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Lemoine S, Bobo M, Hocqueloux L, Legac E, Prazuck T. Dolutegravir-induced severe sideroblastic anemia. AIDS 2024; 38:1095-1097. [PMID: 38691054 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Lemoine
- Service d'hématologie, Pole biopathologie, CHU d'Orléans
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire pour l'Innovation et la Recherche en Santé d'Orléans (LIRSO - Université) - Equipe InTheRNA
| | - Maxime Bobo
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU d'Orléans, Orléans, France
| | | | - Eric Legac
- Service d'hématologie, Pole biopathologie, CHU d'Orléans
| | - Thierry Prazuck
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU d'Orléans, Orléans, France
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Sharma S, Sachdeva RK, Sachdeva MUS, Sreedharanunni S, Naseem S, Sharma P, Kumar N, Ahluwalia J, Das R, Varma N, Bal A, Suri D, Singh S. Bone marrow examination of HIV-infected children in HAART era reveals a spectrum of abnormalities: a study from single tertiary care center of North India. J Hematop 2021; 14:283-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s12308-021-00471-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Shekhar R, Srinivasan VK, Pai S. How I investigate dysgranulopoiesis. Int J Lab Hematol 2021; 43:538-546. [PMID: 34031992 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dysgranulopoiesis is a condition in which granulocytic production is defective and is most often described in neoplastic conditions. However, it can also be frequently seen in non-neoplastic conditions. Early suspicion and detection of these non-neoplastic causes may prevent further invasive and expensive interventions. In this review, we take a look at the various causes of dysgranulopoiesis with an emphasis on non-neoplastic etiologies, followed by a detailed outline of the laboratory approach for determining its many causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshini Shekhar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Manipal Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vishrut K Srinivasan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Manipal Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Swati Pai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Manipal Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Mendes‐de‐Almeida DP, Lovatel VL, Santos‐Bueno FV, Kós EAA, Andrade FG, Schramm MT, Nunes EP, Grinsztejn BGJ, Pombo‐de‐Oliveira MS, Fernandez TDS. Myelodysplastic syndrome with clonal karyotype evolution associated with trisomy 8 and
ASXL1
mutation in well‐controlled HIV patient: Case report and literature review. eJHaem 2020; 1:344-349. [PMID: 35847703 PMCID: PMC9176036 DOI: 10.1002/jha2.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Palheiro Mendes‐de‐Almeida
- Hematology DepartmentEvandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious DiseasesOswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Pediatric Haematology‐Oncology ProgramResearch CentreNational Institute of Cancer (INCA) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Clinical ResearchDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Viviane Lamim Lovatel
- Cytogenetic DepartmentBone Marrow Transplantation Centre (CEMO)National Institute of Cancer (INCA) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Filipe Vicente Santos‐Bueno
- Pediatric Haematology‐Oncology ProgramResearch CentreNational Institute of Cancer (INCA) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Elaiza Almeida Antônio Kós
- Cytogenetic DepartmentBone Marrow Transplantation Centre (CEMO)National Institute of Cancer (INCA) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Francianne Gomes Andrade
- Pediatric Haematology‐Oncology ProgramResearch CentreNational Institute of Cancer (INCA) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | - Estevão Portela Nunes
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on STD/AIDSEvandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Disease (INI)Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Beatriz Gilda J. Grinsztejn
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on STD/AIDSEvandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Disease (INI)Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Maria S Pombo‐de‐Oliveira
- Pediatric Haematology‐Oncology ProgramResearch CentreNational Institute of Cancer (INCA) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Teresa de Souza Fernandez
- Cytogenetic DepartmentBone Marrow Transplantation Centre (CEMO)National Institute of Cancer (INCA) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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Montoro J, Gallur L, Merchán B, Molero A, Roldán E, Martínez-Valle F, Villacampa G, Navarrete M, Ortega M, Castellví J, Saumell S, Bobillo S, Bosch F, Valcárcel D. Autoimmune disorders are common in myelodysplastic syndrome patients and confer an adverse impact on outcomes. Ann Hematol 2018; 97:1349-56. [PMID: 29572561 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-018-3302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The coexistence of autoimmune disorders (AD) in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) has been widely recognized, although with distinct results regarding their prevalence and impact on the outcomes of the underlying hematological process. This study was aimed to analyze the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of MDS with AD in a series of 142 patients diagnosed with MDS and CMML. AD was ascertained by both the presence of clinical symptoms or compatible serological tests. In total, 48% patients were diagnosed as having AD, being hypothyroidism the most commonly reported clinical AD (8%) and antinuclear antibodies the most frequent serological parameter identified (23.2%). The presence of AD was associated with female gender, lower hemoglobin levels, and higher IPSS-R. Overall survival for patients with AD was inferior to those with no AD (69 vs. 88% at 30 months; HR 2.75, P = 0.008). Notably, clinical but not isolated immune serological parameters had an impact on the outcomes of patients with AD. Finally, in a multivariate analysis, the presence of AD (HR 2.26) along with disease risk categories (very low and low vs. intermediate, high, and very high IPSS-R; HR 4.62) retained their independent prognostic value (P < 0.001). In conclusion, AD are prevalent in MDS and CMML patients and have prognostic implications, especially in lower-risk MDS patients.
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Shaver AC, Seegmiller AC. Nuances of Morphology in Myelodysplastic Diseases in the Age of Molecular Diagnostics. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2017; 12:448-454. [DOI: 10.1007/s11899-017-0405-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is characterized by an ineffective hematopoiesis with production of aberrant clones and a high cell apoptosis rate in bone marrow (BM). Macrophages are in charge of phagocytosis. Innate Immune cells and specific T cells are in charge of immunosurveillance. Little is known on BM cell recruitment and activity as BM aspirate is frequently contaminated with peripheral blood. But evidences suggest an active role of immune cells in protection against MDS and secondary leukemia. BM CD8+ CD28− CD57+ T cells are directly cytotoxic and have a distinct cytokine signature in MDS, producing TNF-α, IL-6, CCL3, CCL4, IL-1RA, TNFα, FAS-L, TRAIL, and so on. These tools promote apoptosis of aberrant cells. On the other hand, they also increase MDS-related cytopenia and myelofibrosis together with TGFβ. IL-32 produced by stromal cells amplifies NK cytotoxicity but also the vicious circle of TNFα production. Myeloid-derived suppressing cells (MDSC) are increased in MDS and have ambiguous role in protection/progression of the diseases. CD33 is expressed on hematopoietic stem cells on MDS and might be a potential target for biotherapy. MDS also has impact on immunity and can favor chronic inflammation and emergence of autoimmune disorders. BM is the site of hematopoiesis and thus contains a complex population of cells at different stages of differentiation from stem cells and early engaged precursors up to almost mature cells of each lineage including erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, myelo-monocytic cells (monocyte/macrophage and granulocytes), NK cells, and B cells. Monocytes and B cell finalize their maturation in peripheral tissues or lymph nodes after migration through the blood. On the other hand, T cells develop in thymus and are present in BM only as mature cells, just like other well vascularized tissues. BM precursors have a strong proliferative capacity, which is usually associated with a high risk for genetic errors, cell dysfunction, and consequent cell death. Abnormal cells are prone to destruction through spontaneous apoptosis or because of the immunosurveillance that needs to stay highly vigilant. High rates of proliferation or differentiation failures lead to a high rate of cell death and massive release of debris to be captured and destroyed (1). Numerous macrophages reside in BM in charge of home-keeping. They have a high capacity of phagocytosis required for clearing all these debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Lambert
- Immunology Laboratory, Pole de Biologie-Pathologie, University Hospital of St Etienne , St Etienne , France
| | - Yuenv Wu
- Haematology Laboratory, Pole de Biologie-Pathologie, University Hospital of St Etienne , St Etienne , France
| | - Carmen Aanei
- Haematology Laboratory, Pole de Biologie-Pathologie, University Hospital of St Etienne , St Etienne , France
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Williamson BT, Leitch HA. Higher Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes in Patients with Well-Controlled HIV Infection: Clinical Features, Treatment, and Outcome. Case Rep Hematol 2016; 2016:8502641. [PMID: 26904323 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8502641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. In advanced HIV prior to combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), dysplastic marrow changes occurred and resolved with ART. Few reports of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) in well-controlled HIV exist and management is undefined. Methods. Patients with well-controlled HIV and higher risk MDS were identified; characteristics, treatment, and outcomes were reviewed. Results. Of 292 MDS patients since 1996, 1 (0.3%) was HIV-positive. A 56-year-old woman presented with cytopenias. CD4 was 1310 cells/mL and HIV viral load <40 copies/mL. Bone marrow biopsy showed RCMD and karyotype included del(5q) and del(7q); IPSS was intermediate-2 risk. She received azacitidine at 75% dose. Cycle 2, at full dose, was complicated by marrow aplasia and possible AML; she elected palliation. Three additional HIV patients with higher risk MDS, aged 56-64, were identified from the literature. All had deletions involving chromosomes 5 and 7. MDS treatment of 2 was not reported and one received palliation; all died of AML. Conclusion. Four higher risk MDS in well-controlled HIV were below the median age of diagnosis for HIV-negative patients; all had adverse karyotype. This is the first report of an HIV patient receiving MDS treatment with azacitidine. Cytopenias were profound and dosing in HIV patients should be considered with caution.
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Abstract
Neutropenia frequently occurs in patients with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Causes for neutropenia during HIV infection are multifactoral, including the viral toxicity to hematopoietic tissue, the use of myelotoxic agents for treatment, complication with secondary infections and malignancies, as well as the patient's association with confounding factors which impair myelopoiesis. An increased prevalence and severity of neutropenia is commonly seen in advanced stages of HIV disease. Decline of neutrophil phagocytic defense in combination with the failure of adaptive immunity renders the host highly susceptible to developing fatal secondary infections. Neutropenia and myelosuppression also restrict the use of many antimicrobial agents for treatment of infections caused by HIV and opportunistic pathogens. In recent years, HIV infection has increasingly become a chronic disease because of progress in antiretroviral therapy (ART). Prevention and treatment of severe neutropenia becomes critical for improving the survival of HIV-infected patients.
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Steensma DP. Dysplasia has A differential diagnosis: distinguishing genuine myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) from mimics, imitators, copycats and impostors. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2013; 7:310-20. [PMID: 23015360 DOI: 10.1007/s11899-012-0140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Just as a pawnshop owner who is unable to distinguish a genuine Rolex™ watch from a cheap knockoff courts financial ruin, the physician who fails to discriminate between authentic myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and conditions resembling MDS risks misinforming or harming patients. This review summarizes minimal criteria for diagnosing MDS and discusses common diagnostic challenges. MDS needs to be separated from numerous neoplastic and non-clonal hematologic disorders that can mimic MDS, including other myeloid neoplasms, nutritional deficiencies, toxin exposures, aplastic anemia, and inherited disorders (e.g., congenital sideroblastic anemia). Some distinctions are more critical therapeutically than others; e.g., recognizing B12 deficiency is more important than parsing high-risk MDS from erythroleukemia. Diagnostically ambiguous cases may be assigned holding-pattern terms, "idiopathic cytopenia(s) of undetermined significance" (ICUS) or "idiopathic dysplasia of undetermined significance" (IDUS), while awaiting clarifying information or further clinical developments. In the future, advances in molecular pathology will improve diagnostic accuracy, especially in morphologically non-descript cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Steensma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, Suite D1B30, Mayer 1B21, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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Drilon AD, Gamboa EO, Koolaee R, Goel A. Acute promyelocytic leukemia in HIV-infected adults: a case report and review of therapeutic considerations. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk 2011; 10:E47-52. [PMID: 21856551 DOI: 10.3816/clml.2010.n.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) in patients with HIV is exceedingly rare, making the establishment of therapeutic approaches challenging and often individualized. We report the case of a 43-year-old female who presented with fatigue and malaise, and was concurrently diagnosed with APL and HIV. Induction and consolidation with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), idarubicin, and mitoxantrone were initiated in conjunction with highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) consisting of tenofovir/emtricitabine, fosamprenavir, and raltegravir. A complete morphologic, cytogenetic, and molecular response was achieved post-induction. Therapeutic strategies should consider overlapping effects of current agents in targeting both pathologies. ATRA has been found to induce apoptosis in HIV-infected leukemic cells, and protease inhibitor therapy has furthermore been reported to be synergistic with ATRA in inducing differentiation of APL cell lines. Pending further investigation, regimens with protease inhibitor backbones may represent a viable first-line strategy for patients elected to receive HAART in addition to ATRA and standard chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Drilon
- Department of Medicine, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA
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van de Vyver A, Delport E, Visser A. Decreased CD10 Expression in the Bone Marrow Neutrophils of HIV Positive Patients. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2010; 2:e2010032. [PMID: 21776338 DOI: 10.4084/MJHID.2010.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: HIV-1 infection is associated with various quantitative and qualitative changes in haemopoietic cells. Clear distinction between primary myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and secondary dysplasia may not always be possible. Adjunctive analyses used in the diagnosis of MDS include cytogenetics and flow cytometry (FCM). Much focus has been placed on establishing FCM guidelines aiding in the diagnosis of MDS, and to distinguish this condition from secondary dysplastic changes. One of the parameters often cited is the CD10 expression on the granulocyte population, as this marker denotes granulocytic maturation. Aims: To determine the expression level of CD10 on granulocytes in HIV positive patients. Methods: In total, 117 HIV-1 positive and 29 HIV-1 negative patients were included in this study. Bone marrow aspirate samples were evaluated in terms of morphological abnormality as well as CD10 expression on the granulocytic population. Results: The average CD10 expression among the HIV-1 positive patients were markedly reduced, at 18.4%, and 113 patients (96.6%) of these patients had expression levels below 50%. Discussion: Disease conditions causing secondary dysplasia, especially HIV-1 infection, is associated with a marked reduction in CD10 expression on the granulocyte population independent from the presence of myelodysplastic features. This marker is therefore of doubtful significance as a diagnostic tool in distinguishing between primary and secondary dysplasia.
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Yeh SP, Chiu CF, Lee CC, Peng CT, Kuan CY, Chow KC. Evidence of parvovirus B19 infection in patients of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia with dyserythropoietic anaemia. Br J Haematol 2004; 126:428-33. [PMID: 15257717 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05043.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Parvovirus B19 (PVB19) infection can induce transient anaemia in patients with increased erythropoiesis. However, the dynamic change within the bone marrow after PVB19 infection is not well understood. Increased erythropoiesis is a physiological phenomenon in puerperital women. Nevertheless, anaemia as a result of PVB19 infection in puerperital women has never been reported. We report one patient with eclampsia and two patients with pre-eclampsia who had transient, severe anaemia during the puerperital period because of PVB19 infection. Viral genomes were detected in the peripheral blood during the anaemic period by polymerase chain reaction and became undetectable after the anaemia was resolved. Viral genomes and protein could also be detected in bone marrow by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining, respectively. Serial aspiration cytology of bone marrow showed severe dysplastic change involving erythroid precursors with a few apoptotic cells at the initial onset of anaemia, markedly increased apoptotic cells that was confirmed by the increased expression of activated caspase 3, around the nadir of anaemia, and a normal marrow picture without features of apoptosis after recovery from anaemia. Our data indicates that PVB19 infection can induce transient, severe dyserythropoietic anaemia in puerperital women with pre-eclampsia/eclampsia and the pathogenetic mechanism may probably involve the induction of apoptosis following PVB19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Peng Yeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Forman D, Welsh RM, Markees TG, Woda BA, Mordes JP, Rossini AA, Greiner DL. Viral abrogation of stem cell transplantation tolerance causes graft rejection and host death by different mechanisms. J Immunol 2002; 168:6047-56. [PMID: 12055213 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.12.6047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tolerance-based stem cell transplantation using sublethal conditioning is being considered for the treatment of human disease, but safety and efficacy remain to be established. We have shown that mouse bone marrow recipients treated with sublethal irradiation plus transient blockade of the CD40-CD154 costimulatory pathway develop permanent hematopoietic chimerism across allogeneic barriers. We now report that infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus at the time of transplantation prevented engraftment of allogeneic, but not syngeneic, bone marrow in similarly treated mice. Infected allograft recipients also failed to clear the virus and died. Postmortem study revealed hypoplastic bone marrow and spleens. The cause of death was virus-induced IFN-alphabeta. The rejection of allogeneic bone marrow was mediated by a radioresistant CD8(+)TCR-alphabeta(+)NK1.1(-) T cell population. We conclude that a noncytopathic viral infection at the time of transplantation can prevent engraftment of allogeneic bone marrow and result in the death of sublethally irradiated mice treated with costimulation blockade. Clinical application of stem cell transplantation protocols based on costimulation blockade and tolerance induction may require patient isolation to facilitate the procedure and to protect recipients.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Blocking/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Ly
- Antigens, Surface
- Bone Marrow/abnormalities
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/immunology
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/mortality
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/pathology
- CD40 Ligand/immunology
- CD8 Antigens/biosynthesis
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Female
- Graft Rejection/genetics
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/mortality
- Graft Rejection/virology
- Graft Survival/genetics
- Graft Survival/immunology
- Hematopoiesis/genetics
- Hematopoiesis/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/adverse effects
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/mortality
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Kinetics
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lymphocyte Depletion/adverse effects
- Lymphocyte Depletion/mortality
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/genetics
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/immunology
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/mortality
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/virology
- Lymphoid Tissue/abnormalities
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL/genetics
- Mice, Inbred C57BL/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL/virology
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Knockout/genetics
- Mice, Knockout/immunology
- Mice, Knockout/virology
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Proteins
- Radiation Chimera/genetics
- Radiation Chimera/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Skin Transplantation/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Time Factors
- Transplantation Tolerance/genetics
- Transplantation Tolerance/immunology
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- Daron Forman
- Program in Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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