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Tan J, Lamont GJ, Scott DA. Tobacco-enhanced biofilm formation by Porphyromonas gingivalis and other oral microbes. Mol Oral Microbiol 2024. [PMID: 38229003 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Microbial biofilms promote pathogenesis by disguising antigens, facilitating immune evasion, providing protection against antibiotics and other antimicrobials and, generally, fostering survival and persistence. Environmental fluxes are known to influence biofilm formation and composition, with recent data suggesting that tobacco and tobacco-derived stimuli are particularly important mediators of biofilm initiation and development in vitro and determinants of polymicrobial communities in vivo. The evidence for tobacco-augmented biofilm formation by oral bacteria, tobacco-induced oral dysbiosis, tobacco-resistance strategies, and bacterial physiology is summarized herein. A general overview is provided alongside specific insights gained through studies of the model and archetypal, anaerobic, Gram-negative oral pathobiont, Porphyromonas gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlian Tan
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Gwyneth J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - David A Scott
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Center for Microbiomics, Inflammation and Pathogenicity, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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2
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Huang P, Xu J, Xie L, Gao G, Chen S, Gong Z, Lao X, Shan Z, Shi J, Zhou Z, Chen Z, Cao Y, Wang Y, Chen Z. Improving hard metal implant and soft tissue integration by modulating the “inflammatory-fibrous complex” response. Bioact Mater 2023; 20:42-52. [PMID: 35633873 PMCID: PMC9127122 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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3
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Cao ZZ, Ao YJ, Zhou SH. The role of cancer stromal fibroblasts in mediating the effects of tobacco-induced cancer cell growth. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:707. [PMID: 34953503 PMCID: PMC8709975 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco products cause a variety of cancers, nicotine and carcinogens are two major factors to link the tobacco products and various cancers. The mechanism of tobacco inducing carcinogenesis and promoting cancer progression have been studied for a long time. However, mainstream studies just focus on the mutagenic characteristics of tobacco product and its properties to induce carcinogenesis of epithelial cells. In the past decades, people began to aware of the significant role of tumor stroma in cancer development and progression. Fibroblasts, which is associated with various cancer in all stage of disease progression, are the dominant cell type in the tumor microenvironment. While only a few studies explore the crosstalk between tobacco-induced fibroblasts and surrounding epithelial cells. Our purpose is to systematically review the effects of tobacco products on fibroblasts and further discuss how these effects affect the development of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Zai Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79, Qinchun Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yin-Jie Ao
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79, Qinchun Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shui-Hong Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79, Qinchun Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
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Almeida-da-Silva CLC, Matshik Dakafay H, Liu K, Ojcius DM. Cigarette Smoke Stimulates SARS-CoV-2 Internalization by Activating AhR and Increasing ACE2 Expression in Human Gingival Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147669. [PMID: 34299289 PMCID: PMC8307094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence shows the harmful effects of cigarette smoke to oral and systemic health. More recently, a link between smoking and susceptibility to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was proposed. COVID-19 is due to infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which uses the receptor ACE2 and the protease TMPRSS2 for entry into host cells, thereby infecting cells of the respiratory tract and the oral cavity. Here, we examined the effects of cigarette smoke on the expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptors and infection in human gingival epithelial cells (GECs). We found that cigarette smoke condensates (CSC) upregulated ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in GECs, and that CSC activated aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling in the oral cells. ACE2 was known to mediate SARS-CoV-2 internalization, and we demonstrate that CSC treatment potentiated the internalization of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus in GECs in an AhR-dependent manner. AhR depletion using small interference RNA decreased SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus internalization in CSC-treated GECs compared with control GECs. Our study reveals that cigarette smoke upregulates SARS-CoV-2 receptor expression and infection in oral cells. Understanding the mechanisms involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection in cells of the oral cavity may suggest therapeutic interventions for preventing viral infection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassio Luiz Coutinho Almeida-da-Silva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA;
- Correspondence: (C.L.C.A.-d.-S.); (D.M.O.)
| | - Harmony Matshik Dakafay
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA;
| | - Kaitlyn Liu
- Dental Surgery Program, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA;
| | - David M. Ojcius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA;
- Correspondence: (C.L.C.A.-d.-S.); (D.M.O.)
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5
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Alhenaki AM, Alrawi FK, Mohamed A, Alshahrani A, Alrabiah M, Mokeem SA, AlHamdan EM, Ahmad P, Vohra F, Abduljabbar T. Clinical, radiographic and restorative parameters for short tuberosity implants placed in smokers: a retrospective study with 5 year follow-up. Odontology 2021; 109:979-86. [PMID: 34240298 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-021-00623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate and compare the clinical, radiographic, and restorative parameters around short tuberosity implants (STIs) placed in cigarette smokers (CS) and never smokers (NS). In this 60-month follow-up retrospective study, a total of 50 (37 males + 13 females) individuals who had received 82 dental implants were included. These participants were categorized into two groups as follows: (i) Group-1: 25 self-reported systemically healthy CS with 43 STIs; and (ii) Group-2: 25 self-reported systemically healthy NS with 39 STIs. In both groups, peri-implant plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and crestal bone loss (CBL) and restorative parameters were measured at 12 and 60 months of follow-up. Group comparisons were performed utilizing the Kruskal-Wallis test. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. In CS and NS, the mean age of participants was 58.5 and 60.7 years, respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed in the overall mean levels of PD and CBL around STIs among CS and NS. However, a statistically significant increase was observed in the mean scores of BOP and PI around STIs in the NS and CS at 12 and 60 months follow-up, respectively. In both groups, the loosening of the implant was the most frequently encountered type of STI failure. The outcomes of the present study suggest that STIs placed in maxillary tuberosity can show reliable clinical, radiographic, and restorative stability among cigarettes smokers and non-smokers. However, the role of smoking status and oral hygiene cannot be disregarded in this scenario.
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Alshahrani FA, Alqarawi FK, Alqutub MN, Almubarak AM, Alhamdan EM, Al-saleh S, Ahmad P, Vohra F, Abduljabbar T. Association of Self-Rated Pain with Clinical Peri-Implant Parameters and Cytokine Profile in Smokers and Never Smokers with and without Peri-Implantitis. Applied Sciences 2021; 11:5559. [DOI: 10.3390/app11125559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To examine the association between self-perceived pain (SPP), clinical and radiographic peri-implant parameters, and biomarker levels among smokers and never smokers with and without peri-implantitis. Sixty individuals (20 smokers with peri-implantitis [group-1], 20 never smokers with peri-implantitis [group-2] and 20 never smokers without peri-implantitis [control-group]) were included. SPP was evaluated using a numeric pain rating scale (NPRS). Peri-implant plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded. After obtaining the samples, the levels of TNF-α, MMP-1, and IL-8 were measured. The mean SPP score in group-1, group-2, and the control group was 1.3 ± 1, 3.4 ± 1, and zero, respectively. The peri-implant mean PD (p < 0.05), BOP (p < 0.05), PI (p < 0.05), and crestal bone loss (CBL) (p < 0.05) were significantly higher among test groups than the control group. The levels of TNF-α, MMP-1, and IL-8 were significantly raised among group-1 and group-2 than the control group. A significant correlation between increasing SPP and PICF TNF-α, MMP-1, and IL-8 levels was observed based on regression analysis. Proinflammatory biomarkers were higher in smokers with peri-implantitis than never smokers with and without peri-implantitis, with a significant association between the proinflammatory cytokines and SPP.
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7
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Wang Y, Anderson EP, Tatakis DN. Whole transcriptome analysis of smoker palatal mucosa identifies multiple downregulated innate immunity genes. J Periodontol 2020; 91:756-766. [DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Division of PeriodontologyCollege of DentistryThe Ohio State University Columbus OH
| | - Eric P. Anderson
- Division of PeriodontologyCollege of DentistryThe Ohio State University Columbus OH
- Private practice Aurora CO
| | - Dimitris N. Tatakis
- Division of PeriodontologyCollege of DentistryThe Ohio State University Columbus OH
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Isik Andrikopoulos G, Farsalinos K, Poulas K. Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) and Their Relevance in Oral Health. Toxics 2019; 7:toxics7040061. [PMID: 31817732 PMCID: PMC6958319 DOI: 10.3390/toxics7040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The number and popularity of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and especially e-cigarettes (e-cigs) have been increasing in the last decade. Although ENDS owe their popularity to excluding the harmful chemicals that are present in tobacco smoke, there is a debate whether they are safe, regulated, and as harmless as they are assumed to be and have potential unknown long-term effects. Involvement of cigarette smoking to the progression of periodontal diseases, other adverse oral health outcomes, and its detrimental effects to oral health are well-described. ENDS producer companies claim that these products can improve oral health by providing alternatives to smoking. However, the effect of e-cigs on oral health is not fully understood and is still debated among many scientists and clinicians. The number of studies addressing the potential toxic effect of ENDS or e-cig aerosol on oral cells is limited along with the clinical studies which are still preliminary, and their sample size is limited. The long-term effects of inhaled aerosols and the potential synergistic effect of the e-cigs components are not known. It is essential and of utmost importance to determine whether exposure to ENDS aerosol contributes to the progression of periodontal diseases and how it affects periodontal ligament and gingival cells which are believed to be its first targets. This review briefly summarizes the available evidence about the effects of e-cigs on periodontal health including several pathophysiological events, such as oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammation, cellular senescence, dysregulated repair, and periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantinos Farsalinos
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio, 26500 Patras, Greece; (G.I.A.); (K.F.)
- Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Kallithea, Greece
- National School of Public Health, Leof. Alexandras 196, 111521 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Poulas
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio, 26500 Patras, Greece; (G.I.A.); (K.F.)
- Institute of Research and Innovation NONSMOKE TEAM, Patras Science Park, Stadiou, Platani, Rio, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2610-962353
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Alqahtani F, Alqahtani M, Shafqat SS, Akram Z, Al‐Kheraif AA, Javed F. Efficacy of mechanical debridement with adjunctive probiotic therapy in the treatment of peri‐implant mucositis in cigarette‐smokers and never‐smokers. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2019; 21:734-740. [DOI: 10.1111/cid.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fawaz Alqahtani
- Department of ProsthodonticsCollege of Dentistry, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University Al‐Kharj Saudi Arabia
| | - Mana Alqahtani
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Tabuk Tabuk Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed S. Shafqat
- Faculty of DentistryZiauddin Medical University Karachi Pakistan
| | - Zohaib Akram
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of DentistryZiauddin‐University Karachi Pakistan
| | - Abdulaziz A. Al‐Kheraif
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health DepartmentCollege of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Fawad Javed
- Department of PeriodontologyStony Brook University Stony Brook New York
- Laboratory for Periodontal‐, Implant‐, Phototherapy (LA‐PIP), School of Dental MedicineStony Brook University Stony Brook New York
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Chen IL, Todd I, Fairclough LC. Immunological and pathological effects of electronic cigarettes. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 125:237-252. [PMID: 30861614 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes) are considered a preferable alternative to conventional cigarettes due to the lack of combustion and the absence of tobacco-specific toxicants. E-cigarettes have rapidly gained in popularity in recent years amongst both existing smokers and previous non-smokers. However, a growing literature demonstrates that E-cigarettes are not as safe as generally believed. Here, we discuss the immunological, and other, deleterious effects of E-cigarettes on a variety of cell types and host defence mechanisms in humans and in murine models. We review not only the effects of complete E-cigarette liquids, but also each of the main components-nicotine, humectants and flavourings. This MiniReview thus highlights the possible role of E-cigarettes in the pathogenesis of disease and raises awareness of the potential harm that E-cigarettes may cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ling Chen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ian Todd
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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11
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Yang J, Shao SY, Chen WQ, Chen C, Zhang SM, Qiu J. Cigarette Smoke Extract Exposure: Effects on the Interactions between Titanium Surface and Osteoblasts. Biomed Res Int 2019; 2019:8759568. [PMID: 31143776 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8759568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the changes in the characteristics of titanium surface and the osteoblast-titanium interactions under cigarette smoke extract (CSE) exposure. In this study, CSE was used to simulate the oral liquid environment around the implant under cigarette smoke exposure. Titanium samples were immersed in CSE to explore the changes in the characteristics of titanium surface. The physical properties of titanium surface were measured, including surface micromorphology, surface elemental composition, roughness, and surface hydrophilicity. MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured on the titanium surface in vitro under different concentrations of CSE exposure, and cell adhesion, cell proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation were observed. The surface micromorphology and elemental composition of titanium surface changed under CSE exposure. No obvious changes were found in the surface roughness and the hydrophilicity of titanium samples. Moreover, the results of in vitro study showed that CSE exposure downregulated the cell spreading, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells on the titanium surface. It could be speculated that some carbon-containing compounds from CSE adsorbed on the titanium surface and the osteoblast-titanium interactions were influenced under CSE exposure. It is hoped that these results could provide valuable information for further studies on smoking-mediated inhibition of implants osseointegration.
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ALHarthi SS, BinShabaib M, Akram Z, Rahman I, Romanos GE, Javed F. Impact of cigarette smoking and vaping on the outcome of full-mouth ultrasonic scaling among patients with gingival inflammation: a prospective study. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:2751-2758. [PMID: 30361795 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2725-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There are no studies that have assessed the oral soft tissue response to full-mouth ultrasonic scaling (FMUS) among cigarette-smokers (CS) (group 1), individuals vaping electronic-cigarettes (E-cigs) (group 2), and never-smokers (NS) (group 3). The aim was to assess the impact of cigarette smoking and vaping on periodontal tissues following FMUS. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a clinical prospective study, 89 male individuals were divided into three groups: CS (group 1), E-cig users (group 2), and NS (group 3). A questionnaire was used to gather demographic data and information regarding duration and daily frequency of CS and vaping. Full-mouth plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment loss (AL), and probing depth (PD) were measured at baseline and 3 and 6 months after FMUS (without root surface debridement). Numbers of missing teeth (MT) were also recorded. RESULTS In groups 1, 2, and 3, 30, 28, and 31 individuals, respectively were included. In group 1, there was no statistically significant difference in mean PI and PD and numbers of sites with PD ≥ 4 mm at 6 months' follow-up compared with baseline and 3 months' follow-up. In groups 2 and 3, there was no significant difference in PI, BOP, and PD at 3 months' (P > 0.05) and 6-months' (P > 0.05) follow-up. There were no pockets with PD ≥ 4 mm at 3 and 6 months' follow-up in groups 2 and 3. There was no difference in the numbers of MT and none of the individuals exhibited clinical AL in all groups. CONCLUSION Following FMUS, gingival inflammation is worse in CS compared with individuals vaping E-cigs and NS. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Periodontal inflammatory parameters are worse in cigarette-smokers than individuals vaping electronic cigarettes and never-smokers following FMUS. However, these findings should be interpreted with extreme caution as a number of factors may have influenced the present results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatha Subhi ALHarthi
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Munerah BinShabaib
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zohaib Akram
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Georgios E Romanos
- Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry, Dental School, Johann Wolfgang Goethe, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Fawad Javed
- Department of General Dentistry, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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Abduljabbar T, Al-Hamoudi N, Al-Sowygh ZH, Alajmi M, Javed F, Vohra F. Comparison of peri-implant clinical and radiographic status around short (6 mm in length) dental implants placed in cigarette-smokers and never-smokers: Six-year follow-up results. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2017; 20:21-25. [PMID: 29181892 DOI: 10.1111/cid.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is hypothesized that peri-implant clinical and radiographic inflammatory parameters (probing depth [PD], bleeding on probing [BOP] and plaque index [PI]; and radiographic (crestal bone loss [CBL]) are worse among cigarette-smokers (CS) compared with never-smokers (NS) with short implants. PURPOSE The present 6-year follow-up retrospective study compared the peri-implant clinical and radiographic parameters in CS and NS with short dental implants (6 mm in length). MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-six male individuals were included. These individuals divided into 2 groups as follows: (a) Group-1: 29 self-reported systemically healthy CS with 48 short-implants; and (b) Group-2: 27 self-reported systemically healthy NS with 43 short implants. Peri-implant PD, PI, BOP, and CBL were measured. Group comparisons were done using the Kruskal-Wallis test and sample size was estimated. Level of significance was set at P values < .05. RESULTS In groups 1 and 2, the follow-up durations were 6.2 ± 0.1 years and 6.1 ± 0.3 years, respectively. A cigarette smoking history of 8.9 ± 3.6 pack years was reported by individuals in Group-1. At follow-up, scores of peri-implant PD, BOP, PI, and mesial and distal CBL were comparable around short implants in both groups. CONCLUSION Under strict oral hygiene maintenance protocols, short dental implants can remain functionally stable in CS in a manner similar to NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Abduljabbar
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawwaf Al-Hamoudi
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeyad H Al-Sowygh
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alajmi
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fawad Javed
- Department of General Dentistry, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Fahim Vohra
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Costa A, Facchini G, Pinheiro ALTA, da Silva MS, Bonner MY, Arbiser J, Eberlin S. Honokiol protects skin cells against inflammation, collagenolysis, apoptosis, and senescence caused by cigarette smoke damage. Int J Dermatol 2017; 56:754-761. [PMID: 28229451 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pollution, especially cigarette smoke, is a major cause of skin damage. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of the small molecule polyphenol, honokiol, on reversing cigarette smoke-induced damage in vitro to relevant skin cells. METHODS Keratinocytes (HaCat) cultures were exposed to cigarette smoke and, after 48 hours, IL-1α and IL-8 were measured in cell supernatants. Moreover, TIMP-2 production, apoptosis rate, and senescence β-galactosidase expression were evaluated in primary human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF-1) cultures. RESULTS Honokiol at 10 μm reduced IL-1α production by 3.4 folds (P < 0.05) and at 10 and 20 μm reduced IL-8 by 23.9% and 53.1% (P < 0.001), respectively, in HaCat keratinocytes. In HFF-1, honokiol restored TIMP-2 production by 96.9% and 91.9% (P < 0.001), respectively, at 10 and 20 μm, as well as reduced apoptosis by 47.1% (P < 0.001) and 41.3% (P < 0.01), respectively. Finally, honokiol reduced senescence-associated β-galactosidase expression in HFF-1. CONCLUSION Honokiol protects both HFF-1 and HaCat against cigarette smoke-induced inflammation, collagenolysis, apoptosis, and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilson Costa
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gustavo Facchini
- KOLderma Clinical Trials Institute - Kosmoscience Group, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Michelle S da Silva
- KOLderma Clinical Trials Institute - Kosmoscience Group, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Michael Y Bonner
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jack Arbiser
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Samara Eberlin
- KOLderma Clinical Trials Institute - Kosmoscience Group, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Alsomali MI, Arnold MA, Frankel WL, Graham RP, Hart PA, Lam-Himlin DM, Naini BV, Voltaggio L, Arnold CA. Challenges to "Classic" Esophageal Candidiasis: Looks Are Usually Deceiving. Am J Clin Pathol 2017; 147:33-42. [PMID: 28158394 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqw210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We undertook the first case control study of histologically confirmed esophageal candidiasis (EC). Methods A computer search from July 2012 through February 2015 identified 1,011 esophageal specimens, including 40 cases of EC and 20 controls. Results The EC incidence was 5.2%; it was associated with immunosuppression and endoscopic white plaques and breaks. Smoking was a predisposing factor, and alcohol was protective. EC had no unique symptoms, and 54% of endoscopic reports did not suspect EC. Important histologic clues included superficial and detached fragments of desquamated and hyper-pink parakeratosis, acute inflammation, intraepithelial lymphocytosis, dead keratinocytes, and bacterial overgrowth. Thirty percent had no neutrophilic infiltrate. Pseudohyphae were seen on H&E in 92.5% (n = 37/40). "Upfront" periodic acid-Schiff with diastase (PAS/D) on all esophageal specimens would have generated $68,333.49 in patient charges. Our targeted PAS/D strategy resulted in $13,044.87 in patient charges (cost saving = 80.9%, $55,288.62). Conclusions We describe the typical morphology of EC and recommend limiting PAS/D to cases where the organisms are not readily identifiable on H&E and with at least one of the following: (1) ulcer, (2) suspicious morphology, and/or (3) clinical impression of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I Alsomali
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
| | - Michael A Arnold
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Wendy L Frankel
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
| | | | - Phil A Hart
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
| | - Dora M Lam-Himlin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Bita V Naini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Christina A Arnold
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
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Imamura K, Kokubu E, Kita D, Ota K, Yoshikawa K, Ishihara K, Saito A. Role of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in migration of gingival epithelial cells in response to stimulation by cigarette smoke condensate and infection by Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontal Res 2016; 51:613-21. [PMID: 26667496 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Previous studies have shown that cigarette smoke (CS) and periodontal pathogens could alter wound healing responses of gingival epithelial cells. To elucidate molecular mechanisms leading to these epithelial changes, we studied the signaling pathway involved in the modulation of cell migration by CS condensate (CSC) and the infection by a prominent periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human gingival epithelial cells (Ca9-22) were treated with CSC or vehicle control for 24 h. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in cells with or without infection by P. gingivalis was assessed by polymerase chain reaction array and immunoblotting using phospho-specific antibodies. Cell migration was assessed using in vitro wound closure model, and specific pharmacologic inhibitors of MAPK pathways were used to characterize further the extent of involvement of the MAPK pathways. RESULTS Polymerase chain reaction array showed that gene expression of several members of the MAPK, particularly p38 and JNK, was upregulated more than twofold in Ca9-22 cells stimulated with 10 μg/mL CSC. Coincubation with P. gingivalis induced a different pattern of gene expression for MAPK pathways, but it did not suppress the MAPK-related genes upregulated by CSC. A significant phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 was observed in cells stimulated with 10 μg/mL CSC (p < 0.05), whereas coincubation with a higher concentration of CSC (250 μg/mL) evoked no such activation. P. gingivalis infection resulted in a tendency to reduce the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38, which had been enhanced by stimulation with 10 μg/mL CSC. Incubation with ERK1/2 and p38 inhibitors significantly reduced the wound closure of CSC-stimulated cells, by approximately 43% and 46%, respectively (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION CSC exerts effects on the migration of human gingival epithelial cells through the activation of the MAPK ERK1/2 and p38 signaling pathways. P. gingivalis infection attenuates the CSC-induced migration at least partly by suppressing the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38, but other pathways are likely to be involved in this modulatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Imamura
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - E Kokubu
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - D Kita
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Ota
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Yoshikawa
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Ishihara
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Saito
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Tobacco smoking is the most important preventable risk factor for periodontitis; however, the underlying biological mechanisms responsible for the detrimental effects of smoking on periodontal health remain largely unclear. It is also well established that smoking has a negative impact on several inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of this paper was to review smoking-related changes in local and systemic host responses with a focus on cellular and molecular effects that could explain a hyperinflammatory response leading to periodontal destruction. Biological mechanisms that may be common to periodontal disease and other chronic inflammatory diseases were also explored, together with gene-smoking interactions. An epidemiologic perspective on the burden of smoking on periodontal health and the potential for smoking cessation is also presented. Tobacco smoking seems to induce changes ranging from decreased leukocyte chemotaxis to decreased production of immunoglobulins. Smoking also seems to cause a stronger inflammatory reaction with an increased release of potentially tissue-destructive substances (e.g. reactive oxygen species, collagenase, serine proteases and proinflammatory cytokines). These findings support a hypothesis that periodontitis is a hyperinflammatory condition rather than a hypo-inflammatory condition.
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18
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Liu KH, Hwang SJ. Effect of smoking cessation for 1 year on periodontal biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid. J Periodontal Res 2015; 51:366-75. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. H. Liu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kyungpook National University; Daegu South Korea
| | - S. J. Hwang
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Bio-Inspired Engineering; Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon South Korea
- Department of Dental Hygiene; College of Medical Science; Konyang University; Daejeon South Korea
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19
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Sancilio S, Gallorini M, Cataldi A, di Giacomo V. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction by e-cigarette fluids in human gingival fibroblasts. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 20:477-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mendonça SA, Teixeira FG, Oliveira KM, Santos DB, Marques LM, Amorim MM, Gestinari RDS. Study of the association between the interleukin-1 β c.3954C>T polymorphism and periodontitis in a population sample from Bahia, Brazil. Contemp Clin Dent 2015; 6:176-82. [PMID: 26097351 PMCID: PMC4456738 DOI: 10.4103/0976-237x.156040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease characterized by the loss of connective tissue and alveolar bone. Different factors are associated with the onset and prognosis of this disease, both environmental and genetic. The latter particularly relate to molecules secreted as a function of the host immune response, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines. Studies indicate that the polymorphism c. 3954C > T in the interleukin-1 β encoding gene (IL1B) can be considered as an aggravating factor in the periodontitis condition. AIMS This study aimed to evaluate whether there is an association between the IL1B c. 3954C > T gene polymorphism and the prevalence of periodontitis in the population from Vitória da Conquista-Bahia, Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 347 subjects (134 cases and 213 controls) who provided epithelial tissue of the oral cavity and saliva samples for DNA extraction and quantification of IL1B, respectively, were selected. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism followed by electrophoresis in agarose gel. The evaluation of the cytokine concentration was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Statistical calculations involved in this work include Chi-square test, Fisher Exact test, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS Our findings revealed that: (i) No statistically significant relationship between periodontitis and the polymorphism studied was observed; (ii) no significant difference between the concentrations of IL1B in saliva between the case and control subjects and between the genotypes of these individuals and the concentrations of this cytokine. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that, in the sample evaluated, the IL1B c. 3954C > T polymorphism did not present as an etiological factor for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir A Mendonça
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G Teixeira
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Kamilla M Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Djanilson B Santos
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Bahia Recôncavo, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Lucas M Marques
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maise M Amorim
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
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Imamura K, Kokubu E, Kita D, Ota K, Ishihara K, Saito A. Cigarette smoke condensate modulates migration of human gingival epithelial cells and their interactions with Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontal Res 2015; 50:411-21. [PMID: 25196284 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Epithelial cells are recognized as the first line of defense against bacterial infection and environmental harmful stimuli such as cigarette smoke (CS). Although previous studies explored the effects of nicotine on host cells, mechanisms by which CS affects cellular functions remain uncertain. The present study investigated the effects of CS condensate (CSC) on in vitro wound closure of gingival epithelial cells and their potential interactions with a major periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human gingival epithelial cells (Ca9-22) were treated with CSC for 24 h. Cell proliferation was determined using a WST-1 assay. Cell migration was assessed using a wound closure model. The expression of integrins was analyzed by confocal scanning laser microscopy and real-time PCR. Intracellular invasion of P. gingivalis was evaluated by confocal scanning laser microscopy and an antibiotic protection assay. RESULTS Low concentrations (1-10 μg/mL) of CSC showed no significant effect on cell proliferation. CSC demonstrated dual effects on epithelial wound closure of Ca9-22 cells: high concentrations (i.e. 250 μg/mL) significantly inhibited the wound closure whereas low concentrations (i.e. 10 μg/mL) promoted it (p < 0.01). CSC induced distinct changes in cytoskeleton. When CSC-exposed cells were infected with P. gingivalis for 2 h, a significant inhibition of wound closure was observed concurrent with a decrease in integrin α3 expression near the wound area. A significantly increased P. gingivalis invasion into Ca9-22 was observed when exposed to low concentrations of CSC. CONCLUSION Low concentrations of CSC increased invasion of human gingival epithelial cells by P. gingivalis and induced changes in cytoskeleton and integrin expression, thereby modulating the cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Imamura
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Nociti FH, Casati MZ, Duarte PM. Current perspective of the impact of smoking on the progression and treatment of periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2015; 67:187-210. [PMID: 25494601 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This literature review provides an overview of the current scenario regarding the impact of smoking on the progression and treatment of periodontitis; clinical, microbiological and immunological data from studies from our and other groups are presented. In general, preclinical and clinical data are unanimous in demonstrating that smokers present increased susceptibility, greater severity and faster progression of periodontal disease compared with nonsmokers. The evidence further demonstrates that smokers lose more teeth and have a less favorable response to therapy than do nonsmokers. Although it is well established that smoking significantly impacts on the onset, progression and outcome of periodontal disease, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. More importantly, some of the reported deleterious effects of smoking on periodontal tissues have been reported to be reversible upon participation in smoking-cessation programs. Therefore, clinicians should strongly advise smokers to enroll in cessation strategies, even temporarily, in order to improve the overall outcome.
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Takeuchi-Igarashi H, Kubota S, Tachibana T, Murakashi E, Takigawa M, Okabe M, Numabe Y. Matrix remodeling response of human periodontal tissue cells toward fibrosis upon nicotine exposure. Odontology 2016; 104:35-43. [PMID: 25316032 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-014-0177-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that fibrosis is frequently observed in the gingiva of smokers. However, the mechanisms by which smoking results in pathological changes in periodontal tissue that lead to fibrosis are not entirely clear. Our former report showed that type I collagen synthesis was promoted by nicotine via CCN family protein 2 in human periodontal tissue cells. Here, we evaluated other aspects of nicotine function from a viewpoint of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Human gingival fibroblasts (n = 4) and periodontal ligament cells (n = 3) were isolated. The cells were treated with nicotine at a variety of concentrations for 12-48 h. Modulators of matrix remodeling were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Cell migration and morphology were also evaluated. As a result, following treatment with 1 μg/ml nicotine, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and transforming growth factor-β1 production in both cell lysates and supernatants, and matrix metalloproteinases-1 production in cell lysates, were significantly increased (p < 0.05). Compared to controls, cell migration was significantly inhibited (p < 0.005) by nicotine in a time-dependent manner. Electron microscopic analysis revealed the presence of a number of vacuoles in nicotine-treated cells. These results indicate that nicotine not only impairs fibroblast motility, and induces cellular degenerative changes, but also alters ECM-remodeling systems of periodontal cells. Induction of matrix remodeling molecules, combined with type I collagen accumulation, may account for the molecular mechanism of nicotine-induced periodontal fibrosis.
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Gao Z, Nissen JC, Ji K, Tsirka SE. The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease course is modulated by nicotine and other cigarette smoke components. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107979. [PMID: 25250777 PMCID: PMC4176721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have reported that cigarette smoking increases the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS) and accelerates its progression. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects remain unsettled. We have investigated here the effects of the nicotine and the non-nicotine components in cigarette smoke on MS using the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, and have explored their underlying mechanism of action. Our results show that nicotine ameliorates the severity of EAE, as shown by reduced demyelination, increased body weight, and attenuated microglial activation. Nicotine administration after the development of EAE symptoms prevented further disease exacerbation, suggesting that it might be useful as an EAE/MS therapeutic. In contrast, the remaining components of cigarette smoke, delivered as cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), accelerated and increased adverse clinical symptoms during the early stages of EAE, and we identify a particular cigarette smoke compound, acrolein, as one of the potential mediators. We also show that the mechanisms underlying the opposing effects of nicotine and CSC on EAE are likely due to distinct effects on microglial viability, activation, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Gao
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Jillian C. Nissen
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Kyungmin Ji
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Stella E. Tsirka
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
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Borzangy S, Labban N, Windsor LJ. Effects of interim acrylic resins on the expression of cytokines from epithelial cells and on collagen degradation. J Prosthet Dent 2014; 110:296-302. [PMID: 24079565 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3913(13)60379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Interim acrylic resins release agents that alter cytokine expression in the surrounding tissues, which could alter extracellular matrix degradation. PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to evaluate the responses of human epidermal keratinocytes to eluates of interim acrylic resins in regards to cytokine expression and cell-mediated collagen degradation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Specimens of 4 different interim acrylic resins (HI-I, Jet Acrylic, SNAP acrylic, and Protemp Plus) were placed in Epilife medium for 48 hours and the eluates collected. The cells were incubated for 72 hours in nontoxic concentrations of the eluates. Cytotoxicity was evaluated with lactate dehydrogenase assays and cytokine expression with cytokine antibody arrays. Collagen degradation was determined with a collagen type I assay. The experiments were performed 3 times. Data were analyzed with 1-way and mixed-model ANOVA (α=.05). RESULTS None of the eluates were cytotoxic. Cytokine expression from the heat-activated polymethyl methacrylate resin group was significantly less for interleukin-3, but significantly greater for interlukin-7. Expression for the chemically activated polymethyl methacrylate resin group was significantly less for growth-regulated oncogene-α, interleukin-1α, and interleukin-3. Expression for the chemically activated polyethyl methacrylate resin group was significantly less for interleukin-1α and interleukin-3, but significantly greater for interleukin-13 and monocytes chemoattractant protein-3. The cytokine expression induced by chemically activated bis-acryl composite resin was significantly greater for granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, interleukin-7, and monocytes chemoattractant protein-3, but significantly less for growth-regulated oncogene-α. Collagen degradation was not significantly different in any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS The eluates used were not cytotoxic and did not induce cell-mediated collagen degradation. Some significant changes in cytokine expression were noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sary Borzangy
- Resident, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Ind; Implant fellow, Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Mass; Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah, KSA
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Kesim S, Kılıc D, Ozdamar S, Liman N. Effect of Smoking on Attachment of Human Periodontal Ligament Cells to Periodontally Involved Root Surfaces Following Enamel Matrix Derivative Application. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.5504/bbeq.2012.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Fatemi K, Radvar M, Rezaee A, Rafatpanah H, Azangoo khiavi H, Dadpour Y, Radvar N. Comparison of relative TLR-2 and TLR-4 expression level of disease and healthy gingival tissue of smoking and non-smoking patients and periodontally healthy control patients. Aust Dent J 2013; 58:315-20. [PMID: 23981212 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors are a family of sensor proteins that induce the inflammatory diseases in context of microbial infection. The role of these proteins in periodontal disease and their interaction with smoking status are yet to be investigated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of smoking on gene expression of toll like receptor 2 (TLR-2) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) in patients with periodontitis. METHODS RNAs were extracted from gingival biopsies of healthy sites (no bleeding on probing and pocket depth ≤3 mm) as well as diseased sites (with bleeding on probing and pocket depth ≥5 mm) of 20 smoker and 17 non-smoker subjects with chronic periodontitis. Gingival biopsies from eight periodontally healthy, never-smoker subjects served as control. Real-time PCR was carried out to evaluate the relative quantities of TLR-2 and TLR-4 mRNA concentrations. RESULTS Regardless of smoking status, the relative expression levels of TLR-2 and TLR-4 were significantly greater (about 3 fold) at diseased sites compared to healthy sites of patients with periodontitis and healthy controls (p < 0.05). In sites with periodontitis, smoking caused an increase of about 6.5 fold in mRNA levels of TLR-4 in gingival tissue (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Although periodontitis might significantly increase TLR-2 and TLR-4 gene expression in gingival tissues, smoking habit in periodontitis subjects could selectively potentiate TLR-4 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fatemi
- Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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28
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Silva D, Cáceres M, Arancibia R, Martínez C, Martínez J, Smith PC. Effects of cigarette smoke and nicotine on cell viability, migration and myofibroblastic differentiation. J Periodontal Res 2012; 47:599-607. [PMID: 23091836 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2012.01472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Several studies have analysed the role of nicotine as a prominent agent affecting wound repair in smokers. However, tobacco smoke contains several components that may alter gingival wound healing. The present study aimed to analyse the roles of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and nicotine on cell viability, cell migration/invasion and myofibroblastic differentiation using primary cultures of human gingival fibroblasts. MATERIAL AND METHODS To compare the effects of CSC and nicotine, gingival fibroblasts were stimulated with CSC (0.4–500 lg/mL) and the corresponding nicotine concentrations (0.025–32 lg/mL) present in research cigarettes (1R3F). Cell viability was evaluated through the MTS assay. Cell migration and invasion were assessed through scratch wound assays, collagen nested matrices and trans well migration. a-Smooth muscle actin production was evaluated by western blotting. RESULTS Cigarette smoke condensate at 50 lg/mL induced a moderate increase in cell viability, whereas the corresponding nicotine concentration (3.2 lg/mL) did not produce this response. Cigarette smoke condensate at 250 lg/mL, but not nicotine at 16 lg/mL (the corresponding nicotine concentration), induced cell death. Both nicotine and CSC stimulated cell migration (50 lg/mL CSC; 3.2 lg/mL nicotine). At 150 lg/mL, CSC inhibited cell migration; however, the corresponding concentration of nicotine (9.6 lg/mL), did not have this effect. Although both nicotine and CSC inhibited a-smooth muscle actin production, only the latter induced a statistically significant effect on this response. CONCLUSION Cigarette smoke condensate may stimulate cell survival and migration at low concentrations and inhibit these cell responses at higher levels of exposure. Moreover, CSC may interfere in myofibroblastic differentiation.These results show that cigarette smoke, but not nicotine, may significantly alter cell viability, cell migration and myofibroblastic differentiation in gingival mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Silva
- Laboratory of Periodontal Physiology, Dentistry Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catlica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Lee SI, Kang KL, Shin SI, Herr Y, Lee YM, Kim EC. Endoplasmic reticulum stress modulates nicotine-induced extracellular matrix degradation in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontal Res 2012; 47:299-308. [PMID: 22489671 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Tobacco smoking is considered to be one of the major risk factors for periodontitis. For example, about half the risk of periodontitis can be attributable to smoking in the USA. It is evident that smokers have greater bone loss, greater attachment loss and deeper periodontal pockets than nonsmoking patients. It has recently been reported that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers are upregulated in periodontitis patients; however, the direct effects of nicotine on ER stress in regard to extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation are unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of nicotine on cytotoxicity and expression of ER stress markers, selected ECM molecules and MMPs, and to identify the underlying mechanisms in human periodontal ligament cells. We also examined whether ER stress was responsible for the nicotine-induced cytotoxicity and ECM degradation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cytotoxicity and cell death were measured by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and flow cytometric annexin V and propidium iodide staining. The mRNA and protein expressions of MMPs and ER markers were examined by RT-PCR and western blot analysis. RESULTS Treatment with nicotine reduced cell viability and increased the proportion of annexin V-negative, propidium iodide-positive cells, an indication of cell death. Nicotine induced ER stress, as evidenced by survival molecules, such as phosphorylated protein kinase-like ER-resident kinase, phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor-2α and glucose-regulated protein-78, and apoptotic molecules, such as CAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP). Nicotine treatment led to the downregulation of ECM molecules, including collagen type I, elastin and fibronectin, and upregulation of MMPs (MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-8 and MMP-9). Inhibition of ER stress by salubrinal and transfection of CHOP small interfering RNA attenuated the nicotine-induced cell death, ECM degradation and production of MMPs. Salubrinal and CHOP small interfering RNA inhibited the effects of nicotine on the activation of Akt, JNK and nuclear factor-κB. CONCLUSION These results indicate that nicotine-induced cell death is mediated by the ER stress pathway, involving ECM degradation by MMPs, in human periodontal ligament cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-I Lee
- Department of Maxillofacial Tissue Regeneration, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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