1
|
Marian JEAR, Apostólico LH, Chiao CC, Hanlon RT, Hirohashi N, Iwata Y, Mather J, Sato N, Shaw PW. Male Alternative Reproductive Tactics and Associated Evolution of Anatomical Characteristics in Loliginid Squid. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1281. [PMID: 31680998 PMCID: PMC6803530 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Loliginid squids provide a unique model system to explore male alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) and their linkage to size, behavioral decision making, and possibly age. Large individuals fight one another and the winners form temporary consortships with females, while smaller individuals do not engage in male-male agonistic bouts but use various sneaker tactics to obtain matings, each with varying mating and fertilization success. There is substantial behavioral flexibility in most species, as smaller males can facultatively switch to the alternative consort behaviors as the behavioral context changes. These forms of ARTs can involve different: mating posture; site of spermatophore deposition; fertilization success; and sperm traits. Most of the traits of male dimorphism (both anatomical and behavioral) are consistent with traditional sexual selection theory, while others have unique features that may have evolved in response to the fertilization environment faced by each temporary or permanent male morph.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José E A R Marian
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lígia H Apostólico
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chuan-Chin Chiao
- Department of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Roger T Hanlon
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | | | - Yoko Iwata
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan, Japan
| | - Jennifer Mather
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Noriyosi Sato
- Department of Fisheries, School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Paul W Shaw
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom.,Department of Ichthyology & Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Morse P, Huffard CL. Tactical Tentacles: New Insights on the Processes of Sexual Selection Among the Cephalopoda. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1035. [PMID: 31496951 PMCID: PMC6712556 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The cephalopods (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) are an exceptional class among the invertebrates, characterised by the advanced development of their conditional learning abilities, long-term memories, capacity for rapid colour change and extremely adaptable hydrostatic skeletons. These traits enable cephalopods to occupy diverse marine ecological niches, become successful predators, employ sophisticated predator avoidance behaviours and have complex intraspecific interactions. Where studied, observations of cephalopod mating systems have revealed detailed insights to the life histories and behavioural ecologies of these animals. The reproductive biology of cephalopods is typified by high levels of both male and female promiscuity, alternative mating tactics, long-term sperm storage prior to spawning, and the capacity for intricate visual displays and/or use of a distinct sensory ecology. This review summarises the current understanding of cephalopod reproductive biology, and where investigated, how both pre-copulatory behaviours and post-copulatory fertilisation patterns can influence the processes of sexual selection. Overall, it is concluded that sperm competition and possibly cryptic female choice are likely to be critical determinants of which individuals' alleles get transferred to subsequent generations in cephalopod mating systems. Additionally, it is emphasised that the optimisation of offspring quality and/or fertilisation bias to genetically compatible males are necessary drivers for the proliferation of polyandry observed among cephalopods, and potential methods for testing these hypotheses are proposed within the conclusion of this review. Further gaps within the current knowledge of how sexual selection operates in this group are also highlighted, in the hopes of prompting new directions for research of the distinctive mating systems in this unique lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Morse
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley, WA, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Christine L Huffard
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, United States.,California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Naud MJ, Sauer WHH, McKeown NJ, Shaw PW. Multiple Mating, Paternity and Complex Fertilisation Patterns in the Chokka Squid Loligo reynaudii. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146995. [PMID: 26872354 PMCID: PMC4752281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyandry is widespread and influences patterns of sexual selection, with implications for sexual conflict over mating. Assessing sperm precedence patterns is a first step towards understanding sperm competition within a female and elucidating the roles of male- and female-controlled factors. In this study behavioural field data and genetic data were combined to investigate polyandry in the chokka squid Loligo reynaudii. Microsatellite DNA-based paternity analysis revealed multiple paternity to be the norm, with 79% of broods sired by at least two males. Genetic data also determined that the male who was guarding the female at the moment of sampling was a sire in 81% of the families tested, highlighting mate guarding as a successful male tactic with postcopulatory benefits linked to sperm deposition site giving privileged access to extruded egg strings. As females lay multiple eggs in capsules (egg strings) wherein their position is not altered during maturation it is possible to describe the spatial / temporal sequence of fertilisation / sperm precedence There were four different patterns of fertilisation found among the tested egg strings: 1) unique sire; 2) dominant sire, with one or more rare sires; 3) randomly mixed paternity (two or more sires); and 4) a distinct switch in paternity occurring along the egg string. The latter pattern cannot be explained by a random use of stored sperm, and suggests postcopulatory female sperm choice. Collectively the data indicate multiple levels of male- and female-controlled influences on sperm precedence, and highlights squid as interesting models to study the interplay between sexual and natural selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Jose Naud
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Warwick H. H. Sauer
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Niall J. McKeown
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Paul W. Shaw
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Postuma FA, Gasalla MA. Ethogram analysis reveals new body patterning behavior of the tropical arrow squid Doryteuthis plei off the São Paulo Coast. Biol Bull 2015; 229:143-159. [PMID: 26504155 DOI: 10.1086/bblv229n2p143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Squids can express several body patterns, aided by a variety of visual signals that are produced by chromatophore organs. However, for several squid species, body patterning behavior during reproductive activity is still not completely understood. For example, what are the specific patterning changes and other visual signals, how do they appear, and how long do they last? To test the hypothesis that distinct chromatic components appear at different durations on the skin of the tropical arrow squid Doryteuthis plei in the Southern Hemisphere, we identified and described its body patterning behavior. Specimen squids were obtained from off the South Brazil Bight, near the coast of the São Paulo shelf. Animals were maintained and monitored in circular tanks for 62 d over six observation periods, from 2011 through 2013. An ethogram was constructed showing 19 chromatic, 5 locomotor, and 12 postural components, or body patterns, associated with reproductive behavior. New chromatic components (i.e., those not yet reported in the North Atlantic D. plei species), particularly those linked to female sexual maturity, were observed. A postural component, the "J-Posture," linked to defenses and alarm, also was noted. The average time spent for "light" components was 32 s. The corresponding "dark" components had an average duration of 28 s. Females displayed the chromatic components related to calm behavior longer than males. However, males appeared to be more dedicated to disputes over resources, and used rapid, miscellaneous visual signaling. In conclusion, new basic types of body patterns are described for D. plei. The repertoire of chromatic components reported in the ethogram is, to our knowledge, the first record for D. plei of the Southern Hemisphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felippe A Postuma
- Fisheries Ecosystems Laboratory (LabPesq), Department of Biological Oceanography, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Praça do Oceanografico 191, Cidade Universitária, 055080-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria A Gasalla
- Fisheries Ecosystems Laboratory (LabPesq), Department of Biological Oceanography, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Praça do Oceanografico 191, Cidade Universitária, 055080-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Knickle DC, Rose GA. Examination of fine-scale spatial-temporal overlap and segregation between two closely related congeners Gadus morhua and Gadus ogac in coastal Newfoundland. J Fish Biol 2014; 85:713-735. [PMID: 25041096 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal movement patterns of sympatric juvenile Atlantic cod Gadus morhua and Greenland cod Gadus ogac were studied using high-resolution radio-acoustic positioning in a coastal area of Newfoundland during the summers of 2009 and 2010. A total of 20 fish (10 G. ogac and 10 G. morhua) were equipped with acoustic transmitters and monitored for periods up to 23 days. Most fishes showed high site fidelity with mean residence times of 12·4 (G. morhua) and 14·4 days (G. ogac). A few individuals showed a transient use of the study area, ranging distances up to c. 4 km. Mean daily home ranges [95% kernel utilization distributions (KUDs)] and core activity areas were significantly larger for G. morhua (3·8 and 0·5 ha) than for G. ogac (2·7 and 0·3 ha). Home ranges were not related to total length (LT ) for G. morhua but showed a weak positive relationship for G. ogac. Gadus morhua occupied larger areas during the day while G. ogac occupied slightly larger areas at night. Mean rates of movement for G. ogac and G. morhua ranged from 0·83 to 1·24 and 0·76 to 1·76 LT s(-1) , respectively, and were highest during crepuscular periods. Overall, G. morhua were wider ranging, moved at faster rates and were active throughout the diel cycle compared to G. ogac of the same size. It is suggested that differential use of space and activity periods plays an important role in the successful coexistence of these two species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C Knickle
- Centre for Fisheries Ecosystems Research, Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland, P. O. Box 4920, St John's, NL, A1C 5R3, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rodhouse PGK, Pierce GJ, Nichols OC, Sauer WHH, Arkhipkin AI, Laptikhovsky VV, Lipiński MR, Ramos JE, Gras M, Kidokoro H, Sadayasu K, Pereira J, Lefkaditou E, Pita C, Gasalla M, Haimovici M, Sakai M, Downey N. Environmental effects on cephalopod population dynamics: implications for management of fisheries. Adv Mar Biol 2014; 67:99-233. [PMID: 24880795 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800287-2.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cephalopods are a relatively small class of molluscs (~800 species), but they support some large industrial scale fisheries and numerous small-scale, local, artisanal fisheries. For several decades, landings of cephalopods globally have grown against a background of total finfish landings levelling off and then declining. There is now evidence that in recent years, growth in cephalopod landings has declined. The commercially exploited cephalopod species are fast-growing, short-lived ecological opportunists. Annual variability in abundance is strongly influenced by environmental variability, but the underlying causes of the links between environment and population dynamics are poorly understood. Stock assessment models have recently been developed that incorporate environmental processes that drive variability in recruitment, distribution and migration patterns. These models can be expected to improve as more, and better, data are obtained on environmental effects and as techniques for stock identification improve. A key element of future progress will be improved understanding of trophic dynamics at all phases in the cephalopod life cycle. In the meantime, there is no routine stock assessment in many targeted fisheries or in the numerous by-catch fisheries for cephalopods. There is a particular need for a precautionary approach in these cases. Assessment in many fisheries is complicated because cephalopods are ecological opportunists and stocks appear to have benefited from the reduction of key predator by overexploitation. Because of the complexities involved, ecosystem-based fisheries management integrating social, economic and ecological considerations is desirable for cephalopod fisheries. An ecological approach to management is routine in many fisheries, but to be effective, good scientific understanding of the relationships between the environment, trophic dynamics and population dynamics is essential. Fisheries and the ecosystems they depend on can only be managed by regulating the activities of the fishing industry, and this requires understanding the dynamics of the stocks they exploit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Graham J Pierce
- Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Newburgh, Aberdeenshire, United Kingdom; CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Owen C Nichols
- School for Marine Science and Technology, University of Massachusetts - Dartmouth, Fairhaven, Massachusetts, USA; Center for Coastal Studies, Provincetown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Warwick H H Sauer
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | | | | | - Marek R Lipiński
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Jorge E Ramos
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Marine Research Laboratories Taroona, Nubeena Crescent, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Michaël Gras
- Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Institut de Biologie Fondamentale et Appliquée Department, UMR BOREA: Biologie des ORganismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Esplanade de la paix, CS 14032, Caen, France; BOREA, UMR CNRS7208, IRD207, UPMC, MNHN, UCBN, Caen, France
| | - Hideaki Kidokoro
- Japan Sea National Fisheries Research, Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, Suido-cho, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sadayasu
- Marine Fisheries Research and Development Center, Fisheries Research Agency, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - João Pereira
- Instituto de Investigação das Pescas e do Mar (IPIMAR), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Evgenia Lefkaditou
- Helenic Centre for Marine Research, Aghios Kosmas, Hellinikon, Athens, Greece
| | - Cristina Pita
- Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Newburgh, Aberdeenshire, United Kingdom; CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Gasalla
- Fisheries Ecosystems Laboratory, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manuel Haimovici
- Institute of Oceanography, Federal University of Rio Grande, CEP, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Mitsuo Sakai
- National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Nicola Downey
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Robin JP, Roberts M, Zeidberg L, Bloor I, Rodriguez A, Briceño F, Downey N, Mascaró M, Navarro M, Guerra A, Hofmeister J, Barcellos DD, Lourenço SAP, Roper CFE, Moltschaniwskyj NA, Green CP, Mather J. Transitions during cephalopod life history: the role of habitat, environment, functional morphology and behaviour. Adv Mar Biol 2014; 67:361-437. [PMID: 24880797 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800287-2.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cephalopod life cycles generally share a set of stages that take place in different habitats and are adapted to specific, though variable, environmental conditions. Throughout the lifespan, individuals undertake a series of brief transitions from one stage to the next. Four transitions were identified: fertilisation of eggs to their release from the female (1), from eggs to paralarvae (2), from paralarvae to subadults (3) and from subadults to adults (4). An analysis of each transition identified that the changes can be radical (i.e. involving a range of morphological, physiological and behavioural phenomena and shifts in habitats) and critical (i.e. depending on environmental conditions essential for cohort survival). This analysis underlines that transitions from eggs to paralarvae (2) and from paralarvae to subadults (3) present major risk of mortality, while changes in the other transitions can have evolutionary significance. This synthesis suggests that more accurate evaluation of the sensitivity of cephalopod populations to environmental variation could be achieved by taking into account the ontogeny of the organisms. The comparison of most described species advocates for studies linking development and ecology in this particular group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Robin
- Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, UMR BOREA: Biologie des ORganismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Esplanade de la paix, CS 14032, 14032 Caen, France; UMR BOREA, UMR CNRS7208, IRD207, UPMC, MNHN, UCBN, 14032 Caen, France.
| | - Michael Roberts
- Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Oceans & Coasts Research, Victoria & Alfred Waterfront, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lou Zeidberg
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Isobel Bloor
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, United Kingdom
| | - Almendra Rodriguez
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Colonia Casasano, Cuautla, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Felipe Briceño
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Nicola Downey
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Bayworld Centre for Research & Education, Constantia, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maite Mascaró
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo s/n, Sisal, Yucatán, México
| | - Mike Navarro
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Angel Guerra
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Jennifer Hofmeister
- Caldwell Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Diogo D Barcellos
- Laboratório de Ecossistemas Pesqueiros (LabPesq), Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico Praça do Oceanográfico, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Clyde F E Roper
- Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Natalie A Moltschaniwskyj
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Corey P Green
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Fisheries Victoria, Queenscliff, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer Mather
- Psychology Department, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Squid have been studied extensively since 1982 to quantitatively measure their cost of locomotion and compare it with costs for fishes that are their primary competitors in the ocean. Early work focused on oxygen consumption in swim tunnels and led to the use of jet pressure tags to relate captive studies to behaviour in nature. Dosidicus gigas (d’Orbigny, 1835) (jumbo flying squid or Humboldt squid), which has expanded its range more than 10-fold, is used to illustrate how “live fast, die young” squid can out compete fishes in changing times by both swimming and flying. Recent work has provided quantitative data on the costs of flying and this report provides some comparisons. Costs of flight in nature require new technology, which has fortunately arrived just in time. Accelerometry tags can now provide similar and perhaps better data on travel rate in nature, both in water and in air. These work on both squid and fish, so more and better comparisons are becoming possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R.K. O’Dor
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Payne NL, Gillanders BM, Semmens J. Breeding durations as estimators of adult sex ratios and population size. Oecologia 2011; 165:341-7. [PMID: 20668884 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-010-1729-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Adult sex ratios (ASRs) and population size are two of the most fundamental parameters in population biology, as they are the main determinants of genetic and demographic viability, and vulnerability of a population to stochastic events. Underpinning the application of population viability analysis for predicting the extinction risk of populations is the need to accurately estimate parameters that determine the viability of populations (i.e. the ASR and population size). Here we demonstrate that a lack of temporal information can confound estimation of both parameters. Using acoustic telemetry, we compared differences in breeding durations of both sexes for a giant Australian cuttlefish Sepia apama breeding aggregation to the strongly male-biased operational sex ratio (4:1), in order to estimate the population ASR. The ratio of breeding durations between sexes was equal to the operational sex ratio, suggesting that the ASR is not strongly male-biased, but balanced. Furthermore, the short residence times of individuals at the breeding aggregation suggests that previous density-based abundance estimates have significantly underestimated population size. With the current wide application of population viability analysis for predicting the extinction risk of populations, tools to improve the accuracy of such predictions are vital. Here we provide a new approach to estimating the fundamental ASR parameter, and call for temporal considerations when estimating population size.
Collapse
|
10
|
Wada T, Takegaki T, Mori T, Natsukari Y. Alternative Male Mating Behaviors Dependent on Relative Body Size in Captive Oval Squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Cephalopoda, Loliginidae). Zoolog Sci 2005; 22:645-51. [PMID: 15988158 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.22.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We observed the reproductive behavior of the oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana in captivity. The male used three different mating behaviors: male-parallel (MP), male-upturned (MU) and sneaking. Male competition over females frequently occurred before and during the female egg-laying period, and the outcome of most fights depended on male body size. Larger males guarded their partners from other males and performed MP mating during the egg-laying period of the paired females. In contrast, there was no pairing and mate guarding in MU mating and sneaking, which were adopted by smaller subordinate males as alternative tactics outside female egg-laying period and during the period, respectively. MP matings were 95% successful, but more than half of MU matings were unsuccessful. Higher mating success in MP mating was achieved through pairing, whereas males in MU mating were less successful because mating attempts without pair formation were often foiled by escape of the female. Sneaking was successful in all cases but occurred less frequently. Spermatophores were attached at the opening of the oviduct in MP mating, whereas they were attached around the female buccal membrane in MU mating and sneaking. Considering the route of egg transportation, higher fertilization success can be expected in MP mating because of the advantageous location of the attached spermatophores. Our results suggest that MP mating is used by larger, paired males during the female egg-laying period, and that MU mating and sneaking are alternative tactics adopted by smaller, subordinate males. These alternative mating behaviors would be conditional strategy dependent on relative body size, because some individual males displayed both MP and MU mating behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Wada
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Fuluoka, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
SUMMARY
We report the results of an experiment designed to investigate the feasibility of using differential pressure to estimate the swimming speed and metabolic rate of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Seven cod were fitted with a miniature differential pressure sensor mounted on one side of the caudal peduncle immediately anterior to the base of the caudal fin rays. Relationships between differential pressure, tailbeat frequency, tailbeat amplitude, swimming speed and rate of oxygen consumption (ṀO2) were determined as a function of the swimming speed of cod swimming at 5°C in a recirculating ‘Brett-style’ respirometer. Tailbeat differential pressure, tailbeat amplitude and tailbeat frequency were highly correlated with swimming speed. The average or integrated pressure ranged from 0 to 150 Pa for speeds up to 0.8 m s–1 (1.1 L s–1, where L is total body length), while the ‘pressure difference’ (maximum minus minimum pressure) ranged from 0 to 900 Pa. Small changes in swimming speed of less than 0.05 m s–1 were readily detected as differences in tailbeat pressure. Burst swimming in the respirometer resulted in huge pressure ‘bursts’ of up to 5000 Pa ‘pressure difference’.
The rate of oxygen consumption increased exponentially and was highly correlated with swimming speed (r2=0.77). The rate of oxygen consumption was also correlated with tailbeat integrated pressure (r2=0.68) and with differential pressure (r2=0.43); regression correlations were always greater for individuals than for combined data from all cod.
The results detailed in this study indicate that an ultrasonic differential pressure transmitter would enable accurate estimates of the swimming speed, rates of oxygen consumption and activity patterns of free-ranging fish in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Webber
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J1.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Emery AM, Wilson IJ, Craig S, Boyle PR, Noble LR. Assignment of paternity groups without access to parental genotypes: multiple mating and developmental plasticity in squid. Mol Ecol 2001; 10:1265-78. [PMID: 11380883 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel approach to investigating sibling relationships and reconstructing parental genotypes from a progeny array. The Bayesian method we have employed is flexible and may be applicable to a variety of situations in addition to the one presented here. While mutation rates and breeding population allele frequencies can be taken into account, the model requires relatively few loci and makes few assumptions. Paternity of 270 veined squid (Loligo forbesi) hatchlings from three egg strings collected from one location was assigned using five microsatellite loci. Paternal and maternal genotypes reconstructed for each of the three strings were identical, strongly indicating that a single female produced the strings that were fertilized by the same four males. The proportion of eggs fertilized was not equal between males in all three strings, with male 1 siring most offspring (up to 68% in string 1), through to male 4 siring the least (as low as 2.4% in string 1). Although temperature had a profound effect on incubation time, paternity did not affect this trait at 12 degrees C or 8 degrees C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Emery
- University of Aberdeen, Department of Zoology, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
O’Dor RK, Aitken JP, Babcock RC, Bolden SK, Seino S, Zeller DC, Jackson GD. Using Radio-Acoustic Positioning and Telemetry (RAPT) to Define and Assess Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). Reviews: Methods and Technologies in Fish Biology and Fisheries 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1402-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
14
|
|
15
|
Di Cosmo A, Di Cristo C, Paolucci M. Sex steroid hormone fluctuations and morphological changes of the reproductive system of the female of Octopus vulgaris throughout the annual cycle. J Exp Zool 2001; 289:33-47. [PMID: 11169491 DOI: 10.1002/1097-010x(20010101/31)289:1<33::aid-jez4>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroids (17beta-estradiol and progesterone) and morphological variations of the reproductive system of the female of Octopus vulgaris from the Bay of Naples were followed over a period of 2 years. The increase in the ovary weight was independent of body weight as demonstrated by the gonado-somatic index (GSI). Both 17beta-estradiol and progesterone have been detected in the ovary of O. vulgaris, and their concentrations changed in correlation with the ovarian development. No 17beta-estradiol or progesterone was found in the hemolymph. 3beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity has been detected in the ovary, indicating that in the female of O. vulgaris the reproductive system is a source of sex steroid hormones. According to the morphological changes of the ovary, the ovarian cycle can be divided into the following phases: previtellogenesis; early vitellogenesis, full vitellogenesis and late vitellogenesis. The morphological changes of the oviducts and oviducal glands throughout the reproductive cycle were in accordance with their role in the transport and secretion of gelatinous coat covering the eggs, as well as in sperm storage and sperm reactivation during fertilization. J. Exp. Zool. 289:33-47, 2001.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Di Cosmo
- Department of Zoology, University of Naples, Federico II, via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Napoli, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Webber DM, Mckinnon GP, Claireaux G. Evaluating Differential Pressure in the European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) as a Telemetered Index of Swimming Speed. In: Sibert JR, Nielsen JL, editors. Electronic Tagging and Tracking in Marine Fisheries. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2001. pp. 297-313. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1402-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
17
|
Voegeli FA, Smale MJ, Webber DM, Andrade Y, O’dor RK. Ultrasonic telemetry, tracking and automated monitoring technology for sharks. In: Tricas TC, Gruber SH, editors. The behavior and sensory biology of elasmobranch fishes: an anthology in memory of Donald Richard Nelson. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2001. pp. 267-82. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-3245-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
18
|
Abstract
The world's oceans are three-dimensional habitats that support high diversity and biomass. Because the densities of most of the constituents of life are greater than that of seawater, planktonic and pelagic organisms had to evolve a host of mechanisms to occupy the third dimension. Some microscopic organisms survive at the surface by dividing rapidly in vertically well mixed zones, but most organisms, small and large, have antisinking strategies and structures that maintain vertical position and mobility. All of these mechanisms have energetic costs, ranging from the "foregone metabolic benefits" and increased drag of storing high-energy, low-density lipids to direct energy consumption for dynamic lift. Defining the niches in the mesopelagic zone, understanding evolution, and applying such ecological concepts as optimal foraging require good estimates of these costs. The extreme cases above are reasonably well quantified in fishes, but the energetic costs of dynamic physiological mechanisms like swim bladders are not; nor are the costs of maintaining vertical position for the chief invertebrate competitors, the cephalopods. This article evaluates a matrix of buoyancy mechanisms in different circumstances, including vacuum systems and ammonium storage, based on new data on the metabolic cost of creating buoyancy in Sepia officinalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Webber
- Biology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4J1, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
A study on morphological, structural and biochemical composition of Sepia officinalis and Loligo vulgaris statoliths and statocyst endolymph was undertaken with the aim of determining the major factors affecting the deposition process of statolith formation and to clarify the cause for the poor definition of the growth increments in S. officinalis statoliths. It is suggested that the different biochemical composition of the statocyst endolymph found in the two species accounts for distinct statolith crystallisation processes, which results in a different microstructure. This explains the better definition of growth increments in L. vulgaris statoliths comparing with those of S. officinalis. The protein content as well as Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) concentrations in the endolymph are more implicated in growth increments formation than Sr(2+) ion concentration. Moreover, the daily variations of the three factors mentioned, allowed us to formulate a working hypothesis to explain the daily deposition of growth increments: a dark ring (rich in organic matter) is deposited during daylight whereas a light ring (rich in CaCO(3)) during darkness. These results are discussed in the light of alternative hypotheses explaining the deposition mechanisms in statoliths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Bettencourt
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Norman
- Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville,Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Julian Finn
- Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville,Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Tom Tregenza
- Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville,Victoria 3052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|