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Lauser KT, Rueter AL, Calabrese MA. Polysorbate identity and quantity dictate the extensional flow properties of protein‐excipient solutions. AIChE J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen T. Lauser
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Amy L. Rueter
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Michelle A. Calabrese
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota
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Lauser KT, Rueter AL, Calabrese MA. Small-volume extensional rheology of concentrated protein and protein-excipient solutions. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:9624-9635. [PMID: 34622265 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01253c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Limited studies measure extensional rheology in protein solutions due to volume constraints and measurement challenges. We developed a small-volume, dripping-onto-substrate (DoS) extensional rheology device to measure the capillary thinning of protein and protein-excipient solutions via DoS for the first time. Ovalbumin (OVA) was used as a model system, examined via DoS both with and without excipient poloxamer 188 (P188). Water and dilute OVA break apart rapidly and demonstrate inertiocapillary (IC) thinning behavior, where longer breakup times in OVA can be attributed to lower surface tension. Further increasing OVA content leads to longer breakup times and deviations from IC thinning at the start of thinning, however, no evidence of elastic behavior is observed. P188 more effectively lowers the droplet surface tension than OVA, transitioning from IC behavior in dilute solution to weakly elastic behavior at higher concentrations. Combined protein/excipient formulations act synergistically at low concentrations, where breakup times are identical to those of the individual components despite the higher total concentration. However concentrated protein/excipient formulations exhibit elasticity, where extensional rheology parameters depend on P188 content and total concentration. These findings imply that excipients intended to stabilize proteins in shear flow can cause undesirable behavior in extensional flows like injection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy L Rueter
- 421 Washington Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.C. Katoulis
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Propaedeutic, University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens - Greece
| | - S.A. Raptis
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Propaedeutic, University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens - Greece
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An K, Kim YS, Kim HY, Lee H, Hahm DH, Lee KS, Kang SK. Needle-free acupuncture benefits both patients and clinicians. Neurol Res 2013; 32 Suppl 1:22-6. [DOI: 10.1179/016164109x12537002793760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Meetoo D, McAllister G, West A, Turnbull M. In pursuit of excellence in diabetes care: trends in insulin delivery. BRITISH JOURNAL OF NURSING (MARK ALLEN PUBLISHING) 2012; 21:588-595. [PMID: 22875294 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2012.21.10.588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus has been estimated to affect 2.9 million people in the UK. Large-scale clinical trials conclusively demonstrate that elevated blood glucose levels are associated with an increased risk of micro- and macrovascular complications. The high rates of morbidity and mortality associated with this condition demonstrate how important effective glycaemic control is. Subcutaneous insulin injection continues to be the mainstay of therapy for all people with type 1 diabetes mellitus and the majority of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, there are a number of barriers to insulin therapy. For example, conventional insulin delivery is arguably time consuming. Furthermore, it has been associated with common errors, such as inaccurate dosing and administration (National Patient Safety Agency, 2010). Insulin pen devices have various advantages over conventional delivery. Their ease of use and incorporation into busy lifestyles may improve diabetes control with much less effort, while maintaining adherence and quality of life. Research in insulin delivery shows there is a prospect of needle-free delivery in the near future. Despite such progress, the role of the healthcare professionals in involving, assessing, supporting and educating people having insulin therapy, including the attainment of the agreed blood glucose levels, cannot be overestimated.
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Szmuk P, Szmuk E, Ezri T. Use of needle-free injection systems to alleviate needle phobia and pain at injection. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2010; 5:467-77. [PMID: 19807264 DOI: 10.1586/14737167.5.4.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Needle phobia affects at least 10% of the general population. Subcutaneous injections are used for many reasons, including immunizations, administration of medications such as insulin and heparin, and to provide local anesthesia, both for surgery and for intravenous cannulation. Whatever the reason for its application, the injection itself may cause discomfort and/or pain. In children, in patients with needle phobia, in those who require frequent intravenous cannulations, or in those who need daily medication, the pain at injection can reach unbearable intensity that could lead to refusal of medical care. Various approaches are employed to alleviate the pain caused by intravenous cannulation. These include the use of topical analgesia [i.e., EMLA, Ametop (tetracaine], Numby Stuff and ethylchloridespray], skin infiltration with lidocaine using 25-30-gauge needles and jet injectors. This article will review the complex topic of needle phobia and needle pain, and will summarize the currently available alternatives and the new developments intended to reduce the intensity of injection pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Szmuk
- University of Texas Medical School, MSB 5020. 6431 Fannin, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Inoue N, Todo H, Iidaka D, Tokudome Y, Hashimoto F, Kishino T, Sugibayashi K. Possibility and effectiveness of drug delivery to skin by needle-free injector. Int J Pharm 2010; 391:65-72. [PMID: 20170719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated a needle-free injector (NFI), which has been studied as an administration device to the subcutaneous tissue, as a device to deliver drugs into skin tissues. ShimaJet used for self-injection of insulin was selected as a spring-powered NFI in this study. Weak (NFI-w) and strong (NFI-s) injectors were evaluated. Rhodamine 6G, as a model compound, was injected onto the skin surface of hairless rats and the skin distribution and amount released from the skin of the compound were followed. A modified nozzle (able to inject at an angle of 45 degrees ) was prepared in addition to the conventional dedicated nozzle. The spring constants, nozzle shapes and penetration enhancer, 1-[2-(decylthio)ethyl] azacyclopentane-2-one (HPE-101), affected not only the skin distribution, but also the release profiles of rhodamine 6G. In addition, the release profiles of rhodamine 6G after injection using NFI-w or NFI-s obeyed diffusion-controlled or membrane-controlled kinetics, respectively. This difference was probably due to the skin site (depth) of rhodamine 6G delivered by the NFI. Furthermore, HPE-101 increased the retention time of rhodamine 6G in the epidermis. The present results suggested that an NFI can be a useful tool for enhanced drug delivery into skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Inoue
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Saitama Medical School, Medical Center, 1981 Kamoda, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, Japan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational diabetes (GDM) affects 3% to 6% of all pregnancies. Women are often intensively managed with increased obstetric monitoring, dietary regulation, and insulin. However, there has been no sound evidence base to support intensive treatment. The key issue for clinicians and consumers is whether treatment of GDM improves perinatal outcome. OBJECTIVES To compare the effect of alternative treatment policies for GDM on both maternal and infant outcomes. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (January 2009) and bibliographies of relevant papers. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials comparing alternative management strategies for women with GDM and impaired glucose tolerance in pregnancy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors and a member of the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's editorial team extracted and checked data independently. Disagreements were resolved through discussion with the third author. MAIN RESULTS Eight randomised controlled trials (1418 women) were included.Caesarean section rate was not significantly different when comparing any specific treatment with routine antenatal care (ANC) including data from five trials with 1255 participants (risk ratio (RR) 0.94, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.80 to 1.12). However, when comparing oral hypoglycaemics with insulin as treatment for GDM, there was a significant reduction (RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.77, two trials, 90 participants). There was a reduction in the risk of pre-eclampsia with intensive treatment (including dietary advice and insulin) compared to routine ANC (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.88, one trial, 1000 participants). More women had their labours induced when given specific treatment compared to routine ANC (RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.57, two trials, 1068 participants). The composite outcome of perinatal morbidity (death, shoulder dystocia, bone fracture and nerve palsy) was significantly reduced for those receiving intensive treatment for mild GDM compared to routine ANC (RR 0.32, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.73, one trial, 1030 infants).There was a reduction in the proportion of infants weighing more than 4000 grams (RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.63, one trial, 1030 infants) and the proportion of infants weighing greater than the 90th birth centile (RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.99, three trials, 223 infants) of mothers receiving specific treatment for GDM compared to routine ANC. However, there was no statistically significant difference in this proportion between infants of mothers receiving oral drugs compared to insulin as treatment for GDM. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Specific treatment including dietary advice and insulin for mild GDM reduces the risk of maternal and perinatal morbidity. However, it is associated with higher risk of labour induction. More research is needed to assess the impact of different types of intensive treatment, including oral drugs and insulin, on individual short- and long-term infant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisreen Alwan
- University of LeedsNutritional Epidemiology Group, Centre for Epidemiology and BiostatisticsWorsley Building, Level 8, Room 9.01Clarendon WayLeedsWest YorkshireUKLS2 9JT
| | - Derek J Tuffnell
- Bradford Hospitals NHS TrustBradford Royal Infirmary Maternity UnitSmith LaneBradfordWest YorkshireUKBD9 6RJ
| | - Jane West
- University of LeedsAcademic Unit of Public HealthInstitute of Health SciencesLeedsUKLS2 9PL
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Al-Tabakha MM, Arida AI. Recent challenges in insulin delivery systems: a review. Indian J Pharm Sci 2008; 70:278-86. [PMID: 20046733 PMCID: PMC2792528 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.42968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Relatively, a large percentage of world population is affected by diabetes mellitus, out of which approximately 5-10% with type 1 diabetes while the remaining 90% with type 2. Insulin administration is essential for type 1 patients while it is required at later stage by the patients of type 2. Current insulin delivery systems are available as transdermal injections which may be considered as invasive. Several non-invasive approaches for insulin delivery are being pursued by pharmaceutical companies to reduce the pain, and hypoglycemic incidences associated with injections in order to improve patient compliance. While any new insulin delivery system requires health authorities' approval, to provide long term safety profile and insuring patients' acceptance. The inhalation delivery system Exubera((R)) has already become clinically available in the United States and Europe for patients with diabetes as non-invasive delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Al-Tabakha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University of Science and Technology Network, P.O. Box 2202, Al-Fujairah, UAE
| | - A. I. Arida
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, P.O.Box 1, Postal Code 19392, Jordan
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Igarashi Y. Clinical Evaluation of the Needle-free Injection System VISION(®) for Growth Hormone Therapy in Children. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2006; 15:117-22. [PMID: 24790331 PMCID: PMC4004843 DOI: 10.1297/cpe.15.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the therapeutic effects of rhGH administered either by subcutaneous needle-injection (pens) or subcutaneous needle-free jet-injection (VISION(®)). Furthermore, a survey was carried out after using VISION(®) for 12 mo. A needle-free injection group consisting of 18 subjects (11 males and 7 females, mean age 5.87 ± 2.05 yr at the start of hGH therapy) who have not used pen injectors to date, were allowed to use VISION(®) in their third to fifth years of GH therapy. In addition, a group of 8 subjects who had been using pen injectors at our clinic (6 males and 2 females, mean age 6.54 ± 2.78 at the start of GH therapy) was monitored as a control. The results indicate that there are no significant differences between the mean growth rates, growth rate SD scores or height SD scores when comparing injection devices. Furthermore, the survey of VISION(®) revealed that 70% of the subjects found it slightly or not painful at or after injection, 70% found VISION(®) very easy or easy to use, and 80% found the weight of the device appropriate. All subjects expressed a desire to continue using VISION(®) in the future. Our results suggest that there are no problems with the effectiveness of hGH treatment with VISION(®), a needle-free jet-injection device and that VISION(®) is an effective device for children who have an aversion to needle injection.
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Tuffnell DJ, West J, Walkinshaw SA. Treatments for gestational diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003:CD003395. [PMID: 12917965 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in pregnancy affects between 3 and 6% of all pregnancies and both have been associated with pregnancy complications. A lack of conclusive evidence has led clinicians to equate the risk of adverse perinatal outcome with pre-existing diabetes. Consequently, women are often intensively managed with increased obstetric monitoring, dietary regulation, and in some cases insulin therapy. However, there has been no sound evidence base to support intensive treatment. The key issue for clinicians and consumers is whether treatment of gestational diabetes and IGT will improve perinatal outcome. OBJECTIVES The objective of this review was to compare alternative policies of care for women with gestational diabetes and IGT in pregnancy. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register (12 September 2002) and the bibliographies of relevant papers. The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was also searched (The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2002). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials comparing alternative management strategies for women with gestational diabetes and IGT in pregnancy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Quality was assessed according to the criteria defined by the Cochrane Reviewers' Handbook. Data were extracted and checked independently by two reviewers. Any disagreements were resolved through discussion with the third reviewer. MAIN RESULTS Three studies with a total of 223 women were included. All three included studies involved women with IGT. No trials reporting treatments for gestational diabetes met the criteria. There are insufficient data for any reliable conclusions about the effect of treatments for IGT on perinatal outcome. The difference in abdominal operative delivery rates is not statistically significant (relative risk (RR) 0.86, 95% confidence interval 0.51 to 1.45) and the effect on special care baby unit admission is also not significant (RR 0.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.19 to 1.24). Reduction in birthweight greater than 90th centile (RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.19 to 1.61) was not found to be significant. This review suggests that an interventionist policy of treatment may be associated with a reduced risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia (RR 0.25, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.86). No other statistically significant differences were detected. A number of outcomes are only reported by one study resulting in a small sample and wide confidence intervals. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS There are insufficient data for any reliable conclusions about the effects of treatments for impaired glucose tolerance on perinatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Tuffnell
- Bradford Royal Infirmary Maternity Unit, Bradford Hospitals NHS Trust, Smith Lane, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK, BD9 6RJ
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Schramm J, Mitragotri S. Transdermal drug delivery by jet injectors: energetics of jet formation and penetration. Pharm Res 2002; 19:1673-9. [PMID: 12458673 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020753329492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pressure-driven jets have been used for intradermal delivery of a variety of drugs. Despite their introduction into clinical medicine, variability and occasional bruising have limited their widespread acceptance. Although numerous clinical studies of jet injectors have been reported in the literature, surprisingly little is known about the mechanisms of jet penetration into the skin. In this article, we report results of our studies aimed at determining the dependence of drug delivery on jet velocity and diameter. These studies were performed using two experimental models, porcine skin and human skin. Our rationale for using two models was to explore the possibility of using porcine skin as a model for human skin. METHODS Dermal penetration of jets possessing a range of diameters from 76 microm to 559 microm and a range of velocities from 80 m/s to 190 m/s was studied into human and porcine skin. Penetration was quantified using radiolabeled mannitol. Pressure and velocity of the jets were measured using a calibrated pressure transducer and high-speed photography. RESULTS Penetration of the jet into the skin was determined by two main parameters, jet diameter and average jet velocity. Substantial variation in jet penetration into porcine skin was observed for skin pieces obtained from different anatomic locations. For porcine skin, a parabolic dependence of jet delivery on velocity and diameter was observed. The threshold velocity is suggested to be between 80 and 100 m/s for a jet diameter of 152 microm. Above the threshold velocity, the delivery increased for velocities up to 150 m/s, after which delivery decreased with increasing velocity. At a constant velocity of 150 m/s, jet delivery exhibited a maximum at a diameter of 152 microm. Results obtained with human skin were qualitatively similar but quantitatively different. The threshold velocity for jet penetration into human skin was comparable with that in porcine skin; however, the maxima observed in jet delivery into porcine skin with respect to jet velocity was not apparent for human skin over the range of velocities explored. CONCLUSIONS These studies offer a quantitative analysis of jet penetration into the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Schramm
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106, USA
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Agersø H, Møller-Pedersen J, Cappi S, Thomann P, Jesussek B, Senderovitz T. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a new formulation of recombinant human growth hormone administered by ZomaJet 2 Vision, a new needle-free device, compared to subcutaneous administration using a conventional syringe. J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 42:1262-8. [PMID: 12412826 DOI: 10.1177/009127002762491361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the applicability of a new human growth hormone (Zomacton) formulation, administered both by a conventional syringe and by a new needle-free device (ZomaJet 2 Vision). The study was performed according to a randomized, controlled, three-period crossover design. On 3 separate days, all subjects received in a random order a single subcutaneous injection of 1.67 mg hGH as follows: Zomacton 4 mg/ml conventional syringe administration (Treatment A), Zomacton 10 mg/ml conventional syringe administration (Treatment B), or Zomacton 10 mg/ml ZomaJet 2 Vision administration (Treatment C). The pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed for the individual subjects in each group by noncompartmental methods. Bioequivalence was assessed based on log-transformed AUC and C(max) values. To investigate the effectiveness of two formulations and the different administration methods, the pharmacodynamic parameters (insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF-1] and free fatty acids [FFA]) were also evaluated. No subjects were withdrawn due to adverse events. The local tolerance assessment (assessed by inspection)revealed no differences between ZomaJet2 Vision application and conventional injections by syringe. Administration of the new hGH formulation by syringe was found to be bioequivalent with the reference treatment, both based on AUC and C(max) values; the new formulation administered by use of ZomaJet 2 Vision was found to be bioequivalent based on AUC values only. When using the ZomaJet 2 Vision, the absorption of hGH was faster, resulting in higher C(max) values. The maximum hGH serum concentration of around 20 ng/ml was observed 3.5 to 4 hours after drug administration. The terminal half-life was found to be around 2.5 hours. Comparison of the pharmacodynamic profiles (both IGF-1 and FFA) demonstrated bioequieffectiveness. These results support the use of jet injectors as a viable alternative to the traditional injection pens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Agersø
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Kinetics, Ferring Pharmaceuticals A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
A syringe jet injector is a device designed to administer a drug quickly and painlessly through the skin. Though syringe jet injectors have been in use for almost 50 years, current designs still suffer from inconsistent performance. To better understand the fluid mechanics of jet injection and gain insight into how the design might influence performance, two theoretical analyses to determine the fluid pressure profile at the exit orifice were conducted. The first was a continuum analysis assuming static incompressibility. Results demonstrated that the maximum jet pressure was highly sensitive to the spring constant, initial piston velocity, and piston cross-sectional area while the time to achieve the maximum pressure was most sensitive to the injection chamber length, initial piston velocity, bulk modulus of the injectant, and the piston cross-sectional area. The second analysis was a shock wave analysis. Results demonstrated a stepwise pressure-time plot that was similar in magnitude to that for the continuum analysis assuming static incompressibility. Results from these two investigations are useful for design modification of the jet injector to achieve desired pressure-time profiles at the orifice. Control of pressure-time profiles may help to achieve a more consistent and effective injection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Baker
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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Current status and future prospects of parenteral insulin regimens, strategies and delivery systems for diabetes treatment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1999; 35:179-198. [PMID: 10837697 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(98)00072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A strong relationship between long term metabolic control and low frequency of chronic diabetes complications was shown in the Diabetes Control Complication Trial (DCCT). However, the subcutaneous intensive insulin therapy required to achieve the glycemic goals defined by the DCCT led to an unacceptable frequency of severe hypoglycemia and a significant weight gain. This limits the benefits of this therapy and excludes groups of patients such as young children, the elderly or hypoglycemia prone patients. The intensive therapy and self blood glucose monitoring (SMBG) necessary to limit hypoglycemia represent a heavy burden for the patients and their family. Improvements in parenteral insulin therapy are possible by either modifying subcutaneous insulin characteristics (analogs, adjunction of peptides such as amylin, GLP1, IGF1), or by developing better routes of administration and making SMBG easier, which is a key to intensive insulin therapy success. The ultimate goal remains the development of an automated, glucose controlled device.
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Reis EC, Jacobson RM, Tarbell S, Weniger BG. Taking the sting out of shots: control of vaccination-associated pain and adverse reactions. Pediatr Ann 1998; 27:375-86. [PMID: 9648172 DOI: 10.3928/0090-4481-19980601-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E C Reis
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15213-2583, USA
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Houdijk EC, Herdes E, Delemarre-Van de Waal HA. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human growth hormone by subcutaneous jet- or needle-injection in patients with growth hormone deficiency. Acta Paediatr 1997; 86:1301-7. [PMID: 9475305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1997.tb14902.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen growth hormone (GH) deficient children and adolescents (11 6/12-20 9/12 y) participated in a randomized open, two-period (4 weeks) cross-over study to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) administered daily, either by subcutaneous jet-injection or conventional needle-injection. Plasma growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), glucose, insulin, HbAlc and serum-free fatty acids (FFA) levels were analysed repeatedly. GH absorption characteristics, expressed as AUC(0-infinity), Cmax and Tmax ratio (%) jet-injected over needle-injected were similar in both groups. IGF-I and IGFBP-3 plasma levels were identical in both groups. Serum FFA concentrations were comparable after GH administration with either injection device. Surprisingly nocturnal blood glucose decreased to asymptomatic hypoglycaemic levels in all patients. The results of this study showed equal responses concerning absorption and bioavailability of growth hormone administered daily for 4 weeks by either a jet- or a needle-injection device in GH-deficient children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Houdijk
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Seyam RM, Bégin LR, Tu LM, Dion SB, Merlin SL, Brock GB. Evaluation of a no-needle penile injector: a preliminary study evaluating tissue penetration and its hemodynamic consequences in the rat. Urology 1997; 50:994-8. [PMID: 9426740 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(97)00541-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intracavernous needle injection is an effective delivery method for pharmacotherapy of erectile dysfunction. Needle phobia, pain, and concern about local tissue injury have stimulated the search for new, less invasive means of inducing penile erection. In this preliminary communication, we evaluate a jet injector as an alternative to needle injection for intracavernous delivery of vasoactive drugs. METHODS Jet injection was evaluated in three groups of rats receiving either India ink, saline, or papaverine into the penis. The ability of the jet injection to penetrate through the tunica albuginea and deliver liquid to the corpora cavernosa smooth muscle was assessed by the degree of staining within the corpus cavernosum (ink group), histologic change (saline group), and rise in intracavernous pressure (papaverine group). Erectile capacity following cavernous nerve electric stimulation was compared before and 1 hour after injection of saline or papaverine. RESULTS Ink traversed the skin and tunica albuginea with extensive deposition noted within the cavernous spaces. Varying degree of subcutaneous hemorrhage were seen with saline jet injection; however, the corpus cavernous smooth muscles showed no evidence of injury. Jet injection of papaverine 3250 micrograms significantly increased cavernous pressure (39.4 +/- 4.6 cm H2O) compared with saline injection (2.8 +/- 1.3 cm H2O). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that acute jet injection is an effective method for intracavernous delivery of drugs. Long-term effects should be evaluated prior to clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Seyam
- Division of Urology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Partsch CJ, von Büren E, Kühn B, Sippell WG, Brinkmann G. Visualization of injection depot after subcutaneous administration by syringe and needle-free device (Medi-Jector): first results with magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Pediatr 1997; 156:893-4. [PMID: 9392409 DOI: 10.1007/bf03260098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brange
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
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Abstract
Immunization with plasmid DNA encoding antigenic proteins elicits both antibody and cell-mediated immune responses. This method of producing the protein antigens of interest directly in host cells can provide appropriate tertiary structure for the induction of conformationally specific antibodies, and also facilitates the induction of cellular immune responses. DNA immunization has provided effective protective immunity in various animal models. The immune responses induced by DNA vaccines may in some instances be preferable to those produced by immunization using conventional methods. DNA vaccination appears to be applicable to a variety of pathogens and is a useful method of raising immune responses. Thus this approach to vaccination has the potential to be a successful method of rapidly screening for antigens capable of inducing protective immunity, and of inducing protective immunity against pathogens of clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Donnelly
- Department of Virus and Cell Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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