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Breves JP, Runiewicz ER, Richardson SG, Bradley SE, Hall DJ, McCormick SD. Transcriptional regulation of esophageal, intestinal, and branchial solute transporters by salinity, growth hormone, and cortisol in Atlantic salmon. J Exp Zool A Ecol Integr Physiol 2024; 341:107-117. [PMID: 38010889 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
In marine habitats, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) imbibe seawater (SW) to replace body water that is passively lost to the ambient environment. By desalinating consumed SW, the esophagus enables solute-linked water absorption across the intestinal epithelium. The processes underlying esophageal desalination in salmon and their hormonal regulation during smoltification and following SW exposure are unresolved. To address this, we considered whether two Na+ /H+ exchangers (Nhe2 and -3) expressed in the esophagus contribute to the uptake of Na+ from lumenal SW. There were no seasonal changes in esophageal nhe2 or -3 expression during smoltification; however, nhe3 increased following 48 h of SW exposure in May. Esophageal nhe2, -3, and growth hormone receptor b1 were elevated in smolts acclimated to SW for 2.5 weeks. Treatment with cortisol stimulated branchial Na+ /K+ -ATPase (Nka) activity, and Na+ /K+ /2Cl- cotransporter 1 (nkcc1), cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator 1 (cftr1), and nka-α1b expression. Esophageal nhe2, but not nhe3 expression, was stimulated by cortisol. In anterior intestine, cortisol stimulated nkcc2, cftr2, and nka-α1b. Our findings indicate that salinity stimulates esophageal nhe2 and -3, and that cortisol coordinates the expression of esophageal, intestinal, and branchial solute transporters to support the SW adaptability of Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Breves
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, USA
| | - Ellie R Runiewicz
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, USA
| | | | - Serena E Bradley
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, USA
| | - Daniel J Hall
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen D McCormick
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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Breves JP, Puterbaugh KM, Bradley SE, Hageman AE, Verspyck AJ, Shaw LH, Danielson EC, Hou Y. Molecular targets of prolactin in mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus): Ion transporters/channels, aquaporins, and claudins. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 325:114051. [PMID: 35533740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (Prl) was identified over 60 years ago in mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) as a "freshwater (FW)-adapting hormone", yet the cellular and molecular targets of Prl in this model teleost have remained unknown. Here, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of two mummichog Prl receptors (Prlrs), designated Prlra and Prlrb, prior to describing the tissue- and salinity-dependent expression of their associated mRNAs. We then administered ovine Prl (oPrl) to mummichogs held in brackish water and characterized the expression of genes associated with FW- and seawater (SW)-type ionocytes. Within FW-type ionocytes, oPrl stimulated the expression of Na+/Cl- cotransporter 2 (ncc2) and aquaporin 3 (aqp3). Alternatively, branchial Na+/H+ exchanger 2 and -3 (nhe2 and -3) expression did not respond to oPrl. Gene transcripts associated with SW-type ionocytes, including Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter 1 (nkcc1), cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator 1 (cftr1), and claudin 10f (cldn10f) were reduced by oPrl. Isolated gill filaments incubated with oPrl in vitro exhibited elevated ncc2 and prlra expression. Given the role of Aqps in supporting gastrointestinal fluid absorption, we assessed whether several intestinal aqp transcripts were responsive to oPrl and found that aqp1a and -8 levels were reduced by oPrl. Our collective data indicate that Prl promotes FW-acclimation in mummichogs by orchestrating the expression of solute transporters/channels, water channels, and tight-junction proteins across multiple osmoregulatory organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Breves
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
| | - Katie M Puterbaugh
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Serena E Bradley
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Annie E Hageman
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Adrian J Verspyck
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Lydia H Shaw
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Danielson
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Yubo Hou
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
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Vogel BH, Bradley SE, Adams DJ, D'Aco K, Erbe RW, Fong C, Iglesias A, Kronn D, Levy P, Morrissey M, Orsini J, Parton P, Pellegrino J, Saavedra-Matiz CA, Shur N, Wasserstein M, Raymond GV, Caggana M. Newborn screening for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy in New York State: diagnostic protocol, surveillance protocol and treatment guidelines. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 114:599-603. [PMID: 25724074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe a diagnostic protocol, surveillance and treatment guidelines, genetic counseling considerations and long-term follow-up data elements developed in preparation for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) newborn screening in New York State. METHODS A group including the director from each regional NYS inherited metabolic disorder center, personnel from the NYS Newborn Screening Program, and others prepared a follow-up plan for X-ALD NBS. Over the months preceding the start of screening, a series of conference calls took place to develop and refine a complete newborn screening system from initial positive screen results to long-term follow-up. RESULTS A diagnostic protocol was developed to determine for each newborn with a positive screen whether the final diagnosis is X-ALD, carrier of X-ALD, Zellweger spectrum disorder, acyl CoA oxidase deficiency or D-bifunctional protein deficiency. For asymptomatic males with X-ALD, surveillance protocols were developed for use at the time of diagnosis, during childhood and during adulthood. Considerations for timing of treatment of adrenal and cerebral disease were developed. CONCLUSION Because New York was the first newborn screening laboratory to include X-ALD on its panel, and symptoms may not develop for years, long-term follow-up is needed to evaluate the presented guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Vogel
- Newborn Screening Program, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - S E Bradley
- Newborn Screening Program, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - D J Adams
- Jacobs Equity Management Personalized Genomic Medicine Program, Goryeb Pediatrics Genetics and Metabolism, Morristown, NJ, USA
| | - K D'Aco
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - R W Erbe
- Division of Genetics, Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - C Fong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - A Iglesias
- New York Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Kronn
- New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - P Levy
- Center for Inherited Medical Disorders, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - M Morrissey
- Newborn Screening Program, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - J Orsini
- Newborn Screening Program, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - P Parton
- Division of Genetics, Stony Brook Long Island Children's Hospital, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - J Pellegrino
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - C A Saavedra-Matiz
- Newborn Screening Program, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - N Shur
- Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - M Wasserstein
- Division of Medical Genetics, Division of Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - G V Raymond
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - M Caggana
- Newborn Screening Program, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
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Bradley SE, Chasis H, Goldring W, Smith HW. HEMODYNAMIC ALTERATIONS IN NORMOTENSIVE AND HYPERTENSIVE SUBJECTS DURING THE PYROGENIC REACTION. J Clin Invest 2006; 24:749-58. [PMID: 16695270 PMCID: PMC435512 DOI: 10.1172/jci101660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S E Bradley
- Department of Physiology, New York University College of Medicine, New York City
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Bradley
- Department of Medicine, New York University College of Medicine, New York City
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Lauson
- Department of Physiology, New York University College of Medicine, New York City
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Bradley
- Robert Dawson Evans Memorial, Massachusetts Memorial Hospitals
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Bradley SE, Laragh JH, Wheeler HO, Macdowell M, Oliver J. CORRELATION OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN THE HANDLING OF GLUCOSE BY THE NEPHRONS OF THE CANINE KIDNEY. J Clin Invest 2006; 40:1113-31. [PMID: 16695865 PMCID: PMC290824 DOI: 10.1172/jci104341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S E Bradley
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, N. Y
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Bradley
- Evans Memorial, Massachusetts Memorial Hospitals, Boston
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Bradley
- Evans Memorial, Massachusetts Memorial Hospitals, Boston, Massachusetts
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Ranges HA, Bradley SE. SYSTEMIC AND RENAL CIRCULATORY CHANGES FOLLOWING THE ADMINISTRATION OF ADRENIN, EPHEDRINE, AND PAREDRINOL TO NORMAL MAN. J Clin Invest 2006; 22:687-93. [PMID: 16695051 PMCID: PMC435284 DOI: 10.1172/jci101440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H A Ranges
- Department of Medicine, New York University College of Medicine, New York City
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Cafruny WA, Bradley SE, Rowland RR. Regulation of immune complexes during infection of mice with lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus: studies with interferon-gamma gene knockout and tolerant mice. Viral Immunol 1999; 12:163-73. [PMID: 10413362 DOI: 10.1089/vim.1999.12.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice persistently infected with lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) develop circulating IgG-containing hydrophobic immune complexes, with a molecular mass of 150 to 300 kd, which bind to the surfaces of high-capacity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plates. LDV infection also stimulates polyclonal B-cell activation and autoimmunity. For this study, interferon-gamma gene knockout (GKO) mice were utilized to study circulating immune complexes and other parameters of LDV infection. The kinetics of LDV viremia, formation of plasma IgG anti-LDV antibodies, and LDV replication in the spleen and liver were essentially normal in GKO mice. Polyclonal activation of B cells, as reflected by increased total plasma IgG concentration during LDV infection, was found to be intact in GKO mice, although at a lower magnitude than in control mice. The plasma concentration of IgG-containing hydrophobic immune complexes was reduced about 75% in LDV-infected GKO mice relative to normal LDV-infected controls. Allogeneic tissue responses were also found to be reduced in LDV-infected GKO mice relative to those in normal LDV-infected controls. These results dissociate specific anti-LDV immunity from formation of hydrophobic immune complexes, show that the IgG anti-LDV response as well as LDV replication in the spleen and liver are insensitive to physiological levels of interferon (IFN)-gamma, and suggest that IgG-containing immune complexes stimulated by LDV infection are a marker for autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Cafruny
- Department of Microbiology, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Vermillion 57069, USA.
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Cafruny WA, Bradley SE. Trojan Horse macrophages: studies with the murine lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus and implications for sexually transmitted virus infection. J Gen Virol 1996; 77 ( Pt 12):3005-12. [PMID: 9000091 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-77-12-3005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that monocytes or macrophages may mediate internal virus spread. For the present study, the tissue distribution and infectious potential of dye-labelled and/or lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV)-infected murine macrophages were determined. Murine peritoneal macrophages were labelled with the fluorescent carbocyanine tracking dye Dil, injected into mice, and the tissue distribution of Dil-labelled cells was determined by fluorescence analysis of frozen sections. Mice receiving intravenous (i.v.) or intraperitoneal injections of Dil-labelled macrophages displayed rapid and broad tissue distribution of the labelled cells. Intravaginal injection of Dil-labelled macrophages resulted in penetration into the placentas, but not the fetuses, of pregnant mice. When macrophages were LDV-infected and Dil-labelled prior to i.v. injection into pregnant mice, they homed to various tissues including the placenta, but were not found in fetuses. Intravaginal injection of LDV-infected macrophages resulted in systemic LDV infection, even though the free-virus dose was less than the minimum infectious dose by this route. Neither polyclonal nor monoclonal IgG anti-LDV antibodies protected mice from vaginal infection with cell-associated virus, and LDV-immune complexes were themselves infectious by the vaginal route. These results show that exogenous macrophages are widely distributed following parenteral injection, penetrate locally to placentas after intravaginal injection, and are capable of acting vaginally as relatively efficient virus infection-delivery vehicles. Thus, 'Trojan Horse' macrophages are potentially infectious vehicles both for internal virus spread and for animal-to-animal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Cafruny
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion 57069, USA.
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Cafruny WA, Bradley SE, Brunick A, Nelson DM, Nelson RF. Determination of the viremia threshold for dental cross-infection in a mouse model. J Virol Methods 1996; 59:83-9. [PMID: 8793833 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(96)02016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
An animal model of dental virus transmission was developed using the lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) of mice to study cross infection. Mouse-to-mouse cross-infection was carried out by scaling the teeth of LDV-infected donor mice with dental instruments, immediately prior to using the contaminated instruments on the teeth of recipient indicator mice. The level of donor viremia was found to correlate with the rate of virus cross-infection, with a viremia threshold level of 10(7.5) ID50/ml observed for dental cross-infection. The blood volume transferred during dental cross-infection was approximately 10(-4) to 10(-5) ml, demonstrating the inefficiency of virus cross-infection, since deposition of about 1000 virions on dental instruments was associated with the threshold limit. Virus transferred during dental cross-infection rapidly entered the blood circulation, showing that dental cross-infection was not dependent on an oral infection. The results from these model studies predict the general inefficiency of dental instrument virus cross-infection, and a further reduced likelihood of dental cross-infection with appropriately cleaned instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Cafruny
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion 57069, USA
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Haven TR, Rowland RR, Plagemann PG, Wong GH, Bradley SE, Cafruny WA. Regulation of transplacental virus infection by developmental and immunological factors: studies with lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus. Virus Res 1996; 41:153-61. [PMID: 8738174 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(96)01283-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Placental and fetal infections with lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) were determined by virus titration, indirect fluorescence antibody (IFA), and in situ hybridization with cDNA probes. Experiments were designed to determine the effects of gestational age, timing of maternal LDV infection, and immunological (antibody and cytokine) factors on mouse placental and fetal LDV infection. Virus infection of the placenta was detected at high levels (almost all placentas infected) within 24 h post-maternal infection (p.m.i.), whereas fetal LDV infection was detected only at a low level by 24 h p.m.i. The percentage of fetuses becoming LDV infected progressively increased between 24 and 72 h p.m.i. When fetal infection was studied at 72 h p.m.i., earlier gestational ages (9-11 days) were associated with fetal resistance to infection, whereas between 12.5 and 15 days of gestation, virus infection was detected in 50-71% of fetuses. Maternal treatment with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) or anti-LDV monoclonal antibodies was associated with reduced rates of fetal, but not placental, LDV infection. These results demonstrate that both developmental and immunological factors are important in the regulation of transplacental LDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Haven
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion 57069, USA
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Cafruny WA, Bradley SE, Broen JJ, Wong GH. Cytokine regulation of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus: inhibition of viral replication by interferon-gamma. Antiviral Res 1994; 23:191-201. [PMID: 8042859 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(94)90017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms which regulate the replication of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV), a persistent murine model virus which infects macrophages, are unclear. For this study, the effects of murine recombinant interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on LDV replication were examined. LDV permissiveness was reduced in macrophages obtained from uninfected mice treated with IFN-gamma prior to cell harvest and in vitro LDV infection. Virus inhibition by IFN-gamma was also observed when neonatal LDV-infected mice were injected with this cytokine prior to macrophage harvest and analysis of LDV replication-positive cells. Persistently LDV-infected mice demonstrated an increase in viremia levels following treatment with TNF-alpha. Neither IFN-gamma nor TNF-alpha had any direct in vitro effect on LDV replication in cultured macrophages, suggesting that the actions of these cytokines required secondary or accessory in vivo events. These results provide evidence for cytokine-mediated regulation of LDV infection and support a role for the immune system in the LDV-host relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Cafruny
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion 57069
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Dunnum LR, Bradley SE. Complete care: a flexible staffing option. Nurs Manag (Harrow) 1991; 22:52-4. [PMID: 2052255 DOI: 10.1097/00006247-199106000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
To investigate whether non-micelle forming bile acids are able to increase biliary gentamicin excretion, male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital and fitted with a biliary fistula. After a control period of 30 min, dehydrocholate, taurodehydrocholate, or norursodeoxycholate were administered iv at doses of 2 or 10 mumol.min-1.kg-1. Taurodehydrocholate increased bile flow and biliary gentamicin clearance similarly in a dose-dependent fashion. Its unconjugated analogue, in contrast, increased gentamicin clearance fourfold, while increasing bile flow only 1.6-fold. This suggests that other than purely osmotic phenomena were involved. This effect was even more marked for the short-chain bile acid, norursodeoxycholate. At a dose of 2 mumol.min-1.kg-1 it increased bile flow by 30%, but gentamicin clearance by 210%; a similar discrepancy between choleresis and gentamicin clearance was observed at the higher dose tested. It may be concluded that conjugated triketo bile acids increase biliary gentamicin clearance by osmotic choleresis. Unconjugated triketo bile acids and nor-bile acids, to an even greater extent, increase gentamicin clearance much more markedly than bile flow; other effects, such as the putative cholahepatic shunt pathway, are responsible for this phenomenon. This novel therapeutic principle might be useful in achieving therapeutic biliary antibiotic concentrations or in treating gentamicin intoxication in patients with renal insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Oehler
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Berne, Switzerland
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Karlaganis G, Bradley SE, Boyer JL, Batta AK, Salen G, Egestad B, Sjövall J. A bile alcohol sulfate as a major component in the bile of the small skate (Raja erinacea). J Lipid Res 1989; 30:317-22. [PMID: 2723539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The nature of bile alcohols and bile acids in gall-bladder and hepatic bile from perfused livers of the small skate (Raja erinacea) has been investigated. The main bile alcohol sulfate was isolated by thin-layer chromatography and analyzed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and 13C NMR. Following solvolysis and purification on Lipidex-DEAP, the bile alcohol profile was measured by capillary gas-liquid chromatography-electron impact mass spectrometry. Based on these studies and on comparison with authentic scymmnol sulfate and scymnol, the main bile alcohol was identified as 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,24 xi,26,27-hexol sulfate. The mean +/- SD concentration in gallbladder bile from five different skates was 24.6 +/- 8.7 mmol/l. Only 0.1 mmol/l of cholic acid and its conjugates was found in a pool of skate bile. The main bile alcohol sulfate in the bile of the small skate seems to be a metabolic end product, present in a concentration comparable to that of bile salts in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Karlaganis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Berne, Switzerland
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Bradley SE, Coelho JB, Sealey JE, Edwards KD, Stéphan F. Changes in glomerulotubular dimensions, single nephron glomerular filtration rates and the renin-angiotensin system in hypothyroid rats. Life Sci 1982; 30:633-9. [PMID: 7040895 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(82)90279-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Glomerular diameters (GD) and lengths of attached proximal convoluted tubules (TPL) were measured in nephrons dissected from the superficial (S), intermediate and juxtamedullary (JM) cortex (7-15 each) of acid-macerated kidneys of weight-matched (E) euthyroid and (H) hypothyroid (2-6 months after radioiodine treatment or thyroidectomy) male Sherman-Wistar rats. Incoordination of growth in H rats was evident in a more marked retardation in kidney than in total body growth. A similar incoordination of microstructural growth was evident in maintenance or GD within normal limits with respect to body weight while attached TPL fell 23% on the average below control values relative to body weight. These changes affected the total nephron population uniformly. As a result, GD/TPL in all nephrons increased significantly (p less than 0.01), by 27% in S and by 29% in JM nephrons. The glomerulotubular dimensional imbalance was associated with a marked and uniformly distributed reduction in single nephron glomerular filtration rate (ferrocyanide method), by 36% in S and JM nephrons. Plasma renin activity fell within normal limits while plasma renin substrate was decreased to 56% of control values. These findings are construed as evidence that growth retardation in hypothyroid rats affects the parenchyma of the kidney (and perhaps other viscera) more than the vasculature.
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Bradley SE. Letter to the editor. Bull N Y Acad Med 1981; 57:88. [PMID: 19313015 PMCID: PMC1808386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Taylor FW, Diner DJ, Elson LS, Hanner MS, McCleese DJ, Martonchik JV, Reichley PE, Houghton JT, Delderfield J, Schofield JT, Bradley SE, Ingersoll AP. Infrared Remote Sounding of the Middle Atmosphere of Venus from the Pioneer Orbiter. Science 1979; 203:779-81. [PMID: 17832995 DOI: 10.1126/science.203.4382.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Orbiter infrared measurements of the Venus atmosphere in the 60- to 140-kilometer region show very small diurnal temperature differences near the cloud tops, increasing somewhat at higher levels. The seasonal (that is, equator to pole) contrasts are an order of magnitude larger, and the temperatures unexpectedly increase with increasing latitude below 80 kilometers. An isothermal layer at least two scale heights in vertical extent is found near the 100-kilometer altitude, where the temperature is about 175 K. Structure is present in the cloud temperature maps on a range of spatial scales. The most striking is at high latitude, where contrasts of nearly 50 K are observed between a cold circumpolar band and the region near the pole itself.
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Bradley SE. Anglo-American views of health and the family. Ann Intern Med 1978; 89:569. [PMID: 697239 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-89-4-569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Bradley SE. The medical student as a moral agent. Bull N Y Acad Med 1978; 54:641-7. [PMID: 276401 PMCID: PMC1808198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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29
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Bradley SE, Coelho JB. Glomerulotubular dimensional readjustments during compensatory renal hypertrophy in the hypothyroid rat. Yale J Biol Med 1978; 51:327-30. [PMID: 735155 PMCID: PMC2595745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although growth of tubules is arrested and that of glomeruli retarded by hypothyroidism in rats, unilateral nephrectomy has been found to elicit a vigorous compensatory hypertrophy of the hypothyroid kidney. Microdissection and measurement of the dimensions of glomeruli and proximal convoluted tubules taken from the kidney removed first and from the hypertrophic contralateral organ removed two to three weeks later, disclosed a "normalization" of the typical glomerulotubular dimensional imbalance as a result of greater tubular than glomerular growth. A somewhat more striking but qualitatively identical response was observed in 9 euthyroid animals. Glomerular filtration rate and maximal glucose reabsorptive capacity (Tm(G)) increased in both euthyroid and hypothyroid animals in accord with the structural shifts.
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Herz R, Bradley SE. [Biliary permeability and intrahepatic cholestasis]. Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med 1977; 83:516-9. [PMID: 612021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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31
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Edwards KD, Herz R, Sealey JE, Bradley SE. Lowering of blood pressure, plasma renin substrate, cholesterol and triglyceride by portacaval anastomosis in rats fed on a 60% sucrose/5% lard diet. Clin Sci Mol Med Suppl 1976; 3:145s-146s. [PMID: 1071592 DOI: 10.1042/cs051145s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. Portacaval anastomosis was carried out in ten rats fed on a 60% sucrose/5% lard diet, which induced moderate hypertriglyceridaemia, mild hypercholesterolaemia and normotension. 2. Plasma triglyceride was decreased to 45% of concentrations observed in ten pair-weighed control rats. 3. Plasma cholesterol concentrations were reduced to 58%, renin substrate to 70% and aortic blood pressure to 80% of control values by portacaval shunt surgery. 4. Individual blood pressures were directly related to plasma renin substrate concentrations.
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Abstract
Conflicting data in studies of the effect of natriuresis on intrarenal single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) redistribution may arise from the interplay of hitherto largely overlooked factors. In the present work, the effect of diuresis induced by saline, glucose or mannitol, as well as the effect of anatomical nephron heterogeneity, were studied. A highly significant positive correlation was found between the logarithm of the urine flow per gram of kidney weight (log V) and the mean superficial (S) to mean juxtamedullary (JM) SNGFR ratio. The rise in S/JM SNGFR with diuresis was primarily a function of decreased JM SNGFR. Total proximal tubular length (TPL) was used as a measure of nephron size. The distribution of nephron sizes was evaluated as S/JM TPL. The effects of urine flow and anatomical heterogeneity on S/JM SNGFR were spearated by means of multiple regression analysis, which yielded the following equation: S/JM SNGFR = -0.049 + 0.179 log V + 0.818 S/JM TPL. Both slopes were highly significant (P less than 0.001). These findings indicate that S/JM SNGFR increases with urine flow, independently of sodium homeostasis, and that anatomical heterogeneity has a marked effect and must, therefore, be controlled. Conflicting data in the literature are harmonized with the present data when appropriate correction can be made for the dimensional factor. There is no evidence that SNGFR redistributions play a role in sodium homeostasis.
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Edwards KD, Bradley SE, Herz R. Blood pressure, cholesterol and triglyceride lowering effects of portacaval anastomosis. Efficacy in the rat, associated with hepatic weight reduction and cardiac and renal hypertrophy. Med J Aust 1976; 1:450-1. [PMID: 1272140 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1976.tb140747.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Herz R, Bradley SE. [Proceedings: Cholestatic effect of sodium taurocholate (Na-Tc) in the rat in vivo]. Z Gastroenterol 1976; 14 Suppl:240-1. [PMID: 1052076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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35
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Bradley SE, Campbell CI. Cardiovascular therapy and the citizen's concern. Am J Med 1975; 58:449-51. [PMID: 1124785 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(75)90115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Bradley SE, Chien KC, Coelho JB, Mason RC. Effect of uninephrectomy on glomerulotubular functional-structural balance in the dog. Kidney Int 1974; 5:122-30. [PMID: 4815218 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1974.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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38
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39
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Morris TQ, Gocke DJ, Macarol V, Sardi GF, Bradley SE. Exchange transfusion treatment of fulminating canine viral hepatitis: the role of specific antiviral antibody. Gastroenterology 1971; 61:885-92. [PMID: 4331144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Chien KC, Bradley SE. Dimensional interrelationships of the proximal and distal tubules of the nephrons in the dog. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1971; 137:911-6. [PMID: 5560680 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-137-35692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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43
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Coelho JB, Chien KC, Stella SR, Bradley SE. Relationship of extraluminal tubular deposition of ferrocyanide to peritubular perfusion rate in cortical and medullary nephron segments of the rat kidney. Circ Res 1971; 29:21-8. [PMID: 4934828 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.29.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ferrocyanide can be precipitated in the kidney and retained in microdissected tubules. By means of
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C-ferrocyanide it is possible to measure nephron glomerular filtration rate, but radioactivity is also detected in tubular segments beyond the reach of filtered ferrocyanide. The present study evaluated this radioactivity with the assumptions that it derives from peritubular capillary and vasa recta blood and that it may be proportional to the perfusion rate to single tubular segments. The findings rule out axial streaming of filtrate and transtubular diffusion of filtered ferrocyanide as factors and therefore point to an extraluminal deposition of ferrocyanide diffusing out of peritubular capillary and vasa recta blood. It was also found that the extraluminal tubular radioactivity is not affected by processing of the tissue, that it decreases from cortex to outer medulla to inner medulla, and that distal convoluted tubules have a greater radioactivity per unit length than the thick ascending limbs at the same level. A comparison with data obtained by others using a method to estimate intrarenal blood flow distribution lends support to the assumption that extraluminal tubular radioactivity is proportional to the capillary perfusion rate to single tubular segments.
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Bradley SE. Renal microvasculatures and microenvironments. N Engl J Med 1971; 284:498-9. [PMID: 5542050 DOI: 10.1056/nejm197103042840910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Abstract
Hydrocortisone sodium succinate (Solu-Cortef; Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, Mich.) has been found to induce choleresis in unanesthetized fasting dogs fitted with Thomas duodenal cannulae for direct quantitative collection of bile. In all experiments, bile flow increased (average, 68%) 15-20 min after beginning hydrocortisone by infusion in association with an equivalent increment in the output of sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate. In five animals, the choleretic response occurred independently of, and apparently additive to, the effect of simultaneously administered sodium taurocholate. The fluid added to the bile resembled an ultrafiltrate of plasma. Erythritol clearance increased in proportion to flow, suggesting an effect at the hepatocellular rather than ductal level and probably independent, therefore, of endogenous secretin release. Hydrocortisone and its metabolites were excreted in amounts too small to induce choleresis osmotically. Simultaneous administration of sulfobromophthalein sodium blocked the choleretic response without preventing hydrocortisone excretion. The data suggest that a previously ill-defined mechanism of canalicular bile formation, not mediated by bile salt excretion, may be operative in choleretic response to a variety of agents.
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Gocke DJ, Morris TQ, Bradley SE. Chronic hepatitis in the dog: the role of immune factors. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1970; 156:1700-5. [PMID: 4316288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Coelho JB, Bradley SE. Persistence of the natriuretic response to isotonic saline load during hemorrhagic hypotension in the dog. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1969; 131:265-71. [PMID: 5770117 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-131-33855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Edwards KD, Javitt NB, Wheeler HO, Bradley SE. Excretion of bromsulphalein and depletion of hepatic glutathione in the rat. Australas Ann Med 1968; 17:118-26. [PMID: 5668171 DOI: 10.1111/imj.1968.17.2.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Gocke DJ, Preisig R, Morris TQ, McKay DG, Bradley SE. Experimental viral hepatitis in the dog: production of persistent disease in partially immune animals. J Clin Invest 1967; 46:1506-17. [PMID: 4292093 PMCID: PMC292896 DOI: 10.1172/jci105642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental infection with canine hepatitis virus has been studied in a series of 49 dogs. The pattern of response to infection was distinctly modified by the immune status of the animal. All of 19 fully susceptible dogs had an acute, fulminating fatal hepatitis when infected with a standard dose of virus, and all of 19 dogs with high levels of immunity to the virus survived without apparent illness. However, 11 dogs were spontaneously encountered with partial immunity to the infectious agent, and these animals developed different, prolonged forms of hepatitis following infection. In four animals death occurred in 8-21 days following what may be called a subacute course. The remaining seven dogs survived up to 8 months with evidence of chronic hepatic damage. The subacute and chronic forms of hepatitis were reproduced experimentally in seven of eight fully susceptible dogs which were passively immunized against the canine hepatitis virus by administration of hyperimmune serum. Although the virus could be found in sites of hepatic damage in the early stages of the subacute and chronic diseases, it could not be demonstrated in the later stages which were characterized by persistent hepatic damage and a marked chronic inflammatory reaction. Dogs with chronic hepatitis eventually developed extensive hepatic fibrosis. The pathologic, physiologic, virologic, and immunologic features of these experimental forms of viral hepatitis are described.
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