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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine longitudinal reciprocal relationships between the psychosocial work environment and burnout. METHODS We used two-wave cross-lagged panel models to estimate associations between a wide range of psychosocial work factors (ie, job demands, job control, job insecurity, coworker support, supervisor support, and organizational justice) and burnout in a broadly representative sample of the general working population in Canada (n = 453). RESULTS Bidirectional associations between the psychosocial work environment and burnout were observed. Results supported the causal predominance of psychosocial work factors over burnout. Higher job demands, lower job control, higher job insecurity, and lower organizational justice predicted burnout over time. Burnout only predicted lower supervisor support over time. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that stress at work is better understood as a cause rather than a consequence of burnout in the general working population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Vahid Shahidi
- Institute for Work & Health (Dr Shahidi, Dr Smith, Dr Gignac); Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto (Dr Shahidi, Dr Smith, Dr Gignac), Toronto; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Australia (Dr Smith); Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers, Hamilton (Mr Oudyk), Ontario, Canada
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Smith P, Gilbert-Ouimet M, Brisson C, Glazier RH, Mustard CA. Examining the relationship between the demand-control model and incident myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure in a representative sample of the employed women and men in Ontario, Canada, over a 15-year period. Can J Public Health 2020; 112:280-288. [PMID: 32761547 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-020-00378-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the relationship between job strain and incident myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure in a representative population of men and women in Ontario, Canada, over a 15-year period. METHODS A total of 14,508 respondents having provided responses to either the 2000/2001, 2002, or 2003 cycles of the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) were aged 35 and older at the time and working. After removing respondents with pre-existing heart disease and missing data, our sample totaled 13,291 respondents. Responses were linked to administrative health care and hospitalization data to capture incident cases of myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure up to March 31, 2017. Job control and psychological demands were assessed using 5 items and 2 items respectively. A series of time-to-event regression models were run, adjusting sequentially for socio-demographic variables and health, other psychosocial work exposures, and health behaviours and body mass index. RESULTS Over the study period, there were 199,583 person-years of follow-up (median follow-up: 15 years, 233 days). Higher incidence rates were observed for men (6.69 per 100 persons) than for women (2.77 per 100 persons). No clear relationship was observed for demand-control exposures and incidence of myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure in either men or women. After adjustment for socio-demographic factors, pre-existing health conditions, and other psychosocial exposures, the hazard ratio for high strain exposure (compared with low strain exposure) was 0.92 (0.46-1.84) for women and 0.75 (0.44-1.27) for men. CONCLUSION In this large prospective cohort in Canada, we observed no relationship between components of the demand-control model and incident myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure over a 15-year period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Smith
- Institute for Work & Health, 481 University Avenue, Suite 800, Toronto, ON, M5G 2E9, Canada. .,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St Room 500, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada.
| | - Mahee Gilbert-Ouimet
- Department of Health Sciences, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Campus de Lévis, 1595, boul. Alphonse-Desjardins, Lévis, QC, G6V 0A6, Canada.,Axe santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche FRQS du CHU de Quebec City, 1050, chemin Sainte-Foy, local K0-03, Québec, QC, G1S 4L8, Canada
| | - Chantal Brisson
- Axe santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche FRQS du CHU de Quebec City, 1050, chemin Sainte-Foy, local K0-03, Québec, QC, G1S 4L8, Canada.,Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Richard H Glazier
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, G1 06, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada.,Department of Family and Community Medicine, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Health Sciences Building, 155 College Street, 6th floor, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada.,The Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation at University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 4th Floor, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M6, Canada.,Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Cameron A Mustard
- Institute for Work & Health, 481 University Avenue, Suite 800, Toronto, ON, M5G 2E9, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St Room 500, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada
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Cheng WJ, Pien LC, Kubo T, Cheng Y. Trends in Work Conditions and Associations with Workers' Health in Recent 15 Years: The Role of Job Automation Probability. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E5499. [PMID: 32751463 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Job automation and associated psychosocial hazards are emerging workplace challenges. This study examined the trends in work conditions and associations with workers’ health over time in jobs with different automation probabilities. We utilized data from six waves of national questionnaire surveys of randomly selected 95,762 employees between 2001 and 2016. The Job Content Questionnaire, the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory, and the Self-Rated Health Scale were applied, and working time was self-reported. Automation probability was derived for 38 occupations and then categorized into three groups. Trends in work conditions and the associations between automation probability, work conditions and health were examined. We observed a 7% decrease in high automation probability jobs, an overall increase in job demands for and prevalence of shift work, and a decrease in job control. Workers with high automation probability jobs had low job demands, low job control and high job insecurity. Low automation probability was associated with burnout in logistic regression models. The odds ratio of job insecurity, long working hours, and shift work relating to health was higher in the later years of the surveys. In conclusion, there has been a decrease in high automation probability jobs. Workers employed in jobs with different levels of automation probability encountered different work condition challenges.
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Myers S, Govindarajulu U, Joseph M, Landsbergis P. Changes in work characteristics over 12 years: Findings from the 2002-2014 US National NIOSH Quality of Work Life Surveys. Am J Ind Med 2019; 62:511-522. [PMID: 31046140 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess changes in work characteristics, socioeconomic status inequalities in changes in work characteristics, and whether US workplaces are becoming more stressful. METHODS We analyzed data from 5361 employed participants from the 2002, 2006, 2010, and 2014 NIOSH Quality of Work Life Surveys, based on representative samples of US workers. We used regression analyses to assess changes in job characteristics, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, work hours, and unemployment rate. For the regression analyses with continuous job characteristics, we created standardized variables allowing for the magnitude of changes to be directly compared between job characteristics. RESULTS Over the period 2002-2014, we observed statistically significant increases in job strain (+0.09 standard deviations (SD), P = 0.02), low job control (+0.10 SD, P = 0.03), and work-family conflict (+0.15 SD, P = 0.001). No significant changes were observed for high job demand, low social support, and low reward. The largest increase in low job control was seen among service workers. CONCLUSIONS The increase in two cardiovascular disease risk factors, job strain, and low job control, might partially explain the slowing of the decline in US heart disease and stroke mortality rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Myers
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health SciencesState University of New York (SUNY)‐Downstate School of Public HealthBrooklyn New York
| | - Usha Govindarajulu
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsState University of New York (SUNY)‐Downstate School of Public HealthBrooklyn New York
| | - Michael Joseph
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsState University of New York (SUNY)‐Downstate School of Public HealthBrooklyn New York
| | - Paul Landsbergis
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health SciencesState University of New York (SUNY)‐Downstate School of Public HealthBrooklyn New York
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