1
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Breves JP, Shaughnessy CA. Endocrine control of gill ionocyte function in euryhaline fishes. J Comp Physiol B 2024:10.1007/s00360-024-01555-3. [PMID: 38739280 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-024-01555-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The endocrine system is an essential regulator of the osmoregulatory organs that enable euryhaline fishes to maintain hydromineral balance in a broad range of environmental salinities. Because branchial ionocytes are the primary site for the active exchange of Na+, Cl-, and Ca2+ with the external environment, their functional regulation is inextricably linked with adaptive responses to changes in salinity. Here, we review the molecular-level processes that connect osmoregulatory hormones with branchial ion transport. We focus on how factors such as prolactin, growth hormone, cortisol, and insulin-like growth-factors operate through their cognate receptors to direct the expression of specific ion transporters/channels, Na+/K+-ATPases, tight-junction proteins, and aquaporins in ion-absorptive (freshwater-type) and ion-secretory (seawater-type) ionocytes. While these connections have historically been deduced in teleost models, more recently, increased attention has been given to understanding the nature of these connections in basal lineages. We conclude our review by proposing areas for future investigation that aim to fill gaps in the collective understanding of how hormonal signaling underlies ionocyte-based processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Breves
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA.
| | - Ciaran A Shaughnessy
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
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2
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Kozan DW, Derrick JT, Ludington WB, Farber SA. From worms to humans: Understanding intestinal lipid metabolism via model organisms. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159290. [PMID: 36738984 PMCID: PMC9974936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The intestine is responsible for efficient absorption and packaging of dietary lipids before they enter the circulatory system. This review provides a comprehensive overview of how intestinal enterocytes from diverse model organisms absorb dietary lipid and subsequently secrete the largest class of lipoproteins (chylomicrons) to meet the unique needs of each animal. We discuss the putative relationship between diet and metabolic disease progression, specifically Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Understanding the molecular response of intestinal cells to dietary lipid has the potential to undercover novel therapies to combat metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darby W Kozan
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institute for Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Joshua T Derrick
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institute for Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - William B Ludington
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institute for Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Steven A Farber
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institute for Science, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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3
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Breves JP, Puterbaugh KM, Bradley SE, Hageman AE, Verspyck AJ, Shaw LH, Danielson EC, Hou Y. Molecular targets of prolactin in mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus): Ion transporters/channels, aquaporins, and claudins. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 325:114051. [PMID: 35533740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (Prl) was identified over 60 years ago in mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) as a "freshwater (FW)-adapting hormone", yet the cellular and molecular targets of Prl in this model teleost have remained unknown. Here, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of two mummichog Prl receptors (Prlrs), designated Prlra and Prlrb, prior to describing the tissue- and salinity-dependent expression of their associated mRNAs. We then administered ovine Prl (oPrl) to mummichogs held in brackish water and characterized the expression of genes associated with FW- and seawater (SW)-type ionocytes. Within FW-type ionocytes, oPrl stimulated the expression of Na+/Cl- cotransporter 2 (ncc2) and aquaporin 3 (aqp3). Alternatively, branchial Na+/H+ exchanger 2 and -3 (nhe2 and -3) expression did not respond to oPrl. Gene transcripts associated with SW-type ionocytes, including Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter 1 (nkcc1), cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator 1 (cftr1), and claudin 10f (cldn10f) were reduced by oPrl. Isolated gill filaments incubated with oPrl in vitro exhibited elevated ncc2 and prlra expression. Given the role of Aqps in supporting gastrointestinal fluid absorption, we assessed whether several intestinal aqp transcripts were responsive to oPrl and found that aqp1a and -8 levels were reduced by oPrl. Our collective data indicate that Prl promotes FW-acclimation in mummichogs by orchestrating the expression of solute transporters/channels, water channels, and tight-junction proteins across multiple osmoregulatory organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Breves
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
| | - Katie M Puterbaugh
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Serena E Bradley
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Annie E Hageman
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Adrian J Verspyck
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Lydia H Shaw
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Danielson
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Yubo Hou
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
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4
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Lee JS, Kawai YK, Morita Y, Covaci A, Kubota A. Estrogenic and growth inhibitory responses to organophosphorus flame retardant metabolites in zebrafish embryos. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 256:109321. [PMID: 35227875 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has revealed that organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) elicit a variety of toxic effects, including endocrine disruption. The present study examined estrogenic and growth inhibitory responses to OPFR metabolites in comparison to their parent compounds using zebrafish eleutheroembryos.1 Exposure to 4-hydroxylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (HO-p-TPHP) but not its parent compound triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) elicited upregulation of a marker gene of estrogenic responses, cytochrome P450 19A1b (CYP19A1b), and this upregulation was reversed by co-exposure to an estrogen receptor antagonist. Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), as well as 3-hydroxylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (HO-m-TPHP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), did not elicit significant changes in the CYP19A1b expression. Reduction in body length was induced by TPHP and to a lesser extent by its hydroxylated metabolites. Altered expression of genes involved in the synthesis and action of thyroid hormones, including iodothyronine deiodinases 1 and 2, thyroid hormone receptor alpha, and transthyretin, were commonly observed for TPHP and its hydroxylated metabolites. Reduction in the body length was also seen in embryos exposed to TDCIPP but not BDCIPP. The transcriptional effect of TDCIPP was largely different from that of TPHP, with decreased expression of growth hormone and prolactin observed only in TDCIPP-exposed embryos. Considering the concentration-response relationships for the growth retardation and gene expression changes, together with existing evidence from other researchers, it is likely that prolactin is in part involved in the growth inhibition caused by TDCIPP. The present study showed similarities and differences in the endocrine disruptive effects of OPFRs and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Seung Lee
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada-cho Nishi, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yusuke K Kawai
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada-cho Nishi, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuri Morita
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada-cho Nishi, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Akira Kubota
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada-cho Nishi, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan.
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5
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Charmantier G, Nguyen-Chi M, Lutfalla G. Ontogenetic Changes in Blood Osmolality During the Postembryonic Development of Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Zebrafish 2022; 19:1-6. [PMID: 35128940 PMCID: PMC8884165 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2021.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish Danio rerio is a teleost model species widely used in developmental genetics, biomedical studies, toxicology, and drug screening. Despite the interest of this species in research, little is known through indirect observations about its blood osmolality, which is a key parameter for diverse experiments. In this study, we directly measured blood osmolality using nano-osmometry at different stages of zebrafish postembryonic development. We found that blood osmolality is close to 240 mOsm·kg−1 in early larvae. It progressively increased to ∼270 mOsm·kg−1 during the larval development before reaching ∼300 mOsm·kg−1 after metamorphosis in juveniles and later in adults. These ontogenetic changes in blood osmolality illustrate the physiological changes in osmoregulation associated with postembryonic development, including metamorphosis. These values are of practical interest for adjusting the osmolality of fixatives and cell and tissue culture media for research using zebrafish as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Charmantier
- CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, UM, Marbec, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mai Nguyen-Chi
- LPHI, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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6
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Hoffmann S, Mullins L, Rider S, Brown C, Buckley CB, Assmus A, Li Z, Sierra Beltran M, Henderson N, Del Pozo J, De Goes Martini A, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA, Mullins J. Comparative Studies of Renin-Null Zebrafish and Mice Provide New Functional Insights. Hypertension 2022; 79:e56-e66. [PMID: 35000430 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.18600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The renin-angiotensin system is highly conserved across vertebrates, including zebrafish, which possess orthologous genes coding for renin-angiotensin system proteins, and specialized mural cells of the kidney arterioles, capable of synthesising and secreting renin. METHODS We generated zebrafish with CRISPR-Cas9-targeted knockout of renin (ren-/-) to investigate renin function in a low blood pressure environment. We used single-cell (10×) RNA sequencing analysis to compare the transcriptome profiles of renin lineage cells from mesonephric kidneys of ren-/- with ren+/+ zebrafish and with the metanephric kidneys of Ren1c-/- and Ren1c+/+ mice. RESULTS The ren-/- larvae exhibited delays in larval growth, glomerular fusion and appearance of a swim bladder, but were viable and withstood low salinity during early larval stages. Optogenetic ablation of renin-expressing cells, located at the anterior mesenteric artery of 3-day-old larvae, caused a loss of tone, due to diminished contractility. The ren-/- mesonephric kidney exhibited vacuolated cells in the proximal tubule, which were also observed in Ren1c-/- mouse kidney. Fluorescent reporters for renin and smooth muscle actin (tg(ren:LifeAct-RFP; acta2:EGFP)), revealed a dramatic recruitment of renin lineage cells along the renal vasculature of adult ren-/- fish, suggesting a continued requirement for renin, in the absence of detectable angiotensin metabolites, as seen in the Ren1YFP Ren1c-/- mouse. Both phenotypes were rescued by alleles lacking the potential for glycosylation at exon 2, suggesting that glycosylation is not essential for normal physiological function. CONCLUSIONS Phenotypic similarities and transcriptional variations between mouse and zebrafish renin knockouts suggests evolution of renin cell function with terrestrial survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Hoffmann
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.H., L.M., S.R., C.B., C.B.B., A.A., Z.L., J.M.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Mullins
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.H., L.M., S.R., C.B., C.B.B., A.A., Z.L., J.M.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastien Rider
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.H., L.M., S.R., C.B., C.B.B., A.A., Z.L., J.M.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Now with DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, Switzerland (S.R.)
| | - Cara Brown
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.H., L.M., S.R., C.B., C.B.B., A.A., Z.L., J.M.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte B Buckley
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.H., L.M., S.R., C.B., C.B.B., A.A., Z.L., J.M.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Now with Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom (C.B.B.)
| | - Adrienne Assmus
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.H., L.M., S.R., C.B., C.B.B., A.A., Z.L., J.M.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ziwen Li
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.H., L.M., S.R., C.B., C.B.B., A.A., Z.L., J.M.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mariana Sierra Beltran
- Centre for Inflammation Research (M.S.B., N.H.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research (M.S.B., N.H.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (N.H.)
| | - Jorge Del Pozo
- Veterinary Pathology, Royal (Dick)School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, United Kingdom (J.d.P.)
| | - Alexandre De Goes Martini
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.D.G.M., M.L.S.S.-L., R.A.G.)
| | - Maria Luisa S Sequeira-Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.D.G.M., M.L.S.S.-L., R.A.G.)
| | - R Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.D.G.M., M.L.S.S.-L., R.A.G.)
| | - John Mullins
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.H., L.M., S.R., C.B., C.B.B., A.A., Z.L., J.M.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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7
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Postlethwait JH, Massaquoi MS, Farnsworth DR, Yan YL, Guillemin K, Miller AC. The SARS-CoV-2 receptor and other key components of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System related to COVID-19 are expressed in enterocytes in larval zebrafish. Biol Open 2021; 10:bio058172. [PMID: 33757938 PMCID: PMC8015242 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
People with underlying conditions, including hypertension, obesity, and diabetes, are especially susceptible to negative outcomes after infection with coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19. Hypertension and respiratory inflammation are exacerbated by the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), which normally protects from rapidly dropping blood pressure via Angiotensin II (Ang II) produced by the enzyme Ace. The Ace paralog Ace2 degrades Ang II, counteracting its chronic effects, and serves as the SARS-CoV-2 receptor. Ace, the coronavirus, and COVID-19 comorbidities all regulate Ace2, but we do not yet understand how. To exploit zebrafish (Danio rerio) to help understand the relationship of the RAAS to COVID-19, we must identify zebrafish orthologs and co-orthologs of human RAAS genes and understand their expression patterns. To achieve these goals, we conducted genomic and phylogenetic analyses and investigated single cell transcriptomes. Results showed that most human RAAS genes have one or more zebrafish orthologs or co-orthologs. Results identified a specific type of enterocyte as the specific site of expression of zebrafish orthologs of key RAAS components, including Ace, Ace2, Slc6a19 (SARS-CoV-2 co-receptor), and the Angiotensin-related peptide cleaving enzymes Anpep (receptor for the common cold coronavirus HCoV-229E), and Dpp4 (receptor for the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome virus, MERS-CoV). Results identified specific vascular cell subtypes expressing Ang II receptors, apelin, and apelin receptor genes. These results identify genes and cell types to exploit zebrafish as a disease model for understanding mechanisms of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yi-Lin Yan
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Karen Guillemin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Adam C Miller
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
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8
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Cao Q, Yin S. The influence of environmental calcium on the branchial morphology in a catadromous fish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:8945-8952. [PMID: 33405148 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11922-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Eels are exposed to Ca2+ changes during migration between seawater and freshwater. The gill is the main organ of active calcium transport and has a large surface area to be particularly sensitive to environmental changes in the aquatic environment. In this research, we focused on the morphological changes of gill tissues when eels are faced with the environmental calcium challenges. Based on the results of hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemistry, compared with the control group (normal Ca2+ environment), the filament and lamella lengths and lamellar frequency (LF) appeared higher in high calcium environment and lower in deficient calcium environment, while the lamella width and filamental lamellar surface area (SAFL) decreased in high calcium environment and increased in deficient calcium environment. And there was no difference in the number filaments in first right gill arch in the three Ca2+ water environment. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to examine the ultrastructural changes in gills in different Ca2+ water environment. The nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum had a tendency to expand in calcium-deficient water, but had a tendency to shrink in high-calcium water comparing with the control group. This study provides the support that branchial surface areas are regulated in different Ca2+ waters through a list of calcium transporters including CACNB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanquan Cao
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Shaowu Yin
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, 222005, China.
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9
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Breves JP, Popp EE, Rothenberg EF, Rosenstein CW, Maffett KM, Guertin RR. Osmoregulatory actions of prolactin in the gastrointestinal tract of fishes. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 298:113589. [PMID: 32827513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In fishes, prolactin (Prl) signaling underlies the homeostatic regulation of hydromineral balance by controlling essential solute and water transporting functions performed by the gill, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, urinary bladder, and integument. Comparative studies spanning over 60 years have firmly established that Prl promotes physiological activities that enable euryhaline and stenohaline teleosts to reside in freshwater environments; nonetheless, the specific molecular and cellular targets of Prl in ion- and water-transporting tissues are still being resolved. In this short review, we discuss how particular targets of Prl (e.g., ion cotransporters, tight-junction proteins, and ion pumps) confer adaptive functions to the esophagus and intestine. Additionally, in some instances, Prl promotes histological and functional transformations within esophageal and intestinal epithelia by regulating cell proliferation. Collectively, the demonstrated actions of Prl in the gastrointestinal tract of teleosts indicate that Prl operates to promote phenotypes supportive of freshwater acclimation and to inhibit phenotypes associated with seawater acclimation. We conclude our review by underscoring that future investigations are warranted to determine how growth hormone/Prl-family signaling evolved in basal fishes to support the gastrointestinal processes underlying hydromineral balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Breves
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
| | - Emily E Popp
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Eva F Rothenberg
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Clarence W Rosenstein
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Kaitlyn M Maffett
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Rebecca R Guertin
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
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10
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Postlethwait JH, Farnsworth DR, Miller AC. An intestinal cell type in zebrafish is the nexus for the SARS-CoV-2 receptor and the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System that contributes to COVID-19 comorbidities. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32908984 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.01.278366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
People with underlying conditions, including hypertension, obesity, and diabetes, are especially susceptible to negative outcomes after infection with the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. These COVID-19 comorbidities are exacerbated by the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), which normally protects from rapidly dropping blood pressure or dehydration via the peptide Angiotensin II (Ang II) produced by the enzyme Ace. The Ace paralog Ace2 degrades Ang II, thus counteracting its chronic effects. Ace2 is also the SARS-CoV-2 receptor. Ace , the coronavirus, and COVID-19 comorbidities all regulate Ace2 , but we don't yet understand how. To exploit zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) as a disease model to understand mechanisms regulating the RAAS and its relationship to COVID-19 comorbidities, we must first identify zebrafish orthologs and co-orthologs of human RAAS genes, and second, understand where and when these genes are expressed in specific cells in zebrafish development. To achieve these goals, we conducted genomic analyses and investigated single cell transcriptomes. Results showed that most human RAAS genes have an ortholog in zebrafish and some have two or more co-orthologs. Results further identified a specific intestinal cell type in zebrafish larvae as the site of expression for key RAAS components, including Ace, Ace2, the coronavirus co-receptor Slc6a19, and the Angiotensin-related peptide cleaving enzymes Anpep and Enpep. Results also identified specific vascular cell subtypes as expressing Ang II receptors, apelin , and apelin receptor genes. These results identify specific genes and cell types to exploit zebrafish as a disease model for understanding the mechanisms leading to COVID-19 comorbidities. SUMMARY STATEMENT Genomic analyses identify zebrafish orthologs of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System that contribute to COVID-19 comorbidities and single-cell transcriptomics show that they act in a specialized intestinal cell type.
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11
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Pilehvar A, Cordery KI, Town RM, Blust R. The synergistic toxicity of Cd(II) and Cu(II) to zebrafish (Danio rerio): Effect of water hardness. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 247:125942. [PMID: 32069721 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We have evaluated the interactive toxicity of Cu(II) and Cd(II) in water with different hardness levels using adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish were exposed to Cd(II) (0.2-22 μM) or Cu(II) (0.1-8 μM) in single or binary exposures in very soft, moderately hard or very hard water. The whole body burdens of Cd(II) and Cu(II) reflect the net effect of biouptake and elimination, mortality was the indicator of toxicity, and whole body major ion content was measured to assess ion regulatory functions. Cu(II) was found to be more toxic than Cd(II) for zebrafish, and Cu(II) and Cd(II) exhibited a significant synergistic effect. The toxicity of metal ions increased upon decreasing the ionic strength of the exposure medium, probably due to elevated competition between metal ions with other cations in hard water and increased activity of Ca2+ pathways in soft water treatments. Whole body metal accumulation and the accumulation rate of both Cu and Cd increased as the metal ion concentration in the exposure medium increased. Nevertheless, neither parameter explained the observed synergistic effect on mortality. Finally, we observed a significant loss of whole body Na+ in fish which died during the metal exposure compared to surviving fish, irrespective of exposure conditions. Such an effect was not observed for other major cations (K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+). This observation suggests that, under the applied exposure conditions, survival was correlated to the capacity of the organism to maintain Na+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Pilehvar
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Katherine I Cordery
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Raewyn M Town
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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12
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Su M, Zhou J, Duan Z, Zhang J. Transcriptional analysis of renal dopamine-mediated Na + homeostasis response to environmental salinity stress in Scatophagus argus. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:418. [PMID: 31126236 PMCID: PMC6534869 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5795-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To control the osmotic pressure in the body, physiological adjustments to salinity fluctuations require the fish to regulate body fluid homeostasis in relation to environmental change via osmoregulation. Previous studies related to osmoregulation were focused primarily on the gill; however, little is known about another organ involved in osmoregulation, the kidney. The salinity adaptation of marine fish involves complex physiological traits, metabolic pathways and molecular and gene networks in osmoregulatory organs. To further explore of the salinity adaptation of marine fish with regard to the role of the kidney, the euryhaline fish Scatophagus argus was employed in the present study. Renal expression profiles of S. argus at different salinity levels were characterized using RNA-sequencing, and an integrated approach of combining molecular tools with physiological and biochemical techniques was utilized to reveal renal osmoregulatory mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. Results S. argus renal transcriptomes from the hyposaline stress (0‰, freshwater [FW]), hypersaline stress (50‰, hypersaline water [HW]) and control groups (25‰) were compared to elucidate potential osmoregulatory mechanisms. In total, 19,012 and 36,253 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from the FW and HW groups, respectively. Based on the functional classification of DEGs, the renal dopamine system-induced Na+ transport was demonstrated to play a fundamental role in osmoregulation. In addition, for the first time in fish, many candidate genes associated with the dopamine system were identified. Furthermore, changes in environmental salinity affected renal dopamine release/reuptake by regulating the expression of genes related to dopamine reuptake (dat and nkaα1), vesicular traffic-mediated dopamine release (pink1, lrrk2, ace and apn), DAT phosphorylation (CaMKIIα and pkcβ) and internalization (akt1). The associated transcriptional regulation ensured appropriate extracellular dopamine abundance in the S. argus kidney, and fluctuations in extracellular dopamine produced a direct influence on Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) expression and activity, which is associated with Na+ homeostasis. Conclusions These transcriptomic data provided insight into the molecular basis of renal osmoregulation in S. argus. Significantly, the results of this study revealed the mechanism of renal dopamine system-induced Na+ transport is essential in fish osmoregulation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5795-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoliang Su
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.,Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jianan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zhengyu Duan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Junbin Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China. .,Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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13
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Monroe I, Wentworth S, Thede K, Aravindabose V, Garvin J, Packer RK. Activity changes in gill ion transporter enzymes in response to salinity and temperature in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 228:29-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Breves JP. Prolactin controls branchial clcn2c but not atp1a1a.2 in zebrafish Danio rerio. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 94:168-172. [PMID: 30367725 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the branchial epithelium of stenohaline zebrafish Danio rerio, and in particular Na+ -Cl- cotransporter-like 2 (Slc12a10.2)-expressing ionocytes (Na+ -Cl- cotransporter [Ncc]-cells), which mediate the active uptake of ions from freshwater environments. The study assessed whether the pituitary hormone prolactin (Prl) stimulates the expression of messenger (m)RNAs encoding a Clc Cl- channel family member (clcn2c) and a Na+ -K+ -ATPase α1 subunit (atp1a1a.2) expressed in Ncc-cells. Branchial clcn2c, but not atp1a1a.2 levels, were sensitive to Prl both in vitro and in vivo. These observations suggest that Prl contributes to maintaining systemic Cl- balance via the regulation of clcn2c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Breves
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, USA
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15
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Hoffmann S, Mullins L, Buckley C, Rider S, Mullins J. Investigating the RAS can be a fishy business: interdisciplinary opportunities using Zebrafish. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:2469-2481. [PMID: 30518571 PMCID: PMC6279434 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is highly conserved, and components of the RAS are present in all vertebrates to some degree. Although the RAS has been studied since the discovery of renin, its biological role continues to broaden with the identification and characterization of new peptides. The evolutionarily distant zebrafish is a remarkable model for studying the kidney due to its genetic tractability and accessibility for in vivo imaging. The zebrafish pronephros is an especially useful kidney model due to its structural simplicity yet complex functionality, including capacity for glomerular and tubular filtration. Both the pronephros and mesonephros contain renin-expressing perivascular cells, which respond to RAS inhibition, making the zebrafish an excellent model for studying the RAS. This review summarizes the physiological and genetic tools currently available for studying the zebrafish kidney with regards to functionality of the RAS, using novel imaging techniques such as SPIM microscopy coupled with targeted single cell ablation and synthesis of vasoactive RAS peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Hoffmann
- University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | - Linda Mullins
- University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | - Charlotte Buckley
- University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | - Sebastien Rider
- University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | - John Mullins
- University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K.
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16
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Bollinger RJ, Ellis LV, Bossus MC, Tipsmark CK. Prolactin controls Na +,Cl - cotransporter via Stat5 pathway in the teleost gill. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 477:163-171. [PMID: 29959978 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In some freshwater fish species, the control of gill Na, Cl cotransporter (Ncc2b) by prolactin appears to be instrumental to ionic homeostasis. This study was carried out to examine the signaling pathways involved in prolactin-mediated salt retention using gill explants from Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Ovine prolactin induced a concentration-dependent stimulation of ncc2b with significant effects of 10, 100 and 1000 ng of hormone per mL media (2-6 fold). To understand the molecular mechanisms mediating prolactin control of gill function, we analyzed effects on signaling pathways known to be involved in the hormones action in other systems, namely Stat5, Akt and Erk1/2. Their activation was examined in a time course and concentration response experiment. Prolactin (1 μg mL-1) induced a rapid phosphorylation (stimulation) of Stat5 (10 min) that reached a plateau after 30 min and was maintained for at least 120 min. The effect of prolactin on Stat5 phosphorylation was concentration-dependent (4-12 fold). No activation of Akt or Erk1/2 was observed in either experiment. The Stat5 activation was further investigated in localization studies that demonstrated strong nuclear expression of phosphorylated Stat5 in prolactin-treated gill ionocytes. Using specific inhibitors, we analyzed the signalling pathways mediating prolactin induction of gill ncc2b. Co-incubation experiments showed that Stat5 inhibition blocked prolactin's stimulation of ncc2b expression, while PI3K-Akt and Mek1/2-Erk1/2 pathway inhibitors had no effect. These findings show that ncc2b expression is dependent on prolactin's downstream activation of Stat5 and its subsequent nuclear translocation within branchial ionocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Bollinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, SCEN 601, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Laura V Ellis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, SCEN 601, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Maryline C Bossus
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, SCEN 601, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA; Lyon College, Math and Science Department, 2300 Highland Rd, Batesville, AR, 72501, USA
| | - Christian K Tipsmark
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, SCEN 601, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
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17
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Jia Y, Liu X. Expression of Na +/K +-ATPase Was Affected by Salinity Change in Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1244. [PMID: 30245637 PMCID: PMC6137147 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) belongs to the P-type ATPase family, whose members are located in the cell membrane and are distributed in diverse tissues and cells. The main function of the NKA is to regulate osmotic pressure. To better understand the role of NKA in osmoregulation, we first cloned and characterized the full-length cDNAs of NKA α subunit and β subunit from Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai in the current study. The predicted protein sequence of the NKA α subunit, as the catalytic subunit, was well conserved. In contrast, the protein sequence of the β subunit had low similarity with those of other species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that both the α and β subunits of the NKA protein of Pacific abalone were clustered with those of the Gastropoda. Then, the relationship between salinity changes and the NKA was investigated. Sudden salinity changes (with low-salinity seawater (LSW) or high-salinity seawater (HSW)) led to clear changes in ion concentration (Na+ and K+) in hemolymph; however, the relative stability of ion concentrations in tissue revealed that Pacific abalone has a strong osmotic pressure regulation ability when faced with these salinity changes. Meanwhile, the expression and activity of the NKA was significantly decreased (in LSW group) or increased (in HSW group) during the ion concentration re-establishing stages, which was consistent with the coordinated regulation of ion concentration in hemolymph. Moreover, a positive correlation between cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations and NKA mRNA expression (NKA activity) was observed in mantle and gill. Therefore, the sudden salinity changes may affect NKA transcription activation, translation and enzyme activity via a cAMP-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanglei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology and Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology and Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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18
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Shu T, Shu Y, Gao Y, Jin X, He J, Zhai G, Yin Z. Depletion of Tissue-Specific Ion Transporters Causes Differential Expression of PRL Targets in Response to Increased Levels of Endogenous PRL. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:683. [PMID: 30515132 PMCID: PMC6255821 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) has been considered a key regulator of ion uptake in zebrafish. The genes slc12a10.2 and slc12a3, which are Na+ and chloride Cl- co-transporters, have been reported to be regulated by PRL in freshwater fish. The integrative network of PRL signaling dissected from the knockout of tissue-specific downstream PRL ion transporters remains poor. In the present study, zebrafish models with increased endogenous levels of PRL were generated through the knockout of slc12a10.2 or slc12a3, and the developmental consequences were analyzed. The increased levels of pituitary PRL were observed in both slc12a10.2- and slc12a3-deficient fish. Unlike the slc12a3-deficient fish, which could survive to adulthood, the slc12a10.2-deficient fish began to die at 9 days post-fertilization (dpf) and did not survive beyond 17 dpf. This survival defect is a result of defective Cl- uptake in this mutant, indicating that Slc12a10.2 plays an essential role in Cl- uptake. Intriguingly, compared to the levels in control fish, no significant differences in the levels of Na+ in the body were observed in slc12a10.2- or slc12a3-deficient zebrafish. The upregulations of the PRL downstream transporters, slc9a3.2, slc12a10.2, and atp1a1a.5 were observed in slc12a3-deficient fish in both the gills/skin and the pronephric duct. However, this type of response was not observed in the pronephric duct of slc12a10.2-deficient fish, except under Na+-deprived conditions. Our results show that PRL is susceptible to deficiencies in downstream ion transporters. Moreover, both the gills/skin and pronephric duct show differential expression of downstream PRL targets in response to increased levels of pituitary PRL caused by the depletion of tissue-specific ion transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqin Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanping Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiangyan He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Gang Zhai
| | - Zhan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Zhan Yin
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19
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Mahabir S, Gerlai R. The Importance of Holding Water: Salinity and Chemosensory Cues Affect Zebrafish Behavior. Zebrafish 2017; 14:444-458. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2017.1472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Mahabir
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert Gerlai
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada
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20
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Guh YJ, Hwang PP. Insights into molecular and cellular mechanisms of hormonal actions on fish ion regulation derived from the zebrafish model. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 251:12-20. [PMID: 27554927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fish have sophisticated mechanisms of ionic and acid-base regulation for maintaining body fluid homeostasis. Many hormones have been proposed to control the ionic and acid-base regulation mechanisms in fishes; however, lots of the proposed actions lack convincing cellular/molecular evidence. With the advantages of available genetic databases and molecular manipulation techniques, zebrafish has become an emerging model for research into ion transport physiology and functional regulation. Different types of ionocytes were found to transport ions through various sets of ion transporters, and the molecular mechanisms of ionocyte proliferation and differentiation have also been dissected, providing a competent platform with which to precisely study the ion transport pathways and ionocytes targeted by hormones, including isotocin, prolactin, cortisol, stanniocalcin-1, calcitonin, endothelin-1, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone 1, catecholamines, the renin-angiotensin-system, estrogen-related receptor α, and calcitonin gene-related peptide, which have been demonstrated to positively or negatively regulate ion transport through specific receptors at different molecular levels (transcriptional, translational, or posttranslational) or at different developmental stages of ionocytes (proliferation or differentiation). The knowledge obtained in zebrafish not only enhances our understanding of the hormonal control of fish ion regulation, but also informs studies on other animal species, thereby providing insights into related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jey Guh
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Pung-Pung Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
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21
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Tsang B, Zahid H, Ansari R, Lee RCY, Partap A, Gerlai R. Breeding Zebrafish: A Review of Different Methods and a Discussion on Standardization. Zebrafish 2017; 14:561-573. [PMID: 28873037 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2017.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a rapidly increasing number of scientific papers have been published that utilize zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an alternative model organism in the study of a wide range of biological phenomena from cancer to behavior. This is, in large part, due to the prolific nature, relative ease of maintenance, and sufficiently high genetic homology of zebrafish to humans. With the surge of zebrafish use in animal research, the variations in methodologies of breeding and husbandry of this species have also increased. Investigators usually focus on the development and implementation of rigorous laboratory control that is specific to their studies. We suggest that the same scrutiny and attention may be required for the methods of breeding and housing of zebrafish. This article reviews a variety of zebrafish husbandry and breeding techniques and conditions employed around the world. It discusses factors ranging from numerous aspects of rearing/housing conditions through the sex ratio of the breeding group to the composition of the diet of zebrafish that may vary across laboratories. It provides some feedback on the potential pros and cons of the different methods. It argues that there is a substantial need for systematic analysis of these methods, that is, the effects of environmental factors on zebrafish health and breeding. It also discusses the question as to whether some degree of standardization of these methods is needed to enhance cross-laboratory comparability of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tsang
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga , Mississauga, Canada
| | - Hifsa Zahid
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga , Mississauga, Canada
| | - Rida Ansari
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga , Mississauga, Canada
| | | | - Aman Partap
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga , Mississauga, Canada
| | - Robert Gerlai
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga , Mississauga, Canada
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22
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Li H, Su B, Qin G, Ye Z, Alsaqufi A, Perera DA, Shang M, Odin R, Vo K, Drescher D, Robinson D, Zhang D, Abass N, Dunham RA. Salt Sensitive Tet-Off-Like Systems to Knockdown Primordial Germ Cell Genes for Repressible Transgenic Sterilization in Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15060155. [PMID: 28561774 PMCID: PMC5484105 DOI: 10.3390/md15060155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Repressible knockdown approaches were investigated for transgenic sterilization in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Two primordial germ cell (PGC) marker genes, nanos and dead end, were targeted for knockdown, and an off-target gene, vasa, was monitored. Two potentially salt sensitive repressible promoters, zebrafish adenylosuccinate synthase 2 (ADSS) and zebrafish racemase (Rm), were each coupled with four knockdown strategies: ds-sh RNA targeting the 5′ end (N1) or 3′ end (N2) of channel catfish nanos, full-length cDNA sequence of channel catfish nanos for overexpression (cDNA) and ds-sh RNA targeting channel catfish dead end (DND). Each construct had an untreated group and treated group with sodium chloride as the repressor compound. Spawning rates of full-sibling P1 fish exposed or not exposed to the constructs as treated and untreated embryos were 93% and 59%, respectively, indicating potential sterilization of fish and repression of the constructs. Although the mRNA expression data of PGC marker genes were inconsistent in P1 fish, most F1 individuals were able to downregulate the target genes in untreated groups and repress the knockdown process in treated groups. The results indicate that repressible transgenic sterilization is feasible for reproductive control of fish, but more data from F2 or F3 are needed for evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbo Li
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Baofeng Su
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Freshwater Fish Breeding, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Harbin 150070, China.
| | - Guyu Qin
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Zhi Ye
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Ahmed Alsaqufi
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
- Department of Aquaculture and Animal production, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Dayan A Perera
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
- Research and Development Corporation, Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, WV 25112, USA.
| | - Mei Shang
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Freshwater Fish Breeding, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Harbin 150070, China.
| | - Ramjie Odin
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Khoi Vo
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - David Drescher
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Dalton Robinson
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Dan Zhang
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Nermeen Abass
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture Saba-Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria City, P.O. Box 2153, Egypt.
| | - Rex A Dunham
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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23
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De la Paz JF, Beiza N, Paredes-Zúñiga S, Hoare MS, Allende ML. Triazole Fungicides Inhibit Zebrafish Hatching by Blocking the Secretory Function of Hatching Gland Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E710. [PMID: 28375163 PMCID: PMC5412296 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In animals, hatching represents the transition point from a developing embryo to a free-living individual, the larva. This process is finely regulated by many endogenous and environmental factors and has been shown to be sensitive to a variety of chemical agents. It is commonly evaluated in bioassays in order to establish the effects of different agents on early development and reproductive capabilities in fish and other aquatic animals. In fish, the breakdown of the chorion is achieved by the secretion of choriolysin by hatching gland cells (HGCs) into the perivitelline space (PVS), coupled with spontaneous movements of the developing larva. In this work, we used zebrafish to assay the effects of a family of widely used agrochemicals-triazoles Triadimefon (FON), Triadimenol (NOL) and free triazole (1,2,4-T)-on hatching success. We found a strong inhibition of hatching by triazole exposure which was correlated with morphological changes and a reduction in the secretory function of the HGCs. As a consequence, the release of choriolytic enzymes by HGCs was reduced. We also found that HGC secretion reduction after exposure to FON can be rescued by co-incubation with a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist but not by antagonists of the D1-like receptors. This suggests a specific pathway through which this family of fungicides may be impairing a critical event in the fish life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javiera F De la Paz
- Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8370415, Chile.
- Corporación para el Desarrollo de las Ciencias Ambientales, CODECIAM, Santiago 8270966, Chile.
| | - Natalia Beiza
- Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8370415, Chile.
| | - Susana Paredes-Zúñiga
- Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8370415, Chile.
| | - Misque S Hoare
- Corporación para el Desarrollo de las Ciencias Ambientales, CODECIAM, Santiago 8270966, Chile.
| | - Miguel L Allende
- Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8370415, Chile.
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Acute salinity and temperature challenges during early development of zebrafish: Differential gene expression of PTHs, PTHrPs and their receptors. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Rider SA, Christian HC, Mullins LJ, Howarth AR, MacRae CA, Mullins JJ. Zebrafish mesonephric renin cells are functionally conserved and comprise two distinct morphological populations. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 312:F778-F790. [PMID: 28179256 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00608.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish provide an excellent model in which to assess the role of the renin-angiotensin system in renal development, injury, and repair. In contrast to mammals, zebrafish kidney organogenesis terminates with the mesonephros. Despite this, the basic functional structure of the nephron is conserved across vertebrates. The relevance of teleosts for studies relating to the regulation of the renin-angiotensin system was established by assessing the phenotype and functional regulation of renin-expressing cells in zebrafish. Transgenic fluorescent reporters for renin (ren), smooth muscle actin (acta2), and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (pdgfrb) were studied to determine the phenotype and secretory ultrastructure of perivascular renin-expressing cells. Whole kidney ren transcription responded to altered salinity, pharmacological renin-angiotensin system inhibition, and renal injury. Mesonephric ren-expressing cells occupied niches at the preglomerular arteries and afferent arterioles, forming intermittent epithelioid-like multicellular clusters exhibiting a granular secretory ultrastructure. In contrast, renin cells of the efferent arterioles were thin bodied and lacked secretory granules. Renin cells expressed the perivascular cell markers acta2 and pdgfrb Transcriptional responses of ren to physiological challenge support the presence of a functional renin-angiotensin system and are consistent with the production of active renin. The reparative capability of the zebrafish kidney was harnessed to demonstrate that ren transcription is a marker for renal injury and repair. Our studies demonstrate substantive conservation of renin regulation across vertebrates, and ultrastructural studies of renin cells reveal at least two distinct morphologies of mesonephric perivascular ren-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien A Rider
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom;
| | - Helen C Christian
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
| | - Linda J Mullins
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia R Howarth
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Calum A MacRae
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John J Mullins
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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The Control of Calcium Metabolism in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111783. [PMID: 27792163 PMCID: PMC5133784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish is an emerging model for the research of body fluid ionic homeostasis. In this review, we focus on current progress on the regulation of Ca2+ uptake in the context of Ca2+ sensing and hormonal regulation in zebrafish. Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase-rich cells (NaRCs), the specialized ionocytes in the embryonic skin and adult gills, play a dominant role in Ca2+ uptake in zebrafish. Transepithelial Ca2+ transport in NaRC, through apical epithelial Ca2+ channels (ECaC), basolateral plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA), and Na⁺/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX), is analogous to mammalian renal and intestinal Ca2+-absorption cells. Several hormones were demonstrated to differentially regulate Ca2+ uptake through modulating the expression of Ca2+ transporters and/or the proliferation/differentiation of NaRC in zebrafish. In addition, the counterbalance among these hormones is associated with the maintenance of body fluid Ca2+ homeostasis. Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is expressed in several hormone-secreting tissues in zebrafish, and activated CaSR differentially controls calciotropic hormones. The major principles of Ca2+ transport and the hormonal control appear to be conserved from zebrafish to other vertebrates including mammals. The new knowledge gained from zebrafish studies provides new insights into the related issues in vertebrates.
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Kwong RWM, Kumai Y, Perry SF. Neuroendocrine control of ionic balance in zebrafish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 234:40-6. [PMID: 27179885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an emerging model for integrative physiological research. In this mini-review, we discuss recent advances in the neuroendocrine control of ionic balance in this species, and identify current knowledge gaps and issues that would benefit from further investigation. Zebrafish inhabit a hypo-ionic environment and therefore are challenged by a continual loss of ions to the water. To maintain ionic homeostasis, they must actively take up ions from the water and reduce passive ion loss. The adult gill or the skin of larvae are the primary sites of ionic regulation. Current models for the uptake of major ions in zebrafish incorporate at least three types of ion transporting cells (also called ionocytes); H(+)-ATPase-rich cells for Na(+) uptake, Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase-rich cells for Ca(2+) uptake, and Na(+)/Cl(-)-cotransporter expressing cells for both Na(+) and Cl(-) uptake. The precise molecular mechanisms regulating the paracellular loss of ions remain largely unknown. However, epithelial tight junction proteins, including claudins, are thought to play a critical role in reducing ion losses to the surrounding water. Using the zebrafish model, several key neuroendocrine factors were identified as regulators of epithelial ion movement, including the catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline), cortisol, the renin-angiotensin system, parathyroid hormone and prolactin. Increasing evidence also suggests that gasotransmitters, such as H2S, are involved in regulating ion uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond W M Kwong
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Yusuke Kumai
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Steve F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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Rider SA, Mullins LJ, Verdon RF, MacRae CA, Mullins JJ. Renin expression in developing zebrafish is associated with angiogenesis and requires the Notch pathway and endothelium. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015. [PMID: 26202224 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00247.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although renin is a critical regulatory enzyme of the cardiovascular system, its roles in organogenesis and the establishment of cardiovascular homeostasis remain unclear. Mammalian renin-expressing cells are widespread in embryonic kidneys but are highly restricted, specialized endocrine cells in adults. With a functional pronephros, embryonic zebrafish are ideal for delineating the developmental functions of renin-expressing cells and the mechanisms governing renin transcription. Larval zebrafish renin expression originates in the mural cells of the juxtaglomerular anterior mesenteric artery and subsequently at extrarenal sites. The role of renin was determined by assessing responses to renin-angiotensin system blockade, salinity variation, and renal perfusion ablation. Renin expression did not respond to renal flow ablation but was modulated by inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme and altered salinity. Our data in larval fish are consistent with conservation of renin's physiological functions. Using transgenic renin reporter fish, with mindbomb and cloche mutants, we show that Notch signaling and the endothelium are essential for developmental renin expression. After inhibition of angiogenesis, renin-expressing cells precede angiogenic sprouts. Arising from separate lineages, but relying on mutual interplay with endothelial cells, renin-expressing cells are among the earliest mural cells observed in larval fish, performing both endocrine and paracrine functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien A Rider
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| | - Linda J Mullins
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| | - Rachel F Verdon
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| | - Calum A MacRae
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John J Mullins
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
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Armesto P, Cousin X, Salas-Leiton E, Asensio E, Manchado M, Infante C. Molecular characterization and transcriptional regulation of the renin–angiotensin system genes in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858): Differential gene regulation by salinity. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 184:6-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Guh YJ, Lin CH, Hwang PP. Osmoregulation in zebrafish: ion transport mechanisms and functional regulation. EXCLI JOURNAL 2015; 14:627-59. [PMID: 26600749 PMCID: PMC4650948 DOI: 10.17179/excli2015-246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fish, like mammals, have to maintain their body fluid ionic and osmotic homeostasis through sophisticated iono-/osmoregulation mechanisms, which are conducted mainly by ionocytes of the gill (the skin in embryonic stages), instead of the renal tubular cells in mammals. Given the advantages in terms of genetic database availability and manipulation, zebrafish is an emerging model for research into regulatory and integrative physiology. At least five types of ionocytes, HR, NaR, NCC, SLC26, and KS cells, have been identified to carry out Na(+) uptake/H(+) secretion/NH4 (+) excretion, Ca(2+) uptake, Na(+)/Cl(-) uptake, K(+) secretion, and Cl(-) uptake/HCO3 (-) secretion, respectively, through distinct sets of transporters. Several hormones, namely isotocin, prolactin, cortisol, stanniocalcin-1, calcitonin, endothelin-1, vitamin D, parathyorid hormone 1, catecholamines, and the renin-angiotensin-system, have been demonstrated to positively or negatively regulate ion transport through specific receptors at different ionocytes stages, at either the transcriptional/translational or posttranslational level. The knowledge obtained using zebrafish answered many long-term contentious or unknown issues in the field of fish iono-/osmoregulation. The homology of ion transport pathways and hormone systems also means that the zebrafish model informs studies on mammals or other animal species, thereby providing insights into related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jey Guh
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nakang, Taipei, Taiwan ; Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nakang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hao Lin
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Pung-Pung Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nakang, Taipei, Taiwan
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Altmann S, Rebl A, Kühn C, Goldammer T. Identification and de novo sequencing of housekeeping genes appropriate for gene expression analyses in farmed maraena whitefish (Coregonus maraena) during crowding stress. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 41:397-412. [PMID: 25249196 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-014-9991-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Maraena whitefish (Coregonus maraena; synonym Coregonus lavaretus f. balticus) is a high-quality food fish in the Southern Baltic Sea belonging to the group of salmonid fishes. Coregonus sp. is successfully kept in aquaculture throughout northern Europe (e.g. in Finland, Germany, Russia) and North America. In this regard, the molecular and immunological characterisation of stress response in maraena whitefish contributes to the development of robust and fast-growing maraena whitefish breeding strains for aquaculture. Thus, in the present study, the potential housekeeping genes beta actin (ACTB), elongation factor 1 alpha (EEF1A1), glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), ribosomal protein 9 (RPL9), ribosomal protein 32 (RPL32) and ribosomal protein S20 (RPS20) were de novo sequenced and tested concerning their applicability as reference genes in quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) in maraena whitefish under different stocking densities. For this purpose, tissue samples of liver, kidney, gills, head kidney, skin, adipose tissue, heart and dorsal fin were investigated. qPCR data were analysed with Normfinder tool to determine gene expression stability. DNA sequencing exposed transcribed paralogous EEF1A1A and EEF1A1B genes differing in their putative protein structure. Normfinder analysis revealed RPL9 and RPL32 as most stable, GAPDH and ACTB as least stable genes for qPCR analyses, respectively. This is the first study that provides a subset of seven de novo sequenced housekeeping genes usable as reference genes in studies of stress response in maraena whitefish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Altmann
- Fish Genetics Unit, Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
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32
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Breves JP, McCormick SD, Karlstrom RO. Prolactin and teleost ionocytes: new insights into cellular and molecular targets of prolactin in vertebrate epithelia. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 203:21-8. [PMID: 24434597 PMCID: PMC4096611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The peptide hormone prolactin is a functionally versatile hormone produced by the vertebrate pituitary. Comparative studies over the last six decades have revealed that a conserved function for prolactin across vertebrates is the regulation of ion and water transport in a variety of tissues including those responsible for whole-organism ion homeostasis. In teleost fishes, prolactin was identified as the "freshwater-adapting hormone", promoting ion-conserving and water-secreting processes by acting on the gill, kidney, gut and urinary bladder. In mammals, prolactin is known to regulate renal, intestinal, mammary and amniotic epithelia, with dysfunction linked to hypogonadism, infertility, and metabolic disorders. Until recently, our understanding of the cellular mechanisms of prolactin action in fishes has been hampered by a paucity of molecular tools to define and study ionocytes, specialized cells that control active ion transport across branchial and epidermal epithelia. Here we review work in teleost models indicating that prolactin regulates ion balance through action on ion transporters, tight-junction proteins, and water channels in ionocytes, and discuss recent advances in our understanding of ionocyte function in the genetically and embryonically accessible zebrafish (Danio rerio). Given the high degree of evolutionary conservation in endocrine and osmoregulatory systems, these studies in teleost models are contributing novel mechanistic insight into how prolactin participates in the development, function, and dysfunction of osmoregulatory systems across the vertebrate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Breves
- Department of Biology & Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Stephen D McCormick
- Department of Biology & Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; USGS, Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center, Turners Falls, MA 01376, USA
| | - Rolf O Karlstrom
- Department of Biology & Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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33
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Kwong RWM, Kumai Y, Perry SF. The physiology of fish at low pH: the zebrafish as a model system. J Exp Biol 2014; 217:651-62. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.091603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ionic regulation and acid–base balance are fundamental to the physiology of vertebrates including fish. Acidification of freshwater ecosystems is recognized as a global environmental problem, and the physiological responses to acid exposure in a few fish species are well characterized. However, the underlying mechanisms promoting ionic and acid–base balance for most fish species that have been investigated remain unclear. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as a powerful model system to elucidate the molecular basis of ionic and acid–base regulation. The utility of zebrafish is related to the ease with which it can be genetically manipulated, its suitability for state-of-the-art molecular and cellular approaches, and its tolerance to diverse environmental conditions. Recent studies have identified several key regulatory mechanisms enabling acclimation of zebrafish to acidic environments, including activation of the sodium/hydrogen exchanger (NHE) and H+-ATPase for acid secretion and Na+ uptake, cortisol-mediated regulation of transcellular and paracellular Na+ movements, and ionocyte proliferation controlled by specific cell-fate transcription factors. These integrated physiological responses ultimately contribute to ionic and acid–base homeostasis in zebrafish exposed to acidic water. In the present review, we provide an overview of the general effects of acid exposure on freshwater fish, the adaptive mechanisms promoting extreme acid tolerance in fishes native to acidic environments, and the mechanisms regulating ionic and acid–base balance during acid exposure in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond W. M. Kwong
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - Yusuke Kumai
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - Steve F. Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
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Kumai Y, Bernier NJ, Perry SF. Angiotensin-II promotes Na+ uptake in larval zebrafish, Danio rerio, in acidic and ion-poor water. J Endocrinol 2014; 220:195-205. [PMID: 24301614 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) to Na(+) uptake was investigated in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). At 4 days post fertilization (dpf), the level of whole-body angiotensin-II (ANG-II) was significantly increased after 1- or 3-h exposure to acidic (pH=4.0) or ion-poor water (20-fold dilution of Ottawa tapwater), suggesting rapid activation of the RAS. Long-term (24 h) treatment of 3 dpf larvae with ANG-I or ANG-II significantly increased Na(+) uptake which was accompanied by an increase in mRNA expression of the Na(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter (zslc12a10.2). Induction of Na(+) uptake by exposure to ANG-I was blocked by simultaneously treating larvae with lisinopril (an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor). Acute (2 h) exposure to acidic water or ion-poor water led to significant increase in Na(+) uptake which was partially blocked by the ANG-II receptor antagonist, telmisartan. Consistent with these data, translational knockdown of renin prevented the stimulation of Na(+) uptake following exposure to acidic or ion-poor water. The lack of any effects of pharmacological inhibition (using RU486), or knockdown of glucocorticoid receptors on the stimulation of Na(+) uptake during acute exposure to acidic or ion-poor environments, indicates that the acute effects of RAS occur independently of cortisol signaling. The results of this study demonstrate that the RAS is involved in Na(+) homeostasis in larval zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kumai
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5 Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Lin CH, Su CH, Hwang PP. Calcium-sensing receptor mediates Ca(2+) homeostasis by modulating expression of PTH and stanniocalcin. Endocrinology 2014; 155:56-67. [PMID: 24169558 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of the synthesis and/or secretion of hypocalcemic and hypercalcemic hormones by the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is believed to be a major pathway for maintaining Ca(2+) homeostasis in vertebrates, based primarily on findings in mammals. However, understanding the evolution of this physiological process requires that it be described in nonmammalian species. Here, we describe the use of zebrafish as a model to investigate whether CaSR contributes to body fluid Ca(2+) homeostasis by regulating synthesis of hypercalcemic (PTH1 and PTH2) and hypocalcemic (stanniocalcin [STC]) hormones. We report that PTH1, but not PTH2, increases Ca(2+) uptake through stimulation of the expression of the gene encoding the epithelial Ca(2+) channel (ecac). Furthermore, we demonstrate that CaSR, as a Ca(2+) sensor, may affect stc-1 and pth1 expressions differently, thereby suppressing ecac expression and Ca(2+) uptake. Finally, we show that CaSR knockdown has time-dependent effects on STC-1 and PTH1 expression, and these 2 hormones have mutual effects on the expression, thus forming a possible counterbalance. These findings enhance our understanding of CaSR-PTH-STC control of Ca(2+) homeostasis in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hao Lin
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology (C.-H.L., C.-H.S., P.-P.H), Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China; and Institute of Fishery Science (C.-H.S., P.-P.H), National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Kumai Y, Kwong RWM, Perry SF. The role of cAMP-mediated intracellular signaling in regulating Na+ uptake in zebrafish larvae. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 306:R51-60. [PMID: 24259461 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00317.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, the role of cAMP in stimulating Na(+) uptake in larval zebrafish was investigated. Treating larvae at 4 days postfertilization (dpf) with 10 μM forskolin or 1 μM 8-bromo cAMP significantly increased Na(+) uptake by three-fold and twofold, respectively. The cAMP-dependent stimulation of Na(+) uptake was probably unrelated to protein trafficking via microtubules because pretreatment with 200 μM colchicine or 30 μM nocodazole did not attenuate the magnitude of the response. Na(+) uptake was stimulated markedly following acute (2 h) exposure to acidic water. The acid-induced increase in Na(+) uptake was accompanied by a twofold elevation in whole body cAMP levels and attenuated by inhibiting PKA with 10 μM H-89. Knockdown of Na(+)-H(+) exchanger 3b (NHE3b) attenuated, but did not abolish, the stimulation of Na(+) uptake during forskolin treatment. In glial cell missing 2 morphants, in which the role of NHE3b in Na(+) uptake is diminished and the Na(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter (NCC) becomes the predominant route of Na(+) entry, forskolin treatment continued to increase Na(+) uptake. These data suggest that at least NHE3b and NCC are targeted by cAMP in zebrafish larvae. Staining of larvae with fluorescent forskolin and propranolol revealed the presence of transmembrane adenylyl cyclase within multiple subtypes of ionocytes expressing β-adrenergic receptors. Taken together, results of the present study demonstrate that cAMP-mediated intracellular signaling may regulate multiple Na(+) transporters and plays an important role in regulating Na(+) uptake in zebrafish larvae during acute exposure to an acidic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kumai
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Dong W, Macaulay L, Kwok KWH, Hinton DE, Stapleton HM. Using whole mount in situ hybridization to examine thyroid hormone deiodinase expression in embryonic and larval zebrafish: a tool for examining OH-BDE toxicity to early life stages. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 132-133:190-9. [PMID: 23531416 PMCID: PMC3642849 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their oxidative metabolites (hydroxylated PBDEs; OH-BDEs) are known endocrine disrupting contaminants that have been shown to disrupt thyroid hormone regulation both in mammals and in fish. The purpose of this study was to determine the precise organ and tissue locations that express genes critical to thyroid hormone regulation in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio), and to determine the effects of an OH-BDE on their expression. While RT-PCR can provide quantitative data on gene expression, it lacks spatial sensitivity to examine localized gene expression; and, isolation of organs from zebrafish embryos is technically difficult, if not impossible. For this reason, the present study used whole mount in situ hybridization to simultaneously localize and quantify gene expression in vivo. While PBDEs and OH-BDEs have been shown to inhibit the activity and expression of deiodionases, a family of enzymes that regulate thyroid hormone concentrations intracellularly, it is unclear whether or not they can affect regional expression of the different isoforms during early development. In this study we investigated deiodinase 1 (Dio1), deiodinase 2 (Dio2), and deiodinase 3 (Dio3) mRNA expression at the following life stages (2, 8, and 1k-cells; 50%-epiboly, 6 and 18-somites, 22, 24, 48, 72 hpf and/or 10 dpf) in zebrafish and found life stage specific expression of these genes that were highly localized. To demonstrate the use of this technique for investigating potential endocrine disrupting effects, zebrafish embryos were exposed to 1, 10 and 100nM 6-OH-BDE-47. Significant increases in mean intensity of Dio1 and Dio3 expression in the periventricular zone of brain and pronephric duct, respectively (quantified by measuring intensity of coloration using ImageJ analysis software) were observed, suggesting localized response at the HPT axis with the possibility of impacting neurodevelopment. Our results demonstrate effects of OH-BDEs on thyroid regulating gene expression and provide more insight into potential sites of injury during early life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Dong
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Heather Stapleton, Phone: 919-613-8717, Fax: (919) 684-8741.
| | | | | | | | - Heather M. Stapleton
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Heather Stapleton, Phone: 919-613-8717, Fax: (919) 684-8741.
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Breves JP, Serizier SB, Goffin V, McCormick SD, Karlstrom RO. Prolactin regulates transcription of the ion uptake Na+/Cl- cotransporter (ncc) gene in zebrafish gill. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 369:98-106. [PMID: 23395804 PMCID: PMC3664226 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a well-known regulator of ion and water transport within osmoregulatory tissues across vertebrate species, yet how PRL acts on some of its target tissues remains poorly understood. Using zebrafish as a model, we show that ionocytes in the gill directly respond to systemic PRL to regulate mechanisms of ion uptake. Ion-poor conditions led to increases in the expression of PRL receptor (prlra), Na(+)/Cl(-) cotransporter (ncc; slc12a10.2), Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (nhe3b; slc9a3.2), and epithelial Ca(2+) channel (ecac; trpv6) transcripts within the gill. Intraperitoneal injection of ovine PRL (oPRL) increased ncc and prlra transcripts, but did not affect nhe3b or ecac. Consistent with direct PRL action in the gill, addition of oPRL to cultured gill filaments stimulated ncc in a concentration-dependent manner, an effect blocked by a pure human PRL receptor antagonist (Δ1-9-G129R-hPRL). These results suggest that PRL signaling through PRL receptors in the gill regulates the expression of ncc, thereby linking this pituitary hormone with an effector of Cl(-) uptake in zebrafish for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Breves
- Department of Biology & Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Sandy B. Serizier
- Department of Biology & Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Vincent Goffin
- Inserm, Unit 845, Research Center Growth and Signaling, Prolactin/GH Pathophysiology Laboratory, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine, Necker site, Paris F-75015, France
| | - Stephen D. McCormick
- Department of Biology & Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- USGS, Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center, Turners Falls, MA 01376, USA
| | - Rolf O. Karlstrom
- Department of Biology & Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Corresponding author. Phone: +1 413 577 3448; Fax: +1 413 545 3243 (R.O. Karlstrom)
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39
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Hwang PP, Chou MY. Zebrafish as an animal model to study ion homeostasis. Pflugers Arch 2013; 465:1233-47. [PMID: 23568368 PMCID: PMC3745619 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) possesses several advantages as an experimental organism, including the applicability of molecular tools, ease of in vivo cellular observation and functional analysis, and rapid embryonic development, making it an emerging model for the study of integrative and regulatory physiology and, in particular, the epithelial transport associated with body fluid ionic homeostasis. Zebrafish inhabits a hypotonic freshwater environment, and as such, the gills (or the skin, during embryonic stages) assume the role of the kidney in body fluid ionic homeostasis. Four types of ionocyte expressing distinct sets of transporters have been identified in these organs: H+-ATPase-rich, Na+-K+-ATPase-rich, Na+-Cl− cotransporter-expressing and K+-secreting cells; these ionocytes perform transepithelial H+ secretion/Na+ uptake/NH4+ excretion, Ca2+ uptake, Na+/Cl− uptake, and K+ secretion, respectively. Zebrafish ionocytes are analogous to various renal tubular cells, in terms of ion transporter expression and function. During embryonic development, ionocyte progenitors develop from epidermal stem cells and then differentiate into different types of ionocyte through a positive regulatory loop of Foxi3a/-3b and other transcription factors. Several hormones, including cortisol, vitamin D, stanniocalcin-1, calcitonin, and isotocin, were found to participate in the control pathways of ionic homeostasis by precisely studying the target ion transport pathways, ion transporters, or ionocytes of the hormonal actions. In conclusion, the zebrafish model not only enhances our understanding of body fluid ion homeostasis and hormonal control in fish but also informs studies on mammals and other animal species, thereby providing new insights into related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pung-Pung Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
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Ito Y, Kobayashi S, Nakamura N, Miyagi H, Esaki M, Hoshijima K, Hirose S. Close Association of Carbonic Anhydrase (CA2a and CA15a), Na(+)/H(+) Exchanger (Nhe3b), and Ammonia Transporter Rhcg1 in Zebrafish Ionocytes Responsible for Na(+) Uptake. Front Physiol 2013; 4:59. [PMID: 23565095 PMCID: PMC3615223 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Freshwater (FW) fishes actively absorb salt from their environment to tolerate low salinities. We previously reported that vacuolar-type H+-ATPase/mitochondrion-rich cells (H-MRCs) on the skin epithelium of zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio) are primary sites for Na+ uptake. In this study, in an attempt to clarify the mechanism for the Na+ uptake, we performed a systematic analysis of gene expression patterns of zebrafish carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoforms and found that, of 12 CA isoforms, CA2a and CA15a are highly expressed in H-MRCs at larval stages. The ca2a and ca15a mRNA expression were salinity-dependent; they were upregulated in 0.03 mM Na+ water whereas ca15a but not ca2a was down-regulated in 70 mM Na+ water. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated cytoplasmic distribution of CA2a and apical membrane localization of CA15a. Furthermore, cell surface immunofluorescence staining revealed external surface localization of CA15a. Depletion of either CA2a or CA15a expression by Morpholino antisense oligonucleotides resulted in a significant decrease in Na+ accumulation in H-MRCs. An in situ proximity ligation assay demonstrated a very close association of CA2a, CA15a, Na+/H+ exchanger 3b (Nhe3b), and Rhcg1 ammonia transporter in H-MRC. Our findings suggest that CA2a, CA15a, and Rhcg1 play a key role in Na+uptake under FW conditions by forming a transport metabolon with Nhe3b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology Yokohama, Japan
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Huitema LFA, Renn J, Logister I, Gray JK, Waltz SE, Flik G, Schulte-Merker S. Macrophage-stimulating protein and calcium homeostasis in zebrafish. FASEB J 2012; 26:4092-101. [PMID: 22787265 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-202663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To systematically identify novel gene functions essential for osteogenesis and skeletal mineralization, we performed a forward genetic mutagenesis screen in zebrafish and isolated a mutant that showed delayed skeletal mineralization. Analysis of the mutant phenotype in an osterix:nuclear-GFP transgenic background demonstrated that mutants contain osterix-expressing osteoblasts comparable to wild-type embryos. Positional cloning revealed a premature stop mutation in the macrophage-stimulating protein (msp) gene, predicted to result in a biologically inactive protein. Analysis of the embryonic expression pattern for the receptor for Msp, Ron, shows specific expression in the corpuscles of Stannius, a teleost-specific organ that produces stanniocalcin, a pivotal hormone in fish calcium homeostasis. Knockdown of Ron resulted in identical phenotypes as observed in msp mutants. Msp mutant embryos could be rescued by excess calcium. Consistent with a role for Msp/Ron in calcium homeostasis, calcium-regulating factors, such as pth1, pth2, stc1l, and trpv5/6 were significantly affected in msp mutant larvae. While Msp and Ron have previously been shown to play a critical role in a wide variety of biological processes, we introduce here the Msp/Ron signaling axis as a previously unappreciated player in calcium homeostasis and embryonic skeletal mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie F A Huitema
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Growth hormone transgenesis affects osmoregulation and energy metabolism in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Transgenic Res 2012; 22:75-88. [PMID: 22706793 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-012-9627-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) transgenic fish are at a critical step for possible approval for commercialization. Since this hormone is related to salinity tolerance in fish, our main goal was to verify whether the osmoregulatory capacity of the stenohaline zebrafish (Danio rerio) would be modified by GH-transgenesis. For this, we transferred GH-transgenic zebrafish (T) from freshwater to 11 ppt salinity and analyzed survival as well as relative changes in gene expression. Results show an increased mortality in T versus non-transgenic (NT) fish, suggesting an impaired mechanism of osmotic acclimation in T. The salinity effect on expression of genes related to osmoregulation, the somatotropic axis and energy metabolism was evaluated in gills and liver of T and NT. Genes coding for Na(+), K(+)-ATPase, H(+)-ATPase, plasma carbonic anhydrase and cytosolic carbonic anhydrase were up-regulated in gills of transgenics in freshwater. The growth hormone receptor gene was down-regulated in gills and liver of both NT and T exposed to 11 ppt salinity, while insulin-like growth factor-1 was down-regulated in liver of NT and in gills of T exposed to 11 ppt salinity. In transgenics, all osmoregulation-related genes and the citrate synthase gene were down-regulated in gills of fish exposed to 11 ppt salinity, while lactate dehydrogenase expression was up-regulated in liver. Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity was higher in gills of T exposed to 11 ppt salinity as well as the whole body content of Na(+). Increased ATP content was observed in gills of both NT and T exposed to 11 ppt salinity, being statistically higher in T than NT. Taking altogether, these findings support the hypothesis that GH-transgenesis increases Na(+) import capacity and energetic demand, promoting an unfavorable osmotic and energetic physiological status and making this transgenic fish intolerant of hyperosmotic environments.
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Mechanisms and regulation of Na(+) uptake by freshwater fish. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012; 184:249-56. [PMID: 22698881 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of ion uptake by freshwater (FW) fish have received considerable attention over the past 80 years. Through an assortment of techniques incorporating whole animal physiology, electrophysiology and molecular biological approaches, three models have been proposed to account for Na(+) uptake. (1) Direct exchange of Na(+) and H(+) via one or more types of Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (slc9), (2) uptake of Na(+) through epithelial Na(+) channels energized by an electrical gradient created by H(+)-ATPase and (3) Na(+)/Cl(-) co-transport (slc12). While each mechanism is supported at least in part by theoretical or experimental data, there are several outstanding questions that have not yet been fully resolved. Furthermore, there are few details concerning how these Na(+) uptake mechanisms are fine tuned in response to the fluctuating FW environments. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of these three Na(+) uptake mechanisms and discuss their regulation by endocrine (cortisol and prolactin) and neurohumoral (catecholamines) factors.
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Rider SA, Tucker CS, del-Pozo J, Rose KN, MacRae CA, Bailey MA, Mullins JJ. Techniques for the in vivo assessment of cardio-renal function in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae. J Physiol 2012; 590:1803-9. [PMID: 22331420 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.224352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish, a well-established vertebrate model, offer unique advantages for assessing renal function and physiology. Assays determining renal glomerular function based on cardiovascular erythrocyte flow and reduction of injected FITC-inulin were developed, each validated using the nephrotoxin gentamicin. Bland–Atlman analysis showed a strong association between measurements of the rate of inulin excretion and that of fluorescent reduction from the arterial vasculature. Reduced renal clearance of inulin, resulting from gentamicin or NaCl loading, was concurrent with reduced erythrocyte velocity, and yolk sac and pericardium oedema. These techniques, assessing pronephric function, highlight the potential for in vivo physiological study in this genetically tractable model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien A Rider
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Rhee JS, Kim BM, Seo JS, Kim IC, Lee YM, Lee JS. Cloning of growth hormone, somatolactin, and their receptor mRNAs, their expression in organs, during development, and on salinity stress in the hermaphroditic fish, Kryptolebias marmoratus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2012; 161:436-42. [PMID: 22261671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Salinity is an important parameter that affects survival and metabolism in fish. In fish, pituitary growth hormone (GH) regulates physiological functions including adaptation to different salinity as well as somatic growth. GH is stimulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and exerts its function via binding to growth hormone receptor (GHR). As Kryptolebias marmoratus is a euryhaline fish, this species would be a useful model species for studying the adaptation to osmotic stress conditions. Here, we cloned GH, -GHR, somatolactin (SL), and somatolactin receptor (SLR) genes, and analyzed their expression patterns in different tissues and during early developmental stages by using real-time RT-PCR. We also further examined expression of them after acclimation to different salinity. Tissue distribution studies revealed that Km-GH and -SL mRNAs were remarkably expressed in brain and pituitary, whereas Km-GHR and -SLR mRNAs were predominantly expressed in liver, followed by gonad, muscle, pituitary, and brain. During embryonic developmental stages, the expression of their mRNA was increased at stage 3 (9 dpf). The Km-GH and -SL mRNA transcripts were constantly elevated until stage 5 (5h post hatch), whereas Km-GHR and -SLR mRNA levels decreased at this stage. After we transferred K. marmoratus from control (12 psu) to hyper-osmotic condition (hyperseawater, HSW; 33 psu), Km-GH, -SL, and GHR mRNA levels were enhanced. In hypo-osmotic conditions like freshwater (FW), Km-GH and -SL expressions were modulated 24 h after exposure, and Km-SLR transcripts were significantly upregulated. This finding suggests that Km-GH and -SL may be involved in the osmoregulatory mechanism under hyper-osmotic as well as hypo-osmotic stress. This is the first report on transcriptional modulation and relationship of GH, GHR, SL, and SLR during early development and after salinity stress. This study will be helpful to a better understanding on molecular mechanisms of adaptation response to salt stress in euryhaline fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Rhee
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Bioscience, Graduate School, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
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Islam Z, Kato A, Romero MF, Hirose S. Identification and apical membrane localization of an electrogenic Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger NCX2a likely to be involved in renal Ca²⁺ excretion by seawater fish. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R1427-39. [PMID: 21880864 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00165.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Seawater (SW) contains ∼10 mM Ca(2+), yet marine fish must drink seawater as their major water source. Thus marine teleosts fish need to excrete Ca(2+) to maintain whole body Ca(2+) homeostasis. In the intestine, seawater Ca(2+) interreacts with epithelial-secreted HCO(3)(-) by the intestinal epithelium, and the resulting CaCO(3) precipitates, which is rectally excreted. Recently the transporters involved in intestinal HCO(3)(-) secretion were identified. Ca(2+) is also excreted by the kidney, but the protein(s) involved in renal Ca(2+) excretion have not been identified. Here we identified a candidate transporter by using SW pufferfish torafugu (Takifugu rubripes) and its closely related euryhaline species mefugu (Takifugu obscurus), which are becoming useful animal models for studying molecular mechanisms of seawater adaptation. RT-PCR analyses of Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX) family members in various torafugu tissues demonstrated that only NCX2a is highly expressed in the kidney. Renal expression of NCX2a was markedly elevated when mefugu were transferred from freshwater to seawater. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analyses indicated that NCX2a is expressed in the proximal tubule at the apical membrane. NCX2a, expressed in Xenopus oocytes, conferred [Ca(2+)](out)- and Na(+)-dependent currents. These results suggest that NCX2a mediates renal Ca(2+) secretion at the apical membrane of renal proximal tubules and has an important role in whole body Ca(2+) homeostasis of marine teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinia Islam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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Löhr H, Hammerschmidt M. Zebrafish in Endocrine Systems: Recent Advances and Implications for Human Disease. Annu Rev Physiol 2011; 73:183-211. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-012110-142320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Löhr
- Institute for Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, D-50923 Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Hammerschmidt
- Institute for Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, D-50923 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CEDAD), University of Cologne, D-50923 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, D-50923 Cologne, Germany;
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Saito K, Nakamura N, Ito Y, Hoshijima K, Esaki M, Zhao B, Hirose S. Identification of zebrafish Fxyd11a protein that is highly expressed in ion-transporting epithelium of the gill and skin and its possible role in ion homeostasis. Front Physiol 2010; 1:129. [PMID: 21423371 PMCID: PMC3059942 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2010.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
FXYD proteins, small single-transmembrane proteins, have been proposed to be auxiliary regulatory subunits of Na+–K+-ATPase and have recently been implied in ion osmoregulation of teleost fish. In freshwater (FW) fish, numerous ions are actively taken up through mitochondrion-rich cells (MRCs) of the gill and skin epithelia, using the Na+ electrochemical gradient generated by Na+–K+-ATPase. In the present study, to understand the molecular mechanism for the regulation of Na+–K+-ATPase in MRCs of FW fish, we sought to identify FXYD proteins expressed in MRCs of zebrafish. Reverse-transcriptase PCR studies of adult zebrafish tissues revealed that, out of eight fxyd genes found in zebrafish database, only zebrafish fxyd11 (zfxyd11) mRNA exhibited a gill-specific expression. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that zFxyd11 is abundantly expressed in MRCs rich in Na+–K+-ATPase (NaK-MRCs) but not in those rich in vacuolar-type H+-transporting ATPase. An in situ proximity ligation assay demonstrated its close association with Na+–K+-ATPase in NaK-MRCs. The zfxyd11 mRNA expression was detectable at 1 day postfertilization, and its expression levels in the whole larvae and adult gills were regulated in response to changes in environmental ionic concentrations. Furthermore, knockdown of zFxyd11 resulted in a significant increase in the number of Na+–K+-ATPase–positive cells in the larval skin. These results suggest that zFxyd11 may regulate the transport ability of NaK-MRCs by modulating Na+–K+-ATPase activity, and may be involved in the regulation of body fluid and electrolyte homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Saito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology Yokohama, Japan
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