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Maher S, Kalil H, Liu G, Sossey-Alaoui K, Bayachou M. Alginate-based hydrogel platform embedding silver nanoparticles and cisplatin: characterization of the synergistic effect on a breast cancer cell line. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1242838. [PMID: 37936720 PMCID: PMC10626534 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1242838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Breast cancer is a significant cause of mortality in women globally, and current treatment approaches face challenges due to side effects and drug resistance. Nanotechnology offers promising solutions by enabling targeted drug delivery and minimizing toxicity to normal tissues. Methods: In this study, we developed a composite platform called (Alg-AgNPs-CisPt), consisting of silver nanoparticles coated with an alginate hydrogel embedding cisplatin. We examined the effectiveness of this nanocomplex in induce synergistic cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cells. Results and Discussion: Characterization using various analytical techniques confirmed the composition of the nanocomplex and the distribution of its components. Cytotoxicity assays and apoptosis analysis demonstrated that the nanocomplex exhibited greater efficacy against breast cancer cells compared to AgNPs or cisplatin as standalone treatments. Moreover, the nanocomplex was found to enhance intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, further validating its efficacy. The synergistic action of the nanocomplex constituents offers potential advantages in reducing side effects associated with higher doses of cisplatin as a standalone treatment. Overall, this study highlights the potential of the (Alg-AgNPs-CisPt) nanocomplex as a promising platform embedding components with synergistic action against breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa Maher
- Chemistry Department, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Haitham Kalil
- Chemistry Department, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Guiming Liu
- Department of Surgery, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Khalid Sossey-Alaoui
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Metro Health Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mekki Bayachou
- Chemistry Department, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Álvarez E, González B, Lozano D, Doadrio AL, Colilla M, Izquierdo-Barba I. Nanoantibiotics Based in Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: New Formulations for Bacterial Infection Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2033. [PMID: 34959315 PMCID: PMC8703556 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the design of mesoporous silica nanoparticles for infection treatment. Written within a general context of contributions in the field, this manuscript highlights the major scientific achievements accomplished by professor Vallet-Regí's research group in the field of silica-based mesoporous materials for drug delivery. The aim is to bring out her pivotal role on the envisage of a new era of nanoantibiotics by using a deep knowledge on mesoporous materials as drug delivery systems and by applying cutting-edge technologies to design and engineer advanced nanoweapons to fight infection. This review has been divided in two main sections: the first part overviews the influence of the textural and chemical properties of silica-based mesoporous materials on the loading and release of antibiotic molecules, depending on the host-guest interactions. Furthermore, this section also remarks on the potential of molecular modelling in the design and comprehension of the performance of these release systems. The second part describes the more recent advances in the use of mesoporous silica nanoparticles as versatile nanoplatforms for the development of novel targeted and stimuli-responsive antimicrobial nanoformulations for future application in personalized infection therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Álvarez
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.Á.); (B.G.); (D.L.); (A.L.D.)
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca González
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.Á.); (B.G.); (D.L.); (A.L.D.)
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Lozano
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.Á.); (B.G.); (D.L.); (A.L.D.)
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio L. Doadrio
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.Á.); (B.G.); (D.L.); (A.L.D.)
| | - Montserrat Colilla
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.Á.); (B.G.); (D.L.); (A.L.D.)
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Izquierdo-Barba
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.Á.); (B.G.); (D.L.); (A.L.D.)
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Akter M, Atique Ullah AKM, Banik S, Sikder MT, Hosokawa T, Saito T, Kurasaki M. Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles-Mediated Cytotoxic Effect in Colorectal Cancer Cells: NF-κB Signal Induced Apoptosis Through Autophagy. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:3272-3286. [PMID: 33236292 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02463-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Green synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have demonstrated promising effects, including cytotoxicity and anticancer potential, in different cell lines. Therefore, in our previous study, Ag-NPs were synthesized from the reduction of AgNO3 using Brassica rapa var. japonica (Bj) leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized Ag-NPs were spherical in shape, with a size range of 15-30 nm. They had phase-centered cubic structure with strong growth inhibition potential against some bacteria. In continuation with our previous study, in the present study, we aimed to investigate the autophagy-regulated cytotoxic effect of Ag-NPs against human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2 cells). We found that the Bj leaf aqueous extract facilitated Brassica silver nanoparticles (Brassica Ag-NPs)-induced NF-κB mediated autophagy in Caco-2 cells. Results showed that Ag-NPs reduced cell viability of Caco-2 cells by inducing oxidative stress and DNA damage. Therefore, to understand the mechanism underlying the death-promoting activity of Ag-NPs in Caco-2 cells, western blotting was performed. Western blot analysis showed decreased expression of NFκB and increased expression of IκB, which is a sign of autophagy initiation. In addition, autophagosome formation was accelerated by the activity of p53 and light chain 3 (LC3) II. In addition, inhibition of Akt and mTOR also played a pivotal role in autophagy formation. Finally, excessive expansion of autophagy promoted apoptosis, which subsequently resulted in necrosis. These findings support a novel cell death-promoting function of autophagy by Ag-NPs in Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmuda Akter
- Group of Environmental Adaptation Science, Faculty of Environmental Earth Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - A K M Atique Ullah
- Nanoscience and Technology Research Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Atomic Energy Centre, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Subrata Banik
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Md Tajuddin Sikder
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Toshiyuki Hosokawa
- Research Division of Higher Education, Institute for the Advancement of Higher Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0817, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kurasaki
- Group of Environmental Adaptation Science, Faculty of Environmental Earth Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan.
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan.
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Gorbunova MN, Batueva TD, Eroshenko DV, Kiselkov DM. Silver Nanocomposites Based on Copolymers N,N-Dialyl-Nʹ-acylhydrazines with Acrylic Monomers. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427221020087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ferreira LAB, Garcia-Fossa F, Radaic A, Durán N, Fávaro WJ, de Jesus MB. Biogenic silver nanoparticles: In vitro and in vivo antitumor activity in bladder cancer. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 151:162-170. [PMID: 32311428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the fifth most common disease in the United States, and the treatment and alternatives for patients have not changed in the last decades. Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) have been used in the treatment of various cancer, mainly because of the antineoplastic activity; however, their use and the molecular mechanisms towards bladder cancer still unexplored. Therefore, this work aims to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antitumoral mechanisms of biogenic silver nanoparticles synthesized from Fusarium sp. First, AgNP showed cytotoxicity in a dose- and time-response relationship and detailed analysis demonstrated the induction of cell death via apoptosis, also inhibiting cell migration and proliferation in bladder carcinoma cell line 5637. Next, it was evaluated the antitumoral activity of AgNP against non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Bladder cancer was chemically induced with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) on C57BL/6JUnib female mice and treated by intravesical route with AgNP concentrations of 0.5, 0.2, and 0.05 mg/mL. Finally, treatment with AgNP (0.05 mg/mL) led to 57.13% of tumor regression, with 14.28% of the animals showing normal urothelium, and 42.85% showing flat hyperplasia, considered to be a benign lesion. Overall, these findings demonstrated that AgNP might be a cost-effective alternative and promising candidate for the treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Alberto Bandeira Ferreira
- Nano-cell Interactions Lab., Department Biochemistry & Tissue Biology, Biology Institute, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Garcia-Fossa
- Nano-cell Interactions Lab., Department Biochemistry & Tissue Biology, Biology Institute, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Allan Radaic
- Nano-cell Interactions Lab., Department Biochemistry & Tissue Biology, Biology Institute, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Nelson Durán
- Nanomedicine Research Unit (Nanomed), Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil; Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Wagner José Fávaro
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Bispo de Jesus
- Nano-cell Interactions Lab., Department Biochemistry & Tissue Biology, Biology Institute, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Hossain MM, Polash SA, Takikawa M, Shubhra RD, Saha T, Islam Z, Hossain S, Hasan MA, Takeoka S, Sarker SR. Investigation of the Antibacterial Activity and in vivo Cytotoxicity of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles as Potent Therapeutics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:239. [PMID: 31649922 PMCID: PMC6794407 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogenic nanoparticles are the smartest weapons to deal with the multidrug-resistant "superbugs" because of their broad-spectrum antibacterial propensity as well as excellent biocompatibility. The aqueous biogenic silver nanoparticles (Aq-bAgNPs) and ethanolic biogenic silver nanoparticles (Et-bAgNPs) were synthesized using aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Andrographis paniculata stem, respectively, as reducing agents. Electron microscopic images confirmed the synthesis of almost spherical shaped biogenic silver nanoparticles (bAgNPs). The zeta potentials of the nanoparticles were negative and were -22 and -26 mV for Aq-bAgNPs and Et-bAgNPs, respectively. The antibacterial activity of bAgNPs was investigated against seven pathogenic (i.e., enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Enterococcus faecalis, Hafnia alvei, Acinetobacter baumannii) and three nonpathogenic (i.e., E. coli DH5α, E. coli K12, and Bacillus subtilis) bacteria at different time points (i.e., 12, 16, 20, and 24 h) in a dose-dependent manner (i.e., 20, 40, and 60 μg) through broth dilution assay, disk diffusion assay, CellToxTM Green uptake assay, and trypan blue dye exclusion assay. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration value for both the bAgNPs was 0.125 μg. Et-bAgNPs showed the highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus at 60 μg after 16 h and the diameter of inhibited zone was 28 mm. Lipid peroxidation assay using all the bacterial strains revealed the formation of malondialdehyde-thiobarbituric acid adduct due to the oxidation of cell membrane fatty acids by bAgNPs. The bAgNPs showed excellent hemocompatibility against human as well as rat red blood cells. Furthermore, there was no significant toxicity observed when the levels of rat serum ALT, AST, γ-GT (i.e., liver function biomarkers), and creatinine (i.e., kidney function biomarker) were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Monir Hossain
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shakil Ahmed Polash
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Masato Takikawa
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Razib Datta Shubhra
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tanushree Saha
- Department of Textile Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Zinia Islam
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sharif Hossain
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ashraful Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shinji Takeoka
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satya Ranjan Sarker
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Arya G, Kumari R, Pundir R, Chatterjee S, Gupta N, Kumar A, Chandra R, Nimesh S. Versatile biomedical potential of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from Acacia nilotica bark. J Appl Biomed 2019; 17:115-124. [DOI: 10.32725/jab.2019.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Aziz N, Faraz M, Sherwani MA, Fatma T, Prasad R. Illuminating the Anticancerous Efficacy of a New Fungal Chassis for Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis. Front Chem 2019; 7:65. [PMID: 30800654 PMCID: PMC6375905 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Biogenic silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have supple platforms designed for biomedical and therapeutic intervention. Utilization of Ag NPs are preferred in the field of biomedicines and material science research because of their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancerous activity along with their eco-friendly, biocompatible, and cost-effective nature. Here we present a novel fungus Piriformospora indica as an excellent source for obtaining facile and reliable Ag NPs with a high degree of consistent morphology. We demonstrated their cytotoxic property, coupled with their intrinsic characteristic that make these biogenic nanoparticles suitable for the anticancerous activity. In vitro cytotoxicity of biologically synthesized Ag NPs (BSNPs) and chemically synthesized Ag NPs (SNPs) was screened on various cancer cell lines, such as Human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), Human cervical carcinoma (HeLa), Human liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell lines and embryonic kidney cell line (HEK-293) as normal cell lines. The antiproliferative outcome revealed that the BSNPs exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 followed by HeLa and HepG2 cell lines as compared to SNPs. The blend of cytotoxic properties, together with green and cost-effective characteristics make up these biogenic nanoparticles for their potential applications in cancer nanomedicine and fabrication coating of ambulatory and non-ambulatory medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafe Aziz
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Faraz
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Haus Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Asif Sherwani
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Tasneem Fatma
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Ram Prasad
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, India
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Fageria L, Pareek V, Dilip RV, Bhargava A, Pasha SS, Laskar IR, Saini H, Dash S, Chowdhury R, Panwar J. Biosynthesized Protein-Capped Silver Nanoparticles Induce ROS-Dependent Proapoptotic Signals and Prosurvival Autophagy in Cancer Cells. ACS Omega 2017; 2:1489-1504. [PMID: 30023637 PMCID: PMC6044619 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in biomedical applications has shown an unprecedented boost along with simultaneous expansion of rapid, high-yielding, and sustainable AgNP synthesis methods that can deliver particles with well-defined characteristics. The present study demonstrates the potential of metal-tolerant soil fungal isolate Penicillium shearii AJP05 for the synthesis of protein-capped AgNPs. The particles were characterized using standard techniques, namely, UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The anticancer activity of the biosynthesized AgNPs was analyzed in two different cell types with varied origin, for example, epithelial (hepatoma) and mesenchymal (osteosarcoma). The biological NPs (bAgNPs) with fungal-derived outer protein coat were found to be more cytotoxic than bare bAgNPs or chemically synthesized AgNPs (cAgNPs). Elucidation of the molecular mechanism revealed that bAgNPs induce cytotoxicity through elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and induction of apoptosis. Upregulation of autophagy and activation of JNK signaling were found to act as a prosurvival strategy upon bAgNP treatment, whereas ERK signaling served as a prodeath signal. Interestingly, inhibition of autophagy increased the production of ROS, resulting in enhanced cell death. Finally, bAgNPs were also found to sensitize cells with acquired resistance to cisplatin, providing valuable insights into the therapeutic potential of bAgNPs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that provides a holistic idea about the molecular mechanisms behind the cytotoxic activity of protein-capped AgNPs synthesized using a metal-tolerant soil fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Fageria
- Department
of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India
| | - Vikram Pareek
- Department
of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India
| | - R. Venkataramana Dilip
- Department
of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India
| | - Arpit Bhargava
- Department
of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India
| | - Sheik Saleem Pasha
- Department
of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India
| | - Inamur Rahaman Laskar
- Department
of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India
| | - Heena Saini
- Department
of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India
| | - Subhra Dash
- Department
of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India
| | - Rajdeep Chowdhury
- Department
of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India
- E-mail: . Tel: +91 1596 515608. Fax: +91 1596 244183 (R.C.)
| | - Jitendra Panwar
- Department
of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India
- E-mail: . Tel: +91 1596 515728, Fax: +91 1596 244183 (J.P.)
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