenicity score, rather than providing information about the molecular basis for phenotypes. Experimental testing can furnish this information, but this is slow and costly and requires expertise and equipment not available in a clinical setting. Conversely, mapping a gene variant onto the three-dimensional (3D) protein structure provides a fast molecular assessment free of charge. Before 2021, this type of analysis was severely limited by the availability of experimentally determined 3D protein structures. Advances in artificial intelligence algorithms now allow confident prediction of protein structural features from sequence alone. The aim of the protocols presented here is to enable non-experts to use databases and online tools to investigate the molecular effect of a genetic variant. The Basic Protocol relies only on the online resources AlphaFold, Protein Structure Database, and UniProt. Alternate Protocols document the usage of the Protein Data Bank, SWISS-MODEL, ColabFold, and PyMOL for structure-based variant analysis. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: 3D Mapping based on UniProt and AlphaFold Alternate Protocol 1: Using experimental models from the PDB Alternate Protocol 2: Using information from homology modeling with SWISS-MODEL Alternate Protocol 3: Predicting 3D structures with ColabFold Alternate Protocol 4: Structure visualization and analysis with PyMOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Guzmán-Vega
- Bioscience Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ana C González-Álvarez
- Bioengineering Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karla A Peña-Guerra
- Bioengineering Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kelly J Cardona-Londoño
- Bioengineering Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefan T Arold
- Bioscience Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Bioengineering Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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12
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Zhang X, Li X, Chen W, Wang Y, Diao L, Gao Y, Wang H, Bao L, Liang X, Wu HY. The distinct initiation sites and processing activities of TTLL4 and TTLL7 in glutamylation of brain tubulin. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104923. [PMID: 37321451 PMCID: PMC10404701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian brain tubulins undergo a reversible posttranslational modification-polyglutamylation-which attaches a secondary polyglutamate chain to the primary sequence of proteins. Loss of its erasers can disrupt polyglutamylation homeostasis and cause neurodegeneration. Tubulin tyrosine ligase like 4 (TTLL4) and TTLL7 were known to modify tubulins, both with preference for the β-isoform, but differently contribute to neurodegeneration. However, differences in their biochemical properties and functions remain largely unknown. Here, using an antibody-based method, we characterized the properties of a purified recombinant TTLL4 and confirmed its sole role as an initiator, unlike TTLL7, which both initiates and elongates the side chains. Unexpectedly, TTLL4 produced stronger glutamylation immunosignals for α-isoform than β-isoform in brain tubulins. Contrarily, the recombinant TTLL7 raised comparable glutamylation immunoreactivity for two isoforms. Given the site selectivity of the glutamylation antibody, we analyzed modification sites of two enzymes. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed their incompatible site selectivity on synthetic peptides mimicking carboxyl termini of α1- and β2-tubulins and a recombinant tubulin. Particularly, in the recombinant α1A-tubulin, a novel region was found glutamylated by TTLL4 and TTLL7, that again at distinct sites. These results pinpoint different site specificities between two enzymes. Moreover, TTLL7 exhibits less efficiency to elongate microtubules premodified by TTLL4, suggesting possible regulation of TTLL7 elongation activity by TTLL4-initiated sites. Finally, we showed that kinesin behaves differentially on microtubules modified by two enzymes. This study underpins the different reactivity, site selectivity, and function of TTLL4 and TTLL7 on brain tubulins and sheds light on their distinct role in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangxiao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Chen
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujuan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Heyi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Liang
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Yuan Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
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13
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Pérez-Martín E, Pérez-Revuelta L, Barahona-López C, Pérez-Boyero D, Alonso JR, Díaz D, Weruaga E. Oleoylethanolamide Treatment Modulates Both Neuroinflammation and Microgliosis, and Prevents Massive Leukocyte Infiltration to the Cerebellum in a Mouse Model of Neuronal Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119691. [PMID: 37298639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases involve an exacerbated neuroinflammatory response led by microglia that triggers cytokine storm and leukocyte infiltration into the brain. PPARα agonists partially dampen this neuroinflammation in some models of brain insult, but neuronal loss was not the triggering cause in any of them. This study examines the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of the PPARα agonist oleoylethanolamide (OEA) in the Purkinje Cell Degeneration (PCD) mouse, which exhibits striking neuroinflammation caused by aggressive loss of cerebellar Purkinje neurons. Using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunostaining, we quantified changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory markers, microglial density and marker-based phenotype, and overall leukocyte recruitment at different time points after OEA administration. OEA was found to modulate cerebellar neuroinflammation by increasing the gene expression of proinflammatory mediators at the onset of neurodegeneration and decreasing it over time. OEA also enhanced the expression of anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective factors and the Pparα gene. Regarding microgliosis, OEA reduced microglial density-especially in regions where it is preferentially located in PCD mice-and shifted the microglial phenotype towards an anti-inflammatory state. Finally, OEA prevented massive leukocyte infiltration into the cerebellum. Overall, our findings suggest that OEA may change the environment to protect neurons from degeneration caused by exacerbated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Pérez-Martín
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute of Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Laura Pérez-Revuelta
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute of Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Cristina Barahona-López
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute of Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - David Pérez-Boyero
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute of Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - José R Alonso
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute of Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - David Díaz
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute of Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eduardo Weruaga
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute of Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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14
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Chen J, Roll-Mecak A. Glutamylation is a negative regulator of microtubule growth. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar70. [PMID: 37074962 PMCID: PMC10295482 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-01-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are noncovalent polymers built from αβ-tubulin dimers. The disordered C-terminal tubulin tails are functionalized with multiple glutamate chains of variable lengths added and removed by tubulin tyrosine ligases (TTLLs) and carboxypeptidases (CCPs). Glutamylation is abundant on stable microtubule arrays such as in axonemes and axons, and its dysregulation leads to human pathologies. Despite this, the effects of glutamylation on intrinsic microtubule dynamics are unclear. Here we generate tubulin with short and long glutamate chains and show that glutamylation slows the rate of microtubule growth and increases catastrophes as a function of glutamylation levels. This implies that the higher stability of glutamylated microtubules in cells is due to effectors. Interestingly, EB1 is minimally affected by glutamylation and thus can report on the growth rates of both unmodified and glutamylated microtubules. Finally, we show that glutamate removal by CCP1 and 5 is synergistic and occurs preferentially on soluble tubulin, unlike TTLL enzymes that prefer microtubules. This substrate preference establishes an asymmetry whereby once the microtubule depolymerizes, the released tubulin is reset to a less-modified state, while polymerized tubulin accumulates the glutamylation mark. Our work shows that a modification on the disordered tubulin tails can directly affect microtubule dynamics and furthers our understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of the tubulin code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Chen
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, and
| | - Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, and
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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15
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Guo X, Zheng Y, Zhang X, Feng S, Wu HY. CCP5 and CCP6 retain CP110 and negatively regulate ciliogenesis. BMC Biol 2023; 21:124. [PMID: 37226238 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01622-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The axonemal microtubules of primary cilium undergo a conserved protein posttranslational modification (PTM) - polyglutamylation. This reversible procedure is processed by tubulin tyrosine ligase-like polyglutamylases to form secondary polyglutamate side chains, which are metabolized by the 6-member cytosolic carboxypeptidase (CCP) family. Although polyglutamylation modifying enzymes have been linked to ciliary architecture and motility, it was unknown whether they also play a role in ciliogenesis. RESULTS In this study, we found that CCP5 expression is transiently downregulated upon the initiation of ciliogenesis, but recovered after cilia are formed. Overexpression of CCP5 inhibited ciliogenesis, suggesting that a transient downregulation of CCP5 expression is required for ciliation initiation. Interestingly, the inhibitory effect of CCP5 on ciliogenesis does not rely on its enzyme activity. Among other 3 CCP members tested, only CCP6 can similarly suppress ciliogenesis. Using CoIP-MS analysis, we identified a protein that potentially interacts with CCP - CP110, a known negative regulator of ciliogenesis, whose degradation at the distal end of mother centriole permits cilia assembly. We found that both CCP5 and CCP6 can modulate CP110 level. Particularly, CCP5 interacts with CP110 through its N-terminus. Loss of CCP5 or CCP6 led to the disappearance of CP110 at the mother centriole and abnormally increased ciliation in cycling RPE-1 cells. Co-depletion of CCP5 and CCP6 synergized this abnormal ciliation, suggesting their partially overlapped function in suppressing cilia formation in cycling cells. In contrast, co-depletion of the two enzymes did not further increase the length of cilia, although CCP5 and CCP6 differentially regulate polyglutamate side-chain length of ciliary axoneme and both contribute to limiting cilia length, suggesting that they may share a common pathway in cilia length control. Through inducing the overexpression of CCP5 or CCP6 at different stages of ciliogenesis, we further demonstrated that CCP5 or CCP6 inhibited cilia formation before ciliogenesis, while shortened the length of cilia after cilia formation. CONCLUSION These findings reveal the dual role of CCP5 and CCP6. In addition to regulating cilia length, they also retain CP110 level to suppress cilia formation in cycling cells, pointing to a novel regulatory mechanism for ciliogenesis mediated by demodifying enzymes of a conserved ciliary PTM, polyglutamylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Building 24, Room 417-8, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Building 24, Room 417-8, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xinyu Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Building 24, Room 417-8, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yiqiang Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Building 24, Room 417-8, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xinjie Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Building 24, Room 417-8, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shanshan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 51063, China
| | - Hui-Yuan Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Building 24, Room 417-8, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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16
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Klimas AS, Dominguez J, Shah BP, Lee ZY, Peel N. The C. elegans deglutamylase CCPP-6 does not operate redundantly with CCPP-1 in gross cilia integrity. MicroPubl Biol 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.000740. [PMID: 37287505 PMCID: PMC10242412 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tubulin glutamylation is a reversible modification of the microtubules that regulates cilia stability and function. The addition of glutamates to the microtubule is catalyzed by members of the TTLL family of enzymes, while the removal is carried out by a family of cytosolic carboxypeptidase (CCP) enzymes. C. elegans has two deglutamylating enzymes, CCPP-1 and CCPP-6 . CCPP-1 is required for ciliary stability and function in the worm, however CCPP-6 is dispensable for cilia integrity. To investigate redundancy between the two deglutamylating enzymes we made a ccpp-1 ( ok1821 ); ccpp-6 ( ok382 ) double mutant. The double mutant shows normal viability, and the dye-filling phenotypes are not worse than the ccpp-1 single mutant, suggesting that CCPP-1 and CCPP-6 do not function redundantly in C. elegans cilia .
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S Klimas
- Department of Biology, College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey, United States
| | - Jessica Dominguez
- Department of Biology, College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey, United States
| | - Bhumi P Shah
- Department of Biology, College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey, United States
| | - Zion Y Lee
- Department of Biology, College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey, United States
| | - Nina Peel
- Department of Biology, College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey, United States
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17
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Tantry MSA, Santhakumar K. Insights on the Role of α- and β-Tubulin Isotypes in Early Brain Development. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3803-3823. [PMID: 36943622 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Tubulins are the highly conserved subunit of microtubules which involve in various fundamental functions including brain development. Microtubules help in neuronal proliferation, migration, differentiation, cargo transport along the axons, synapse formation, and many more. Tubulin gene family consisting of multiple isotypes, their differential expression and varied post translational modifications create a whole new level of complexity and diversity in accomplishing manifold neuronal functions. The studies on the relation between tubulin genes and brain development opened a new avenue to understand the role of each tubulin isotype in neurodevelopment. Mutations in tubulin genes are reported to cause brain development defects especially cortical malformations, referred as tubulinopathies. There is an increased need to understand the molecular correlation between various tubulin mutations and the associated brain pathology. Recently, mutations in tubulin isotypes (TUBA1A, TUBB, TUBB1, TUBB2A, TUBB2B, TUBB3, and TUBG1) have been linked to cause various neurodevelopmental defects like lissencephaly, microcephaly, cortical dysplasia, polymicrogyria, schizencephaly, subcortical band heterotopia, periventricular heterotopia, corpus callosum agenesis, and cerebellar hypoplasia. This review summarizes on the microtubule dynamics, their role in neurodevelopment, tubulin isotypes, post translational modifications, and the role of tubulin mutations in causing specific neurodevelopmental defects. A comprehensive list containing all the reported tubulin pathogenic variants associated with brain developmental defects has been prepared to give a bird's eye view on the broad range of tubulin functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Ananthakrishna Tantry
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, India
| | - Kirankumar Santhakumar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, India.
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18
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Pang B, Araki A, Zhou L, Takebayashi H, Harada T, Kadota K. CCP1, a Regulator of Tubulin Post-Translational Modifications, Potentially Plays an Essential Role in Cerebellar Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5335. [PMID: 36982413 PMCID: PMC10049023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic carboxypeptidase (CCP) 1 protein, encoded by CCP1, is expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs). The dysfunction of CCP1 protein (caused by CCP1 point mutation) and the deletion of CCP1 protein (caused by CCP1 gene knockout) all lead to the degeneration of cerebellar PCs, which leads to cerebellar ataxia. Thus, two CCP1 mutants (i.e., Ataxia and Male Sterility [AMS] mice and Nna1 knockout [KO] mice) are used as disease models. We investigated the cerebellar CCP1 distribution in wild-type (WT), AMS and Nna1 KO mice on postnatal days (P) 7–28 to investigate the differential effects of CCP protein deficiency and disorder on cerebellar development. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence studies revealed significant differences in the cerebellar CCP1 expression in WT and mutant mice of P7 and P15, but no significant difference between AMS and Nna1 KO mice. Electron microscopy showed slight abnormality in the nuclear membrane structure of PCs in the AMS and Nna1 KO mice at P15 and significant abnormality with depolymerization and fragmentation of microtubule structure at P21. Using two CCP1 mutant mice strains, we revealed the morphological changes of PCs at postnatal stages and indicated that CCP1 played an important role in cerebellar development, most likely via polyglutamylation.
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19
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Genova M, Grycova L, Puttrich V, Magiera MM, Lansky Z, Janke C, Braun M. Tubulin polyglutamylation differentially regulates microtubule-interacting proteins. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112101. [PMID: 36636822 PMCID: PMC9975938 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubulin posttranslational modifications have been predicted to control cytoskeletal functions by coordinating the molecular interactions between microtubules and their associating proteins. A prominent tubulin modification in neurons is polyglutamylation, the deregulation of which causes neurodegeneration. Yet, the underlying molecular mechanisms have remained elusive. Here, using in-vitro reconstitution, we determine how polyglutamylation generated by the two predominant neuronal polyglutamylases, TTLL1 and TTLL7, specifically modulates the activities of three major microtubule interactors: the microtubule-associated protein Tau, the microtubule-severing enzyme katanin and the molecular motor kinesin-1. We demonstrate that the unique modification patterns generated by TTLL1 and TTLL7 differentially impact those three effector proteins, thus allowing for their selective regulation. Given that our experiments were performed with brain tubulin from mouse models in which physiological levels and patterns of polyglutamylation were altered by the genetic knockout of the main modifying enzymes, our quantitative measurements provide direct mechanistic insight into how polyglutamylation could selectively control microtubule interactions in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Genova
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348OrsayFrance
- Université Paris‐Saclay, CNRS UMR3348OrsayFrance
| | - Lenka Grycova
- Institute of BiotechnologyCzech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEVPrague WestCzech Republic
| | - Verena Puttrich
- Institute of BiotechnologyCzech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEVPrague WestCzech Republic
| | - Maria M Magiera
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348OrsayFrance
- Université Paris‐Saclay, CNRS UMR3348OrsayFrance
| | - Zdenek Lansky
- Institute of BiotechnologyCzech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEVPrague WestCzech Republic
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348OrsayFrance
- Université Paris‐Saclay, CNRS UMR3348OrsayFrance
| | - Marcus Braun
- Institute of BiotechnologyCzech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEVPrague WestCzech Republic
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20
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Hotta T, Plemmons A, Gebbie M, Ziehm TA, Blasius TL, Johnson C, Verhey KJ, Pearring JN, Ohi R. Mechanistic Analysis of CCP1 in Generating ΔC2 α-Tubulin in Mammalian Cells and Photoreceptor Neurons. Biomolecules 2023; 13. [PMID: 36830726 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An important post-translational modification (PTM) of α-tubulin is the removal of amino acids from its C-terminus. Removal of the C-terminal tyrosine residue yields detyrosinated α-tubulin, and subsequent removal of the penultimate glutamate residue produces ΔC2-α-tubulin. These PTMs alter the ability of the α-tubulin C-terminal tail to interact with effector proteins and are thereby thought to change microtubule dynamics, stability, and organization. The peptidase(s) that produces ΔC2-α-tubulin in a physiological context remains unclear. Here, we take advantage of the observation that ΔC2-α-tubulin accumulates to high levels in cells lacking tubulin tyrosine ligase (TTL) to screen for cytosolic carboxypeptidases (CCPs) that generate ΔC2-α-tubulin. We identify CCP1 as the sole peptidase that produces ΔC2-α-tubulin in TTLΔ HeLa cells. Interestingly, we find that the levels of ΔC2-α-tubulin are only modestly reduced in photoreceptors of ccp1-/- mice, indicating that other peptidases act synergistically with CCP1 to produce ΔC2-α-tubulin in post-mitotic cells. Moreover, the production of ΔC2-α-tubulin appears to be under tight spatial control in the photoreceptor cilium: ΔC2-α-tubulin persists in the connecting cilium of ccp1-/- but is depleted in the distal portion of the photoreceptor. This work establishes the groundwork to pinpoint the function of ΔC2-α-tubulin in proliferating and post-mitotic mammalian cells.
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21
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Zocchi R, Compagnucci C, Bertini E, Sferra A. Deciphering the Tubulin Language: Molecular Determinants and Readout Mechanisms of the Tubulin Code in Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032781. [PMID: 36769099 PMCID: PMC9917122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are dynamic components of the cell cytoskeleton involved in several cellular functions, such as structural support, migration and intracellular trafficking. Despite their high similarity, MTs have functional heterogeneity that is generated by the incorporation into the MT lattice of different tubulin gene products and by their post-translational modifications (PTMs). Such regulations, besides modulating the tubulin composition of MTs, create on their surface a "biochemical code" that is translated, through the action of protein effectors, into specific MT-based functions. This code, known as "tubulin code", plays an important role in neuronal cells, whose highly specialized morphologies and activities depend on the correct functioning of the MT cytoskeleton and on its interplay with a myriad of MT-interacting proteins. In recent years, a growing number of mutations in genes encoding for tubulins, MT-interacting proteins and enzymes that post-translationally modify MTs, which are the main players of the tubulin code, have been linked to neurodegenerative processes or abnormalities in neural migration, differentiation and connectivity. Nevertheless, the exact molecular mechanisms through which the cell writes and, downstream, MT-interacting proteins decipher the tubulin code are still largely uncharted. The purpose of this review is to describe the molecular determinants and the readout mechanisms of the tubulin code, and briefly elucidate how they coordinate MT behavior during critical neuronal events, such as neuron migration, maturation and axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Zocchi
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Compagnucci
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.B.); or (A.S.); Tel.: +39-06-6859-2104 (E.B. & A.S.)
| | - Antonella Sferra
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.B.); or (A.S.); Tel.: +39-06-6859-2104 (E.B. & A.S.)
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22
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Pero ME, Chowdhury F, Bartolini F. Role of tubulin post-translational modifications in peripheral neuropathy. Exp Neurol 2023; 360:114274. [PMID: 36379274 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy is a common disorder that results from nerve damage in the periphery. The degeneration of sensory axon terminals leads to changes or loss of sensory functions, often manifesting as debilitating pain, weakness, numbness, tingling, and disability. The pathogenesis of most peripheral neuropathies remains to be fully elucidated. Cumulative evidence from both early and recent studies indicates that tubulin damage may provide a common underlying mechanism of axonal injury in various peripheral neuropathies. In particular, tubulin post-translational modifications have been recently implicated in both toxic and inherited forms of peripheral neuropathy through regulation of axonal transport and mitochondria dynamics. This knowledge forms a new area of investigation with the potential for developing therapeutic strategies to prevent or delay peripheral neuropathy by restoring tubulin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Pero
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, USA; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Farihah Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Francesca Bartolini
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, USA.
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23
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Rodriguez-Calado S, Van Damme P, Avilés FX, Candiota AP, Tanco S, Lorenzo J. Proximity Mapping of CCP6 Reveals Its Association with Centrosome Organization and Cilium Assembly. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021273. [PMID: 36674791 PMCID: PMC9867282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic carboxypeptidase 6 (CCP6) catalyzes the deglutamylation of polyglutamate side chains, a post-translational modification that affects proteins such as tubulins or nucleosome assembly proteins. CCP6 is involved in several cell processes, such as spermatogenesis, antiviral activity, embryonic development, and pathologies like renal adenocarcinoma. In the present work, the cellular role of CCP6 has been assessed by BioID, a proximity labeling approach for mapping physiologically relevant protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and bait proximal proteins by mass spectrometry. We used HEK 293 cells stably expressing CCP6-BirA* to identify 37 putative interactors of this enzyme. This list of CCP6 proximal proteins displayed enrichment of proteins associated with the centrosome and centriolar satellites, indicating that CCP6 could be present in the pericentriolar material. In addition, we identified cilium assembly-related proteins as putative interactors of CCP6. In addition, the CCP6 proximal partner list included five proteins associated with the Joubert syndrome, a ciliopathy linked to defects in polyglutamylation. Using the proximity ligation assay (PLA), we show that PCM1, PIBF1, and NudC are true CCP6 physical interactors. Therefore, the BioID methodology confirms the location and possible functional role of CCP6 in centrosomes and centrioles, as well as in the formation and maintenance of primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Rodriguez-Calado
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Petra Van Damme
- iRIP Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Francesc Xavier Avilés
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Paula Candiota
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastian Tanco
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.T.); (J.L.); Tel.: +34-93-586-8938 (S.T.); +34-93-586-8957 (J.L.)
| | - Julia Lorenzo
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.T.); (J.L.); Tel.: +34-93-586-8938 (S.T.); +34-93-586-8957 (J.L.)
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Iwanski MK, Kapitein LC. Cellular cartography: Towards an atlas of the neuronal microtubule cytoskeleton. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1052245. [PMID: 37035244 PMCID: PMC10073685 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1052245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules, one of the major components of the cytoskeleton, play a crucial role during many aspects of neuronal development and function, such as neuronal polarization and axon outgrowth. Consequently, the microtubule cytoskeleton has been implicated in many neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. The polar nature of microtubules is quintessential for their function, allowing them to serve as tracks for long-distance, directed intracellular transport by kinesin and dynein motors. Most of these motors move exclusively towards either the plus- or minus-end of a microtubule and some have been shown to have a preference for either dynamic or stable microtubules, those bearing a particular post-translational modification or those decorated by a specific microtubule-associated protein. Thus, it becomes important to consider the interplay of these features and their combinatorial effects on transport, as well as how different types of microtubules are organized in the cell. Here, we discuss microtubule subsets in terms of tubulin isotypes, tubulin post-translational modifications, microtubule-associated proteins, microtubule stability or dynamicity, and microtubule orientation. We highlight techniques used to study these features of the microtubule cytoskeleton and, using the information from these studies, try to define the composition, role, and organization of some of these subsets in neurons.
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25
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Cyske Z, Gaffke L, Pierzynowska K, Węgrzyn G. Tubulin Cytoskeleton in Neurodegenerative Diseases–not Only Primary Tubulinopathies. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNeurodegenerative diseases represent a large group of disorders characterized by gradual loss of neurons and functions of the central nervous systems. Their course is usually severe, leading to high morbidity and subsequent inability of patients to independent functioning. Vast majority of neurodegenerative diseases is currently untreatable, and only some symptomatic drugs are available which efficacy is usually very limited. To develop novel therapies for this group of diseases, it is crucial to understand their pathogenesis and to recognize factors which can influence the disease course. One of cellular structures which dysfunction appears to be relatively poorly understood in the light of neurodegenerative diseases is tubulin cytoskeleton. On the other hand, its changes, both structural and functional, can considerably influence cell physiology, leading to pathological processes occurring also in neurons. In this review, we summarize and discuss dysfunctions of tubulin cytoskeleton in various neurodegenerative diseases different than primary tubulinopathies (caused by mutations in genes encoding the components of the tubulin cytoskeleton), especially Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, prion diseases, and neuronopathic mucopolysaccharidoses. It is also proposed that correction of these disorders might attenuate the progress of specific diseases, thus, finding newly recognized molecular targets for potential drugs might become possible.
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26
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Magiera MM. The tubulin code: Empowering microtubules. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 137:1-2. [PMID: 35999125 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Magiera
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France.
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27
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Samur MB, Ercan-Sencicek AG, Gümüş H, Ali GG, Baykan B, Caglayan AO, Per H. Childhood-Onset Neurodegeneration with Cerebellar Atrophy Syndrome: Severe Neuronal Degeneration and Cardiomyopathy with Loss of Tubulin Deglutamylase Cytosolic Carboxypeptidase 1. Journal of Pediatric Neurology 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1749669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a dynamic filamentous network with various cellular and developmental functions. The loss of cytosolic carboxypeptidase 1 (CCP1) causes neuronal death. Childhood-onset neurodegeneration with cerebellar atrophy (CONDCA, OMIM no.: 618276) is an extremely rare disease caused by ATP/GTP binding protein 1 (AGTPBP1) gene-related CCP1 dysfunction of microtubules affecting the cerebellum, spinal motor neurons, and peripheral nerves. Also, possible problems are expected in tissues where the cytoskeleton plays a dynamic role, such as cardiomyocytes. In the present study, we report a novel homozygous missense (NM_015239: c.2447A > C, p. Gln816Pro) variant in the AGTPBP1 gene that c.2447A > C variant has never been reported in a homozygous state in the Genome Aggregation (gnomAD; v2.1.1) database, identified by whole-exome sequencing in a patient with a seizure, dystonia, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)-accompanying atrophy of caudate nuclei, putamen, and cerebellum. Unlike other cases in the literature, we expand the phenotype associated with AGTPBP1 variants to include dysmorphic features, idiopathic DCM which could be reversed with supportive treatments, seizure patterns, and radiological findings. These findings expanded the spectrum of the AGTPBP1 gene mutations and associated possible manifestations. Our study may help establish appropriate genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis for undiagnosed neurodegenerative patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B. Samur
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - A. Gulhan Ercan-Sencicek
- Masonic Medical Research Institute, Utica, New York, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Program on Neurogenetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Hakan Gümüş
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gulsum Gumus Ali
- Division of Pediatric Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Baykan Baykan
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Okay Caglayan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Program on Neurogenetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Per
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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28
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Bushart DD, Shakkottai VG. Vulnerability of Human Cerebellar Neurons to Degeneration in Ataxia-Causing Channelopathies. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:908569. [PMID: 35757096 PMCID: PMC9219590 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.908569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in ion channel genes underlie a number of human neurological diseases. Historically, human mutations in ion channel genes, the so-called channelopathies, have been identified to cause episodic disorders. In the last decade, however, mutations in ion channel genes have been demonstrated to result in progressive neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders in humans, particularly with ion channels that are enriched in the cerebellum. This was unexpected given prior rodent ion channel knock-out models that almost never display neurodegeneration. Human ataxia-causing channelopathies that result in even haploinsufficiency can result in cerebellar atrophy and cerebellar Purkinje neuron loss. Rodent neurons with ion channel loss-of-function appear to, therefore, be significantly more resistant to neurodegeneration compared to human neurons. Fundamental differences in susceptibility of human and rodent cerebellar neurons in ataxia-causing channelopathies must therefore be present. In this review, we explore the properties of human neurons that may contribute to their vulnerability to cerebellar degeneration secondary to ion channel loss-of-function mutations. We present a model taking into account the known allometric scaling of neuronal ion channel density in humans and other mammals that may explain the preferential vulnerability of human cerebellar neurons to degeneration in ataxia-causing channelopathies. We also speculate on the vulnerability of cerebellar neurons to degeneration in mouse models of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) where ion channel transcript dysregulation has recently been implicated in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D. Bushart
- Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Vikram G. Shakkottai
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States,*Correspondence: Vikram G. Shakkottai,
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29
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Abstract
Microtubules are polarized cytoskeletal filaments that serve as tracks for intracellular transport and form a scaffold that positions organelles and other cellular components and modulates cell shape and mechanics. In animal cells, the geometry, density and directionality of microtubule networks are major determinants of cellular architecture, polarity and proliferation. In dividing cells, microtubules form bipolar spindles that pull chromosomes apart, whereas in interphase cells, microtubules are organized in a cell type-specific fashion, which strongly correlates with cell physiology. In motile cells, such as fibroblasts and immune cells, microtubules are organized as radial asters, whereas in immotile epithelial and neuronal cells and in muscles, microtubules form parallel or antiparallel arrays and cortical meshworks. Here, we review recent work addressing how the formation of such microtubule networks is driven by the plethora of microtubule regulatory proteins. These include proteins that nucleate or anchor microtubule ends at different cellular structures and those that sever or move microtubules, as well as regulators of microtubule elongation, stability, bundling or modifications. The emerging picture, although still very incomplete, shows a remarkable diversity of cell-specific mechanisms that employ conserved building blocks to adjust microtubule organization in order to facilitate different cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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30
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Wu HY, Rong Y, Bansal PK, Wei P, Guo H, Morgan JI. TTLL1 and TTLL4 polyglutamylases are required for the neurodegenerative phenotypes in pcd mice. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010144. [PMID: 35404950 PMCID: PMC9022812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamylation is a dynamic posttranslational modification where glutamate residues are added to substrate proteins by 8 tubulin tyrosine ligase-like (TTLL) family members (writers) and removed by the 6 member Nna1/CCP family of carboxypeptidases (erasers). Genetic disruption of polyglutamylation leading to hyperglutamylation causes neurodegenerative phenotypes in humans and animal models; the best characterized being the Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd) mouse, a mutant of the gene encoding Nna1/CCP1, the prototypic eraser. Emphasizing the functional importance of the balance between glutamate addition and elimination, loss of TTLL1 prevents Purkinje cell degeneration in pcd. However, whether Ttll1 loss protects other vulnerable neurons in pcd, or if elimination of other TTLLs provides protection is largely unknown. Here using a mouse genetic rescue strategy, we characterized the contribution of Ttll1, 4, 5, 7, or 11 to the degenerative phenotypes in cerebellum, olfactory bulb and retinae of pcd mutants. Ttll1 deficiency attenuates Purkinje cell loss and function and reduces olfactory bulb mitral cell death and retinal photoreceptor degeneration. Moreover, degeneration of photoreceptors in pcd is preceded by impaired rhodopsin trafficking to the rod outer segment and likely represents the causal defect leading to degeneration as this too is rescued by elimination of TTLL1. Although TTLLs have similar catalytic properties on model substrates and several are highly expressed in Purkinje cells (e.g. TTLL5 and 7), besides TTLL1 only TTLL4 deficiency attenuated degeneration of Purkinje and mitral cells in pcd. Additionally, TTLL4 loss partially rescued photoreceptor degeneration and impaired rhodopsin trafficking. Despite their common properties, the polyglutamylation profile changes promoted by TTLL1 and TTLL4 deficiencies in pcd mice are very different. We also report that loss of anabolic TTLL5 synergizes with loss of catabolic Nna1/CCP1 to promote photoreceptor degeneration. Finally, male infertility in pcd is not rescued by loss of any Ttll. These data provide insight into the complexity of polyglutamate homeostasis and function in vivo and potential routes to ameliorate disorders caused by disrupted polyglutamylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yuan Wu
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongqi Rong
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Parmil K. Bansal
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Peng Wei
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Hong Guo
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - James I. Morgan
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
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Abstract
Polyglutamylation is a posttranslational modification (PTM) that adds several glutamates on glutamate residues in the form of conjugated peptide chains by a family of enzymes known as polyglutamylases. Polyglutamylation is well documented in microtubules. Polyglutamylated microtubules consist of different α- and β-tubulin subunits with varied number of added glutamate residues. Kinetic control and catalytic rates of tubulin modification by polyglutamylases influence the polyglutamylation pattern of functional microtubules. The recent studies uncovered catalytic mechanisms of the glutamylation enzymes family, particularly tubulin tyrosine ligase-like (TTLL). Variable length polyglutamylation of primary sequence glutamyl residues have been mapped with a multitude of protein chemistry and proteomics approaches. Although polyglutamylation was initially considered a tubulin-specific modification, the recent studies have uncovered a calmodulin-dependent glutamylase, SidJ. Nano-electrospray ionization (ESI) proteomic approaches have identified quantifiable polyglutamylated sites in specific substrates. Indeed, conjugated glutamylated peptides were used in nano-liquid chromatography gradient delivery due to their relative hydrophobicity for their tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) characterization. The recent polyglutamylation characterization has revealed three major sites: E445 in α-tubulin, E435 in β-tubulin, and E860 in SdeA. In this review, we have summarized the progress made using proteomic approaches for large-scale detection of polyglutamylated peptides, including biology and analysis.
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32
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Rocha C, Prinos P. Post-transcriptional and Post-translational Modifications of Primary Cilia: How to Fine Tune Your Neuronal Antenna. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:809917. [PMID: 35295905 PMCID: PMC8918543 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.809917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia direct cellular signaling events during brain development and neuronal differentiation. The primary cilium is a dynamic organelle formed in a multistep process termed ciliogenesis that is tightly coordinated with the cell cycle. Genetic alterations, such as ciliary gene mutations, and epigenetic alterations, such as post-translational modifications and RNA processing of cilia related factors, give rise to human neuronal disorders and brain tumors such as glioblastoma and medulloblastoma. This review discusses the important role of genetics/epigenetics, as well as RNA processing and post-translational modifications in primary cilia function during brain development and cancer formation. We summarize mouse and human studies of ciliogenesis and primary cilia activity in the brain, and detail how cilia maintain neuronal progenitor populations and coordinate neuronal differentiation during development, as well as how cilia control different signaling pathways such as WNT, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) and PDGF that are critical for neurogenesis. Moreover, we describe how post-translational modifications alter cilia formation and activity during development and carcinogenesis, and the impact of missplicing of ciliary genes leading to ciliopathies and cell cycle alterations. Finally, cilia genetic and epigenetic studies bring to light cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie neurodevelopmental disorders and brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Rocha
- Early Drug Discovery Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Cecilia Rocha,
| | - Panagiotis Prinos
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Panagiotis Prinos,
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Bieniussa L, Jain I, Bosch Grau M, Juergens L, Hagen R, Janke C, Rak K. Microtubule and auditory function - an underestimated connection. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 137:74-86. [PMID: 35144861 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The organ of Corti, located in the cochlea within the inner ear is the receptor organ for hearing. It converts auditory signals into neuronal action potentials that are transmitted to the brain for further processing. The mature organ of Corti consists of a variety of highly differentiated sensory cells that fulfil unique tasks in the processing of auditory signals. The actin and microtubule cytoskeleton play essential function in hearing, however so far, more attention has been paid to the role of actin. Microtubules play important roles in maintaining cellular structure and intracellular transport in virtually all eukaryotic cells. Their functions are controlled by interactions with a large variety of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) and molecular motors. Current advances show that tubulin posttranslational modifications, as well as tubulin isotypes could play key roles in modulating microtubule properties and functions in cells. These mechanisms could have various effects on the stability and functions of microtubules in the highly specialised cells of the cochlea. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of microtubule-regulating mechanisms in the function of the cochlea and their implications for hearing, which highlights the importance of microtubules in the field of hearing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Bieniussa
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery and the Comprehensive Hearing Center, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ipsa Jain
- Institute of Stem cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Montserrat Bosch Grau
- Genetics and Physiology of Hearing Laboratory, Institute Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Lukas Juergens
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Rudolf Hagen
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery and the Comprehensive Hearing Center, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Kristen Rak
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery and the Comprehensive Hearing Center, University of Würzburg, Germany.
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34
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Abstract
The function of the Agtpbp1 gene has mainly been delineated by studying Agtpbp1pcd (pcd) mutant mice, characterized by losses in cerebellar Purkinje and granule cells along with degeneration of retinal photoreceptors, mitral cells of the olfactory bulb, thalamic neurons, and alpha-motoneurons. As a result of cerebellar degeneration, cerebellar GABA and glutamate concentrations in Agtpbp1pcd mutants decreased while monoamine concentrations increased. The salient behavioral phenotypes include cerebellar ataxia, a loss in motor coordination, and cognitive deficits. Similar neuropathogical and behavioral profiles have been described in childhood-onset human subjects with biallelic variants of AGTPBP1, including cerebellar ataxia and hypotonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lalonde
- University of Rouen, Dept Psychology, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, Pathogens (EA7300), University of Lorraine Medical School, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France.
| | - Catherine Strazielle
- Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, Pathogens (EA7300), University of Lorraine Medical School, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France; CHRU Nancy, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France
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35
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Huang Z, Zhang H, Xing C, Zhang L, Zhu H, Deng Z, Yin L, Dong E, Wang C, Peng H. Identification and validation of CALCRL-associated prognostic genes in acute myeloid leukemia. Gene 2022; 809:146009. [PMID: 34655717 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past few decades, several advances have been made in the field of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), especially in the development of novel drugs. However, the overall survival rate remains particularly disappointing due to a high rate of chemotherapy resistance and relapse. The calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CALCRL) is a novel promising therapeutic target of AML and has been indicated to be strongly correlated with chemotherapy resistance and relapse driven by leukemic stem cells. Nevertheless, the CALCRL downstream genes associated with the drug resistance and relapse of AML remain to be elucidated. Within this study, we used multiple gene expression datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and cBioPortal to explore the candidate CALCRL-associated genes that could potentially mediate the chemoresistance and relapse of AML. Then, we investigated the prognostic value, coexpression relationship with CALCRL, and expression characteristics of these genes using independent data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Eventually, three genes were screened out as CALCRL-associated prognostic genes. The expression of AGTPBP1 and LYST was negatively correlated with CALCRL, high expression of which was associated with favorable prognosis in AML. In contrast, the expression of ETS2 was positively correlated with CALCRL, high expression of which was associated with poor prognosis in AML. The results indicated that the three prognostic genes are potential CALCRL downstream genes that mediate drug resistance and relapse in AML. This study helps to further explore the role and molecular pathways of CALCRL in mediating drug resistance and relapse of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zineng Huang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China; Institute of Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Huifang Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China; Institute of Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Cheng Xing
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China; Institute of Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China; Institute of Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Zeyu Deng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China; Institute of Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Le Yin
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China; Institute of Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - En Dong
- Blood Center, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Canfei Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China; Institute of Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Hongling Peng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China; Institute of Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China.
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36
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Smith BJ, Carregari VC. Post-Translational Modifications During Brain Development. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2022; 1382:29-38. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-05460-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Del Pilar C, Lebrón-Galán R, Pérez-Martín E, Pérez-Revuelta L, Ávila-Zarza CA, Alonso JR, Clemente D, Weruaga E, Díaz D. The Selective Loss of Purkinje Cells Induces Specific Peripheral Immune Alterations. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:773696. [PMID: 34916910 PMCID: PMC8671039 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.773696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of neurodegenerative diseases is reciprocally associated with impairments in peripheral immune responses. We investigated different contexts of selective neurodegeneration to identify specific alterations of peripheral immune cells and, at the same time, discover potential biomarkers associated to this pathological condition. Consequently, a model of human cerebellar degeneration and ataxia -the Purkinje Cell Degeneration (PCD) mouse- has been employed, as it allows the study of different processes of selective neuronal death in the same animal, i.e., Purkinje cells in the cerebellum and mitral cells in the olfactory bulb. Infiltrated leukocytes were studied in both brain areas and compared with those from other standardized neuroinflammatory models obtained by administering either gamma radiation or lipopolysaccharide. Moreover, both myeloid and lymphoid splenic populations were analyzed by flow cytometry, focusing on markers of functional maturity and antigen presentation. The severity and type of neural damage and inflammation affected immune cell infiltration. Leukocytes were more numerous in the cerebellum of PCD mice, being located predominantly within those cerebellar layers mostly affected by neurodegeneration, in a completely different manner than the typical models of induced neuroinflammation. Furthermore, the milder degeneration of the olfactory bulb did not foster leukocyte attraction. Concerning the splenic analysis, in PCD mice we found: (1) a decreased percentage of several myeloid cell subsets, and (2) a reduced mean fluorescence intensity in those myeloid markers related to both antigen presentation and functional maturity. In conclusion, the selective degeneration of Purkinje cells triggers a specific effect on peripheral immune cells, fostering both attraction and functional changes. This fact endorses the employment of peripheral immune cell populations as concrete biomarkers for monitoring different neuronal death processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Del Pilar
- INCyL, Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,IBSAL, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rafael Lebrón-Galán
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain.,SESCAM (Servicio de Salud de Castile-La-Mancha), Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
| | - Ester Pérez-Martín
- INCyL, Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,IBSAL, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Laura Pérez-Revuelta
- INCyL, Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,IBSAL, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carmelo Antonio Ávila-Zarza
- IBSAL, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Applied Statistics Group, Department of Statistics, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Ramón Alonso
- INCyL, Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,IBSAL, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - Diego Clemente
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain.,SESCAM (Servicio de Salud de Castile-La-Mancha), Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
| | - Eduardo Weruaga
- INCyL, Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,IBSAL, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - David Díaz
- INCyL, Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,IBSAL, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Zheng P, Obara CJ, Szczesna E, Nixon-Abell J, Mahalingan KK, Roll-Mecak A, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Blackstone C. ER proteins decipher the tubulin code to regulate organelle distribution. Nature 2021. [PMID: 34912111 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Organelles move along differentially modified microtubules to establish and maintain their proper distributions and functions1,2. However, how cells interpret these post-translational microtubule modification codes to selectively regulate organelle positioning remains largely unknown. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an interconnected network of diverse morphologies that extends promiscuously throughout the cytoplasm3, forming abundant contacts with other organelles4. Dysregulation of endoplasmic reticulum morphology is tightly linked to neurologic disorders and cancer5,6. Here we demonstrate that three membrane-bound endoplasmic reticulum proteins preferentially interact with different microtubule populations, with CLIMP63 binding centrosome microtubules, kinectin (KTN1) binding perinuclear polyglutamylated microtubules, and p180 binding glutamylated microtubules. Knockout of these proteins or manipulation of microtubule populations and glutamylation status results in marked changes in endoplasmic reticulum positioning, leading to similar redistributions of other organelles. During nutrient starvation, cells modulate CLIMP63 protein levels and p180-microtubule binding to bidirectionally move endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes for proper autophagic responses.
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Santiago-Mujika E, Luthi-Carter R, Giorgini F, Kalaria RN, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB. Tubulin and Tubulin Posttranslational Modifications in Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:730107. [PMID: 34776926 PMCID: PMC8586541 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.730107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) are the two most common forms of dementia in older people. Although these two dementia types differ in their etiology, they share many pathophysiological and morphological features, including neuronal loss, which is associated with the microtubule (MT) destabilization. Stabilization of MTs is achieved in different ways: through interactions with MT binding proteins (MTBP) or by posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of tubulin. Polyglutamylation and tyrosination are two foremost PTMs that regulate the interaction between MTs and MTBPs, and play, therefore, a role in neurodegeneration. In this review, we summarize key information on tubulin PTMs in relation to AD and VaD and address the importance of studying further the tubulin code to reveal sites of potential intervention in development of novel and effective dementia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estibaliz Santiago-Mujika
- Department of Neuroscience, Behavior and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Luthi-Carter
- Department of Neuroscience, Behavior and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Flaviano Giorgini
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Raj N. Kalaria
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeta B. Mukaetova-Ladinska
- Department of Neuroscience, Behavior and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Evington Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Khwaja S, Kumar K, Das R, Negi AS. Microtubule associated proteins as targets for anticancer drug development. Bioorg Chem 2021; 116:105320. [PMID: 34492559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic equilibrium of tubulin-microtubule is an essential aspect of cell survivality. Modulation of this dynamics has become an important target for the cancer drug development. Tubulin exists in the alpha-beta dimer form which polymerizes to form microtubule and further depolymerizes back to tubulin dimer. The microtubule plays an essential role in mitosis and cell multiplication. Antitubulin drugs disturb the microtubule dynamics which is essentially required for DNA segregation and cell division during mitosis so killing the cancerous cells. Microtubule Associated Proteins (MAPs) interact with cellular cytoskeletal microtubules. MAPs bind to the either polymerized or depolymerized tubulin dimers within the cell and mostly causing stabilization of microtubules. Some of the tubulin binding drugs are in clinical use and others in clinical trial. MAPs inhibitors are also in clinical trial. Post-translational modification of lysine-40 either in histone or in alpha tubulin has an important role in gene expression and is balanced between histone deacetylases (HDACs) and histone acetyltransferases (HATs). HDAC inhibitors have the anticancer properties to form a drug for the treatment of cancer. They act by inducing cell cycle arrest and cell death. Some of the HDAC inhibitors are approved to be used as anticancer drug while others are under different phases of clinical trial. The present review updates on various MAPs, their role in cancer progression, MAPs inhibitors and their future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadiya Khwaja
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatics Plants (CSIR-CIMAP) P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Kapil Kumar
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatics Plants (CSIR-CIMAP) P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Ranjana Das
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatics Plants (CSIR-CIMAP) P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Arvind Singh Negi
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatics Plants (CSIR-CIMAP) P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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41
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Baltanás FC, Berciano MT, Santos E, Lafarga M. The Childhood-Onset Neurodegeneration with Cerebellar Atrophy (CONDCA) Disease Caused by AGTPBP1 Gene Mutations: The Purkinje Cell Degeneration Mouse as an Animal Model for the Study of this Human Disease. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091157. [PMID: 34572343 PMCID: PMC8464709 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have identified rare, biallelic damaging variants of the AGTPBP1 gene that cause a novel and documented human disease known as childhood-onset neurodegeneration with cerebellar atrophy (CONDCA), linking loss of function of the AGTPBP1 protein to human neurodegenerative diseases. CONDCA patients exhibit progressive cognitive decline, ataxia, hypotonia or muscle weakness among other clinical features that may be fatal. Loss of AGTPBP1 in humans recapitulates the neurodegenerative course reported in a well-characterised murine animal model harbouring loss-of-function mutations in the AGTPBP1 gene. In particular, in the Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd) mouse model, mutations in AGTPBP1 lead to early cerebellar ataxia, which correlates with the massive loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells. In addition, neurodegeneration in the olfactory bulb, retina, thalamus and spinal cord were also reported. In addition to neurodegeneration, pcd mice show behavioural deficits such as cognitive decline. Here, we provide an overview of what is currently known about the structure and functional role of AGTPBP1 and discuss the various alterations in AGTPBP1 that cause neurodegeneration in the pcd mutant mouse and humans with CONDCA. The sequence of neuropathological events that occur in pcd mice and the mechanisms governing these neurodegenerative processes are also reported. Finally, we describe the therapeutic strategies that were applied in pcd mice and focus on the potential usefulness of pcd mice as a promising model for the development of new therapeutic strategies for clinical trials in humans, which may offer potential beneficial options for patients with AGTPBP1 mutation-related CONDCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando C. Baltanás
- Lab.1, CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca-CSIC and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-923294801
| | - María T. Berciano
- Department of Molecular Biology and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, 39011 Santander, Spain;
| | - Eugenio Santos
- Lab.1, CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca-CSIC and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Miguel Lafarga
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, 39011 Santander, Spain;
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42
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Bodakuntla S, Yuan X, Genova M, Gadadhar S, Leboucher S, Birling MC, Klein D, Martini R, Janke C, Magiera MM. Distinct roles of α- and β-tubulin polyglutamylation in controlling axonal transport and in neurodegeneration. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108498. [PMID: 34309047 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulin polyglutamylation is a post-translational modification of the microtubule cytoskeleton, which is generated by a variety of enzymes with different specificities. The "tubulin code" hypothesis predicts that modifications generated by specific enzymes selectively control microtubule functions. Our recent finding that excessive accumulation of polyglutamylation in neurons causes their degeneration and perturbs axonal transport provides an opportunity for testing this hypothesis. By developing novel mouse models and a new glutamylation-specific antibody, we demonstrate here that the glutamylases TTLL1 and TTLL7 generate unique and distinct glutamylation patterns on neuronal microtubules. We find that under physiological conditions, TTLL1 polyglutamylates α-tubulin, while TTLL7 modifies β-tubulin. TTLL1, but not TTLL7, catalyses the excessive hyperglutamylation found in mice lacking the deglutamylase CCP1. Consequently, deletion of TTLL1, but not of TTLL7, prevents degeneration of Purkinje cells and of myelinated axons in peripheral nerves in these mice. Moreover, loss of TTLL1 leads to increased mitochondria motility in neurons, while loss of TTLL7 has no such effect. By revealing how specific patterns of tubulin glutamylation, generated by distinct enzymes, translate into specific physiological and pathological readouts, we demonstrate the relevance of the tubulin code for homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Bodakuntla
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Xidi Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mariya Genova
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Sudarshan Gadadhar
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Sophie Leboucher
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Marie-Christine Birling
- CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), CNRS, INSERM, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Dennis Klein
- Department of Neurology, Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Martini
- Department of Neurology, Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Maria M Magiera
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
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Pérez-Martín E, Muñoz-Castañeda R, Moutin MJ, Ávila-Zarza CA, Muñoz-Castañeda JM, Del Pilar C, Alonso JR, Andrieux A, Díaz D, Weruaga E. Oleoylethanolamide Delays the Dysfunction and Death of Purkinje Cells and Ameliorates Behavioral Defects in a Mouse Model of Cerebellar Neurodegeneration. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:1748-1767. [PMID: 33829414 PMCID: PMC8609004 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oleoylethanolamide (OEA) is an endocannabinoid that has been proposed to prevent neuronal damage and neuroinflammation. In this study, we evaluated the effects of OEA on the disruption of both cerebellar structure and physiology and on the behavior of Purkinje cell degeneration (PCD) mutant mice. These mice exhibit cerebellar degeneration, displaying microtubule alterations that trigger the selective loss of Purkinje cells and consequent behavioral impairments. The effects of different doses (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) and administration schedules (chronic and acute) of OEA were assessed at the behavioral, histological, cellular, and molecular levels to determine the most effective OEA treatment regimen. Our in vivo results demonstrated that OEA treatment prior to the onset of the preneurodegenerative phase prevented morphological alterations in Purkinje neurons (the somata and dendritic arbors) and decreased Purkinje cell death. This effect followed an inverted U-shaped time-response curve, with acute administration on postnatal day 12 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) being the most effective treatment regimen tested. Indeed, PCD mice that received this specific OEA treatment regimen showed improvements in motor, cognitive and social functions, which were impaired in these mice. Moreover, these in vivo neuroprotective effects of OEA were mediated by the PPARα receptor, as pretreatment with the PPARα antagonist GW6471 (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) abolished them. Finally, our in vitro results suggested that the molecular effect of OEA was related to microtubule stability and structure since OEA administration normalized some alterations in microtubule features in PCD-like cells. These findings provide strong evidence supporting the use of OEA as a pharmacological agent to limit severe cerebellar neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Pérez-Martín
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute for Neurosciences of Castile and Leon (INCyL), University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Muñoz-Castañeda
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute for Neurosciences of Castile and Leon (INCyL), University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marie-Jo Moutin
- GIN, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble Institute Neurosciences, Inserm, U121638000, Grenoble, France
| | - Carmelo A Ávila-Zarza
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Statistics, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José M Muñoz-Castañeda
- Department of Theoretical, Atomic and Optical Physics, University of Valladolid, 47071, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Carlos Del Pilar
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute for Neurosciences of Castile and Leon (INCyL), University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José R Alonso
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute for Neurosciences of Castile and Leon (INCyL), University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - Annie Andrieux
- GIN, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble Institute Neurosciences, Inserm, U121638000, Grenoble, France
| | - David Díaz
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute for Neurosciences of Castile and Leon (INCyL), University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Weruaga
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute for Neurosciences of Castile and Leon (INCyL), University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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Wiessner M, Maroofian R, Ni MY, Pedroni A, Müller JS, Stucka R, Beetz C, Efthymiou S, Santorelli FM, Alfares AA, Zhu C, Uhrova Meszarosova A, Alehabib E, Bakhtiari S, Janecke AR, Otero MG, Chen JYH, Peterson JT, Strom TM, De Jonghe P, Deconinck T, De Ridder W, De Winter J, Pasquariello R, Ricca I, Alfadhel M, van de Warrenburg BP, Portier R, Bergmann C, Ghasemi Firouzabadi S, Jin SC, Bilguvar K, Hamed S, Abdelhameed M, Haridy NA, Maqbool S, Rahman F, Anwar N, Carmichael J, Pagnamenta A, Wood NW, Tran Mau-Them F, Haack T, Di Rocco M, Ceccherini I, Iacomino M, Zara F, Salpietro V, Scala M, Rusmini M, Xu Y, Wang Y, Suzuki Y, Koh K, Nan H, Ishiura H, Tsuji S, Lambert L, Schmitt E, Lacaze E, Küpper H, Dredge D, Skraban C, Goldstein A, Willis MJH, Grand K, Graham JM, Lewis RA, Millan F, Duman Ö, Dündar N, Uyanik G, Schöls L, Nürnberg P, Nürnberg G, Catala Bordes A, Seeman P, Kuchar M, Darvish H, Rebelo A, Bouçanova F, Medard JJ, Chrast R, Auer-Grumbach M, Alkuraya FS, Shamseldin H, Al Tala S, Rezazadeh Varaghchi J, Najafi M, Deschner S, Gläser D, Hüttel W, Kruer MC, Kamsteeg EJ, Takiyama Y, Züchner S, Baets J, Synofzik M, Schüle R, Horvath R, Houlden H, Bartesaghi L, Lee HJ, Ampatzis K, Pierson TM, Senderek J. Biallelic variants in HPDL cause pure and complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia. Brain 2021; 144:1422-1434. [PMID: 33970200 PMCID: PMC8219359 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase-like (HPDL) is a putative iron-containing non-heme oxygenase of unknown specificity and biological significance. We report 25 families containing 34 individuals with neurological disease associated with biallelic HPDL variants. Phenotypes ranged from juvenile-onset pure hereditary spastic paraplegia to infantile-onset spasticity and global developmental delays, sometimes complicated by episodes of neurological and respiratory decompensation. Variants included bona fide pathogenic truncating changes, although most were missense substitutions. Functionality of variants could not be determined directly as the enzymatic specificity of HPDL is unknown; however, when HPDL missense substitutions were introduced into 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD, an HPDL orthologue), they impaired the ability of HPPD to convert 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate into homogentisate. Moreover, three additional sets of experiments provided evidence for a role of HPDL in the nervous system and further supported its link to neurological disease: (i) HPDL was expressed in the nervous system and expression increased during neural differentiation; (ii) knockdown of zebrafish hpdl led to abnormal motor behaviour, replicating aspects of the human disease; and (iii) HPDL localized to mitochondria, consistent with mitochondrial disease that is often associated with neurological manifestations. Our findings suggest that biallelic HPDL variants cause a syndrome varying from juvenile-onset pure hereditary spastic paraplegia to infantile-onset spastic tetraplegia associated with global developmental delays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Wiessner
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Meng-Yuan Ni
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Andrea Pedroni
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juliane S Müller
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rolf Stucka
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Beetz
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Ahmed A Alfares
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Uhrova Meszarosova
- DNA Laboratory, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Elham Alehabib
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Bakhtiari
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital and University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, USA
| | - Andreas R Janecke
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Division of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maria Gabriela Otero
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - James T Peterson
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität Mänchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter De Jonghe
- Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Tine Deconinck
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Willem De Ridder
- Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Jonathan De Winter
- Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | | | - Ivana Ricca
- Molecular Medicine Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- Genetics Division, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bart P van de Warrenburg
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben Portier
- Polikliniek Neurologie Enschede, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Carsten Bergmann
- Medizinische Genetik Mainz, Limbach Genetics, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Sheng Chih Jin
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Kaya Bilguvar
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Sherifa Hamed
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Abdelhameed
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Nourelhoda A Haridy
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Shazia Maqbool
- Development and Behavioural Paediatrics Department, Institute of Child Health and The Children Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Rahman
- Development and Behavioural Paediatrics Department, Institute of Child Health and The Children Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Najwa Anwar
- Development and Behavioural Paediatrics Department, Institute of Child Health and The Children Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jenny Carmichael
- Oxford Regional Clinical Genetics Service, Northampton General Hospital, Northampton, UK
| | - Alistair Pagnamenta
- NIHR Oxford BRC, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nick W Wood
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Frederic Tran Mau-Them
- Unité Fonctionnelle 6254 d'Innovation en Diagnostique Génomique des Maladies Rares, Pôle de Biologie, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Tobias Haack
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Maja Di Rocco
- Rare Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Isabella Ceccherini
- Genetics and Genomics of Rare Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michele Iacomino
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marcello Scala
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marta Rusmini
- Genetics and Genomics of Rare Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Yiran Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yinghong Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kishin Koh
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Haitian Nan
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ishiura
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Institute of Medical Genomics, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - Laëtitia Lambert
- Department of Clinical Genetics, CHRU Nancy, UMR_S INSERM N-GERE 1256, Université de Lorraine - Faculté de Médecine, Nancy, France
| | | | - Elodie Lacaze
- Department of Medical Genetics, Le Havre Hospital, Le Havre, France
| | - Hanna Küpper
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - David Dredge
- Neurology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Cara Skraban
- Roberts Individualized Medical Genetics Center, Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Amy Goldstein
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Mary J H Willis
- Department of Pediatrics, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Katheryn Grand
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Genetics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - John M Graham
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Genetics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Richard A Lewis
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - Özgür Duman
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Akdeniz University Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Nihal Dündar
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Uyanik
- Center for Medical Genetics, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
- Medical School, Sigmund Freud Private University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ludger Schöls
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and Cologne University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gudrun Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and Cologne University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrea Catala Bordes
- DNA Laboratory, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Seeman
- DNA Laboratory, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kuchar
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Liberec Hospital, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Hossein Darvish
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Adriana Rebelo
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Filipa Bouçanova
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jean-Jacques Medard
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roman Chrast
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michaela Auer-Grumbach
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Shamseldin
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Al Tala
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetic Unit, Armed Forces Hospital, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Maryam Najafi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dieter Gläser
- genetikum, Center for Human Genetics, Neu-Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hüttel
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freibug, Germany
| | - Michael C Kruer
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital and University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, USA
| | - Erik-Jan Kamsteeg
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yoshihisa Takiyama
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Stephan Züchner
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Jonathan Baets
- Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Schüle
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rita Horvath
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Luca Bartesaghi
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hwei-Jen Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Tyler Mark Pierson
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
- Center for the Undiagnosed Patient, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jan Senderek
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Pero ME, Meregalli C, Qu X, Shin GJ, Kumar A, Shorey M, Rolls MM, Tanji K, Brannagan TH, Alberti P, Fumagalli G, Monza L, Grueber WB, Cavaletti G, Bartolini F. Pathogenic role of delta 2 tubulin in bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2012685118. [PMID: 33468672 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012685118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a debilitating “dying back” neuropathy featuring a distal-to-proximal peripheral nerve degeneration seen in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. The pathogenenic mechanisms of CIPN are largely unknown. We report that in sensory neurons, the CIPN-inducing drug bortezomib caused axonopathy and disrupted mitochondria motility by increasing delta 2 tubulin (D2), the only irreversible tubulin posttranslational modification and a marker of hyper-stable microtubules. These data provide a new paradigm for the risk associated with enhanced tubulin longevity in peripheral neuropathy and suggest that targeting the enzymes regulating this tubulin modification may provide therapies that prevent the axonal injury observed in bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy. The pathogenesis of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is poorly understood. Here, we report that the CIPN-causing drug bortezomib (Bort) promotes delta 2 tubulin (D2) accumulation while affecting microtubule stability and dynamics in sensory neurons in vitro and in vivo and that the accumulation of D2 is predominant in unmyelinated fibers and a hallmark of bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy (BIPN) in humans. Furthermore, while D2 overexpression was sufficient to cause axonopathy and inhibit mitochondria motility, reduction of D2 levels alleviated both axonal degeneration and the loss of mitochondria motility induced by Bort. Together, our data demonstrate that Bort, a compound structurally unrelated to tubulin poisons, affects the tubulin cytoskeleton in sensory neurons in vitro, in vivo, and in human tissue, indicating that the pathogenic mechanisms of seemingly unrelated CIPN drugs may converge on tubulin damage. The results reveal a previously unrecognized pathogenic role for D2 in BIPN that may occur through altered regulation of mitochondria motility.
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Abe‐Hatano C, Iida A, Kosugi S, Momozawa Y, Terao C, Ishikawa K, Okubo M, Hachiya Y, Nishida H, Nakamura K, Miyata R, Murakami C, Takahashi K, Hoshino K, Sakamoto H, Ohta S, Kubota M, Takeshita E, Ishiyama A, Nakagawa E, Sasaki M, Kato M, Matsumoto N, Kamatani Y, Kubo M, Takahashi Y, Natsume J, Inoue K, Goto Y. Whole genome sequencing of 45 Japanese patients with intellectual disability. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:1468-1480. [PMID: 33624935 PMCID: PMC8247954 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) is characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors, originating before the age of 18 years. However, the genetic etiologies of ID are still incompletely elucidated due to the wide range of clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) has been applied as a single-step clinical diagnostic tool for ID because it detects genetic variations with a wide range of resolution from single nucleotide variants (SNVs) to structural variants (SVs). To explore the causative genes for ID, we employed WGS in 45 patients from 44 unrelated Japanese families and performed a stepwise screening approach focusing on the coding variants in the genes. Here, we report 12 pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants: seven heterozygous variants of ADNP, SATB2, ANKRD11, PTEN, TCF4, SPAST, and KCNA2, three hemizygous variants of SMS, SLC6A8, and IQSEC2, and one homozygous variant in AGTPBP1. Of these, four were considered novel. Furthermore, a novel 76 kb deletion containing exons 1 and 2 in DYRK1A was identified. We confirmed the clinical and genetic heterogeneity and high frequency of de novo causative variants (8/12, 66.7%). This is the first report of WGS analysis in Japanese patients with ID. Our results would provide insight into the correlation between novel variants and expanded phenotypes of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Abe‐Hatano
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect ResearchNational Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and PsychiatryTokyoJapan
- Department of PediatricsNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineAichiJapan
| | - Aritoshi Iida
- Medical Genome CenterNational Center of Neurology and PsychiatryTokyoJapan
| | - Shunichi Kosugi
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational GeneticsRIKEN Center for Integrative Medical SciencesKanagawaJapan
| | - Yukihide Momozawa
- Laboratory for Genotyping DevelopmentRIKEN Center for Integrative Medical SciencesKanagawaJapan
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational GeneticsRIKEN Center for Integrative Medical SciencesKanagawaJapan
- Clinical Research CenterShizuoka General HospitalShizuokaJapan
- The Department of Applied GeneticsThe School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of ShizuokaShizuokaJapan
| | - Keiko Ishikawa
- Medical Genome CenterNational Center of Neurology and PsychiatryTokyoJapan
| | - Mariko Okubo
- Department of Child NeurologyNational Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and PsychiatryTokyoJapan
| | - Yasuo Hachiya
- Department of NeuropediatricsTokyo Metropolitan Neurological HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroya Nishida
- Department of NeuropediatricsTokyo Metropolitan Neurological HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Kazuyuki Nakamura
- Department of PediatricsYamagata University Faculty of MedicineYamagataJapan
| | - Rie Miyata
- Department of PediatricsTokyo‐Kita Medical CenterTokyoJapan
| | - Chie Murakami
- Department of PediatricsKitakyusyu Children's Rehabilitation CenterFukuokaJapan
| | - Kan Takahashi
- Department of PediatricsOme Municipal General HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Kyoko Hoshino
- Department of PediatricsMinami Wakayama Medical CenterWakayamaJapan
| | - Haruko Sakamoto
- Department of NeonatologyJapanese Red Cross Osaka HospitalOsakaJapan
| | - Sayaka Ohta
- Division of NeurologyNational Center for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
| | - Masaya Kubota
- Division of NeurologyNational Center for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
| | - Eri Takeshita
- Department of Child NeurologyNational Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and PsychiatryTokyoJapan
| | - Akihiko Ishiyama
- Department of Child NeurologyNational Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and PsychiatryTokyoJapan
| | - Eiji Nakagawa
- Department of Child NeurologyNational Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and PsychiatryTokyoJapan
| | - Masayuki Sasaki
- Department of Child NeurologyNational Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and PsychiatryTokyoJapan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kato
- Department of PediatricsYamagata University Faculty of MedicineYamagataJapan
- Department of PediatricsShowa University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human GeneticsYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineKanagawaJapan
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational GeneticsRIKEN Center for Integrative Medical SciencesKanagawaJapan
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical SciencesGraduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- Laboratory for Genotyping DevelopmentRIKEN Center for Integrative Medical SciencesKanagawaJapan
| | - Yoshiyuki Takahashi
- Department of PediatricsNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineAichiJapan
| | - Jun Natsume
- Department of PediatricsNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineAichiJapan
| | - Ken Inoue
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect ResearchNational Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and PsychiatryTokyoJapan
| | - Yu‐Ichi Goto
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect ResearchNational Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and PsychiatryTokyoJapan
- Medical Genome CenterNational Center of Neurology and PsychiatryTokyoJapan
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Türay S, Eröz R, Başak AN. A novel pathogenic variant in the 3' end of the AGTPBP1 gene gives rise to neurodegeneration without cerebellar atrophy: an expansion of the disease phenotype? Neurogenetics 2021; 22:127-132. [PMID: 33909173 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-021-00643-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Childhood-onset neurodegeneration with cerebellar atrophy (CONDCA) is a recently described form of the large group of infantile hereditary lower motor neuron diseases (Teoh et al. 2017), resulting from biallelic damaging variants in the AGTPBP1 gene, first described by Shashi et al. in EMBO J 37(23):e100540, 2018. AGTPBP-related neurodegeneration is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder that progresses with global developmental delay and intellectual disability, often accompanied with peripheral nerve damage and lower motor degeneration and a fatal course in the early years of life. The encoded protein is ATP/GTP-Binding Protein1, also known as cytosolic carboxypeptidase 1 (CCP1) or nervous system nuclear protein induced by axotomy (NNA1). Here we report a consanguineous family with four offspring, two of whom are affected. The index patient is a 21-month-old male with global developmental delay and hypotonia. The proband's 17-year-old sister, diagnosed with cerebral palsy, had severe hypotonia accompanied by motor and cognitive retardation. WES analysis revealed a novel homozygous c.3293G > A variant in the AGTPBP1 gene with high pathogenicity scores. Targeted Sanger sequencing confirmed the variant in both affected children and in heterozygous form in the parents. The affected siblings present with hypotonia and motor and cognitive retardation, in line with the studies previously reported. However, in our patients, no signs of cerebellar atrophy in cranial MRI were present, so the acronym CONDCA is not applicable; lower motor neuron findings were also absent. The matching and distinguishing aspects of our patients will add to the present literature and expand our understanding of this rare genetic neurodegenerative disease of early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevim Türay
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Düzce University Medical Faculty, Duzce, 81820, Turkey.
| | - Recep Eröz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Düzce University Medical Faculty, Duzce, Turkey
| | - A Nazlı Başak
- Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, NDAL-KUTTAM, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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48
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Ramadan YH, Gu A, Ross N, McEwan SA, Barr MM, Firestein BL, O'Hagan R. CCP1, a Tubulin Deglutamylase, Increases Survival of Rodent Spinal Cord Neurons following Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO. [PMID: 33688040 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0431-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are cytoskeletal elements that provide structural support and act as roadways for intracellular transport in cells. MTs are also needed for neurons to extend and maintain long axons and dendrites that establish connectivity to transmit information through the nervous system. Therefore, in neurons, the ability to independently regulate cytoskeletal stability and MT-based transport in different cellular compartments is essential. Posttranslational modification of MTs is one mechanism by which neurons regulate the cytoskeleton. The carboxypeptidase CCP1 negatively regulates posttranslational polyglutamylation of MTs. In mammals, loss of CCP1, and the resulting hyperglutamylation of MTs, causes neurodegeneration. It has also long been known that CCP1 expression is activated by neuronal injury; however, whether CCP1 plays a neuroprotective role after injury is unknown. Using shRNA-mediated knock-down of CCP1 in embryonic rat spinal cord cultures, we demonstrate that CCP1 protects spinal cord neurons from excitotoxic death. Unexpectedly, excitotoxic injury reduced CCP1 expression in our system. We previously demonstrated that the CCP1 homolog in Caenorhabditis elegans is important for maintenance of neuronal cilia. Although cilia enhance neuronal survival in some contexts, it is not yet clear whether CCP1 maintains cilia in mammalian spinal cord neurons. We found that knock-down of CCP1 did not result in loss or shortening of cilia in cultured spinal cord neurons, suggesting that its effect on survival of excitotoxicity is independent of cilia. Our results support the idea that enzyme regulators of MT polyglutamylation might be therapeutically targeted to prevent excitotoxic death after spinal cord injuries.
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49
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Dubey T, Chinnathambi S. Photodynamic sensitizers modulate cytoskeleton structural dynamics in neuronal cells. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:232-248. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Dubey
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences CSIR‐National Chemical Laboratory Pune India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
| | - Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences CSIR‐National Chemical Laboratory Pune India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
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50
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Yang WT, Hong SR, He K, Ling K, Shaiv K, Hu J, Lin YC. The Emerging Roles of Axonemal Glutamylation in Regulation of Cilia Architecture and Functions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:622302. [PMID: 33748109 PMCID: PMC7970040 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.622302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia, which either generate coordinated motion or sense environmental cues and transmit corresponding signals to the cell body, are highly conserved hair-like structures that protrude from the cell surface among diverse species. Disruption of ciliary functions leads to numerous human disorders, collectively referred to as ciliopathies. Cilia are mechanically supported by axonemes, which are composed of microtubule doublets. It has been recognized for several decades that tubulins in axonemes undergo glutamylation, a post-translational polymodification, that conjugates glutamic acid chains onto the C-terminal tail of tubulins. However, the physiological roles of axonemal glutamylation were not uncovered until recently. This review will focus on how cells modulate glutamylation on ciliary axonemes and how axonemal glutamylation regulates cilia architecture and functions, as well as its physiological importance in human health. We will also discuss the conventional and emerging new strategies used to manipulate glutamylation in cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ting Yang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu City, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Rong Hong
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu City, Taiwan
| | - Kai He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Kun Ling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Kritika Shaiv
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu City, Taiwan
| | - JingHua Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Mayo Clinic Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu City, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu City, Taiwan
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