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Barreto J, Karathanasis SK, Remaley A, Sposito AC. Role of LOX-1 (Lectin-Like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor 1) as a Cardiovascular Risk Predictor: Mechanistic Insight and Potential Clinical Use. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 41:153-166. [PMID: 33176449 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), is a worldwide cause of morbidity and mortality. Reducing ApoB-containing lipoproteins-chiefly, LDL (low-density lipoprotein)-has been the main strategy for reducing CVD risk. Although supported by large randomized clinical trials, the persistence of residual cardiovascular risk after effective LDL reduction has sparked an intense search for other novel CVD biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Recently, Lox-1 (lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1), an innate immune scavenger receptor, has emerged as a promising target for early diagnosis and cardiovascular risk prediction and is also being considered as a treatment target. Lox-1 was first described as a 50 kDa transmembrane protein in endothelial cells responsible for oxLDL (oxidized LDL) recognition, triggering downstream pathways that intensify atherosclerosis via endothelial dysfunction, oxLDL uptake, and apoptosis. Lox-1 is also expressed in platelets, where it enhances platelet activation, adhesion to endothelial cells, and ADP-mediated aggregation, thereby favoring thrombus formation. Lox-1 was also identified in cardiomyocytes, where it was implicated in the development of cardiac fibrosis and myocyte apoptosis, the main determinants of cardiac recovery following an ischemic insult. Together, these findings have revealed that Lox-1 is implicated in all the main steps of atherosclerosis and has encouraged the development of immunoassays for measurement of sLox-1 (serum levels of soluble Lox-1) to be used as a potential CVD biomarker. Finally, the recent development of synthetic Lox-1 inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies with promising results in animal models has made Lox-1 a target for drug development. In this review, we discuss the main findings regarding the role of Lox-1 in the development, diagnosis, and therapeutic strategies for CVD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Barreto
- Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Lab (Atherolab), Clinical Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil (J.B., A.C.S.)
| | - Sotirios K Karathanasis
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.K.K., A.R.)
- NeoProgen, Baltimore, MD (S.K.K.)
| | - Alan Remaley
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.K.K., A.R.)
| | - Andrei C Sposito
- Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Lab (Atherolab), Clinical Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil (J.B., A.C.S.)
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Cheng XL, Ding F, Wang DP, Zhou L, Cao JM. Hexarelin attenuates atherosclerosis via inhibiting LOX-1-NF-κB signaling pathway-mediated macrophage ox-LDL uptake in ApoE -/- mice. Peptides 2019; 121:170122. [PMID: 31386895 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone secretagogues (GHS) have been proved to exert protective effects on the cardiovascular system, while their potential beneficial effects on macrophages in atherosclerosis (AS) are rarely been clarified. This study aimed to demonstrate whether hexarelin, a synthetic peptidyl GHS, can suppress AS progression via regulating the function of macrophages. AS was induced by chronic (3 months) feeding with high lipid diet in ApoE-/- mice. Mice were treated either with hexarelin (100 μg/kg s.c., q.d. for 3 months) (AS + Hex group) or saline (AS group). Age-matched C57BL/6 J mice were used as normal controls. AS and related signaling molecules in aortic tissues and RAW264.7 macrophages were identified with variant methods including histological staining, ELISA, western blotting, confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. AS significantly developed in ApoE-/- mice fed with high lipids diet. Hexarelin decreased serum TC, TG and LDL-c, increased serum HDL-c and attenuated the formation of atherosclerotic plaques and neointima compared with the AS group. Hexarelin decreased the aortic expressions of CD68 and LOX-1 which were elevated in the AS group. Hexarelin increased GHSR expression, suppressed ox-LDL uptake and LOX-1 expression and inhibited nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation both in the aorta of ApoE-/- mice and in RAW264.7 macrophages. We conclude that hexarelin effectively attenuates AS progression in ApoE-/- mice by modulating circulatory lipids profile and inhibiting macrophage ox-LDL uptake via suppressing the LOX-1-NF-κB signaling pathway. The study supports the perspective of hexarelin as an anti-AS drug.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Apolipoproteins E/deficiency
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/drug therapy
- Atherosclerosis/etiology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Biological Transport/drug effects
- Cholesterol, HDL/blood
- Cholesterol, LDL/blood
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/drug therapy
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/etiology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/genetics
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/metabolism
- RAW 264.7 Cells
- Receptors, Ghrelin/genetics
- Receptors, Ghrelin/metabolism
- Scavenger Receptors, Class E/antagonists & inhibitors
- Scavenger Receptors, Class E/genetics
- Scavenger Receptors, Class E/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Triglycerides/blood
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Li Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vessels and Neural Degeneration, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fan Ding
- Office of Scientific R&D, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - De-Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ji-Min Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
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3
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Li Q, Zhao W, Zeng X, Hao Z. Ursolic Acid Attenuates Atherosclerosis in ApoE -/- Mice: Role of LOX-1 Mediated by ROS/NF-κB Pathway. Molecules 2018; 23:E1101. [PMID: 29735887 PMCID: PMC6100321 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease, is a major contributor to cardiovascular diseases. Ursolic acid (UA) is a phytonutrient with widely biological effects including anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and so on. At present, the effect of UA on atherosclerosis and the mechanism of action are still obscure. This study focused on investigating the effects of UA on atherosclerosis both in vivo and in vitro. We first selected LOX-1 as our target, which was reckoned as a new promising receptor for treating atherosclerosis. The evaluation in vitro suggested that UA significantly decreased endothelial LOX-1 expression induced by LPS both in mRNA and protein levels. Pre-treatment of UA also inhibited TLR4/MyD88 signaling activated by LPS. Moreover, UA reduced ROS production and suppressed the activation of NF-κB stimulated by LPS. Particularly, the evaluation in vivo further verified the conclusion obtained in vitro. In ApoE−/− mice fed with an atherogenic diet, both UA (100 mg/kg/day) and simvastatin significantly attenuated atherosclerotic plaque formation and shrunk necrotic core areas. The enhanced expression of LOX-1 in atherosclerotic aorta was also dramatically decreased by administration of UA. Taken together, these results suggested that UA, with anti-atherosclerotic activity through inhibition of LOX-1 mediated by ROS/NF-κB signaling pathways, may become a valuable vascular protective candidate for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China.
| | - Wenwen Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of basic Medicine, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Xi Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of basic Medicine, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Zhihui Hao
- Agricultural Bio-Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266000, China.
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4
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Chen X, Zhang H, Hill MA, Zhang C, Park Y. Regulation of Coronary Endothelial Function by Interactions between TNF-α, LOX-1 and Adiponectin in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice. J Vasc Res 2016; 52:372-82. [PMID: 27050429 PMCID: PMC5091078 DOI: 10.1159/000443887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Although individual contributions of TNF-α, LOX-1 and adiponectin to the regulation of endothelial function were previously studied, their interactions in the regulation of coronary endothelial function remain unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the interactions between TNF-α, LOX-1 and adiponectin in endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. METHODS Vasodilator function was assessed in coronary arterioles isolated from wild-type, apolipoprotein (ApoE) knockout (KO) mice, ApoE KO null for TNF-α (ApoE KOTNF-/TNF-) and ApoE KO mice treated with neutralizing antibodies to either TNF-α and LOX-1, or recombinant adiponectin. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining were used for mechanistic studies. RESULTS Acetylcholine (Ach) dilation was impaired in ApoE KO mice. KO of TNF-α, anti-TNF-α anti-LOX-1 or adiponectin restored impaired ACh vasodilation without affecting endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor-mediated vasodilation. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated colocalization of TNF-α with vascular smooth muscle cells, and adiponectin with endothelial cells. ApoE KO mice showed increased protein expression of LOX-1, NF-x03BA;B, NADPH oxidase subunit NOX4 and nitrotyrosine (N-Tyr) levels in coronary arterioles. Treatment with anti-TNF-α, anti-LOX-1 and adiponectin suppressed protein expression of LOX-1, NOX4, NF-x03BA;B and N-Tyr levels. CONCLUSION Adiponectin, anti-TNF-α and anti-LOX-1 exert vasoprotective effects in atherosclerotic ApoE KO mice.
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MESH Headings
- Adiponectin/metabolism
- Adiponectin/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Apolipoproteins E/deficiency
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Arterioles/drug effects
- Arterioles/metabolism
- Arterioles/physiopathology
- Coronary Artery Disease/genetics
- Coronary Artery Disease/metabolism
- Coronary Artery Disease/physiopathology
- Coronary Artery Disease/prevention & control
- Coronary Vessels/drug effects
- Coronary Vessels/metabolism
- Coronary Vessels/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NADPH Oxidase 4
- NADPH Oxidases/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Scavenger Receptors, Class E/antagonists & inhibitors
- Scavenger Receptors, Class E/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/deficiency
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Tyrosine/analogs & derivatives
- Tyrosine/metabolism
- Vasodilation/drug effects
- Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Chen
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Hanrui Zhang
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211
- Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Michael A Hill
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211
- Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Cuihua Zhang
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211
- Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Yoonjung Park
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health & Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204
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5
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Zhang L, Cheng L, Wang Q, Zhou D, Wu Z, Shen L, Zhang L, Zhu J. Atorvastatin protects cardiomyocytes from oxidative stress by inhibiting LOX-1 expression and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:174-82. [PMID: 25630653 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmu131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major health problem worldwide. The most severe form of CAD is acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Recent studies have demonstrated the beneficial role of atorvastatin in ACS; however, the mechanisms underlying this effect have not been fully clarified. Growing evidence indicates that activation of the lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) plays an important role in oxidative stress-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis during ACS. In this study, we examined whether atorvastatin inhibits H2O2-induced LOX-1 expression and H9c2 cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and investigated the underlying signaling pathway. Treatment of H9c2 cardiomyocytes with H2O2 resulted in elevated expression of LOX-1 mRNA and protein, as well as increased caspase-3 and -9 protein expression and cell apoptosis. H2O2-induced LOX-1 expression, caspase protein expression, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis were attenuated by pretreatment with atorvastatin. Atorvastatin activated H2O2-inhibited phosphorylation of Akt in a concentration-dependent manner. The Akt inhibitor, LY294002, inhibited the effect of atorvastatin on inducing Akt phosphorylation and on suppressing H2O2-mediated caspase up-regulation and cell apoptosis. These findings indicate that atorvastatin protects cardiomyocyte from oxidative stress via inhibition of LOX-1 expression and apoptosis, and that activation of H2O2-inhibited phosphorylation of Akt may play an important role in the protective function of atorvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 31003, China
| | - Linfang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 31003, China
| | - Qiqi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 31003, China
| | - Dongchen Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 31003, China
| | - Zhigang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 31003, China
| | - Ling Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 31003, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 31003, China
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 31003, China
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6
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Gu L, Bai W, Li S, Zhang Y, Han Y, Gu Y, Meng G, Xie L, Wang J, Xiao Y, Shan L, Zhou S, Wei L, Ferro A, Ji Y. Celastrol prevents atherosclerosis via inhibiting LOX-1 and oxidative stress. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65477. [PMID: 23799016 PMCID: PMC3684610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Celastrol is a triterpenoid compound extracted from the Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. Previous research has revealed its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and immunosuppressive properties. Here, we investigated whether celastrol inhibits oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) induced oxidative stress in RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, the effect of celastrol on atherosclerosis in vivo was assessed in apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE−/−) mouse fed a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet (HFC). We found that celastrol significantly attenuated oxLDL-induced excessive expression of lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor-1(LOX-1) and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cultured RAW264.7 macrophages. Celastrol also decreased IκB phosphorylation and degradation and reduced production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitric oxide (NO) and proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6. Celastrol reduced atherosclerotic plaque size in apoE−/− mice. The expression of LOX-1 within the atherosclerotic lesions and generation of superoxide in mouse aorta were also significantly reduced by celastrol while the lipid profile was not improved. In conclusion, our results show that celastrol inhibits atherosclerotic plaque developing in apoE−/− mice via inhibiting LOX-1 and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenli Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoliang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liping Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liyang Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Suming Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Albert Ferro
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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7
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English FA, McCarthy FP, McSweeney CL, Quon AL, Morton JS, Sawamura T, Davidge ST, Kenny LC. Inhibition of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein-1 receptor protects against plasma-mediated vascular dysfunction associated with pre-eclampsia. Am J Hypertens 2013; 26:279-86. [PMID: 23382414 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hps035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-eclampsia (PE) is associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress initiated by impaired trophoblast invasion. Oxidative stress modifies circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to oxidized LDL (oxLDL). Lectin-like oxLDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) is a scavenger receptor for oxLDL. We hypothesized that plasma from patients with PE alters LOX-1 in normal human vessels during pregnancy, causing oxLDL-induced impairment of vascular function. METHODS Control-matched plasma was obtained from women with PE (n = 6). Oxidized LDL and soluble LOX-1 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Remaining plasma was pooled and stored at -80ºC. Human omental arteries were incubated in 3% plasma from normal pregnant (NP) women or plasma from women with PE. Expression of LOX-1 in these vessels was determined by immunohistochemistry with antibodies against LOX-1. The omental vessels were exposed to oxLDL and the LOX-1 inhibitor TS20. Vascular function was assessed in response to the vasoconstrictor U46619 and the vasodilators bradykinin (BK) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). RESULTS No significant differences in the concentrations of oxLDL or soluble LOX-1 (sLOX-1) were found in plasma from women with PE as compared with NP women. The expression of LOX-1 was not significantly different in either the NP or PE incubated omental vessels. Incubation of vessels from NP women in plasma from women with PE impaired their relaxation in response to BK as compared with that of NP vessels incubated in plasma from NP women. Exposure to oxLDL further impaired relaxation in NP vessels incubated with plasma from women with PE. Inhibition of LOX-1 protected against the impairment of vascular relaxation induced by plasma from women with PE. CONCLUSION Inhibition of LOX-1 prevents endothelial dysfunction in an in vitro model of PE and may prove useful as a therapeutic target in the treatment of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred A English
- Anu Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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8
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Qiu Y, Tanaka T, Nawata H, Yanase T. Dihydrotestosterone inhibits lectin-like oxidized-LDL receptor-1 expression in aortic endothelial cells via a NF-κB/AP-1-mediated mechanism. Endocrinology 2012; 153:3405-15. [PMID: 22597534 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in the antiatherosclerotic effects of androgens are unclear. Although lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) in endothelial cells plays critical roles in atherosclerosis, the effects of androgens on endothelial LOX-1 expression has not been examined. Therefore, to investigate the effects of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on LOX-1 expression in rabbit aortic endothelial cells and cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC), pellets containing DHT or placebo were s.c. implanted into 26 male New Zealand white rabbits at the time of castration or sham operation. The rabbits were then fed a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) for 2 wk. Microscopic examination of the aortic arch revealed that DHT significantly reduced HCD-induced LOX-1 expression in endothelial cells compared with placebo. In cultured HAEC, DHT at concentrations above 10(-9) to 10(-7) mol/liter inhibited TNFα-induced LOX-1 mRNA and protein expression. Deletion and mutation analysis of human LOX-1 promoter-luciferase constructs transfected into HAEC with an androgen receptor (AR) expression plasmid revealed that the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) response element (TRE; nucleotides -60/-53) contributed to the inhibitory effects of DHT on TNFα-induced LOX-1 expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and re-ChIP assays revealed that TNFα- and TPA-dependent enrichment of p65 and phosphorylated c-Jun in the TRE chromatin region was inhibited by DHT-AR. Consistent with these results, DHT also suppressed TPA-induced expression of LOX-1. In conclusion, DHT exerts antiatherosclerotic effects by suppressing endothelial LOX-1 expression. This effect is partly mediated by the suppression of nuclear factor-κB- and activator protein 1-dependent activation of the LOX-1 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qiu
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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9
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NISHIZUKA T, FUJITA Y, SATO Y, NAKANO A, KAKINO A, OHSHIMA S, KANDA T, YOSHIMOTO R, SAWAMURA T. Procyanidins are potent inhibitors of LOX-1: a new player in the French Paradox. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 2011; 87:104-13. [PMID: 21422743 PMCID: PMC3066543 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.87.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) is an endothelial receptor for oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and plays multiple roles in the development of cardiovascular diseases. We screened more than 400 foodstuff extracts for identifying materials that inhibit oxLDL binding to LOX-1. Results showed that 52 extracts inhibited LOX-1 by more than 70% in cell-free assays. Subsequent cell-based assays revealed that a variety of foodstuffs known to be rich in procyanidins such as grape seed extracts and apple polyphenols, potently inhibited oxLDL uptake in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing LOX-1. Indeed, purified procyanidins significantly inhibited oxLDL binding to LOX-1 while other ingredients of apple polyphenols did not. Moreover, chronic administration of oligomeric procyanidins suppressed lipid accumulation in vascular wall in hypertensive rats fed with high fat diet. These results suggest that procyanidins are LOX-1 inhibitors and LOX-1 inhibition might be a possible underlying mechanism of the well-known vascular protective effects of red wine, the French Paradox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi NISHIZUKA
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
- Research Laboratories for Fundamental Technology of Food, Asahi Breweries, Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshiko FUJITA
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuko SATO
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atushi NAKANO
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akemi KAKINO
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shunji OHSHIMA
- Research Laboratories for Fundamental Technology of Food, Asahi Breweries, Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomomasa KANDA
- Research Laboratories for Fundamental Technology of Food, Asahi Breweries, Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryo YOSHIMOTO
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya SAWAMURA
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: T. Sawamura, MD, PhD, Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan (e-mail: )
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10
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Sangle GV, Zhao R, Shen GX. Transmembrane signaling pathway mediates oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in vascular endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E1243-54. [PMID: 18796547 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90415.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death for adults in Western society. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), the major physiological inhibitor of plasminogen activators, has been implicated in both thrombogenesis and atherogenesis. Previous studies demonstrated that copper-oxidized low-density lipoprotein (C-oLDL) stimulated production of PAI-1 in vascular endothelial cells (EC). The present study examined the involvement of lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) and Ras/Raf-1/ERK1/2 pathway in the upregulation of PAI-1 in cultured EC induced by oxidized LDLs. The results demonstrated that C-oLDL or FeSO(4)-oxidized LDL (F-oLDL) increased the expression of PAI-1 or LOX-1 in human umbilical vein EC (HUVEC) or coronary artery EC (HCAEC). Treatment with C-oLDL significantly increased the levels of H-Ras mRNA, protein, and the translocation of H-Ras to membrane fraction in EC. LOX-1 blocking antibody, Ras farnesylation inhibitor (FTI-277), or small interference RNA against H-Ras significantly reduced C-oLDL or LDL-induced expression of H-Ras and PAI-1 in EC. Incubation with C-oLDL or F-oLDL increased the phosphorylation of Raf-1 and ERK1/2 in EC compared with LDL or vehicle. Treatment with Raf-1 inhibitor blocked Raf-1 phosphorylation and the elevation of PAI-1 mRNA level in EC induced by C-oLDL or LDL. Treatment with PD-98059, an ERK1/2 inhibitor, blocked C-oLDL or LDL-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation or PAI-1 expression in EC. The results suggest that LOX-1, H-Ras, and Raf-1/ERK1/2 are implicated in PAI-1 expression induced by oxidized LDLs or LDL in cultured EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh V Sangle
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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11
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Zhang P, Liu MC, Cheng L, Liang M, Ji HL, Fu J. Blockade of LOX-1 prevents endotoxin-induced acute lung inflammation and injury in mice. J Innate Immun 2008; 1:358-65. [PMID: 20375593 PMCID: PMC6009841 DOI: 10.1159/000161070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-1 (LOX-1), a cell surface receptor expressed in endothelial cells, is known to mediate oxidized LDL-induced vascular inflammation and atherogenesis. Although the role of LOX-1 in vascular inflammation has been well established, its involvement in acute lung inflammation and injury remains unclear. In the present study, we examined the effects of a LOX-1-blocking antibody on lung inflammation in a mouse endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury model. We demonstrated that intraperitoneal challenge with LPS induced a rapid and robust increase in LOX-1 expression in mouse lung. Pre-treatment of mice with anti-LOX-1-blocking antibody significantly inhibited LPS-induced lung inflammation as indicated by decreased neutrophil accumulation in the lung. Furthermore, anti-LOX-1 was capable of inhibiting LPS-induced inflammatory responses, including NF-kappaB activation, ICAM-1 expression and apoptotic signaling, in mouse lung. Collectively, these results indicate that LOX-1 may serve as a valuable therapeutic target in the prevention of acute lung inflammation and injury in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Tex
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Lili Cheng
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Tex
| | - Mei Liang
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Tex
| | - Hong-long Ji
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Tex
| | - Jian Fu
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Tex
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12
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Abstract
Endothelial activation and dysfunction induced by oxidized modified low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) is one of the key steps in the initiation of atherosclerosis. Recent studies have shown that a new lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) mediates the recognition and internalization of ox-LDL. LOX-1 is the main receptor for ox-LDL and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension, diabetes, and, especially, of atherosclerosis. The potential role of LOX-1 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis includes: endocytosis of ox-LDL, expression co-location with atherosclerosis enhanced by atherosclerosis-related risk factors, elevated LOX-1 protein in cardiovascular disease, effects related to atherosclerosis and eliminated by antiatherosclerotic drugs. Identification and regulation of LOX-1 and understanding its signal transduction pathways might improve our insight toward the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and provide a selective treatment approach. LOX-1 might be a potential and promising target for the development of novel antiatherosclerotic drugs. However, due to limited knowledge about LOX-1, there are still many questions to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ping Chen
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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13
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Jeong YJ, Choi YJ, Choi JS, Kwon HM, Kang SW, Bae JY, Lee SS, Kang JS, Han SJ, Kang YH. Attenuation of monocyte adhesion and oxidised LDL uptake in luteolin-treated human endothelial cells exposed to oxidised LDL. Br J Nutr 2007; 97:447-57. [PMID: 17313705 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507657894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative modification of LDL is causally involved in the development of atherosclerosis and occursin vivoin the blood as well as within the vascular wall. The present study attempted to explore whether polyphenolic flavonoids influence monocyte-endothelium interaction and lectin-like oxidised LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) expression involved in the early development of atherosclerosis. The flavones luteolin and apigenin inhibited THP-1 cell adhesion onto oxidised LDL-activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), while the flavanols of ( − )epigallocatechin gallate and (+)catechin, the flavonols of quercetin and rutin, and the flavanones of naringin, naringenin, hesperidin and hesperetin did not have such effects. Consistently, Western blot analysis revealed that the flavones at 25 μmdramatically and significantly abolished HUVEC expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin evidently enhanced by oxidised LDL; these inhibitory effects were exerted by drastically down regulating mRNA levels of these cell adhesion molecules. In addition, quercetin and luteolin significantly attenuated expression of LOX-1 protein up regulated in oxidised LDL-activated HUVEC with a fall in transcriptional mRNA levels of LOX-1. In addition, quercetin and luteolin clearly blunted oxidised LDL uptake by HUVEC treated with oxidised LDL. The results demonstrate that the flavones luteolin and apigenin as well as quercetin were effective in the different initial steps of atherosclerosis process by inhibiting oxidised LDL-induced endothelial monocyte adhesion and/or oxidised LDL uptake. Therefore, certain flavonoids qualify as anti-atherogenic agents in LDL systems, which may have implications for strategies attenuating endothelial dysfunction-related atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Jeong
- Department of Food and Nutrition and Institute of Korea Nutrition Research, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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14
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Miyoshi M, Nakano Y, Sakaguchi T, Ogi H, Oda N, Suenari K, Kiyotani K, Ozono R, Oshima T, Yoshida T, Chayama K. Gene Delivery of Paraoxonase-1 Inhibits Neointimal Hyperplasia after Arterial Balloon-Injury in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet. Hypertens Res 2007; 30:85-91. [PMID: 17460375 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.30.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated enzyme that hydrolyzes oxidized phospholipids, thereby preventing the oxidative modification of low-density lipoproteins (LDL). A high-fat diet reduces PON-1 activity, enhancing LDL oxidation. Thus, PON-1 is a candidate for anti-atherogenic gene therapy. In the present study, we investigated the effect of local PON-1 overexpression on the development of atherosclerotic lesions using the Sendai virus-mediated transgenic technique. One-month-old rabbits (n=11) were fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks and then subjected to balloon injury of the common iliac artery and simultaneous infection with a Sendai virus vector containing the PON-1 gene (n=7) or enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) gene as a control (n=4). The arteries were examined 7-10 days after the operation. Local overexpression of PON-1 almost completely eliminated the immunohistochemical signals of the lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1), thereby inhibiting macrophage accumulation, intimal thickening (by 63% compared with control), or atherosclerotic plaque formation in the vascular lumen (by 87.5%). Decreased levels of oxidative stress in the PON-1-treated arteries were confirmed by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) staining. Local overexpression of PON-1 in the arteries attenuated oxidative stress, thereby inhibiting the atherosclerotic process. Delivery of the PON-1 gene may be a possible therapeutic strategy for preventing atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Miyoshi
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan.
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15
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Eguchi A, Murakami A, Ohigashi H. Nobiletin, a citrus flavonoid, suppresses phorbol ester-induced expression of multiple scavenger receptor genes in THP-1 human monocytic cells. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:3321-8. [PMID: 16698017 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2006] [Revised: 04/14/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Unregulated uptake of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL) via macrophage scavenger receptors (SRs) such as lectin-like ox-LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) is a key event in atherosclerosis. In this study, we examined the effects of five selected food phytochemicals on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced LOX-1 mRNA expression in THP-1 human monocyte-like cells. Nobiletin, a citrus polymethoxylated flavone, markedly reduced it in dose- and time-dependent manners. It also suppressed the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) 1/2, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) 1/2, and c-Jun (Ser-63), thereby inhibiting the transcriptional activity of activator protein-1. Further nobiletin attenuated expression of SR-A, SR-PSOX, CD36, and CD68, but not CLA-1, mRNA, leading to the blockade of DiI-acLDL uptake. Together, our results suggest that nobiletin is a promising phytochemical for regulating atherosclerosis with reasonable action mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Eguchi
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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16
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Puccetti L, Pasqui AL, Pastorelli M, Ciani F, Palazzuoli A, Gioffrè W, Auteri A, Bruni F. 3′UTR/T polymorphism of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is associated with modified anti-platelet activity of atorvastatin in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Atherosclerosis 2005; 183:322-8. [PMID: 16285995 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2005] [Revised: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized-low density lipoproteins (ox-LDL) and the specific receptor LOX-1 are involved in atherogenesis and atherothrombosis. LOX-1 downregulation is associated with the anti-platelet action of atorvastatin. 3'UTR/T LOX-1 polymorphism has been associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease. This study was planned to determine whether LOX-1 genetic variations could affect anti-platelet action of atorvastatin. We studied by platelet P-selectin (P-sel), CD36 and LOX-1 expression (cytofluorimetric detection) whether differences in cellular activation could be suitable in 109 3'UTR/T carriers out of 201 hypercholesterolemic subjects treated with atorvastatin 20mg/day. Hyperactivated platelets (P-sel in resting cells and % variation upon thrombin activation, p<0.001) were detected at baseline in patients without significant differences between T or C carriers. P-sel and platelet-associated ox-LDL, were significantly decreased (all p<0.001) in C carriers after one week of treatment before LDL reduction. In 3'UTR/T carriers P-sel was reduced (p<0.01) after 6 weeks of treatment according to LDL and ox-LDL reduction. In 3'UTR/T carriers atorvastatin reduced platelet activity by LDL and ox-LDL lowering and not by rapid CD36 and LOX-1 downregulation as in C carriers. Such data suggest that in T carriers LDL lowering is needed to achieve anti-platelet action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Puccetti
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Immunological Sciences, Internal Medicine Division, Center for Atherosclerosis Research, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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