1
|
Nunn E, Jaiswal N, Gavin M, Uehara K, Stefkovich M, Drareni K, Calhoun R, Lee M, Holman CD, Baur JA, Seale P, Titchenell PM. Antibody blockade of activin type II receptors preserves skeletal muscle mass and enhances fat loss during GLP-1 receptor agonism. Mol Metab 2024; 80:101880. [PMID: 38218536 PMCID: PMC10832506 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists reduce food intake, producing remarkable weight loss in overweight and obese individuals. While much of this weight loss is fat mass, there is also a loss of lean mass, similar to other approaches that induce calorie deficit. Targeting signaling pathways that regulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy is a promising avenue to preserve lean mass and modulate body composition. Myostatin and Activin A are TGFβ-like ligands that signal via the activin type II receptors (ActRII) to antagonize muscle growth. Pre-clinical and clinical studies demonstrate that ActRII blockade induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy and reduces fat mass. In this manuscript, we test the hypothesis that combined ActRII blockade and GLP-1 receptor agonism will preserve muscle mass, leading to improvements in skeletomuscular and metabolic function and enhanced fat loss. METHODS In this study, we explore the therapeutic potential of bimagrumab, a monoclonal antibody against ActRII, to modify body composition alone and during weight loss induced by GLP-1 receptor agonist semaglutide in diet-induced obese mice. Mechanistically, we define the specific role of the anabolic kinase Akt in mediating the hypertrophic muscle effects of ActRII inhibition in vivo. RESULTS Treatment of obese mice with bimagrumab induced a ∼10 % increase in lean mass while simultaneously decreasing fat mass. Daily treatment of obese mice with semaglutide potently decreased body weight; this included a significant decrease in both muscle and fat mass. Combination treatment with bimagrumab and semaglutide led to superior fat mass loss while simultaneously preserving lean mass despite reduced food intake. Treatment with both drugs was associated with improved metabolic outcomes, and increased lean mass was associated with improved exercise performance. Deletion of both Akt isoforms in skeletal muscle modestly reduced, but did not prevent, muscle hypertrophy driven by ActRII inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data demonstrate that blockade of ActRII signaling improves body composition and metabolic parameters during calorie deficit driven by GLP-1 receptor agonism and demonstrate the existence of Akt-independent pathways supporting muscle hypertrophy in the absence of ActRII signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Nunn
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Natasha Jaiswal
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Gavin
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kahealani Uehara
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Megan Stefkovich
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karima Drareni
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ryan Calhoun
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michelle Lee
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Corey D Holman
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph A Baur
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patrick Seale
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul M Titchenell
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating age-related neurodegenerative disorder and characterized by progressive loss of memory and cognitive functions, which are associated with amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques. Immune cells play an important role in the clearance of Aβ deposits. Immune responses are regulated by immune regulators in which the B7 family members play a crucial role. We have recently identified erythroid membrane-associated protein (ERMAP) as a novel B7 family-related immune regulator and shown that ERMAP protein affects T cell and macrophage functions. METHODS We produced a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against ERMAP protein and then determined the ability of the mAb to affect cognitive performance and AD pathology in mice. RESULTS We have shown that the anti-ERMAP mAb neutralizes the T cell inhibitory activity of ERMAP and enhances macrophages to phagocytose Aβ in vitro. Administration of the mAb into AD mice improves cognitive performance and reduces Aβ plaque load in the brain. This is related to increased proportion of T cells, especially IFNγ-producing T cells, in the spleen and the choroid plexus (CP), enhanced expression of immune cell trafficking molecules in the CP, and increased migration of monocyte-derived macrophages into the brain. Furthermore, the production of anti-Aβ antibodies in the serum and the macrophage phagocytosis of Aβ are enhanced in the anti-ERMAP mAb-treated AD mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that manipulating the ERMAP pathway has the potential to provide a novel approach to treat AD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1390 Storrs Road, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1390 Storrs Road, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Yujun Lin
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1390 Storrs Road, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Min Su
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1390 Storrs Road, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Human Histology and Embryology, Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Laijun Lai
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1390 Storrs Road, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
- University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Iznardo H, Puig L. Exploring the Role of IL-36 Cytokines as a New Target in Psoriatic Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094344. [PMID: 33919434 PMCID: PMC8122427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Unmet needs in the treatment of psoriasis call for novel therapeutic strategies. Pustular psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis often represent a therapeutic challenge. Focus on IL-36 cytokines offers an interesting approach, as the IL-36 axis has been appointed a critical driver of the autoinflammatory responses involved in pustular psoriasis. Two IL-36R blocking antibodies, imsidolimab and spesolimab, are currently undergoing phase II and III clinical trials, with promising results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Iznardo
- Dermatology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Lluís Puig
- Dermatology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Molotkov A, Doubrovin M, Bhatt N, Hsu FC, Beserra A, Chopra R, Mintz A. 3D optical/CT as a preclinical companion imaging platform for glioblastoma drug development. Drug Deliv 2020; 27:1686-1694. [PMID: 33263448 PMCID: PMC7717859 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1833381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multimodality 3D Optical Imaging (OI)/CT has the potential to play a major role in drug development for glioblastomas (GBM), as it is an accessible preclinical method. To demonstrate the potential of 3D OI/CT to visualize orthotopic GBM implantation, we labeled GBM cells with Cy7 and imaged their location using 3D OI/CT. To confirm the accuracy of the spatial localization and demonstrate the ability to image locoregionally delivered therapies, we labeled mouse albumin with Cy7 (Cy7ALB) and delivered it via locoregional infusion 1 mm or 3 mm into the brain and demonstrated correlation of signal between the 3D OI/CT and post necropsy brain slices. In addition, we demonstrated the potential of systemically delivered Cy7ALB contrast to detect blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability caused by orthotopic GBMs using 3D OI/CT. We also tested the potential of 3D OI/CT to assess focal BBB permeability induced by high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), a methodology being used in clinical trials to noninvasively permeabilize the BBB for systemic therapeutic delivery to GBM. We demonstrated the ability of systemic Cy7ALB contrast together with 3D OI/CT to accurately assess real-time HIFU-induced BBB permeability, which correlated to post necropsy imaging of brains. Furthermore, we demonstrated that 3D OI/CT can also image the therapeutic distribution of a Cy7-labeled anti-PD-1 antibody, a prototype translational antibody therapy. We successfully imaged real-time antibody distribution after HIFU-induced BBB permeability, which correlated with post necropsy Cy7 signal and translational PET imaging after injection of [89Zr] anti-PD-1 antibody. Thus, we demonstrated the broad potential of using 3D OI/CT as an accessible preclinical tool to develop anti-GBM therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Molotkov
- Columbia University PET Center, Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mikhail Doubrovin
- Columbia University PET Center, Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nikunj Bhatt
- Columbia University PET Center, Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fang-Chi Hsu
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Amanda Beserra
- Department of Radiology and Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rajiv Chopra
- Department of Radiology and Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Columbia University PET Center, Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
In the last decade single domain antibodies (nanobodies, VHH) qualified through their unique characteristics have emerged as accepted and even advantageous alternative to conventional antibodies and have shown great potential as diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Currently nanobodies find their main medical application area in the fields of oncology and neurodegenerative diseases. According to late-breaking information, nanobodies specific for coronavirus spikes have been generated these days to test their suitability as useful therapeutics for future outbreaks. Their superior properties such as chemical stability, high affinity to a broad spectrum of epitopes, low immunogenicity, ease of their generation, selection and production proved nanobodies also to be remarkable to investigate their efficacy for passive treatment of type I allergy, an exaggerated immune reaction to foreign antigens with increasing global prevalence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Flicker
- Division of Immunopathology, Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ines Zettl
- Division of Immunopathology, Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sergei V. Tillib
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Ion channels play fundamental roles in both excitable and non-excitable tissues and therefore constitute attractive drug targets for myriad neurological, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases as well as for cancer and immunomodulation. However, achieving selectivity for specific ion channel subtypes with small-molecule drugs has been challenging, and there currently is a growing trend to target ion channels with biologics. One approach is to improve the pharmacokinetics of existing or novel venom-derived peptides. In parallel, after initial studies with polyclonal antibodies demonstrated the technical feasibility of inhibiting channel function with antibodies, multiple preclinical programmes are now using the full spectrum of available technologies to generate conventional monoclonal and engineered antibodies or nanobodies against extracellular loops of ion channels. After a summary of the current state of ion channel drug discovery, this Review discusses recent developments using the purinergic receptor channel P2X purinoceptor 7 (P2X7), the voltage-gated potassium channel KV1.3 and the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7 as examples of targeting ion channels with biologics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | | | | | - K George Chandy
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Infection and Immunity Theme, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vladimir Yarov-Yarovoy
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sato Y, Bolzenius JK, Eteleeb AM, Su X, Maher CA, Sehn JK, Arora VK. CD4+ T cells induce rejection of urothelial tumors after immune checkpoint blockade. JCI Insight 2018; 3:121062. [PMID: 30518683 PMCID: PMC6328023 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) provides clinical benefit to a minority of patients with urothelial carcinoma (UC). The role of CD4+ T cells in ICB-induced antitumor activity is not well defined; however, CD4+ T cells are speculated to play a supportive role in the development of CD8+ T cells that kill tumor cells after recognition of tumor antigens presented by MHC class I. To investigate the mechanisms of ICB-induced activity against UC, we developed mouse organoid-based transplantable models that have histologic and genetic similarity to human bladder cancer. We found that ICB can induce tumor rejection and protective immunity with these systems in a manner dependent on CD4+ T cells but not reliant on CD8+ T cells. Evaluation of tumor infiltrates and draining lymph nodes after ICB revealed expansion of IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells. Tumor cells in this system express MHC class I, MHC class II, and the IFN-γ receptor (Ifngr1), but none were necessary for ICB-induced tumor rejection. IFN-γ neutralization blocked ICB activity, and, in mice depleted of CD4+ T cells, IFN-γ ectopically expressed in the tumor microenvironment was sufficient to inhibit growth of tumors in which the epithelial compartment lacked Ifngr1. Our findings suggest unappreciated CD4+ T cell-dependent mechanisms of ICB activity, principally mediated through IFN-γ effects on the microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sato
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology
| | | | | | - Xinming Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology
| | - Christopher A. Maher
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology
- McDonnell Genome Institute, and
| | - Jennifer K. Sehn
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Harris-Bookman S, Mathios D, Martin AM, Xia Y, Kim E, Xu H, Belcaid Z, Polanczyk M, Barberi T, Theodros D, Kim J, Taube JM, Burger PC, Selby M, Taitt C, Korman A, Ye X, Drake CG, Brem H, Pardoll DM, Lim M. Expression of LAG-3 and efficacy of combination treatment with anti-LAG-3 and anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies in glioblastoma. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:3201-3208. [PMID: 30248181 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Like in many tumor types, immunotherapy is currently under investigation to assess its potential efficacy in glioblastoma patients. Trials are under way to assess the efficacy of new immune checkpoint inhibitors including anti-PD-1 or CTLA4. We here investigate the expression and efficacy of a novel immune-checkpoint inhibitor, called LAG-3. We show that LAG-3 is expressed in human glioblastoma samples and in a mouse glioblastoma model we show that knock out or LAG-3 inhibition with a blocking antibody is efficacious against glioblastoma and can be used in combination with other immune checkpoint inhibitors toward complete eradication of the model glioblastoma tumors. From a mechanistic standpoint we show that LAG-3 expression is an early marker of T cell exhaustion and therefore early treatment with LAG-3 blocking antibody is more efficacious than later treatment. These data provide insight and support the design of trials that incorporate LAG-3 in the treatment of glioblastoma.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Aged
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/immunology
- Antibodies, Blocking/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Brain Neoplasms/immunology
- Brain Neoplasms/therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Glioblastoma/immunology
- Glioblastoma/therapy
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunologic Memory
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Middle Aged
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/immunology
- Survival Analysis
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 Protein
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Harris-Bookman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Dimitrios Mathios
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Allison M Martin
- Department of Oncology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Yuanxuan Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Eileen Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Haiying Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Zineb Belcaid
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Magdalena Polanczyk
- Department of Oncology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Theresa Barberi
- Department of Oncology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Debebe Theodros
- Department of Oncology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jennifer Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Janis M Taube
- Department of Dermatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Peter C Burger
- Department of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Mark Selby
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Xiaobu Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Charles G Drake
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Henry Brem
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Drew M Pardoll
- Department of Oncology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Division Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu J, Gu J, Zhou S, Lu H, Lu Y, Lu L, Wang X. Anti-IL-22 Antibody Attenuates Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease via Increasing Foxp3 + T Cell through Modulation of CD11b + Cell Function. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:1605341. [PMID: 30159338 PMCID: PMC6109487 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1605341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfer of splenocytes isolated from B6 mice into normal B6D2F1 mice induces acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD), resulting in the expansion of donor cytotoxic T lymphocytes that eliminate recipient B cells. The cytokine IL-22, secreted by Th1 cells, Th17 cells, and innate immune cells, is structurally related to IL-10. To investigate the association between IL-22 and aGVHD, an anti-mouse IL-22 antibody (IL-22Ab) was used to ablate IL-22 activity in a mouse aGVHD model. Administration of IL-22Ab significantly reduced the progression of aGVHD in B6D2F1 recipients of B6 grafts. IL-22Ab treatment also decreased the percentage of interferon-γ+ and tumor necrosis factor-α+ T cells but increased the number of forkhead box p3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). In the presence of Tregs and donor CD11b+ cells, IL-22Ab protected against aGVHD. In vitro Treg induction was more efficient when CD4+CD25- T cells differentiated in the presence of CD11b+ cells obtained from IL-22Ab-treated GVHD mice, compared with cocultured untreated control cells. Finally, IL-22Ab modulated the expression of cytokines and costimulatory molecules in CD11b+ cells in aGVHD mice. We therefore conclude that IL-22Ab administration represents a viable approach for treating aGVHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Wu
- Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of General Surgery, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jian Gu
- Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shun Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hao Lu
- Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yunjie Lu
- Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xuehao Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Garbow JR, Tsien CI, Beeman SC. Preclinical MRI: Studies of the irradiated brain. J Magn Reson 2018; 292:73-81. [PMID: 29705034 PMCID: PMC6029718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) plays a central role in the treatment of primary brain tumors. However, despite recent advances in RT treatment, local recurrences following therapy remain common. Radiation necrosis (RN) is a severe, late complication of radiation therapy in the brain. RN is a serious clinical problem often associated with devastating neurologic complications. Therapeutic strategies, including neuroprotectants, have been described, but have not been widely translated in routine clinical use. We have developed a mouse model that recapitulates all of the major pathologic features of late-onset RN for the purposes of characterizing the basic pathogenesis of RN, identifying non-invasive (imaging) biomarkers of RN that might allow for the radiologic discernment of tumor and RN, systematic testing of tumor and RN therapeutics, and exploring the complex interplay between RN pathogenesis and tumor recurrence. Herein, we describe the fundamental clinical challenges associated with RN and the progress made towards addressing these challenges by combining our novel mouse model of late-onset RN and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI techniques discussed include conventional T1- and T2-weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, magnetization transfer, and measures of tissue oxygenation. Studies of RN mitigation and neuroprotection are described, including the use of anti-VEGF antibodies, and inhibitors of GSK-3β, HIF-1α, and CXCR4. We conclude with some future perspectives on the irradiated brain and the study and treatment of recurrent tumor growing in an irradiated tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel R Garbow
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States; The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Christina I Tsien
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Scott C Beeman
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Galli SJ. Mary Hewitt Loveless, MD: The origin of venom immunotherapy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018; 121:268-271. [PMID: 29964225 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research, Stanford, California.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Garito T, Zakaria M, Papanicolaou DA, Li Y, Pinot P, Petricoul O, Laurent D, Rooks D, Rondon JC, Roubenoff R. Effects of bimagrumab, an activin receptor type II inhibitor, on pituitary neurohormonal axes. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2018; 88:908-919. [PMID: 29566437 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bimagrumab is a human monoclonal antibody inhibitor of activin type II receptors (ActRII), with anabolic action on skeletal muscle mass by blocking binding of myostatin and other negative regulators of muscle growth. Bimagrumab is under evaluation for muscle wasting and associated functional loss in hip fracture and sarcopenia, and in obesity. Bimagrumab also blocks other endogenous ActRII ligands, such as activins, which act on the neurohormonal axes, pituitary, gonads and adrenal glands. AIM To evaluate the effect of bimagrumab on the pituitary-gonadal and pituitary-adrenal axes in humans. METHODS Healthy men and women, aged 55 to 75 years, received bimagrumab intravenously 10 mg/kg or placebo on Day 1 and Day 29. Pituitary-gonadal and pituitary-adrenal functions were evaluated with basal hormone measurement and standard gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation tests at baseline, Week 8 and at the end of study (EOS)-Week 20. RESULTS At Week 8, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were reduced by 42.16 IU/L (P < .001) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were increased by 2.5 IU/L (P = .08) over placebo in response to bimagrumab in women but not in men. Effects that were reversible after bimagrumab was cleared. Gonadal and adrenal androgen levels were not affected by exposure to bimagrumab. CONCLUSION Bimagrumab alters the function of pituitary gonadotroph cells, consistent with blockade of activin on local ActRII. This effect is reversible with clearance of bimagrumab. Bimagrumab did not impact gonadal and adrenal androgen secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Garito
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, Milan, Italy
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Yifang Li
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, USA
| | - Pascale Pinot
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Didier Laurent
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Rooks
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pettus J, Reeds D, Cavaiola TS, Boeder S, Levin M, Tobin G, Cava E, Thai D, Shi J, Yan H, Bautista E, McMillan J, Unger R, Henry RR, Klein S. Effect of a glucagon receptor antibody (REMD-477) in type 1 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:1302-1305. [PMID: 29283470 PMCID: PMC6181222 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current study (Clinical trial reg. no. NCT02715193, clinicaltrials.gov) was to study the efficacy and safety of REMD-477, a glucagon receptor antagonist, in type 1 diabetes. This was a randomized controlled trial in which 21 patients with type 1 diabetes were enrolled. Glycaemic control and insulin use were evaluated in outpatient and inpatient settings, before and after a single 70-mg dose of REMD-477 (half-life 7-10 days) or placebo. Inpatient insulin use was 26% (95% CI, 47%, 4%) lower 1 day after dosing with REMD-477 than with placebo (P = .02). Continuous glucose monitoring during post-treatment days 6 to 12 showed that average daily glucose was 27 mg/dL lower (P < .001), percent time-in-target-range (70-180 mg/dL) was ~25% greater (~3.5 h/d) (P = .001), and percent time-in-hyperglycaemic-range (> 180 mg/dL) was ~40% lower (~4 h/d) (P = .001) in the REMD-477 group than in the placebo group, without a difference in percent time-in-hypoglycaemic-range (<70 mg/dL). No serious adverse events were reported. Glucagon receptor antagonism decreases insulin requirements and improves glycaemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antibodies, Blocking/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Blocking/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Blocking/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Blood Glucose/analysis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Double-Blind Method
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Drugs, Investigational/adverse effects
- Drugs, Investigational/therapeutic use
- Female
- Humans
- Hyperglycemia/prevention & control
- Hypoglycemia/chemically induced
- Hypoglycemia/prevention & control
- Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage
- Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Insulin/administration & dosage
- Insulin/therapeutic use
- Male
- Monitoring, Ambulatory
- Proof of Concept Study
- Receptors, Glucagon/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Glucagon/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Pettus
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Dominic Reeds
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Schafer Boeder
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Michelle Levin
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Gary Tobin
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Edda Cava
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Dung Thai
- REMD Biotherapeutics, Camarillo, CA
- Beijing Cosci-REMD, Beijing, China
| | - Jim Shi
- REMD Biotherapeutics, Camarillo, CA
- Beijing Cosci-REMD, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Yan
- REMD Biotherapeutics, Camarillo, CA
- Beijing Cosci-REMD, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Roger Unger
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas TX
| | - Robert R. Henry
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Samuel Klein
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zappasodi R, Merghoub T, Wolchok JD. Emerging Concepts for Immune Checkpoint Blockade-Based Combination Therapies. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:581-598. [PMID: 29634946 PMCID: PMC5896787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint blockade has formally demonstrated that reactivating anti-tumor immune responses can regress tumors. However, this only occurs in a fraction of patients. Incorporating these therapies in more powerful combinations is thus a logical next step. Here, we review functional roles of immune checkpoints and molecular determinants of checkpoint-blockade clinical activity. Limited-size T cell-infiltrated tumors, differing substantially from "self," generally respond to checkpoint blockade. Therefore, we propose that reducing tumor burden and increasing tumor immunogenicity are key factors to improve immunotherapy. Lastly, we outline criteria to select proper immunotherapy combination partners and highlight the importance of activity biomarkers for timely treatment optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Zappasodi
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Most tumors are unresponsive to immune checkpoint blockade, especially if deep immunosuppression in the tumor develops prior to and prevents T cell immunosurveillance. Failed or frustrated T cell priming often needs repair before successful sensitization to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. CD40 activation plays a critical role in generating T cell immunity, by activating dendritic cells, and converting cold tumors to hot. In preclinical studies, agonistic CD40 antibodies demonstrate T cell-dependent anti-tumor activity, especially in combination with chemotherapy, checkpoint inhibitory antibodies, and other immune modulators. With the advent of multiple CD40 agonists with acceptable single-agent toxicity, clinical evaluation of CD40 combinations has accelerated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Vonderheide
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, 12 Floor South Pavilion, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Garito T, Roubenoff R, Hompesch M, Morrow L, Gomez K, Rooks D, Meyers C, Buchsbaum MS, Neelakantham S, Swan T, Filosa LA, Laurent D, Petricoul O, Zakaria M. Bimagrumab improves body composition and insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant individuals. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018. [PMID: 28643356 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM To test the hypothesis that an improving body composition in insulin-resistant individuals could enhance insulin sensitivity. METHODS A total of 16 people with a mean body mass index of 29.3 kg/m2 and insulin resistance, received a single dose of bimagrumab or placebo and were assessed at week 10 for insulin sensitivity, using a hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp and an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT), and for body composition using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and positron-emission tomography. RESULTS Bimagrumab increased lean mass by 2.7% (P < .05) and reduced fat mass by 7.9% (P = .011) at week 10 compared with placebo, and had a neutral effect on body weight. Bimagrumab reduced glycated haemoglobin by 0.21% at week 18 (P < .001) and improved insulin sensitivity by ~20% (according to the clamp) to ~40% (according to the IVGTT). CONCLUSION Taking the observed changes together, and given that these occurred without accompanying dietary intervention and without any prescribed regular physical exercise, bimagrumab may offer a novel approach for the treatment of the metabolic complications of obesity.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Absorptiometry, Photon
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/diagnostic imaging
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adiposity/drug effects
- Anti-Obesity Agents/administration & dosage
- Anti-Obesity Agents/adverse effects
- Anti-Obesity Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Anti-Obesity Agents/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Blocking/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Blocking/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Blocking/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Body Mass Index
- Double-Blind Method
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Glucose Clamp Technique
- Glucose Intolerance/blood
- Glucose Intolerance/complications
- Glucose Intolerance/drug therapy
- Glucose Intolerance/metabolism
- Glucose Tolerance Test
- Glycated Hemoglobin/analysis
- Humans
- Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage
- Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Infusions, Intravenous
- Insulin Resistance
- Male
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/diagnostic imaging
- Obesity/drug therapy
- Obesity/metabolism
- Pilot Projects
- Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography
- Thermogenesis/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Garito
- Diabetes Research Institute (OSR-DRI), San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Rooks
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Charles Meyers
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Monte S Buchsbaum
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California
| | | | - Therese Swan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Lee Anne Filosa
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Didier Laurent
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Marjorie Zakaria
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Van Bergen T, Hu TT, Etienne I, Reyns GE, Moons L, Feyen JHM. Neutralization of placental growth factor as a novel treatment option in diabetic retinopathy. Exp Eye Res 2017; 165:136-150. [PMID: 28965804 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The current standard of care in clinical practice for diabetic retinopathy (DR), anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy, has shown a significant improvement in visual acuity. However, treatment response can be variable and might be associated with potential side effects. This study was designed to investigate inhibition of placental growth factor (PlGF) as a possible alternative therapy for DR. The effect of the anti-PlGF antibody (PL5D11D4) was preclinically evaluated in various animal models by investigating different DR hallmarks, including inflammation, neurodegeneration, vascular leakage and fibrosis. The in vivo efficacy was tested in diabetic streptozotocin (STZ) and Akimba models and in the laser induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) mouse model. Intravitreal (IVT) administration of the anti-PlGF antibody was compared to anti-VEGFR-2 antibody (DC101), anti-VEGF antibody (B20), VEGF-Trap (aflibercept) and triamcinolone acetonide (TAAC). Vascular leakage was investigated in the mouse STZ model by fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) perfusion and in the Akimba model by fluorescein angiography (FA). Repeated IVT administration of the anti-PlGF antibody reduced vascular leakage, which was comparable to a single administration of VEGFR-2 inhibition in the mouse STZ model. PL5D11D4 treatment did not alter retinal ganglion cell (RGC) density, as demonstrated by Brn3a staining, whereas DC101 significantly reduced RGC number with 20%. Immunohistological stainings were performed to investigate inflammation (CD45, F4/80) and fibrosis (collagen type 1a). In the CNV model, IVT injection(s) of PL5D11D4 dose-dependently reduced inflammation and fibrosis, as compared to PBS treatment. Equimolar single administration of the anti-PlGF antibody and aflibercept (21 nM) and TAAC decreased leukocyte and macrophage infiltration with 50%, whereas DC101 and B20 (21 nM) had no effect on the inflammatory response. Similar results were observed in the mouse STZ model on the number of microglia and macrophages in the retina. Repeated administration of PL5D11D4 (21 nM) and TAAC similarly reduced fibrosis, while no effect was observed after equimolar DC101, B20 nor aflibercept administration (21 nM). In summary, the anti-PlGF antibody showed comparable efficacy as well-characterized VEGF-inhibitor on the process of vascular leakage, but differentiates itself by also reducing inflammation and fibrosis, without triggering a neurodegenerative response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tine Van Bergen
- ThromboGenics NV, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Tjing-Tjing Hu
- ThromboGenics NV, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | | | - Geert E Reyns
- ThromboGenics NV, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Lieve Moons
- Department of Biology, Zoological Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jean H M Feyen
- ThromboGenics NV, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Goods BA, Hernandez AL, Lowther DE, Lucca LE, Lerner BA, Gunel M, Raddassi K, Coric V, Hafler DA, Love JC. Functional differences between PD-1+ and PD-1- CD4+ effector T cells in healthy donors and patients with glioblastoma multiforme. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181538. [PMID: 28880903 PMCID: PMC5589094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) have been highly successful in the treatment of cancer. While PD-1 expression has been widely investigated, its role in CD4+ effector T cells in the setting of health and cancer remains unclear, particularly in the setting of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most aggressive and common form of brain cancer. We examined the functional and molecular features of PD-1+CD4+CD25-CD127+Foxp3-effector cells in healthy subjects and in patients with GBM. In healthy subjects, we found that PD-1+CD4+ effector cells are dysfunctional: they do not proliferate but can secrete large quantities of IFNγ. Strikingly, blocking antibodies against PD-1 did not rescue proliferation. RNA-sequencing revealed features of exhaustion in PD-1+ CD4 effectors. In the context of GBM, tumors were enriched in PD-1+ CD4+ effectors that were similarly dysfunctional and unable to proliferate. Furthermore, we found enrichment of PD-1+TIM-3+ CD4+ effectors in tumors, suggesting that co-blockade of PD-1 and TIM-3 in GBM may be therapeutically beneficial. RNA-sequencing of blood and tumors from GBM patients revealed distinct differences between CD4+ effectors from both compartments with enrichment in multiple gene sets from tumor infiltrating PD-1-CD4+ effectors cells. Enrichment of these gene sets in tumor suggests a more metabolically active cell state with signaling through other co-receptors. PD-1 expression on CD4 cells identifies a dysfunctional subset refractory to rescue with PD-1 blocking antibodies, suggesting that the influence of immune checkpoint inhibitors may involve recovery of function in the PD-1-CD4+ T cell compartment. Additionally, co-blockade of PD-1 and TIM-3 in GBM may be therapeutically beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A. Goods
- Departments of Biological Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amanda L. Hernandez
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Lowther
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Liliana E. Lucca
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Benjamin A. Lerner
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Murat Gunel
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Khadir Raddassi
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Vlad Coric
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - David A. Hafler
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - J. Christopher Love
- Departments of Biological Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ng KW, Marshall EA, Bell JC, Lam WL. cGAS-STING and Cancer: Dichotomous Roles in Tumor Immunity and Development. Trends Immunol 2017; 39:44-54. [PMID: 28830732 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
cGMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) sensing has emerged as a key regulator of innate immune responses to both exogenous and endogenous DNA. Recent studies reveal critical roles for this pathway in natural antitumor immunity across cancer types as well as in immune checkpoint blockade therapy. However, it is also clear that some tumors evade cGAS-STING-mediated immune responses, and immunomodulatory therapeutics are currently being explored to target this pathway. Finally, we also discuss recent observations that cGAS-STING-mediated inflammation may promote tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis in certain malignancies and how this may complicate the utility of this pathway in therapeutic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Ng
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Erin A Marshall
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - John C Bell
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Wan L Lam
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The IL-23/IL-17 axis is currently considered to be crucial in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Human IL-23 is primarily produced by antigen-presenting cells and induces and maintains differentiation of Th17 cells and Th22 cells, a primary cellular source of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-17 and IL-22, which mediate the epidermal hyperplasia, keratinocyte immune activation and tissue inflammation inherent in psoriasis. Agents that target the p40 subunit common to both IL-12 and IL-23 have shown robust clinical activity, but selectivity for IL-23p19 could offer advantages in efficacy and safety with respect to anti-p40 blockade. Areas covered: Relevant references regarding the role of the IL-23/IL-17 pathway in the pathogenesis of psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis and clinical trials with IL-23p40 and IL-23p19 blocking agents were obtained through a literature search in MEDLINE/Pubmed for articles published until November 2016. Moreover, ongoing registered clinical trials (RCTs) of moderate-to-severe psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis were searched through clinicaltrials.gov website, and a manual search was made for pertinent communications at the 2016 American Academy of Dermatology and European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology meetings. Expert commentary: There are potential advantages in selective blockade of the IL23-specific p19 subunit with respect to distal blockade of IL-17A or its receptor. Acting upstream in the IL-23/IL-17 cytokine pathway is likely to reduce the expression of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines acting on keratinocytes -including IL-17F, IL-21 and IL-22-, in addition to IL-17A. On the other hand, safety data thus far suggest that these drugs might be devoid of some adverse effects of IL-17A blockade that seem to be class related, such as mucocutaneous Candida infections or triggering or worsening of inflammatory bowel disease. Specific IL-23p19 blockade with high-affinity monoclonal antibodies seems to be able to induce long-term remissions of the activity in psoriasis and might eventually represent a paradigm change in the treatment of psoriasis. The results of phase III and comparative head-to-head trials with these agents are eagerly awaited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lluís Puig
- a Department of Dermatology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Immune-mediated myopathies (IMMs) are a heterogeneous group of acquired muscle disorders characterized by muscle weakness, elevated creatine kinase levels, and myopathic electromyographic findings. Most IMMs feature the presence of inflammatory infiltrates in muscle. However, the inflammatory exudate may be absent. Indeed, necrotizing autoimmune myopathy (NAM), also called immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy, is characterized by a necrotizing pathologic process with no or minimal inflammation in muscle. The recent discovery of antibodies associated with specific subtypes of autoimmune myopathies has played a major role in characterizing these diseases. Although diagnostic criteria and classification of IMMs currently are under revision, on the basis of the clinical and muscle histopathologic findings, IMMs can be differentiated as NAM, inclusion body myositis (IBM), dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and nonspecific myositis. Because of recent developments in the field of NAM and IBM and the controversies around polymyositis, this review will focus on NAM, IBM, and dermatomyositis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Milone
- Neuromuscular Medicine Division, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mastellos DC, Reis ES, Ricklin D, Smith RJ, Lambris JD. Complement C3-Targeted Therapy: Replacing Long-Held Assertions with Evidence-Based Discovery. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:383-394. [PMID: 28416449 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Complement dysregulation underlies several inflammatory disorders, and terminal complement inhibition has thus far afforded significant clinical gains. Nonetheless, emerging pathologies, fueled by complement imbalance and therapy-skewing genetic variance, underscore the need for more comprehensive, disease-tailored interventions. Modulation at the level of C3, a multifaceted orchestrator of the complement cascade, opens up prospects for broader therapeutic efficacy by targeting multiple pathogenic pathways modulated by C3-triggered proinflammatory crosstalk. Notably, C3 intervention is emerging as a viable therapeutic strategy for renal disorders with predominantly complement-driven etiology, such as C3 glomerulopathy (C3G). Using C3G as a paradigm, we argue that concerns about the feasibility of long-term C3 intervention need to be placed into perspective and weighed against actual therapeutic outcomes in prospective clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios C Mastellos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Biodiagnostic Sciences and Technologies, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy, and Safety (INRASTES), National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Edimara S Reis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel Ricklin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard J Smith
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gillis CM, Zenatti PP, Mancardi DA, Beutier H, Fiette L, Macdonald LE, Murphy AJ, Celli S, Bousso P, Jönsson F, Bruhns P. In vivo effector functions of high-affinity mouse IgG receptor FcγRI in disease and therapy models. J Autoimmun 2016; 80:95-102. [PMID: 27745779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Two activating mouse IgG receptors (FcγRs) have the ability to bind monomeric IgG, the high-affinity mouse FcγRI and FcγRIV. Despite high circulating levels of IgG, reports using FcγRI-/- or FcγRIV-/- mice or FcγRIV-blocking antibodies implicate these receptors in IgG-induced disease severity or therapeutic Ab efficacy. From these studies, however, one cannot conclude on the effector capabilities of a given receptor, because different activating FcγRs possess redundant properties in vivo, and cooperation between FcγRs may occur, or priming phenomena. To help resolve these uncertainties, we used mice expressing only FcγRI to determine its intrinsic properties in vivo. FcγRIonly mice were sensitive to IgG-induced autoimmune thrombocytopenia and anti-CD20 and anti-tumour immunotherapy, but resistant to IgG-induced autoimmune arthritis, anaphylaxis and airway inflammation. Our results show that the in vivo roles of FcγRI are more restricted than initially reported using FcγRI-/- mice, but confirm effector capabilities for this high-affinity IgG receptor in vivo.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/therapeutic use
- Antibody Affinity
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hepatectomy
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/immunology
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/therapy
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Splenectomy
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Gillis
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Paris, France; INSERM U1222, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Priscila P Zenatti
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Paris, France; INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - David A Mancardi
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Paris, France; INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Héloïse Beutier
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Paris, France; INSERM U1222, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Fiette
- Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité d'Histopathologie Humaine et Modèles Animaux, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Susanna Celli
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U1223, rue du Dr Roux, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bousso
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U1223, rue du Dr Roux, Paris, France
| | - Friederike Jönsson
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Paris, France; INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Bruhns
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Paris, France; INSERM U1222, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Choi GB, Yim YS, Wong H, Kim S, Kim H, Kim SV, Hoeffer CA, Littman DR, Huh JR. The maternal interleukin-17a pathway in mice promotes autism-like phenotypes in offspring. Science 2016; 351:933-9. [PMID: 26822608 PMCID: PMC4782964 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 724] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Viral infection during pregnancy has been correlated with increased frequency of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in offspring. This observation has been modeled in rodents subjected to maternal immune activation (MIA). The immune cell populations critical in the MIA model have not been identified. Using both genetic mutants and blocking antibodies in mice, we show that retinoic acid receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor gamma t (RORγt)-dependent effector T lymphocytes [for example, T helper 17 (TH17) cells] and the effector cytokine interleukin-17a (IL-17a) are required in mothers for MIA-induced behavioral abnormalities in offspring. We find that MIA induces an abnormal cortical phenotype, which is also dependent on maternal IL-17a, in the fetal brain. Our data suggest that therapeutic targeting of TH17 cells in susceptible pregnant mothers may reduce the likelihood of bearing children with inflammation-induced ASD-like phenotypes.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/immunology
- Antibodies, Blocking/therapeutic use
- Autism Spectrum Disorder/genetics
- Autism Spectrum Disorder/immunology
- Autism Spectrum Disorder/prevention & control
- Behavior, Animal
- Behavioral Symptoms/immunology
- Cerebral Cortex/abnormalities
- Cerebral Cortex/drug effects
- Cerebral Cortex/immunology
- Female
- Interleukin-17/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukin-17/pharmacology
- Male
- Maternal-Fetal Exchange/immunology
- Mice
- Mutation
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/immunology
- Phenotype
- Pregnancy
- Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Retinoic Acid Receptor gamma
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria B Choi
- The McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yeong S Yim
- The McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Helen Wong
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA. Institute for Behavioral Genetics, Department of Integrated Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Sangdoo Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology and Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Hyunju Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology and Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sangwon V Kim
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Charles A Hoeffer
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA. Institute for Behavioral Genetics, Department of Integrated Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
| | - Dan R Littman
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Jun R Huh
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology and Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA. The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yamagata T, Skepner J, Yang J. Targeting Th17 Effector Cytokines for the Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 63:405-14. [PMID: 26358867 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0362-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-17-producing T cells, especially T helper (Th)17 cells, play a critical role in the pathogenesis of a variety of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. The pathogenic function of Th17 cells results from their production of Th17 effector cytokines, namely IL-17 (or IL-17A), IL-17F, IL-22 and IL-26. The importance of IL-17 has been demonstrated by antibody neutralization studies in both animal models of autoimmune diseases as well as in human clinical trials. This review highlights the current knowledge of the clinical aspects of the Th17 cytokines as well as therapeutic antibodies against IL-17, IL-17F, IL-17 receptor, IL-22, IL-26 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor for the future treatment of autoimmune inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jill Skepner
- Tempero, GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jianfei Yang
- Tempero, GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yossef R, Gur C, Shemesh A, Guttman O, Hadad U, Nedvetzki S, Miletić A, Nalbandyan K, Cerwenka A, Jonjic S, Mandelboim O, Porgador A. Targeting natural killer cell reactivity by employing antibody to NKp46: implications for type 1 diabetes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118936. [PMID: 25719382 PMCID: PMC4342013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells belong to the innate lymphoid cells. Their cytotoxic activity is regulated by the delicate balance between activating and inhibitory signals. NKp46 is a member of the primary activating receptors of NK cells. We previously reported that the NKp46 receptor is involved in the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Subsequently, we hypothesized that blocking this receptor could prevent or hinder disease development. To address this goal, we developed monoclonal antibodies for murine NKp46. One mAb, named NCR1.15, recognizes the mouse homologue protein of NKp46, named Ncr1, and was able to down-regulate the surface expression of NKp46 on primary murine NK cells following antibody injection in vivo. Additionally, NCR1.15 treatments were able to down-regulate cytotoxic activity mediated by NKp46, but not by other NK receptors. To test our primary assumption, we examined T1D development in two models, non-obese diabetic mice and low-dose streptozotocin. Our results show a significantly lower incidence of diabetic mice in the NCR1.15-treated group compared to control groups. This study directly demonstrates the involvement of NKp46 in T1D development and suggests a novel treatment strategy for early insulitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rami Yossef
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Chamutal Gur
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Avishai Shemesh
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ofer Guttman
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Uzi Hadad
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Shlomo Nedvetzki
- BioLineRx Ltd., 19 Hartum Street, P.O. Box 45158. Jerusalem 91450, Israel
| | - Antonija Miletić
- Center for Proteomics and Department for Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Adelheid Cerwenka
- Innate Immunity Group, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Center for Proteomics and Department for Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Angel Porgador
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bakacs T, Mehrishi JN. Anti-CTLA-4 therapy may have mechanisms similar to those occurring in inherited human CTLA4 haploinsufficiency. Immunobiology 2014; 220:624-5. [PMID: 25638260 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory anti-CTLA-4 antibody, ipilimumab, dramatically improved survival in a subgroup of metastatic melanoma patients. The majority, however, suffered autoimmune-related adverse events (irAEs), sometimes pathognomonic of acute graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD). This implies that the CTLA-4 blockade is not tumor specific. We make a risky but testable prediction: anti-CTLA-4 therapy may have mechanism similar to that occurring in inherited human CTLA-4 haploinsufficiency. If so, a therapeutic paradigm shift is required. The task is not desperately trying to put the genie back in the bottle by immune-suppressive treatments, but harnessing the immense forces liberated by the anti-CTLA-4 antibody blockade by pretargeting or dose adjustment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Bakacs
- Department of Probability, Alfred Renyi Institute of Mathematics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Realtanoda utca 13-15, H-1053 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Jitendra N Mehrishi
- The Cambridge Blood, Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells for Cell Therapy (Adults/Children), Cultivated RBC Research Initiative (Independent of and separate from the University of Cambridge), Macfarlane Cl. 13, Impington, Cambridge CB24 9LZ, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Esposito P, Grosjean F, Rampino T, Libetta C, Gregorini M, Fasoli G, Marchi G, Sileno G, Montagna F, Dal Canton A. Costimulatory pathways in kidney transplantation: pathogenetic role, clinical significance and new therapeutic opportunities. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 33:212-33. [PMID: 24127878 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.829470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Costimulatory pathways play a key role in immunity, providing the second signal required for a full activation of adaptive immune response. Different costimulatory families (CD28, TNF-related, adhesion and TIM molecules), characterized by structural and functional analogies, have been described. Costimulatory molecules modulate T cell activation, B cell function, Ig production, cytokine release and many other processes, including atherosclerosis. Patients suffering from renal diseases present significant alterations of the costimulatory pathways, which might make them particularly liable to infections. These alterations are further pronounced in patients undergoing kidney transplantation. In these patients, different costimulatory patterns have been related to distinct clinical features. The importance that costimulation has gained during the last years has led to development of several pharmacological approaches to modulate this critical step in the immune activation. Different drugs, mainly monoclonal antibodies targeting various costimulatory molecules (i.e. anti-CD80, CTLA-4 fusion proteins, anti-CD154, anti-CD40, etc.) were designed and tested in both experimental and clinical studies. The results of these studies highlighted some criticisms, but also some promising findings and now costimulatory blockade is considered a suitable strategy, with belatacept (a CTLA-4 fusion protein) being approved as the first costimulatory blocker for use in renal transplantation. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on costimulatory pathways in the setting of kidney transplantation. We describe the principal costimulatory molecule families, their role and clinical significance in patients undergoing renal transplantation and the new therapeutic approaches that have been developed to modulate the costimulatory pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Esposito
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo and University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Both the CTLA-4 pathway and regulatory T cells (Treg) are essential for the control of immune homeostasis. Their therapeutic relevance is highlighted by the increasing use of anti-CTLA-4 antibody in tumor therapy and the development of Treg cell transfer strategies for use in autoimmunity and transplantation settings. The CTLA-4 pathway first came to the attention of the immunological community in 1995 with the discovery that mice deficient in Ctla-4 suffered a fatal lymphoproliferative syndrome. Eight years later, mice lacking the critical Treg transcription factor Foxp3 were shown to exhibit a remarkably similar phenotype. Much of the debate since has centered on the question of whether Treg suppressive function requires CTLA-4. The finding that it does in some settings but not in others has provoked controversy and inevitable polarization of opinion. In this article, I suggest that CTLA-4 and Treg represent complementary and largely overlapping mechanisms of immune tolerance. I argue that Treg commonly use CTLA-4 to effect suppression, however CTLA-4 can also function in the non-Treg compartment while Treg can invoke CTLA-4-independent mechanisms of suppression. The notion that Foxp3 and CTLA-4 direct independent programs of immune regulation, which in practice overlap to a significant extent, will hopefully help move us towards a better appreciation of the underlying biology and therapeutic significance of these pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy S K Walker
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Böni-Schnetzler M, Donath MY. How biologics targeting the IL-1 system are being considered for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 76:263-8. [PMID: 22506644 PMCID: PMC3731600 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases are associated with activation of the innate immune system in various tissues and characterized by elevated inflammatory factors and the presence of immune cells. Type 2 diabetes develops when islet beta cells are deficient in producing sufficient insulin to overcome peripheral insulin resistance. Intra-islet IL-1β activity diminishes beta cell function and survival and governs islet inflammation. Targeting the IL-1 system with the IL-1 receptor antagonist IL1Ra improved insulin secretion, glycaemia and reduced systemic inflammation in a proof of concept study with patients with type 2 diabetes. Currently, long lasting and specific IL-1β blocking antibodies are being evaluated in clinical trials and this may lead to a novel cytokine-based treatment for type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Böni-Schnetzler
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Harris GL, Creason MB, Brulte GB, Herr DR. In vitro and in vivo antagonism of a G protein-coupled receptor (S1P3) with a novel blocking monoclonal antibody. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35129. [PMID: 22496900 PMCID: PMC3320623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background S1P3 is a lipid-activated G protein-couple receptor (GPCR) that has been implicated in the pathological processes of a number of diseases, including sepsis and cancer. Currently, there are no available high-affinity, subtype-selective drug compounds that can block activation of S1P3. We have developed a monoclonal antibody (7H9) that specifically recognizes S1P3 and acts as a functional antagonist. Methodology/Principal Findings Specific binding of 7H9 was demonstrated by immunocytochemistry using cells that over-express individual members of the S1P receptor family. We show, in vitro, that 7H9 can inhibit the activation of S1P3-mediated cellular processes, including arrestin translocation, receptor internalization, adenylate cyclase inhibiton, and calcium mobilization. We also demonstrate that 7H9 blocks activation of S1P3 in vivo, 1) by preventing lethality due to systemic inflammation, and 2) by altering the progression of breast tumor xenografts. Conclusions/Significance We have developed the first-reported monoclonal antibody that selectively recognizes a lipid-activated GPCR and blocks functional activity. In addition to serving as a lead drug compound for the treatment of sepsis and breast cancer, it also provides proof of concept for the generation of novel GPCR-specific therapeutic antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Greg L. Harris
- Expression Drug Designs, LLC, San Marcos, California, United States of America
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Creason
- Expression Drug Designs, LLC, San Marcos, California, United States of America
| | - Greg B. Brulte
- Expression Drug Designs, LLC, San Marcos, California, United States of America
| | - Deron R. Herr
- Expression Drug Designs, LLC, San Marcos, California, United States of America
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Baitsch L, Legat A, Barba L, Fuertes Marraco SA, Rivals JP, Baumgaertner P, Christiansen-Jucht C, Bouzourene H, Rimoldi D, Pircher H, Rufer N, Matter M, Michielin O, Speiser DE. Extended co-expression of inhibitory receptors by human CD8 T-cells depending on differentiation, antigen-specificity and anatomical localization. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30852. [PMID: 22347406 PMCID: PMC3275569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory receptors mediate CD8 T-cell hyporesponsiveness against cancer and infectious diseases. PD-1 and CTLA-4 have been extensively studied, and blocking antibodies have already shown clinical benefit for cancer patients. Only little is known on extended co-expression of inhibitory receptors and their ligands. Here we analyzed the expression of eight inhibitory receptors by tumor-antigen specific CD8 T-cells. We found that the majority of effector T-cells simultaneously expressed four or more of the inhibitory receptors BTLA, TIM-3, LAG-3, KRLG-1, 2B4, CD160, PD-1 and CTLA-4. There were major differences depending on antigen-specificity, differentiation and anatomical localization of T-cells. On the other hand, naive T-cells were only single or double positive for BTLA and TIM-3. Extended co-expression is likely relevant for effector T-cells, as we found expression of multiple ligands in metastatic lesions of melanoma patients. Together, our data suggest that naive T-cells are primarily regulated by BTLA and TIM-3, whereas effector cells interact via larger numbers of inhibitory receptors. Blocking multiple inhibitory receptors simultaneously or sequentially may improve T-cell based therapies, but further studies are necessary to clarify the role of each receptor-ligand pair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Baitsch
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Ludwig Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amandine Legat
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Ludwig Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leticia Barba
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Ludwig Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silvia A. Fuertes Marraco
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Ludwig Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Paul Rivals
- University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Petra Baumgaertner
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Ludwig Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Céline Christiansen-Jucht
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Ludwig Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hanifa Bouzourene
- University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Donata Rimoldi
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Ludwig Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Rufer
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Ludwig Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maurice Matter
- University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Ludwig Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E. Speiser
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Ludwig Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Baitsch L, Legat A, Barba L, Fuertes Marraco SA, Rivals JP, Baumgaertner P, Christiansen-Jucht C, Bouzourene H, Rimoldi D, Pircher H, Rufer N, Matter M, Michielin O, Speiser DE. Extended co-expression of inhibitory receptors by human CD8 T-cells depending on differentiation, antigen-specificity and anatomical localization. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 22347406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030852.s006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory receptors mediate CD8 T-cell hyporesponsiveness against cancer and infectious diseases. PD-1 and CTLA-4 have been extensively studied, and blocking antibodies have already shown clinical benefit for cancer patients. Only little is known on extended co-expression of inhibitory receptors and their ligands. Here we analyzed the expression of eight inhibitory receptors by tumor-antigen specific CD8 T-cells. We found that the majority of effector T-cells simultaneously expressed four or more of the inhibitory receptors BTLA, TIM-3, LAG-3, KRLG-1, 2B4, CD160, PD-1 and CTLA-4. There were major differences depending on antigen-specificity, differentiation and anatomical localization of T-cells. On the other hand, naive T-cells were only single or double positive for BTLA and TIM-3. Extended co-expression is likely relevant for effector T-cells, as we found expression of multiple ligands in metastatic lesions of melanoma patients. Together, our data suggest that naive T-cells are primarily regulated by BTLA and TIM-3, whereas effector cells interact via larger numbers of inhibitory receptors. Blocking multiple inhibitory receptors simultaneously or sequentially may improve T-cell based therapies, but further studies are necessary to clarify the role of each receptor-ligand pair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Baitsch
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Ludwig Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Abstract
The induction of allergen-specific IgG antibodies has been identified as a major mechanism responsible for the reduction of allergic inflammation in allergic patients treated by allergen-specific immunotherapy. Several studies suggest that allergen-specific IgG antibodies induced by vaccination with allergens block mast cell and basophil degranulation, IgE-facilitated allergen presentation to T cells and IgE production. The availability of recombinant allergens and technologies for the production of recombinant human antibodies allows engineering of allergen-specific antibodies which can be used for passive immunization (i.e., therapy) and eventually for the prevention of allergy (i.e., prophylaxis). This chapter summarizes data supporting the possible use of allergen-specific antibodies for treatment and prophylaxis. Finally, concrete approaches for the treatment and prevention of allergy based on blocking antibodies are envisioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Flicker
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Comin-Anduix B, Sazegar H, Chodon T, Matsunaga D, Jalil J, von Euw E, Escuin-Ordinas H, Balderas R, Chmielowski B, Gomez-Navarro J, Koya RC, Ribas A. Modulation of cell signaling networks after CTLA4 blockade in patients with metastatic melanoma. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12711. [PMID: 20856802 PMCID: PMC2939876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effects on cell signalling networks upon blockade of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA4) using the monoclonal antibody tremelimumab were studied in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples from patients with metastatic melanoma. Methodology/Principal Findings Intracellular flow cytometry was used to detect phosphorylated (p) signaling molecules downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR) and cytokine receptors. PBMC from tremelimumab-treated patients were characterized by increase in pp38, pSTAT1 and pSTAT3, and decrease in pLck, pERK1/2 and pSTAT5 levels. These changes were noted in CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes but also in CD14 monocytes. A divergent pattern of phosphorylation of Zap70, LAT, Akt and STAT6 was noted in patients with or without an objective tumor response. Conclusions/Significance The administration of the CTLA4-blocking antibody tremelimumab to patients with metastatic melanoma influences signaling networks downstream of the TCR and cytokine receptors both in T cells and monocytes. The strong modulation of signaling networks in monocytes suggests that this cell subset may be involved in clinical responses to CTLA4 blockade. Clinical Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov; Registration numbers NCT00090896 and NCT00471887
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Comin-Anduix
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BCA); (AR)
| | - Hooman Sazegar
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Thinle Chodon
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Douglas Matsunaga
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jason Jalil
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Erika von Euw
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Helena Escuin-Ordinas
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Balderas
- BD Biosciences, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Bartosz Chmielowski
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jesus Gomez-Navarro
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, New London, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Richard C. Koya
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BCA); (AR)
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Salo S, Boutaud A, Hansen AJ, He L, Sun Y, Morales S, Venturini A, Martin P, Nokelainen P, Betsholtz C, Mathiasen IS, Tryggvason K. Antibodies blocking adhesion and matrix binding domains of laminin-332 inhibit tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:1814-25. [PMID: 19582877 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Laminin-332 (LN-332), which is essential for epithelial cell adhesion and migration, is up-regulated in most invasive carcinomas. Association between LN-332 and carcinoma cell integrins and stroma collagen is thought to be important for tumor growth and metastasis. Here, we show that function blocking LN-332 antibodies interfering with cellular adhesion and migration in vitro evoke apoptotic pathways. The antibodies also target epithelial tumors in vivo. Antibodies against the cell binding domain of the alpha3 chain of LN-332 inhibited tumor growth by up to 68%, and antibodies against the matrix binding domains of the beta3 and gamma2 chains significantly decreased lung metastases. The LN-332 antibodies appear to induce tumor cell anoikis and subsequent programmed cell death and reduce migration by interfering with tumor cell matrix interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sirpa Salo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
The progression of a productive immune response requires that a number of immunological checkpoints be passed. Passage may require the presence of excitatory costimulatory signals or the avoidance of negative or coinhibitory signals, which act to dampen or terminate immune activity. The immunoglobulin superfamily occupies a central importance in this coordination of immune responses, and the CD28/cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4):B7.1/B7.2 receptor/ligand grouping represents the archetypal example of these immune regulators. In part the role of these checkpoints is to guard against the possibility of unwanted and harmful self-directed activities. While this is a necessary function, aiding in the prevention of autoimmunity, it may act as a barrier to successful immunotherapies aimed at targeting malignant self-cells that largely display the same array of surface molecules as the cells from which they derive. Therapies aimed at overcoming these mechanisms of peripheral tolerance, in particular by blocking the inhibitory checkpoints, offer the potential to generate antitumor activity, either as monotherapies or in synergism with other therapies that directly or indirectly enhance presentation of tumor epitopes to the immune system. Such immunological molecular adjuvants are showing promise in early clinical trials. This review focuses on the results of the archetypal example of checkpoint blockade, anti-CTLA-4, in preclinical tumor models and clinical trials, while also highlighting other possible targets for immunological checkpoint blockade.
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhang P, Liu MC, Cheng L, Liang M, Ji HL, Fu J. Blockade of LOX-1 prevents endotoxin-induced acute lung inflammation and injury in mice. J Innate Immun 2008; 1:358-65. [PMID: 20375593 PMCID: PMC6009841 DOI: 10.1159/000161070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-1 (LOX-1), a cell surface receptor expressed in endothelial cells, is known to mediate oxidized LDL-induced vascular inflammation and atherogenesis. Although the role of LOX-1 in vascular inflammation has been well established, its involvement in acute lung inflammation and injury remains unclear. In the present study, we examined the effects of a LOX-1-blocking antibody on lung inflammation in a mouse endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury model. We demonstrated that intraperitoneal challenge with LPS induced a rapid and robust increase in LOX-1 expression in mouse lung. Pre-treatment of mice with anti-LOX-1-blocking antibody significantly inhibited LPS-induced lung inflammation as indicated by decreased neutrophil accumulation in the lung. Furthermore, anti-LOX-1 was capable of inhibiting LPS-induced inflammatory responses, including NF-kappaB activation, ICAM-1 expression and apoptotic signaling, in mouse lung. Collectively, these results indicate that LOX-1 may serve as a valuable therapeutic target in the prevention of acute lung inflammation and injury in sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Tex
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Lili Cheng
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Tex
| | - Mei Liang
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Tex
| | - Hong-long Ji
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Tex
| | - Jian Fu
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Tex
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhu F, Zhou Z, Liao Y. The renin-angiotensin system and therapeutic vaccines for hypertension. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 9:286-294. [PMID: 18311665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
With increased understanding of the pharmacology of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), many researchers have explored immunological approaches to inhibit components of the RAS for the treatment of hypertension. Active and passive immunizations of the various components of the RAS have been performed, utilizing renin, angiotensin I, angiotensin II and angiotensin II receptor type 1 vaccines. This review discusses the RAS as a target for the development of a hypertension vaccine, and evaluates the safety and efficacy of these vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical College, Institute of Cardiology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Farrell R, Bendtzen K, Bertolotto A, Clark B, Comabella M, Deisenhammer F, Fogdell-Hahn A, Giovannoni G, Hartung HP, Hemmer B, Hillert J, Kappos L, Killestein J, Lindberg R, Montalban X, Polman C, Sorensen PS. Re: Neutralizing antibodies to interferon beta-1b are not associated with disease worsening in multiple sclerosis. J Int Med Res 2008; 36:204-210. [PMID: 18230281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
|
43
|
Ballantyne SJ, Barlow JL, Jolin HE, Nath P, Williams AS, Chung KF, Sturton G, Wong SH, McKenzie ANJ. Blocking IL-25 prevents airway hyperresponsiveness in allergic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 120:1324-31. [PMID: 17889290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-25 (IL-17E), a member of the IL-17 family of immunoregulatory cytokines, has been implicated in the regulation of type 2 immunity. Its roles in antigen-driven airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) remain to be fully established. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether a neutralizing antibody against IL-25 represents a novel therapeutic for airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. METHODS We generated a neutralizing mAb against IL-25 and used this to inhibit IL-25 in a mouse model of allergic airway disease. RESULTS Blocking IL-25 in an experimental model of allergic asthma prevented AHR, a critical feature of clinical asthma. Administration of anti-IL-25 mAb during the sensitization phase resulted in significantly reduced levels of IL-5 and IL-13 production, eosinophil infiltration, goblet cell hyperplasia, and serum IgE secretion, and prevented AHR. Even more striking was the ability of anti-IL-25 mAb, administered only during the challenge phase of the response, specifically to prevent AHR even during an ongoing type 2 inflammatory response in the lungs. CONCLUSION IL-25 is critical for development of AHR. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS We define a novel pathway for the induction of AHR and suggest that IL-25 represents an important therapeutic target for the treatment of asthma. Significantly, our antibody also blocks the binding of human IL-25 to its receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Ballantyne
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ben-Horin S, Goldstein I, Koltakov A, Langevitz P, Ehrenfeld M, Rosenthal E, Gur H, Bank I. The effect of blockade of tumor necrosis factor alpha on VLA-1+ T-cells in rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Clin Immunol 2007; 27:580-8. [PMID: 17891451 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-007-9119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The alpha1beta1 integrin, very late antigen (VLA)-1, characterizes collagen adherent interferon (IFN) gamma producing memory T cells in inflamed synovium. We now report that the mean percentage of VLA-1+ T cells is significantly lower among peripheral blood mononuclear cells of rheumatoid patients responsive to antitumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha therapy than of those with active disease not receiving therapy. Neutralization of TNFalpha during in vitro polyclonal activation of VLA-1- T cells reduced differentiation to expression of VLA-1 and inhibited secretion of IFNgamma, but did not affect integrin expression on in vivo differentiated VLA-1+ T cells. Moreover, synovial fluids of patients relapsing during and after therapy were enriched in VLA-1+ T cells and lines derived from VLA-1+ T cells in peripheral blood of treated patients retained collagen binding and secreted IFN gamma. Thus, whereas therapy decreases VLA-1+ T cells in rheumatoid arthritis patients, a subset is resistant and contributes to residual and recurring inflammation.
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
TNF-alpha has been found to play a pivotal role in the pathogenic mechanisms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Drugs targeting TNF-alpha have been developed to neutralise the deleterious effects of this inflammatory cytokine. There are, at present, three drugs available for the treatment of RA patients with active disease who are refractory to conventional treatments including methotrexate: 2 monoclonal antibodies, infliximab and adalimumab, and a fusion protein with p75 receptors, etanercept. These three agents have proved to be effective and safe in large placebo-controlled trials enrolling patients with established or early disease and showed effectiveness in controlling signs and symptoms of the disease, improving quality of life and in slowing and even arresting the progression of radiographic damage. With the long-term surveillance of these drugs were described serious adverse events, particularly infections such as tuberculosis, especially with infliximab. The risk for malignancies under TNF-alpha antagonists, especially lymphoma, remains controversial. Specific recommendations are given by international experts for selecting and monitoring RA patients with TNF-alpha antagonists. Other drugs targeting TNF-alpha such as PEGylated molecules (CDP870 or certolizumab) are in development. These new biological therapies blocking TNF-alpha undoubtedly constitute a considerable advancement in the management of RA, but careful evaluation at the initiation of the treatment and long-term surveillance of the patients receiving such drugs remains necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Toussirot
- University Hospital Jean Minjoz, Department of Rheumatology, Besançon cedex, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Komura K, Fujimoto M, Yanaba K, Matsushita T, Matsushita Y, Horikawa M, Ogawa F, Shimizu K, Hasegawa M, Takehara K, Sato S. Blockade of CD40/CD40 ligand interactions attenuates skin fibrosis and autoimmunity in the tight-skin mouse. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 67:867-72. [PMID: 17823201 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2007.073387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association of CD40/CD40 ligand (CD40L) interactions with the development of skin fibrosis and autoimmunity in tight-skin (TSK/+) mouse, which is a mouse model for human systemic sclerosis. METHODS Newly born TSK/+ mice were treated with murine anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody (100 microg intraperitoneally weekly). Hypodermal thickness of 8-week-old female mice (defined as the thickness of a subcutaneous loose connective tissue layer beneath the panniculus carnosus) was measured under a light microscope. All skin sections were taken from the para-midline, upper back region. Serum anti-topoisomerase I autoantibody levels, serum immunoglobulin levels and plasma soluble CD40L levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For analysis of lymphocyte surface molecules, single cell suspensions of lymphocytes were stained by monoclonal antibodies. Proliferation of TSK/+ B cells and fibroblasts to anti-CD40 antibodies was assessed by the uptake of [3H]-labelled thymidine and bromodeoxyuridine, respectively. RESULTS The blockade of CD40/CD40L interactions by anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody significantly reduced cutaneous fibrosis (65%) and anti-topoisomerase I autoantibody in TSK/+ mice. Anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody also normalised B lymphocyte abnormal activation in TSK/+ mice, demonstrated by hyper-gamma-globulinaemia. Furthermore, augmented CD40/CD40L interactions in TSK/+ mice were suggested by upregulated expression of CD40L on CD4(+) T cells, elevated plasma soluble CD40L levels. The hyperresponsiveness to CD40 stimulation was also observed in TSK/+ B cells and fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS Cutaneous fibrosis and autoimmunity in TSK/+ mice are closely correlated with CD40/CD40L interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Komura
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Katsumata Y, Harigai M, Sugiura T, Kawamoto M, Kawaguchi Y, Matsumoto Y, Kohyama K, Soejima M, Kamatani N, Hara M. Attenuation of Experimental Autoimmune Myositis by Blocking ICOS-ICOS Ligand Interaction. J Immunol 2007; 179:3772-9. [PMID: 17785814 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.3772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polymyositis (PM) is an acquired, systemic, connective tissue disease characterized by the proximal muscle weakness and infiltration of mononuclear cells into the affected muscles. To understand its etiology and immunopathogenesis, appropriate animal model is required. It has been demonstrated that immunization with native human skeletal C protein induces severe and reproducible experimental autoimmune myositis (EAM) in Lewis rats, and that the muscle inflammatory lesions in the EAM mimic those of human PM. In the present study, we prepared recombinant skeletal C protein fragment and succeeded in inducing as severe EAM as that by native C protein. We found ICOS expression on muscle fiber-infiltrating T cells in the EAM rats, but not in normal rats. Treatment with anti-ICOS mAb reduced incidence and severity of myositis; decreased the number of muscle-infiltrating CD11b/c+, TCR+, and CD8a+ cells; and inhibited the expression of IL-1alpha and CCL2 in the hamstring muscles of the EAM rats. However, the treatment neither inhibited serum anti-C protein IgG level, C protein-induced proliferation of lymph node (LN) cells, or LN T cells, nor production of IFN-gamma by C protein-stimulated LN cells in EAM rats. These data indicate that analysis of C protein-induced EAM provides not only insights into pathogenesis of PM, but also useful information regarding development of effective immunotherapy against the disease. ICOS-ICOS ligand interaction would be a novel therapeutic target for PM.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/physiology
- Antibodies, Blocking/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/physiology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism
- Autoimmune Diseases/pathology
- Autoimmune Diseases/therapy
- Carrier Proteins/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein
- Inflammation Mediators/immunology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Ligands
- Polymyositis/immunology
- Polymyositis/metabolism
- Polymyositis/pathology
- Polymyositis/therapy
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Recombinant Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Katsumata
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lu J, Jackson JK, Gleave ME, Burt HM. The preparation and characterization of anti-VEGFR2 conjugated, paclitaxel-loaded PLLA or PLGA microspheres for the systemic targeting of human prostate tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2007; 61:997-1005. [PMID: 17701176 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-007-0557-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to manufacture paclitaxel (PTX) loaded polymeric microspheres, that were surface conjugated with antibodies to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (anti-VEGFR2), for systemic targeting to angiogenic sites in prostate tumors. METHODS Microspheres were manufactured in the 1-3 microm size range from poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA) or poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) by a modified solvent evaporation method using Polytron homogenization followed by high speed dispersion in poly vinyl alcohol. Antibodies were conjugated to the surface of these microspheres using cyanogen bromide activation of the polymer surface. Cell Binding was determined using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. Efficacy determinations were made using human prostate tumors (PC-3) grown subcutaneously in mice. RESULTS Antibodies were effectively bound to the surface of PLLA and PLGA microspheres. Anti-VEGFR2 conjugated PLLA microspheres bound strongly to HUVEC's. Pilot efficacy studies in mice showed variability but demonstrated a significant inhibition of tumor growth following the systemic administration of a single dose of PTX-loaded anti-VEGFR2 conjugated PLLA microspheres as compared to non-antibody-conjugated PTX-loaded microspheres. CONCLUSION Anti-VEGFR2 conjugated PLLA microspheres containing PTX may offer an effective way of administering a controlled release formulation of the drug to target prostate tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Lu
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2146 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Breaking immune tolerance against tumor self-antigens is presently an area of intense research in the design of cancer therapies. One possible method to enhance immune system activation against tumor antigens is by blocking the inhibitory co-stimulatory signals mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4, (CTLA-4) expressed on activated T cells. The fully human monoclonal antibodies that are directed against human CTLA-4, ipilimumab (Medarex/Bristol-Myers Squibb) and CP-675,206 (Pfizer/Abgenix, now Amgen), have demonstrated activity against metastatic melanoma, hormone refractory prostate cancer and other malignancies. They have also uncovered unusual immune-related adverse events manifesting as self-limiting inflammatory reactions of the bowel, skin and pituitary. This article reviews preclinical development and data generated from Phase I, II and III studies with regard to the end points reported and immune-related adverse events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee F Langer
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Program in Molecular Therapeutics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Desnoyers LR, Pai R, Ferrando RE, Hötzel K, Le T, Ross J, Carano R, D'Souza A, Qing J, Mohtashemi I, Ashkenazi A, French DM. Targeting FGF19 inhibits tumor growth in colon cancer xenograft and FGF19 transgenic hepatocellular carcinoma models. Oncogene 2007; 27:85-97. [PMID: 17599042 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) can promote liver carcinogenesis in mice its involvement in human cancer is not well characterized. Here we report that FGF19 and its cognate receptor FGF receptor 4 (FGFR4) are coexpressed in primary human liver, lung and colon tumors and in a subset of human colon cancer cell lines. To test the importance of FGF19 for tumor growth, we developed an anti-FGF19 monoclonal antibody that selectively blocks the interaction of FGF19 with FGFR4. This antibody abolished FGF19-mediated activity in vitro and inhibited growth of colon tumor xenografts in vivo and effectively prevented hepatocellular carcinomas in FGF19 transgenic mice. The efficacy of the antibody in these models was linked to inhibition of FGF19-dependent activation of FGFR4, FRS2, ERK and beta-catenin. These findings suggest that the inactivation of FGF19 could be beneficial for the treatment of colon cancer, liver cancer and other malignancies involving interaction of FGF19 and FGFR4.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Colonic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colonic Neoplasms/genetics
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/biosynthesis
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/immunology
- Gene Targeting/methods
- HCT116 Cells
- HT29 Cells
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/metabolism
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays/methods
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L R Desnoyers
- 1Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|