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MacKay H, Gretton JD, Chyderiotis S, Elliott S, Howarth A, Guo C, Mastroianni A, Kormos C, Leifer J, Conway L, Morrissey MD. Confidence and barriers: Analysis of factors associated with timely routine childhood vaccination in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccine 2024; 42:126236. [PMID: 39217774 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Routine childhood vaccination is a crucial component of public health in Canada and worldwide. To facilitate catch-up from the global decline in routine vaccination caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and toward the ongoing pursuit of coverage goals, vaccination programs must understand barriers to vaccine access imposed or exacerbated by the pandemic. We conducted a regionally representative online survey in January 2023 including 2036 Canadian parents with children under the age of 18. We used the COM-B model of behaviour to examine factors influencing vaccination timeliness during the pandemic. We assessed Capability with measures of vaccine understanding and decision difficulty, and Motivation with a measure of vaccine confidence. Opportunity was assessed through parents' self-reported experience with barriers to vaccination. Twenty-four percent of surveyed parents reported having missed or delayed one of their children's scheduled routine vaccinations since the beginning of the pandemic, though most parents reported having either caught up or the intention to catch up soon. In the absence of opportunity barriers, motivation was associated with timely vaccination for children aged 0-4 years (aOR = 1.81, 95 % CI: 1.14-2.84). However, experience with one or more opportunity barriers, particularly clinic closures and difficulties getting an appointment, eliminated this relationship, suggesting perennial and new pandemic-associated barriers are a critical challenge to vaccine coverage goals in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry MacKay
- Behavioural Science Office, Centre for Surveillance, Integrated Insights, and Risk Assessment, Data, Surveillance and Foresight Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada; Impact Canada, Impact & Innovation Unit, Privy Council Office, Canada
| | - Jeremy D Gretton
- Behavioural Science Office, Centre for Surveillance, Integrated Insights, and Risk Assessment, Data, Surveillance and Foresight Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada
| | - Sandra Chyderiotis
- Vaccination Behaviour and Confidence, Centre for Immunization Surveillance and Programs, Infectious Diseases and Vaccination Programs Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada
| | - Stephanie Elliott
- Vaccination Behaviour and Confidence, Centre for Immunization Surveillance and Programs, Infectious Diseases and Vaccination Programs Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada
| | - Ana Howarth
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccination Programs Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada
| | - Catherine Guo
- Behavioural Science Office, Centre for Surveillance, Integrated Insights, and Risk Assessment, Data, Surveillance and Foresight Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada
| | - Angela Mastroianni
- Behavioural Science Office, Centre for Surveillance, Integrated Insights, and Risk Assessment, Data, Surveillance and Foresight Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada; Impact Canada, Impact & Innovation Unit, Privy Council Office, Canada
| | - Christine Kormos
- Impact Canada, Impact & Innovation Unit, Privy Council Office, Canada
| | - Jessica Leifer
- Impact Canada, Impact & Innovation Unit, Privy Council Office, Canada
| | - Lauryn Conway
- Impact Canada, Impact & Innovation Unit, Privy Council Office, Canada
| | - Mark D Morrissey
- Behavioural Science Office, Centre for Surveillance, Integrated Insights, and Risk Assessment, Data, Surveillance and Foresight Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada.
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Treharne A, Patel Murthy B, Zell ER, Jones-Jack N, Loper O, Bakshi A, Nalla A, Kuramoto S, Cheng I, Dykstra A, Robison SG, Youngers EH, Schauer S, Gibbs Scharf L, Harris L. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine childhood vaccination in 9 U.S. jurisdictions. Vaccine 2024; 42:125997. [PMID: 38797629 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Routine vaccinations are key to prevent outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. However, there have been documented declines in routine childhood vaccinations in the U.S. and worldwide during the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE Assess how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted routine childhood vaccinations by evaluating vaccination coverage for routine childhood vaccinations for children born in 2016-2021. METHODS Data on routine childhood vaccinations reported to CDC by nine U.S. jurisdictions via the immunization information systems (IISs) by December 31, 2022, were available for analyses. Population size for each age group was obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics' Bridging Population Estimates. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Vaccination coverage for routine childhood vaccinations at age three months, five months, seven months, one year, and two years was calculated by vaccine type and overall, for 4:3:1:3:3:1:4 series (≥4 doses DTaP, ≥3 doses Polio, ≥1 dose MMR, ≥3 doses Hib, ≥3 doses Hepatitis B, ≥1 dose Varicella, and ≥ 4 doses pneumococcal conjugate), for each birth cohort year and by jurisdiction. RESULTS Overall, there was a 10.4 percentage point decrease in the 4:3:1:3:3:1:4 series in those children born in 2020 compared to those children born in 2016. As of December 31, 2022, 71.0% and 71.3% of children born in 2016 and 2017, respectively, were up to date on their routine childhood vaccinations by two years of age compared to 69.1%, 64.7% and 60.6% for children born in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The decline in vaccination coverage for routine childhood vaccines is concerning. In order to protect population health, strategic efforts are needed by health care providers, schools, parents, as well as state, local, and federal governments to work together to address these declines in vaccination coverage during the COVID-19 pandemic to prevent outbreaks of vaccine preventable diseases by maintaining high levels of population immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Treharne
- Immunization Services Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Bhavini Patel Murthy
- Immunization Services Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Commisioned Corps of the United States Public Health Service, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Zell
- Immunization Services Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Stat-Epi Associates, Inc., Ponte Vedra Beach, FL, USA
| | - Nkenge Jones-Jack
- Immunization Services Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ona Loper
- Iowa Department of Health and Human Services, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | | | - Abhinav Nalla
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Iris Cheng
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Long Island City, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Lynn Gibbs Scharf
- Immunization Services Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - LaTreace Harris
- Immunization Services Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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3
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Butler AM, Newland JG, Sahrmann JM, O'Neil CA, McGrath LJ. Characterizing timeliness of recommended vaccinations among privately-insured children in the United States, 2009-2019. Vaccine 2024; 42:126179. [PMID: 39116485 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends early childhood vaccinations, but knowledge is limited about the magnitude and timing of vaccine delay for each recommended dose on a population level. We sought to characterize longitudinal patient-level patterns of early childhood vaccination schedule adherence. METHODS Using the Merative MarketScan Commercial Database (2009-2019), we identified commercially-insured infants who received at least one timely dose of a 2-month recommended vaccine. We categorized the number of recommended vaccines administered on the same date at 2, 4, 6, and 12-15 months of age (grace period: -7, +21 days). A Sankey diagram illustrated the number of vaccines received concomitantly during each age window and depicted transitions to different states over time (e.g., no vaccine delay to vaccine delay). For each vaccine dose, we estimated the cumulative incidence of receipt. RESULTS Among 1,239,364 eligible children, 28% of infants aged 4 months and 38% of infants aged 6 months did not receive timely, concomitant administration of all recommended vaccines. The number of timely vaccines received concomitantly and age at receipt varied most for doses recommended during the second year of life. Children with a previously delayed (versus timely) dose consistently experienced longer time to subsequent dose. CONCLUSIONS National coverage improved over time for all recommended vaccine doses under study, most notably for measles, mumps, and rubella. However, many children do not receive vaccines on schedule. Interventions to maintain adherence to the recommended schedule are needed early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Butler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Jason G Newland
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; NoviSci, Durham, North, Carolina, USA.
| | - John M Sahrmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Caroline A O'Neil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Leah J McGrath
- Global Medical and Scientific Affairs, Pfizer Inc., New York, NY, United States.
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Larson RJ, Jensen JL, Alvord SM, Sloan-Aagard C, Skyles T, Davis SC, Obray AM, Pogue K, Poole BD. Effects of religious and cultural beliefs on vaccine attitudes in a Hispanic immigrant population in the United States. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0003519. [PMID: 39106278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0003519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Hispanic Immigrants (HI) have lower vaccination rates than their non-Hispanic white counterparts. Culturally appropriate interventions are more influential in evoking change among viewers; therefore, it is important to understand the cultural factors of specific ethnic groups. In this study, we identify cultural barriers to vaccination of Hispanic Immigrants. An electronic survey was administered among HI parents living in the United States. Using structural equation modeling, we found that high religious practice and positive religious beliefs towards vaccination correspond with positive vaccine attitudes (+0.20 and +0.587, respectively). Trust in institutions is strongly correlated with strong positive vaccine attitudes (+0.734). While trusting one's folk practitioner more than a medical doctor leads to negative vaccine attitudes (-0.596), the use of home remedies is associated with positive vaccine attitudes (+0.486). The cultural competence of a medical practitioner, especially regarding folk medicine, is essential to lower cultural barriers HI patients face in vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth J Larson
- Department of Public Health, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jamie L Jensen
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Scott M Alvord
- Department of Spanish and Portuguese, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Chantel Sloan-Aagard
- Department of Public Health, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Ty Skyles
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Spencer C Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Acelan M Obray
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Kendall Pogue
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Brian D Poole
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
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5
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Lv SR, Wang MK, Yu XL, Li XY, Yang JS. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on routine childhood vaccinations. World J Virol 2024; 13:90271. [PMID: 38984085 PMCID: PMC11229842 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v13.i2.90271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Routine pediatric vaccination is one of the most effective public health inter-ventions for the control of a number of fatal diseases. However, during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, routine pediatric vaccination rates were severely affected by disruptions of health services and vaccine confidence issues. Governments and the United Nations have taken measures to re-establish routine pediatric vaccination, while additional efforts are needed to catch up and develop plans to ensure routine vaccination services for the future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Rong Lv
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Ming-Ke Wang
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Xue-Lu Yu
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Xin-Yue Li
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Ji-Shun Yang
- Medical Care Center, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
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6
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Michels SY, Daley MF, Newcomer SR. Completion of multidose vaccine series in early childhood: current challenges and opportunities. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2024; 37:176-184. [PMID: 38427536 PMCID: PMC11210715 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000001007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Completion of all doses in multidose vaccine series provides optimal protection against preventable infectious diseases. In this review, we describe clinical and public health implications of multidose vaccine series noncompletion, including current challenges to ensuring children receive all recommended vaccinations. We then highlight actionable steps toward achieving early childhood immunization goals. RECENT FINDINGS Although coverage levels are high for most early childhood vaccinations, rates of completion are lower for vaccinations that require multiple doses. Recent research has shown that lower family socioeconomic status, a lack of health insurance coverage, having multiple children in the household, and moving across state lines are associated with children failing to complete multidose vaccine series. These findings provide contextual evidence to support that practical challenges to accessing immunization services are impediments to completion of multidose series. Strategies, including reminder/recall, use of centralized immunization information systems, and clinician prompts, have been shown to increase immunization rates. Re-investing in these effective interventions and modernizing the public health infrastructure can facilitate multidose vaccine series completion. SUMMARY Completion of multidose vaccine series is a challenge for immunization service delivery. Increased efforts are needed to address remaining barriers and improve vaccination coverage in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Y. Michels
- Center for Population Health Research, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
| | - Matthew F. Daley
- Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sophia R. Newcomer
- Center for Population Health Research, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
- School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
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7
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Shah S, Brumberg HL. Advocate to vaccinate: moving away from the "politics" of vaccination. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:1168-1171. [PMID: 38337042 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Shetal Shah
- Maria Fareri Children's Hospital, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
| | - Heather L Brumberg
- Maria Fareri Children's Hospital, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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8
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Schilling S, Wood JN, Christian CW. Struggling to Stem the Tide of Child Maltreatment. JAMA 2024; 331:918-919. [PMID: 38502084 PMCID: PMC11194738 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2024.0899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Schilling
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Joanne N Wood
- Safe Place: The Center for Child Protection and Health, Policy Lab, Clinical Futures and Division of General Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Cindy W Christian
- Safe Place: The Center for Child Protection and Health, Policy Lab, Clinical Futures and Division of General Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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9
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Calhoun J, Kline-Tilford A, Verger J. Evolution of Pediatric Critical Care Nursing. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 2023; 35:265-274. [PMID: 37532380 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnc.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric critical care nursing is a key pillar in patient care and outcomes for children who are ill and injured. Tremendous advances have occurred in pediatric critical care and nursing. This article provides an overview of the key advances in pediatric critical care nursing through the decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Calhoun
- UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, The University of Pittsburgh, School of Nursing, 3500 Victoria Street, 440 Victoria Building, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | | | - Judy Verger
- College of Nursing, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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10
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Luan L, Zhang Z, Xu J, Kong X, Yu J, Hu R, Liu N, Wang T, Zhang J, Wang J. Evaluation of vaccination status of children with special health care needs in Suzhou, China, 2020-2022: A retrospective survey study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2254965. [PMID: 37697437 PMCID: PMC10498932 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2254965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Children with special health care needs (CSHCNs) are at an increased risk of vaccine-preventable infections (VPDs), but they also face the dilemma of vaccine hesitancy. We obtained information on pediatric visits from the Referral and Assessment Information System for Vaccination (RAISV) and information on vaccination from the Jiangsu Province Immunization Information System (JSIIS). We followed the occurrence of Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFIs) and VPDs by actively calling and querying the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention (CISDCP). The Poisson test was used to compare the incidence of AEFIs between groups. A total of 5,037 children who visited a vaccination assessment clinic were followed-up in this study. The majority were children with developmental anomalies (28.5%), certain conditions originating in the perinatal period (12.1%), and nervous system disorders (9.0%). Most CSHCNs (66.9%) were advised to have all vaccines according to routine practice, 29.0% were advised to have partial vaccination, and 4.1% were advised to delay all vaccines and wait for future assessment. A total of 201 (4.0%) CSHCNs were not vaccinated, although they were assessed to be eligible for vaccination. By querying the immunization planning module in CISDCP, we observed 55 AEFI cases, which amounted to an incidence rate of 1.2 per 1,000, and the occurrence of abnormal reactions was not significantly different compared with the general population. The vaccination program following the designed workflow for CSHCNs was safe and could be recommended in other areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Luan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, National Vaccine Innovation Platform, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
- Department of Immunization Program, Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Zhuoyu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, National Vaccine Innovation Platform, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Juan Xu
- Department of Immunization Program, Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoxing Kong
- Children’s Vaccination Assessment Clinic, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Jiangtao Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, National Vaccine Innovation Platform, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Ran Hu
- Department of Immunization Program, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Na Liu
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, National Vaccine Innovation Platform, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, National Vaccine Innovation Platform, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jianming Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, National Vaccine Innovation Platform, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
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11
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Carrico J, Mellott CE, Talbird SE, Bento-Abreu A, Merckx B, Vandenhaute J, Benchabane D, Dauby N, Ethgen O, Lepage P, Luyten J, Raes M, Simoens S, Van Ranst M, Eiden A, Nyaku MK, Bencina G. Public health impact and return on investment of Belgium's pediatric immunization program. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1032385. [PMID: 37427250 PMCID: PMC10323141 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1032385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We evaluated the public health impact and return on investment of Belgium's pediatric immunization program (PIP) from both healthcare-sector and societal perspectives. Methods We developed a decision analytic model for 6 vaccines routinely administered in Belgium for children aged 0-10 years: DTaP-IPV-HepB-Hib, DTaP-IPV, MMR, PCV, rotavirus, and meningococcal type C. We used separate decision trees to model each of the 11 vaccine-preventable pathogens: diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, Haemophilus influenzae type b, measles, mumps, rubella, Streptococcus pneumoniae, rotavirus, and meningococcal type C; hepatitis B was excluded because of surveillance limitations. The 2018 birth cohort was followed over its lifetime. The model projected and compared health outcomes and costs with and without immunization (based on vaccine-era and pre-vaccine era disease incidence estimates, respectively), assuming that observed reductions in disease incidence were fully attributable to vaccination. For the societal perspective, the model included productivity loss costs associated with immunization and disease in addition to direct medical costs. The model estimated discounted cases averted, disease-related deaths averted, life-years gained, quality-adjusted life-years gained, costs (2020 euros), and an overall benefit-cost ratio. Scenario analyses considered alternate assumptions for key model inputs. Results Across all 11 pathogens, we estimated that the PIP prevented 226,000 cases of infections and 200 deaths, as well as the loss of 7,000 life-years and 8,000 quality-adjusted life-years over the lifetime of a birth cohort of 118,000 children. The PIP was associated with discounted vaccination costs of €91 million from the healthcare-sector perspective and €122 million from the societal perspective. However, vaccination costs were more than fully offset by disease-related costs averted, with the latter amounting to a discounted €126 million and €390 million from the healthcare-sector and societal perspectives, respectively. As a result, pediatric immunization was associated with overall discounted savings of €35 million and €268 million from the healthcare-sector and societal perspectives, respectively; every €1 invested in childhood immunization resulted in approximately €1.4 in disease-related cost savings to the health system and €3.2 in cost savings from a societal perspective for Belgium's PIP. Estimates of the value of the PIP were most sensitive to changes in input assumptions for disease incidence, productivity losses due to disease-related mortality, and direct medical disease costs. Conclusion Belgium's PIP, which previously had not been systematically assessed, provides large-scale prevention of disease-related morbidity and premature mortality, and is associated with net savings to health system and society. Continued investment in the PIP is warranted to sustain its positive public health and financial impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Carrico
- RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicolas Dauby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- School of Public Health, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
- Institute for Medical Immunology, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Ethgen
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- SERFAN Innovation, Namur, Belgium
| | - Philippe Lepage
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola and Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Luyten
- Leuven Institute for Healthcare Policy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Steven Simoens
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Goran Bencina
- Center for Observational and Real-World Evidence, MSD, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Masaquel C, Schley K, Wright K, Mauskopf J, Parrish RA, Presa JV, Hewlett D. The Impact of Social Determinants of Health on Meningococcal Vaccination Awareness, Delivery, and Coverage in Adolescents and Young Adults in the United States: A Systematic Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020256. [PMID: 36851134 PMCID: PMC9962690 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines remain a fundamental intervention for preventing illness and death. In the United States, suboptimal vaccine uptake in adolescents and young adults has been observed for meningococcal conjugate (MenACWY) and serogroup B meningococcal (MenB) vaccines, particularly among marginalized communities, despite current recommendations by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. A systematic literature search was conducted in the MEDLINE and MEDLINE In-Process, Embase, Cochrane, PsychInfo, and CINAHL databases to identify both drivers of, and barriers to, MenACWY and MenB vaccine uptake in adolescents and young adults. A total of 34 of 46 eligible studies that presented outcomes stratified by race/ethnicity, geography, and socioeconomic status were selected for review. Results showed MenACWY and MenB vaccination coverage in adolescents and young adults is impacted by racial/ethnic, socioeconomic, and geographic disparities. Gaps also exist in insurance for, or access to, these vaccines in adolescents and young adults. Moreover, there was variability in the understanding and implementation of the shared decision-making recommendations for the MenB vaccine. Disease awareness campaigns, increased clarity in accessing all meningococcal vaccines, and further research on the relationships between measures of marginalization and its impact on vaccine coverage in adolescents and young adults are needed to reduce the incidence of severe infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Masaquel
- RTI Health Solutions, 3005 Boardwalk Dr # 105, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-917-327-3884
| | | | - Kelly Wright
- RTI Health Solutions, 3005 Boardwalk Dr # 105, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | | | | | | | - Dial Hewlett
- Medical Westchester County Department of Health, 134 Court St, White Plains, New York, NY 10601, USA
- Infectious Disease Consultant Calvary Hospital Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
- Microbiology & Immunology New York Medical College, New York, NY 10595, USA
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Mellott CE, Jaworski R, Carrico J, Talbird SE, Dobrowolska I, Golicki D, Bencina G, Clinkscales M, Karamousouli E, Eiden AL, Sabale U. Public health impact and return on investment of the pediatric immunization program in Poland. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:1114-1125. [PMID: 37909887 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2275712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to evaluate the epidemiological impact and return on investment of the pediatric immunization program (PIP) in Poland from the healthcare-sector and societal perspectives. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A health-economic model was developed focusing on the nine vaccines, targeting 11 pathogens, recommended by the public health authorities for children aged 0-6 years in Poland. The 2019 birth cohort (388,178) was followed over their lifetime, with the model estimating discounted health outcomes, life-years gained, quality-adjusted life-years, and direct and indirect costs with and without the PIP based on current and pre-vaccine - era disease incidence estimates, respectively. RESULTS Across 11 targeted pathogens, the Polish PIP prevented more than 452,300 cases of disease, 1,600 deaths, 37,900 life-years lost, and 38,800 quality-adjusted life-years lost. The PIP was associated with vaccination costs of €54 million. Pediatric immunization averted €65 million from a healthcare-sector perspective (benefit-cost ratio [BCR], 2.2) and averted €358 million from a societal perspective (BCR, 7.6). The BCRs from both perspectives remained >1.0 in scenario analyses. CONCLUSIONS The Polish PIP, which has not previously been systematically assessed, brings large-scale prevention of disease-related morbidity, premature mortality, and associated costs. This analysis highlights the value of continued investment in pediatric immunization in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dominik Golicki
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Goran Bencina
- Center for Observational and Real-World Evidence, (CORE), MSD, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Amanda L Eiden
- Center for Observational and Real-World Evidence (CORE), Merck & Co, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Ugne Sabale
- Center for Observational and Real-World Evidence (CORE), MSD, Vilnius, Lithuania
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14
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The burden of selected vaccine-preventable diseases on the secondary care health system in England: Results from a five-year administrative healthcare dataset. Vaccine 2022; 40:6939-6946. [PMID: 36280563 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined healthcare resource use (HCRU) for selected vaccine-preventable diseases (VPD) in secondary care in England. METHODS The hospital episode statistics (HES) dataset covering all secondary care interactions within the English National Health Service (NHS) from 2015 to 2021 was used to identify and track HCRU for patients with a primary or secondary diagnosis for pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), or a primary diagnosis only for hepatitis B, diphtheria, poliomyelitis, or tetanus. The first documented diagnosis during the study period (01/04/2015-31/03/2021) was the index event. RESULTS 7,274 patients with a total of 5,554,343 patient-days (mean follow up 1,491 days) were included. The total number of hospital admissions was 27,092 and total inpatient cost was £4,987,770, with hepatitis B making up ∼80 % of this. Mean outpatient hospital appointments per patient were highest for tetanus (4.00), but total outpatient A&E cost burden was highest for Hib (£643,343 [mean per attendance £144.57]). For patients 0-9 years of age (n = 1,917), pertussis (n = 1,547) and Hib (n = 313) were by far the most commonly coded diseases. Hepatitis B was the most common disease in adults of working age and Hib was most prevalent in adults of retirement age. Surprisingly, poliomyelitis was observed in the database potentially due to historic diagnoses and/or coding inaccuracy. Other discrepancies with surveillance data were noted. CONCLUSIONS VPDs impose a large burden on the NHS, but there is potential to reduce this and improve public health by optimising vaccination schedules, improving access and ensuring high coverage rates.
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15
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Carrico J, La EM, Talbird SE, Chen YT, Nyaku MK, Carias C, Mellott CE, Marshall GS, Roberts CS. Value of the Immunization Program for Children in the 2017 US Birth Cohort. Pediatrics 2022; 150:188497. [PMID: 35821603 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-056007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES We evaluated the economic impact of routine childhood immunization in the United States, reflecting updated vaccine recommendations and recent data on epidemiology and coverage rates. METHODS An economic model followed the 2017 US birth cohort from birth through death; impact was modeled via a decision tree for each of the vaccines recommended for children by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices as of 2017 (with annual influenza vaccine considered in scenario analysis). Using information on historic prevaccine and vaccine-era incidence and disease costs, we calculated disease cases, deaths, disease-related healthcare costs, and productivity losses without and with vaccination, as well as vaccination program costs. We estimated cases and deaths averted because of vaccination, life-years and quality-adjusted life-years gained because of vaccination, incremental costs (2019 US dollars), and the overall benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of routine childhood immunization from the societal and healthcare payer perspectives. RESULTS Over the cohort's lifetime, routine childhood immunization prevented over 17 million cases of disease and 31 000 deaths; 853 000 life years and 892 000 quality-adjusted life-years were gained. Estimated vaccination costs ($8.5 billion) were fully offset by the $63.6 billion disease-related averted costs. Routine childhood immunization was associated with $55.1 billion (BCR of 7.5) and $13.7 billion (BCR of 2.8) in averted costs from a societal and healthcare payer perspective, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In addition to preventing unnecessary morbidity and mortality, routine childhood immunization is cost-saving. Continued maintenance of high vaccination coverage is necessary to ensure sustained clinical and economic benefits of the vaccination program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Carrico
- RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Elizabeth M La
- RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gary S Marshall
- Norton Children's and University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
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Warren MD, Hanna MF. Vaccines Are Profoundly Effective, and We Can't Stop There. Pediatrics 2022; 150:188496. [PMID: 35821604 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-057831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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