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Rankin DA, Walters MS, Caicedo L, Gable P, Moulton-Meissner HA, Chan A, Burks A, Edwards K, McAllister G, Kent A, Laufer Halpin A, Moore C, McLemore T, Thomas L, Dotson NQ, Chu AK. Concurrent transmission of multiple carbapenemases in a long-term acute-care hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2024; 45:292-301. [PMID: 38196201 PMCID: PMC10933503 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2023.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated concurrent outbreaks of Pseudomonas aeruginosa carrying blaVIM (VIM-CRPA) and Enterobacterales carrying blaKPC (KPC-CRE) at a long-term acute-care hospital (LTACH A). METHODS We defined an incident case as the first detection of blaKPC or blaVIM from a patient's clinical cultures or colonization screening test. We reviewed medical records and performed infection control assessments, colonization screening, environmental sampling, and molecular characterization of carbapenemase-producing organisms from clinical and environmental sources by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and whole-genome sequencing. RESULTS From July 2017 to December 2018, 76 incident cases were identified from 69 case patients: 51 had blaKPC, 11 had blaVIM, and 7 had blaVIM and blaKPC. Also, blaKPC were identified from 7 Enterobacterales, and all blaVIM were P. aeruginosa. We observed gaps in hand hygiene, and we recovered KPC-CRE and VIM-CRPA from drains and toilets. We identified 4 KPC alleles and 2 VIM alleles; 2 KPC alleles were located on plasmids that were identified across multiple Enterobacterales and in both clinical and environmental isolates. CONCLUSIONS Our response to a single patient colonized with VIM-CRPA and KPC-CRE identified concurrent CPO outbreaks at LTACH A. Epidemiologic and genomic investigations indicated that the observed diversity was due to a combination of multiple introductions of VIM-CRPA and KPC-CRE and to the transfer of carbapenemase genes across different bacteria species and strains. Improved infection control, including interventions that minimized potential spread from wastewater premise plumbing, stopped transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A. Rankin
- Florida Department of Health in Orange County, Orlando, Florida
- Bureau of Epidemiology, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, Florida
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Maroya Spalding Walters
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Luz Caicedo
- Florida Department of Health in Orange County, Orlando, Florida
| | - Paige Gable
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Allison Chan
- Division of Laboratory Services, Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Albert Burks
- Division of Laboratory Services, Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kendra Edwards
- Bureau of Epidemiology, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, Florida
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gillian McAllister
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alyssa Kent
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alison Laufer Halpin
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christina Moore
- Division of Laboratory Services, Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Tracy McLemore
- Division of Laboratory Services, Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Linda Thomas
- Division of Laboratory Services, Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nychie Q. Dotson
- Bureau of Epidemiology, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, Florida
- HCA Healthcare, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Alvina K. Chu
- Florida Department of Health in Orange County, Orlando, Florida
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2
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Little JS, Coughlin C, Hsieh C, Lanza M, Huang WY, Kumar A, Dandawate T, Tucker R, Gable P, Vazquez Deida AA, Moulton-Meissner H, Stevens V, McAllister G, Ewing T, Diaz M, Glowicz J, Winkler ML, Pecora N, Kubiak DW, Pearson JC, Luskin MR, Sherman AC, Woolley AE, Brandeburg C, Bolstorff B, McHale E, Fortes E, Doucette M, Smole S, Bunnell C, Gross A, Platt D, Desai S, Fiumara K, Issa NC, Baden LR, Rhee C, Klompas M, Baker MA. Neuroinvasive Bacillus cereus Infection in Immunocompromised Hosts: Epidemiologic Investigation of 5 Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae048. [PMID: 38434615 PMCID: PMC10906701 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Bacillus cereus is a ubiquitous gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium that can cause sepsis and neuroinvasive disease in patients with acute leukemia or neutropenia. Methods A single-center retrospective review was conducted to evaluate patients with acute leukemia, positive blood or cerebrospinal fluid test results for B cereus, and abnormal neuroradiographic findings between January 2018 and October 2022. Infection control practices were observed, environmental samples obtained, a dietary case-control study completed, and whole genome sequencing performed on environmental and clinical Bacillus isolates. Results Five patients with B cereus neuroinvasive disease were identified. All patients had acute myeloid leukemia (AML), were receiving induction chemotherapy, and were neutropenic. Neurologic involvement included subarachnoid or intraparenchymal hemorrhage or brain abscess. All patients were treated with ciprofloxacin and survived with limited or no neurologic sequelae. B cereus was identified in 7 of 61 environmental samples and 1 of 19 dietary protein samples-these were unrelated to clinical isolates via sequencing. No point source was identified. Ciprofloxacin was added to the empiric antimicrobial regimen for patients with AML and prolonged or recurrent neutropenic fevers; no new cases were identified in the ensuing year. Conclusions B cereus is ubiquitous in the hospital environment, at times leading to clusters with unrelated isolates. Fastidious infection control practices addressing a range of possible exposures are warranted, but their efficacy is unknown and they may not be sufficient to prevent all infections. Thus, including B cereus coverage in empiric regimens for patients with AML and persistent neutropenic fever may limit the morbidity of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Little
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cassie Coughlin
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Infection Control, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Candace Hsieh
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Infection Control, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Meaghan Lanza
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Infection Control, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wan Yi Huang
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Infection Control, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aishwarya Kumar
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Infection Control, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tanvi Dandawate
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Infection Control, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert Tucker
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Infection Control, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paige Gable
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Axel A Vazquez Deida
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Heather Moulton-Meissner
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Valerie Stevens
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gillian McAllister
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Thomas Ewing
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maria Diaz
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Janet Glowicz
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marisa L Winkler
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Microbiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicole Pecora
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Microbiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David W Kubiak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Pearson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marlise R Luskin
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy C Sherman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ann E Woolley
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Barbara Bolstorff
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eileen McHale
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Esther Fortes
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew Doucette
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sandra Smole
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Craig Bunnell
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anne Gross
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dana Platt
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sonali Desai
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Quality and Safety, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen Fiumara
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Infection Control, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicolas C Issa
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lindsey R Baden
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chanu Rhee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Infection Control, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Healthcare Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Klompas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Infection Control, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Healthcare Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Meghan A Baker
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Infection Control, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Healthcare Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Kracalik I, Kent AG, Villa CH, Gable P, Annambhotla P, McAllister G, Yokoe D, Langelier CR, Oakeson K, Noble-Wang J, Illoh O, Halpin AL, Eder AF, Basavaraju SV. Posttransfusion Sepsis Attributable to Bacterial Contamination in Platelet Collection Set Manufacturing Facility, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1979-1989. [PMID: 37561399 PMCID: PMC10521617 DOI: 10.3201/eid2910.230869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
During May 2018‒December 2022, we reviewed transfusion-transmitted sepsis cases in the United States attributable to polymicrobial contaminated apheresis platelet components, including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus‒baumannii complex or Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolated from patients and components. Transfused platelet components underwent bacterial risk control strategies (primary culture, pathogen reduction or primary culture, and secondary rapid test) before transfusion. Environmental samples were collected from a platelet collection set manufacturing facility. Seven sepsis cases from 6 platelet donations from 6 different donors were identified in patients from 6 states; 3 patients died. Cultures identified Acinetobacter calcoaceticus‒baumannii complex in 6 patients and 6 transfused platelets, S. saprophyticus in 4 patients and 4 transfused platelets. Whole-genome sequencing showed environmental isolates from the manufacturer were closely related genetically to patient and platelet isolates, indicating the manufacturer was the most probable source of recurrent polymicrobial contamination. Clinicians should maintain awareness of possible transfusion-transmitted sepsis even when using bacterial risk control strategies.
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4
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Gargis AS, Karlsson M, Kamile Rasheed J, Kent AG, McKay SL, Paulick AL, Anderson KF, Adamczyk M, Campbell D, Korhonen LC, McAllister G, Vlachos N, Halpin AL, Lutgring JD, Guh AY, Clifford McDonald L, Elkins CA. Reply to Gonzales-Luna et al. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 76:2039-2041. [PMID: 36883575 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Gargis
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maria Karlsson
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Goldbelt C6, Chesapeake, Virginia, USA
| | - J Kamile Rasheed
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alyssa G Kent
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Susannah L McKay
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ashley L Paulick
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Karen F Anderson
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michelle Adamczyk
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Davina Campbell
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lauren C Korhonen
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gillian McAllister
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nicholas Vlachos
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alison L Halpin
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joseph D Lutgring
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alice Y Guh
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - L Clifford McDonald
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher A Elkins
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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5
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Chan A, Thure K, Tobey K, Shugart A, Schmedes S, Burks JA, Hardin H, Moore C, Carpenter T, Brooks S, Gable P, Moulton Meissner H, McAllister G, Lawsin A, Laufer Halpin A, Spalding Walters M, Keaton A. Containment of a Verona Integron-Encoded Metallo-Beta-Lactamase-Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa Outbreak Associated With an Acute Care Hospital Sink-Tennessee, 2018-2020. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad194. [PMID: 37180588 PMCID: PMC10173543 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Contaminated healthcare facility wastewater plumbing is recognized as a source of carbapenemase-producing organism transmission. In August 2019, the Tennessee Department of Health (TDH) identified a patient colonized with Verona integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase-producing carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (VIM-CRPA). A record review revealed that 33% (4 of 12) of all reported patients in Tennessee with VIM had history of prior admission to acute care hospital (ACH) A intensive care unit (ICU) Room X, prompting further investigation. Methods A case was defined as polymerase chain reaction detection of blaVIM in a patient with prior admission to ACH A from November 2017 to November 2020. The TDH performed point prevalence surveys, discharge screening, onsite observations, and environmental testing at ACH A. The VIM-CRPA isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Results In a screening of 44% (n = 11) of 25 patients admitted to Room X between January and June 2020, we identified 36% (n = 4) colonized with VIM-CRPA, resulting in 8 cases associated with Room X from March 2018 to June 2020. No additional cases were identified in 2 point-prevalence surveys of the ACH A ICU. Samples from the bathroom and handwashing sink drains in Room X grew VIM-CRPA; all available case and environmental isolates were found to be ST253 harboring blaVIM-1 and to be closely related by WGS. Transmission ended after implementation of intensive water management and infection control interventions. Conclusions A single ICU room's contaminated drains were associated with 8 VIM-CRPA cases over a 2-year period. This outbreak highlights the need to include wastewater plumbing in hospital water management plans to mitigate the risk of transmission of antibiotic-resistant organisms to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Chan
- Correspondence: Allison Chan, MPH, Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance Program, Communicable and Environmental Diseases and Emergency Preparedness, Tennessee Department of Health, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 600, Nashville, TN 37203 (); Present Affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Katie Thure
- Present Affiliation: David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kelley Tobey
- Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance Program, Communicable and Environmental Diseases and Emergency Preparedness, Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alicia Shugart
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah Schmedes
- Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - James Albert Burks
- Division of Laboratory Services, Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Henrietta Hardin
- Division of Laboratory Services, Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christina Moore
- Division of Laboratory Services, Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tina Carpenter
- North Knoxville Medical Center, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Paige Gable
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Heather Moulton Meissner
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gillian McAllister
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Adrian Lawsin
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alison Laufer Halpin
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maroya Spalding Walters
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amelia Keaton
- Present Affiliation: Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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6
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Gargis AS, Karlsson M, Paulick AL, Anderson KF, Adamczyk M, Vlachos N, Kent AG, McAllister G, McKay SL, Halpin AL, Albrecht V, Campbell D, Korhonen LC, Elkins CA, Rasheed JK, Guh AY, McDonald LC, Lutgring JD. Reference Susceptibility Testing and Genomic Surveillance of Clostridioides difficile, United States, 2012-17. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 76:890-896. [PMID: 36208202 PMCID: PMC10839785 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is not routinely performed for Clostridioides difficile and data evaluating minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) are limited. We performed AST and whole genome sequencing (WGS) for 593 C. difficile isolates collected between 2012 and 2017 through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Emerging Infections Program. METHODS MICs to 6 antimicrobial agents (ceftriaxone, clindamycin, meropenem, metronidazole, moxifloxacin, and vancomycin) were determined using the reference agar dilution method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Whole genome sequencing was performed on all isolates to detect the presence of genes or mutations previously associated with resistance. RESULTS Among all isolates, 98.5% displayed a vancomycin MIC ≤2 μg/mL and 97.3% displayed a metronidazole MIC ≤2 μg/mL. Ribotype 027 (RT027) isolates displayed higher vancomycin MICs (MIC50: 2 μg/mL; MIC90: 2 μg/mL) than non-RT027 isolates (MIC50: 0.5 μg/mL; MIC90: 1 μg/mL) (P < .01). No vanA/B genes were detected. RT027 isolates also showed higher MICs to clindamycin and moxifloxacin and were more likely to harbor associated resistance genes or mutations. CONCLUSIONS Elevated MICs to antibiotics used for treatment of C. difficile infection were rare, and there was no increase in MICs over time. The lack of vanA/B genes or mutations consistently associated with elevated vancomycin MICs suggests there are multifactorial mechanisms of resistance. Ongoing surveillance of C. difficile using reference AST and WGS to monitor MIC trends and the presence of antibiotic resistance mechanisms is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Gargis
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maria Karlsson
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Goldbelt C6, LLC, Chesapeake, Virginia, USA
| | - Ashley L Paulick
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Karen F Anderson
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michelle Adamczyk
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nicholas Vlachos
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alyssa G Kent
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gillian McAllister
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Susannah L McKay
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alison L Halpin
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Valerie Albrecht
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Davina Campbell
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lauren C Korhonen
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher A Elkins
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - J Kamile Rasheed
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alice Y Guh
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - L Clifford McDonald
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joseph D Lutgring
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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7
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Bulens SN, Reses HE, Ansari UA, Grass JE, Carmon C, Albrecht V, Lawsin A, McAllister G, Daniels J, Lee YK, Yi S, See I, Jacob JT, Bower CW, Wilson L, Vaeth E, Lynfield R, Vagnone PS, Shaw KM, Dumyati G, Tsay R, Phipps EC, Bamberg W, Janelle SJ, Beldavs ZG, Cassidy PM, Kainer M, Muleta D, Mounsey JT, Laufer-Halpin A, Karlsson M, Lutgring JD, Walters MS. Carbapenem-Resistant enterobacterales in individuals with and without health care risk factors -Emerging infections program, United States, 2012-2015. Am J Infect Control 2023; 51:70-77. [PMID: 35909003 PMCID: PMC10881240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) are usually healthcare-associated but are also emerging in the community. METHODS Active, population-based surveillance was conducted to identify case-patients with cultures positive for Enterobacterales not susceptible to a carbapenem (excluding ertapenem) and resistant to all third-generation cephalosporins tested at 8 US sites from January 2012 to December 2015. Medical records were used to classify cases as health care-associated, or as community-associated (CA) if a patient had no known health care risk factors and a culture was collected <3 days after hospital admission. Enterobacterales isolates from selected cases were submitted to CDC for whole genome sequencing. RESULTS We identified 1499 CRE cases in 1194 case-patients; 149 cases (10%) in 139 case-patients were CA. The incidence of CRE cases per 100,000 population was 2.96 (95% CI: 2.81, 3.11) overall and 0.29 (95% CI: 0.25, 0.35) for CA-CRE. Most CA-CRE cases were in White persons (73%), females (84%) and identified from urine cultures (98%). Among the 12 sequenced CA-CRE isolates, 5 (42%) harbored a carbapenemase gene. CONCLUSIONS Ten percent of CRE cases were CA; some isolates from CA-CRE cases harbored carbapenemase genes. Continued CRE surveillance in the community is critical to monitor emergence outside of traditional health care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Uzma A Ansari
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | | | | | | | - Adrian Lawsin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | | | | | | | - Sarah Yi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Isaac See
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; Commissioned Corps, U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville, MD
| | - Jesse T Jacob
- Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur, GA; Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Chris W Bower
- Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur, GA; Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA; Foundation for Atlanta Veterans Education & Research, Decatur, GA
| | - Lucy Wilson
- Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | | | | | - Ghinwa Dumyati
- New York Rochester Emerging Infections Program at the University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Rebecca Tsay
- New York Rochester Emerging Infections Program at the University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Erin C Phipps
- New Mexico Emerging Infections Program, Santa Fe, NM; University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Wendy Bamberg
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado
| | - Sarah J Janelle
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alison Laufer-Halpin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; Commissioned Corps, U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville, MD
| | | | | | - Maroya Spalding Walters
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; Commissioned Corps, U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville, MD
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8
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Babiker A, Bower C, Lutgring JD, Petit RA, Howard-Anderson J, Ansari U, McAllister G, Adamczyk M, Breaker E, Satola SW, Jacob JT, Woodworth MH. Clinical and Genomic Epidemiology of mcr-9-Carrying Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales Isolates in Metropolitan Atlanta, 2012 to 2017. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0252221. [PMID: 35856667 PMCID: PMC9431279 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02522-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Colistin is a last-resort antibiotic for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections. Recently, the ninth allele of the mobile colistin resistance (mcr) gene family, designated mcr-9, was reported. However, its clinical and public health significance remains unclear. We queried genomes of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) for mcr-9 from a convenience sample of clinical isolates collected between 2012 and 2017 through the Georgia Emerging Infections Program, a population- and laboratory-based surveillance program. Isolates underwent phenotypic characterization and whole-genome sequencing. Phenotypic characteristics, genomic features, and clinical outcomes of mcr-9-positive and -negative CRE cases were then compared. Among 235 sequenced CRE genomes, 13 (6%) were found to harbor mcr-9, all of which were Enterobacter cloacae complex. The median MIC and rates of heteroresistance and inducible resistance to colistin were similar between mcr-9-positive and -negative isolates. However, rates of resistance were higher among mcr-9-positive isolates across most antibiotic classes. All cases had significant health care exposures. The 90-day mortality was similarly high in both mcr-9-positive (31%) and -negative (7%) CRE cases. Nucleotide identity and phylogenetic analysis did not reveal geotemporal clustering. mcr-9-positive isolates had a significantly higher number of median [range] antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes (16 [4 to 22] versus 6 [2 to 15]; P < 0.001) than did mcr-9-negative isolates. Pangenome tests confirmed a significant association of mcr-9 detection with mobile genetic element and heavy metal resistance genes. Overall, the presence of mcr-9 was not associated with significant changes in colistin resistance or clinical outcomes, but continued genomic surveillance to monitor for emergence of AMR genes is warranted. IMPORTANCE Colistin is a last-resort antibiotic for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections. A recently described allele of the mobile colistin resistance (mcr) gene family, designated mcr-9, has been widely reported among Enterobacterales species. However, its clinical and public health significance remains unclear. We compared characteristics and outcomes of mcr-9-positive and -negative CRE cases. All cases were acquired in the health care setting and associated with a high rate of mortality. The presence of mcr-9 was not associated with significant changes in colistin resistance, heteroresistance, or inducible resistance but was associated with resistance to other antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), virulence, and heavy metal resistance (HMR) genes. Overall, the presence of mcr-9 was not associated with significant phenotypic changes or clinical outcomes. However, given the increase in AMR and HMR gene content and potential clinical impact, continued genomic surveillance of multidrug-resistant organisms to monitor for emergence of AMR genes is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Babiker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chris Bower
- Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur, Georgia, USA
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA
- Foundation for Atlanta Veterans Education and Research, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Joseph D. Lutgring
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Jessica Howard-Anderson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Uzma Ansari
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gillian McAllister
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michelle Adamczyk
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Goldbelt C6, LLC, Chesapeake, Virginia, USA
| | - Erin Breaker
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah W. Satola
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Jesse T. Jacob
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael H. Woodworth
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur, Georgia, USA
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9
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Ma N, Sutton N, Yang JS, Rawlings-Way O, Brown D, McAllister G, Parker D, Lewis R. The quality effects of agency staffing in residential aged care. Australas J Ageing 2022; 42:195-203. [PMID: 35997130 DOI: 10.1111/ajag.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In Australia, temporary agency workers are a relatively small but enduring component of the residential aged care workforce. However, evidence from other countries suggests reliance on agency workers has a detrimental effect on the quality of care (QoC). We examined whether QoC outcomes differ for Australian residential aged care facilities (RACFs) based on their reliance on agency care staff. METHODS A retrospective observational study was conducted using de-identified datasets obtained under the legal authority of the Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety. Regression analysis was conducted using data comprising 6221 RACF-year observations, across 5 years (2015-2019), from 1709 unique RACFs in Australia. RESULTS After controlling for other determinants of QoC, RACFs with a greater reliance on agency care staff have poorer QoC outcomes, with significantly higher rates of complaints, missing persons, reportable assaults, hospitalisations, and accreditation flags. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with international evidence, we found that the QoC of Australian RACFs is sensitive to the reliance on agency staff in delivering direct care to residents. These findings illustrate the importance of workers' employment conditions, alongside other workforce characteristics, in driving the quality of residential aged care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Ma
- University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole Sutton
- University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jin Sug Yang
- University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - David Brown
- University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Deborah Parker
- University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rachael Lewis
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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10
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Gargis AS, Spicer LM, Kent AG, Zhu W, Campbell D, McAllister G, Ewing TO, Albrecht V, Stevens VA, Sheth M, Padilla J, Batra D, Johnson JK, Halpin AL, Rasheed JK, Elkins CA, Karlsson M, Lutgring JD. Sentinel Surveillance Reveals Emerging Daptomycin-Resistant ST736 Enterococcus faecium and Multiple Mechanisms of Linezolid Resistance in Enterococci in the United States. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:807398. [PMID: 35178041 PMCID: PMC8846945 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.807398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis and faecium with resistance to daptomycin and/or linezolid are emerging globally. We present the genomic characterization of daptomycin- and linezolid-resistant E. faecalis and E. faecium surveillance isolates from the United States, 2013–2016. Daptomycin resistance was low among E. faecalis (2/364, 0.5%) and E. faecium (17/344, 5%). The majority (71%, 12/17) of daptomycin-resistant E. faecium isolates belonged to the emerging ST736 clone and contained mutations in liaFSR and cls previously associated with resistance. However, 1/2 E. faecalis and 3/17 E. faecium did not contain these mutations previously associated with daptomycin resistance. Linezolid resistance was rare among E. faecalis (1/364, 0.3%) and E. faecium (2/344, 0.6%). These two E. faecium isolates, one of which was also resistant to daptomycin and vancomycin, contained the 23S rRNA nucleotide mutation (G2576T) associated with linezolid resistance. Long-read sequencing revealed the linezolid-resistant E. faecalis isolate contained chromosomal- and plasmid-encoded copies of optrA. The chromosomal optrA was located on the recently described Tn6674 multiresistance transposon. The second copy of optrA was encoded on an ∼65 kb mosaic plasmid, with component regions sharing high sequence identity to optrA-encoding multiresistance plasmids of animal origin. The optrA-encoding plasmid contained open reading frames predicted to encode proteins associated with a pheromone-responsive plasmid transfer system, and filter mating experiments confirmed the plasmid was conjugative. Continued surveillance of enterococci is necessary to assess the prevalence and trends of daptomycin and linezolid resistance in the United States, characterize resistance mechanisms and how they transfer, and monitor for emerging sequence types associated with resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Gargis
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lori M Spicer
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Goldbelt C6, LLC, Chesapeake, VA, United States
| | - Alyssa G Kent
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Goldbelt C6, LLC, Chesapeake, VA, United States
| | - Wenming Zhu
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Davina Campbell
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Gillian McAllister
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Thomas O Ewing
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Goldbelt C6, LLC, Chesapeake, VA, United States
| | - Valerie Albrecht
- Office of the Director, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Valerie A Stevens
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mili Sheth
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jasmine Padilla
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.,ASRT Incorporated, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dhwani Batra
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - J Kristie Johnson
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alison Laufer Halpin
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - J Kamile Rasheed
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christopher A Elkins
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Maria Karlsson
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joseph D Lutgring
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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11
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Karlsson M, Lutgring JD, Ansari U, Lawsin A, Albrecht V, McAllister G, Daniels J, Lonsway D, McKay S, Beldavs Z, Bower C, Dumyati G, Gross A, Jacob J, Janelle S, Kainer MA, Lynfield R, Phipps EC, Schutz K, Wilson L, Witwer ML, Bulens SN, Walters MS, Duffy N, Kallen AJ, Elkins CA, Rasheed JK. Molecular Characterization of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales Collected in the United States. Microb Drug Resist 2022; 28:389-397. [PMID: 35172110 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2021.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) are a growing public health concern due to resistance to multiple antibiotics and potential to cause health care-associated infections with high mortality. Carbapenemase-producing CRE are of particular concern given that carbapenemase-encoding genes often are located on mobile genetic elements that may spread between different organisms and species. In this study, we performed phenotypic and genotypic characterization of CRE collected at eight U.S. sites participating in active population- and laboratory-based surveillance of carbapenem-resistant organisms. Among 421 CRE tested, the majority were isolated from urine (n = 349, 83%). Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most common organism (n = 265, 63%), followed by Enterobacter cloacae complex (n = 77, 18%) and Escherichia coli (n = 50, 12%). Of 419 isolates analyzed by whole genome sequencing, 307 (73%) harbored a carbapenemase gene; variants of blaKPC predominated (n = 299, 97%). The occurrence of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae complex, and E. coli varied by region; the predominant sequence type within each genus was ST258, ST171, and ST131, respectively. None of the carbapenemase-producing CRE isolates displayed resistance to all antimicrobials tested; susceptibility to amikacin and tigecycline was generally retained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karlsson
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joseph D Lutgring
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Uzma Ansari
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Adrian Lawsin
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Valerie Albrecht
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gillian McAllister
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jonathan Daniels
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David Lonsway
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Susannah McKay
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Chris Bower
- Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ghinwa Dumyati
- New York Emerging Infections Program at the University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | - Jesse Jacob
- Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah Janelle
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Marion A Kainer
- Tennessee Department of Public Health, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ruth Lynfield
- Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Erin C Phipps
- New Mexico Emerging Infections Program, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
| | - Kyle Schutz
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Lucy Wilson
- Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Sandra N Bulens
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maroya Spalding Walters
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nadezhda Duffy
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alexander J Kallen
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher A Elkins
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - J Kamile Rasheed
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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12
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Kracalik I, Ham DC, McAllister G, Smith AR, Vowles M, Kauber K, Zambrano M, Rodriguez G, Garner K, Chorbi K, Cassidy PM, McBee S, Stoney RJ, Moser K, Villarino ME, Zazueta OE, Bhatnagar A, Sula E, Stanton RA, Brown AC, Halpin AL, Epstein L, Walters MS. Extensively Drug-Resistant Carbapenemase-Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Medical Tourism from the United States to Mexico, 2018-2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:51-61. [PMID: 34932447 PMCID: PMC8714193 DOI: 10.3201/eid2801.211880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) producing the Verona integron‒encoded metallo-β-lactamase (VIM) are highly antimicrobial drug-resistant pathogens that are uncommon in the United States. We investigated the source of VIM-CRPA among US medical tourists who underwent bariatric surgery in Tijuana, Mexico. Cases were defined as isolation of VIM-CRPA or CRPA from a patient who had an elective invasive medical procedure in Mexico during January 2018‒December 2019 and within 45 days before specimen collection. Whole-genome sequencing of isolates was performed. Thirty-eight case-patients were identified in 18 states; 31 were operated on by surgeon 1, most frequently at facility A (27/31 patients). Whole-genome sequencing identified isolates linked to surgeon 1 were closely related and distinct from isolates linked to other surgeons in Tijuana. Facility A closed in March 2019. US patients and providers should acknowledge the risk for colonization or infection after medical tourism with highly drug-resistant pathogens uncommon in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gillian McAllister
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (I. Kracalik, D. Cal Ham, G. McAllister, R.J. Stoney, K. Moser, M.E. Villarino, A. Bhatnagar, E. Sula, R.A. Stanton, A.C. Brown, A.L. Halpin, L. Epstein, M. Spalding Walters)
- Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (A.R. Smith, M. Vowles); Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, Washington, USA (K. Kauber)
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA (M. Zambrano, G. Rodriguez)
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA (K. Garner)
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (K. Chorbi)
- Oregon Health Authority, Portland, Oregon, USA (P.M. Cassidy)
- West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, Charleston, West Virginia, USA (S. McBee)
- Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico (O.E. Zazueta)
| | - Amanda R. Smith
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (I. Kracalik, D. Cal Ham, G. McAllister, R.J. Stoney, K. Moser, M.E. Villarino, A. Bhatnagar, E. Sula, R.A. Stanton, A.C. Brown, A.L. Halpin, L. Epstein, M. Spalding Walters)
- Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (A.R. Smith, M. Vowles); Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, Washington, USA (K. Kauber)
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA (M. Zambrano, G. Rodriguez)
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA (K. Garner)
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (K. Chorbi)
- Oregon Health Authority, Portland, Oregon, USA (P.M. Cassidy)
- West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, Charleston, West Virginia, USA (S. McBee)
- Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico (O.E. Zazueta)
| | - Maureen Vowles
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (I. Kracalik, D. Cal Ham, G. McAllister, R.J. Stoney, K. Moser, M.E. Villarino, A. Bhatnagar, E. Sula, R.A. Stanton, A.C. Brown, A.L. Halpin, L. Epstein, M. Spalding Walters)
- Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (A.R. Smith, M. Vowles); Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, Washington, USA (K. Kauber)
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA (M. Zambrano, G. Rodriguez)
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA (K. Garner)
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (K. Chorbi)
- Oregon Health Authority, Portland, Oregon, USA (P.M. Cassidy)
- West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, Charleston, West Virginia, USA (S. McBee)
- Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico (O.E. Zazueta)
| | - Kelly Kauber
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (I. Kracalik, D. Cal Ham, G. McAllister, R.J. Stoney, K. Moser, M.E. Villarino, A. Bhatnagar, E. Sula, R.A. Stanton, A.C. Brown, A.L. Halpin, L. Epstein, M. Spalding Walters)
- Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (A.R. Smith, M. Vowles); Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, Washington, USA (K. Kauber)
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA (M. Zambrano, G. Rodriguez)
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA (K. Garner)
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (K. Chorbi)
- Oregon Health Authority, Portland, Oregon, USA (P.M. Cassidy)
- West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, Charleston, West Virginia, USA (S. McBee)
- Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico (O.E. Zazueta)
| | - Melba Zambrano
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (I. Kracalik, D. Cal Ham, G. McAllister, R.J. Stoney, K. Moser, M.E. Villarino, A. Bhatnagar, E. Sula, R.A. Stanton, A.C. Brown, A.L. Halpin, L. Epstein, M. Spalding Walters)
- Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (A.R. Smith, M. Vowles); Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, Washington, USA (K. Kauber)
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA (M. Zambrano, G. Rodriguez)
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA (K. Garner)
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (K. Chorbi)
- Oregon Health Authority, Portland, Oregon, USA (P.M. Cassidy)
- West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, Charleston, West Virginia, USA (S. McBee)
- Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico (O.E. Zazueta)
| | - Gretchen Rodriguez
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (I. Kracalik, D. Cal Ham, G. McAllister, R.J. Stoney, K. Moser, M.E. Villarino, A. Bhatnagar, E. Sula, R.A. Stanton, A.C. Brown, A.L. Halpin, L. Epstein, M. Spalding Walters)
- Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (A.R. Smith, M. Vowles); Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, Washington, USA (K. Kauber)
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA (M. Zambrano, G. Rodriguez)
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA (K. Garner)
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (K. Chorbi)
- Oregon Health Authority, Portland, Oregon, USA (P.M. Cassidy)
- West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, Charleston, West Virginia, USA (S. McBee)
- Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico (O.E. Zazueta)
| | - Kelley Garner
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (I. Kracalik, D. Cal Ham, G. McAllister, R.J. Stoney, K. Moser, M.E. Villarino, A. Bhatnagar, E. Sula, R.A. Stanton, A.C. Brown, A.L. Halpin, L. Epstein, M. Spalding Walters)
- Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (A.R. Smith, M. Vowles); Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, Washington, USA (K. Kauber)
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA (M. Zambrano, G. Rodriguez)
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA (K. Garner)
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (K. Chorbi)
- Oregon Health Authority, Portland, Oregon, USA (P.M. Cassidy)
- West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, Charleston, West Virginia, USA (S. McBee)
- Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico (O.E. Zazueta)
| | - Kaitlyn Chorbi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (I. Kracalik, D. Cal Ham, G. McAllister, R.J. Stoney, K. Moser, M.E. Villarino, A. Bhatnagar, E. Sula, R.A. Stanton, A.C. Brown, A.L. Halpin, L. Epstein, M. Spalding Walters)
- Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (A.R. Smith, M. Vowles); Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, Washington, USA (K. Kauber)
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA (M. Zambrano, G. Rodriguez)
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA (K. Garner)
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (K. Chorbi)
- Oregon Health Authority, Portland, Oregon, USA (P.M. Cassidy)
- West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, Charleston, West Virginia, USA (S. McBee)
- Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico (O.E. Zazueta)
| | - P. Maureen Cassidy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (I. Kracalik, D. Cal Ham, G. McAllister, R.J. Stoney, K. Moser, M.E. Villarino, A. Bhatnagar, E. Sula, R.A. Stanton, A.C. Brown, A.L. Halpin, L. Epstein, M. Spalding Walters)
- Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (A.R. Smith, M. Vowles); Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, Washington, USA (K. Kauber)
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA (M. Zambrano, G. Rodriguez)
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA (K. Garner)
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (K. Chorbi)
- Oregon Health Authority, Portland, Oregon, USA (P.M. Cassidy)
- West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, Charleston, West Virginia, USA (S. McBee)
- Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico (O.E. Zazueta)
| | - Shannon McBee
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (I. Kracalik, D. Cal Ham, G. McAllister, R.J. Stoney, K. Moser, M.E. Villarino, A. Bhatnagar, E. Sula, R.A. Stanton, A.C. Brown, A.L. Halpin, L. Epstein, M. Spalding Walters)
- Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (A.R. Smith, M. Vowles); Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, Washington, USA (K. Kauber)
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA (M. Zambrano, G. Rodriguez)
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA (K. Garner)
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (K. Chorbi)
- Oregon Health Authority, Portland, Oregon, USA (P.M. Cassidy)
- West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, Charleston, West Virginia, USA (S. McBee)
- Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico (O.E. Zazueta)
| | - Rhett J. Stoney
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (I. Kracalik, D. Cal Ham, G. McAllister, R.J. Stoney, K. Moser, M.E. Villarino, A. Bhatnagar, E. Sula, R.A. Stanton, A.C. Brown, A.L. Halpin, L. Epstein, M. Spalding Walters)
- Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (A.R. Smith, M. Vowles); Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, Washington, USA (K. Kauber)
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA (M. Zambrano, G. Rodriguez)
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA (K. Garner)
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (K. Chorbi)
- Oregon Health Authority, Portland, Oregon, USA (P.M. Cassidy)
- West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, Charleston, West Virginia, USA (S. McBee)
- Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico (O.E. Zazueta)
| | - Kathleen Moser
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (I. Kracalik, D. Cal Ham, G. McAllister, R.J. Stoney, K. Moser, M.E. Villarino, A. Bhatnagar, E. Sula, R.A. Stanton, A.C. Brown, A.L. Halpin, L. Epstein, M. Spalding Walters)
- Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (A.R. Smith, M. Vowles); Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, Washington, USA (K. Kauber)
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA (M. Zambrano, G. Rodriguez)
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA (K. Garner)
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (K. Chorbi)
- Oregon Health Authority, Portland, Oregon, USA (P.M. Cassidy)
- West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, Charleston, West Virginia, USA (S. McBee)
- Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico (O.E. Zazueta)
| | - Margarita E. Villarino
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (I. Kracalik, D. Cal Ham, G. McAllister, R.J. Stoney, K. Moser, M.E. Villarino, A. Bhatnagar, E. Sula, R.A. Stanton, A.C. Brown, A.L. Halpin, L. Epstein, M. Spalding Walters)
- Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (A.R. Smith, M. Vowles); Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, Washington, USA (K. Kauber)
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA (M. Zambrano, G. Rodriguez)
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA (K. Garner)
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (K. Chorbi)
- Oregon Health Authority, Portland, Oregon, USA (P.M. Cassidy)
- West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, Charleston, West Virginia, USA (S. McBee)
- Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico (O.E. Zazueta)
| | - Oscar E. Zazueta
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (I. Kracalik, D. Cal Ham, G. McAllister, R.J. Stoney, K. Moser, M.E. Villarino, A. Bhatnagar, E. Sula, R.A. Stanton, A.C. Brown, A.L. Halpin, L. Epstein, M. Spalding Walters)
- Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (A.R. Smith, M. Vowles); Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, Washington, USA (K. Kauber)
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA (M. Zambrano, G. Rodriguez)
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA (K. Garner)
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (K. Chorbi)
- Oregon Health Authority, Portland, Oregon, USA (P.M. Cassidy)
- West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, Charleston, West Virginia, USA (S. McBee)
- Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico (O.E. Zazueta)
| | - Amelia Bhatnagar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (I. Kracalik, D. Cal Ham, G. McAllister, R.J. Stoney, K. Moser, M.E. Villarino, A. Bhatnagar, E. Sula, R.A. Stanton, A.C. Brown, A.L. Halpin, L. Epstein, M. Spalding Walters)
- Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (A.R. Smith, M. Vowles); Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, Washington, USA (K. Kauber)
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA (M. Zambrano, G. Rodriguez)
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA (K. Garner)
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (K. Chorbi)
- Oregon Health Authority, Portland, Oregon, USA (P.M. Cassidy)
- West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, Charleston, West Virginia, USA (S. McBee)
- Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico (O.E. Zazueta)
| | - Erisa Sula
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (I. Kracalik, D. Cal Ham, G. McAllister, R.J. Stoney, K. Moser, M.E. Villarino, A. Bhatnagar, E. Sula, R.A. Stanton, A.C. Brown, A.L. Halpin, L. Epstein, M. Spalding Walters)
- Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (A.R. Smith, M. Vowles); Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, Washington, USA (K. Kauber)
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA (M. Zambrano, G. Rodriguez)
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA (K. Garner)
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (K. Chorbi)
- Oregon Health Authority, Portland, Oregon, USA (P.M. Cassidy)
- West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, Charleston, West Virginia, USA (S. McBee)
- Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico (O.E. Zazueta)
| | - Richard A. Stanton
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (I. Kracalik, D. Cal Ham, G. McAllister, R.J. Stoney, K. Moser, M.E. Villarino, A. Bhatnagar, E. Sula, R.A. Stanton, A.C. Brown, A.L. Halpin, L. Epstein, M. Spalding Walters)
- Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (A.R. Smith, M. Vowles); Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, Washington, USA (K. Kauber)
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA (M. Zambrano, G. Rodriguez)
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA (K. Garner)
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (K. Chorbi)
- Oregon Health Authority, Portland, Oregon, USA (P.M. Cassidy)
- West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, Charleston, West Virginia, USA (S. McBee)
- Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico (O.E. Zazueta)
| | - Allison C. Brown
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (I. Kracalik, D. Cal Ham, G. McAllister, R.J. Stoney, K. Moser, M.E. Villarino, A. Bhatnagar, E. Sula, R.A. Stanton, A.C. Brown, A.L. Halpin, L. Epstein, M. Spalding Walters)
- Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (A.R. Smith, M. Vowles); Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, Washington, USA (K. Kauber)
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA (M. Zambrano, G. Rodriguez)
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA (K. Garner)
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (K. Chorbi)
- Oregon Health Authority, Portland, Oregon, USA (P.M. Cassidy)
- West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, Charleston, West Virginia, USA (S. McBee)
- Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico (O.E. Zazueta)
| | - Alison L. Halpin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (I. Kracalik, D. Cal Ham, G. McAllister, R.J. Stoney, K. Moser, M.E. Villarino, A. Bhatnagar, E. Sula, R.A. Stanton, A.C. Brown, A.L. Halpin, L. Epstein, M. Spalding Walters)
- Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (A.R. Smith, M. Vowles); Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, Washington, USA (K. Kauber)
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA (M. Zambrano, G. Rodriguez)
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA (K. Garner)
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (K. Chorbi)
- Oregon Health Authority, Portland, Oregon, USA (P.M. Cassidy)
- West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, Charleston, West Virginia, USA (S. McBee)
- Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico (O.E. Zazueta)
| | - Lauren Epstein
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (I. Kracalik, D. Cal Ham, G. McAllister, R.J. Stoney, K. Moser, M.E. Villarino, A. Bhatnagar, E. Sula, R.A. Stanton, A.C. Brown, A.L. Halpin, L. Epstein, M. Spalding Walters)
- Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (A.R. Smith, M. Vowles); Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, Washington, USA (K. Kauber)
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA (M. Zambrano, G. Rodriguez)
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA (K. Garner)
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (K. Chorbi)
- Oregon Health Authority, Portland, Oregon, USA (P.M. Cassidy)
- West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, Charleston, West Virginia, USA (S. McBee)
- Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico (O.E. Zazueta)
| | - Maroya Spalding Walters
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (I. Kracalik, D. Cal Ham, G. McAllister, R.J. Stoney, K. Moser, M.E. Villarino, A. Bhatnagar, E. Sula, R.A. Stanton, A.C. Brown, A.L. Halpin, L. Epstein, M. Spalding Walters)
- Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (A.R. Smith, M. Vowles); Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, Washington, USA (K. Kauber)
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA (M. Zambrano, G. Rodriguez)
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA (K. Garner)
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (K. Chorbi)
- Oregon Health Authority, Portland, Oregon, USA (P.M. Cassidy)
- West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, Charleston, West Virginia, USA (S. McBee)
- Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico (O.E. Zazueta)
| | - for the Verona Integron-Encoded Metallo-β-Lactamase–Producing Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Medical Tourism Investigation Team2
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (I. Kracalik, D. Cal Ham, G. McAllister, R.J. Stoney, K. Moser, M.E. Villarino, A. Bhatnagar, E. Sula, R.A. Stanton, A.C. Brown, A.L. Halpin, L. Epstein, M. Spalding Walters)
- Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (A.R. Smith, M. Vowles); Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, Washington, USA (K. Kauber)
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA (M. Zambrano, G. Rodriguez)
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA (K. Garner)
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (K. Chorbi)
- Oregon Health Authority, Portland, Oregon, USA (P.M. Cassidy)
- West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, Charleston, West Virginia, USA (S. McBee)
- Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico (O.E. Zazueta)
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13
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Sutton N, Ma N, Yang JS, Rawlings-Way O, Brown D, McAllister G, Parker D, Lewis R. Considering the new minimum staffing standards for Australian residential aged care. AUST HEALTH REV 2021; 46:391-397. [PMID: 34607628 DOI: 10.1071/ah21160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
ObjectiveTo compare the historical staffing patterns and organisational characteristics of Australian residential aged care facilities (RACFs) against the new minimum staffing standards recommended by the Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety (RCACQS).MethodRetrospective data analysis was used to compare the staffing levels and characteristics of 1705 RACFs (for 4 years, 2016-19) with the three new mandatory staffing requirements. De-identified datasets were provided by the RCACQS, obtained under its legal authority.ResultsOnly 3.8% of RACFs have staffing levels at or above all three requirements. Although many (79.7%) already meet the requirement to have a registered nurse (RN) on-site for morning and afternoon shifts, few have staffing levels above requirements for total direct care per resident per day (10.4%) or care provided by an RN per resident per day (11.1%). Historical levels of on-site RNs, total direct care, and RN care vary significantly across facilities of different size, location and provider scale.ConclusionThe new staffing standards, to be mandatory by 2023, prescribe minimum requirements significantly higher than existing levels, particularly in care per resident per day. Each of the three requirements will likely have a differential effect for different types of RACFs.What is known about the topic?International evidence suggests that introducing mandatory minimum staffing standards tends to increase the amount of care provided by staff in residential aged care facilities (RACFs). However, the impact of staffing standards is influenced by the stringency of the minimum threshold relative to existing staffing levels, the capacity of organisations to increase their staffing levels, and the specific way the regulation is formulated.What does this paper add?This paper explores the potential implications of the three national minimum staffing standards, to be in force by October 2023, specifying total direct care, care received by a registered nurse (RN), and an RN on-site. By examining the existing staffing levels of Australian RACFs, it identifies the extent to which facilities already meet the new standards and the characteristics of facilities with staffing levels above and below the three requirements (individually and in combination).What are the implications for practitioners?The study informs both policy and practice in relation to the likely effects of implementing the national minimum staffing standards for residential aged care in Australia. It demonstrates that the new minimum thresholds are likely to require substantial increases in staffing across the sector, both in terms of all direct care workers and RNs. It also shows that the three requirements are likely to have a differential effect for RACFs of different size, location and chain affiliation, thereby guiding policy about the future needs for Australia's aged care workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Sutton
- UTS Business School, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Nelson Ma
- UTS Business School, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Jin Sug Yang
- UTS Business School, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Olivia Rawlings-Way
- UTS Business School, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - David Brown
- UTS Business School, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Gillian McAllister
- UTS Business School, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Deborah Parker
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Rachael Lewis
- UNSW Business School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 1466, Australia
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14
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Hartnett KP, Powell KM, Rankin D, Gable P, Kim JJ, Spoto S, Breaker E, Hunter R, Dotson N, McAllister G, Stevens V, Halpin AL, Houston H, Epson E, Malarkey M, Mendoza M, McNeill L, Perkins KM. Investigation of Bacterial Infections Among Patients Treated With Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Products Marketed as Stem Cell Therapies. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2128615. [PMID: 34618037 PMCID: PMC8498849 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.28615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The number of clinics marketing stem cell products for joint diseases, chronic pain, and most recently, COVID-19, has increased despite warnings from the US Food and Drug Administration that stem cell products for these and other indications have not been proven safe or effective. OBJECTIVE To examine bacterial infections in 20 patients who received umbilical cord blood-derived products marketed as stem cell treatment. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This case series is a national public health investigation including case-finding, medical record review and abstraction, and laboratory investigation, including sterility testing of products and whole-genome sequencing of patient and product isolates. Participants included patients who developed bacterial infections following administration of umbilical cord blood-derived products marketed as stem cell treatment during August 2017 to September 2018. Data analysis was performed from March 2019 to September 2021. EXPOSURES Umbilical cord blood-derived products marketed as stem cell treatment. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Data were collected on patient infections and exposures. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention performed sterility testing on undistributed and distributed vials of product marketed as stem cell treatment and performed whole-genome sequencing to compare patient and product bacterial isolates. RESULTS Culture-confirmed bacterial infections were identified in 20 patients (median [range] age, 63 [2-89] years; 13 male patients [65%]) from 8 US states who sought stem cell treatment for conditions including pain, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and injury; all but 1 required hospitalization. The most frequently isolated bacteria from patients with infections were common enteric species, including Escherichia coli (14 patients) and Enterobacter cloacae (7 patients). Of unopened, undistributed products sampled for testing, 65% (22 of 34 vials) were contaminated with at least 1 of 16 bacterial species, mostly enteric. A patient isolate from Arizona matched isolates obtained from products administered to patients in Florida, and patient isolates from Texas matched undistributed product sent from the company in California. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Unapproved stem cell products can expose patients to serious risks without proven benefit. Sequencing results suggest a common source of extensive contamination, likely occurring during the processing of cord blood into product. Patients and health care practitioners who are considering the use of unapproved products marketed as stem cell treatment should be aware of their unproven benefits and potential risks, including serious infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen P. Hartnett
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Krista M. Powell
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Paige Gable
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Erin Breaker
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Gillian McAllister
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Valerie Stevens
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alison Laufer Halpin
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hollis Houston
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Erin Epson
- California Department of Public Health, Sacramento
| | - Mary Malarkey
- US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Lorrie McNeill
- US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Kiran M. Perkins
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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15
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Ham DC, Mahon G, Bhaurla SK, Horwich-Scholefield S, Klein L, Dotson N, Rasheed JK, McAllister G, Stanton RA, Karlsson M, Lonsway D, Huang JY, Brown AC, Walters MS. Gram-Negative Bacteria Harboring Multiple Carbapenemase Genes, United States, 2012-2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2475-2479. [PMID: 34424168 PMCID: PMC8386808 DOI: 10.3201/eid2709.210456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports of organisms harboring multiple carbapenemase genes have increased since 2010. During October 2012–April 2019, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention documented 151 of these isolates from 100 patients in the United States. Possible risk factors included recent history of international travel, international inpatient healthcare, and solid organ or bone marrow transplantation.
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16
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de Man TJB, Yaffee AQ, Zhu W, Batra D, Alyanak E, Rowe LA, McAllister G, Moulton-Meissner H, Boyd S, Flinchum A, Slayton RB, Hancock S, Spalding Walters M, Laufer Halpin A, Rasheed JK, Noble-Wang J, Kallen AJ, Limbago BM. Multispecies Outbreak of Verona Integron-Encoded Metallo-ß-Lactamase-Producing Multidrug Resistant Bacteria Driven by a Promiscuous Incompatibility Group A/C2 Plasmid. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:414-420. [PMID: 32255490 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic resistance is often spread through bacterial populations via conjugative plasmids. However, plasmid transfer is not well recognized in clinical settings because of technical limitations, and health care-associated infections are usually caused by clonal transmission of a single pathogen. In 2015, multiple species of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), all producing a rare carbapenemase, were identified among patients in an intensive care unit. This observation suggested a large, previously unrecognized plasmid transmission chain and prompted our investigation. METHODS Electronic medical record reviews, infection control observations, and environmental sampling completed the epidemiologic outbreak investigation. A laboratory analysis, conducted on patient and environmental isolates, included long-read whole-genome sequencing to fully elucidate plasmid DNA structures. Bioinformatics analyses were applied to infer plasmid transmission chains and results were subsequently confirmed using plasmid conjugation experiments. RESULTS We identified 14 Verona integron-encoded metallo-ß-lactamase (VIM)-producing CRE in 12 patients, and 1 additional isolate was obtained from a patient room sink drain. Whole-genome sequencing identified the horizontal transfer of blaVIM-1, a rare carbapenem resistance mechanism in the United States, via a promiscuous incompatibility group A/C2 plasmid that spread among 5 bacterial species isolated from patients and the environment. CONCLUSIONS This investigation represents the largest known outbreak of VIM-producing CRE in the United States to date, which comprises numerous bacterial species and strains. We present evidence of in-hospital plasmid transmission, as well as environmental contamination. Our findings demonstrate the potential for 2 types of hospital-acquired infection outbreaks: those due to clonal expansion and those due to the spread of conjugative plasmids encoding antibiotic resistance across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J B de Man
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anna Q Yaffee
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Kentucky Department for Public Health, Frankfort, Kentucky, USA
| | - Wenming Zhu
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dhwani Batra
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Efe Alyanak
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lori A Rowe
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gillian McAllister
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Heather Moulton-Meissner
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sandra Boyd
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrea Flinchum
- Kentucky Department for Public Health, Frankfort, Kentucky, USA
| | - Rachel B Slayton
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven Hancock
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Maroya Spalding Walters
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alison Laufer Halpin
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James Kamile Rasheed
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Judith Noble-Wang
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alexander J Kallen
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Brandi M Limbago
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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17
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Labuda SM, Garner K, Cima M, Moulton-Meissner H, Laufer Halpin A, Charles-Toney N, Yu P, Bolton E, Pierce R, Crist MB, Gomes D, Gable P, McAllister G, Lawsin A, Houston H, Patil N, Wheeler JG, Bradsher R, Vyas K, Haselow D. Bloodstream Infections With a Novel Nontuberculous Mycobacterium Involving 52 Outpatient Oncology Clinic Patients-Arkansas, 2018. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71:e178-e185. [PMID: 31872853 PMCID: PMC7938859 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In July 2018, the Arkansas Department of Health (ADH) was notified by hospital A of 3 patients with bloodstream infections (BSIs) with a rapidly growing nontuberculous Mycobacterium (NTM) species; on 5 September 2018, 6 additional BSIs were reported. All were among oncology patients at clinic A. We investigated to identify sources and to prevent further infections. METHODS ADH performed an onsite investigation at clinic A on 7 September 2018 and reviewed patient charts, obtained environmental samples, and cultured isolates. The isolates were sequenced (whole genome, 16S, rpoB) by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to determine species identity and relatedness. RESULTS By 31 December 2018, 52 of 151 (34%) oncology patients with chemotherapy ports accessed at clinic A during 22 March-12 September 2018 had NTM BSIs. Infected patients received significantly more saline flushes than uninfected patients (P < .001) during the risk period. NTM grew from 6 unused saline flushes compounded by clinic A. The identified species was novel and designated Mycobacterium FVL 201832. Isolates from patients and saline flushes were highly related by whole-genome sequencing, indicating a common source. Clinic A changed to prefilled saline flushes on 12 September as recommended. CONCLUSIONS Mycobacterium FVL 201832 caused BSIs in oncology clinic patients. Laboratory data allowed investigators to rapidly link infections to contaminated saline flushes; cooperation between multiple institutions resulted in timely outbreak resolution. New state policies being considered because of this outbreak include adding extrapulmonary NTM to ADH's reportable disease list and providing more oversight to outpatient oncology clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Labuda
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kelley Garner
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Michael Cima
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Heather Moulton-Meissner
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alison Laufer Halpin
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Nadege Charles-Toney
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Peter Yu
- Jefferson Regional Medical Center, Pine Bluff, Arkansas, USA
| | - Erin Bolton
- Jefferson Regional Medical Center, Pine Bluff, Arkansas, USA
| | - Reid Pierce
- Jefferson Regional Medical Center, Pine Bluff, Arkansas, USA
| | - Matthew B Crist
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Danica Gomes
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Paige Gable
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gillian McAllister
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Adrian Lawsin
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hollis Houston
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Naveen Patil
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - J Gary Wheeler
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Robert Bradsher
- University of Arkansas for the Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Keyur Vyas
- University of Arkansas for the Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Dirk Haselow
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Shenoy ES, Pierce VM, Walters MS, Moulton-Meissner H, Lawsin A, Lonsway D, Shugart A, McAllister G, Halpin AL, Zambrano-Gonzalez A, Ryan EE, Suslak D, DeJesus A, Barton K, Madoff LC, McHale E, DeMaria A, Hooper DC. Transmission of Mobile Colistin Resistance (mcr-1) by Duodenoscope. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 68:1327-1334. [PMID: 30204838 PMCID: PMC10849062 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinicians increasingly utilize polymyxins for treatment of serious infections caused by multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. Emergence of plasmid-mediated, mobile colistin resistance genes creates potential for rapid spread of polymyxin resistance. We investigated the possible transmission of Klebsiella pneumoniae carrying mcr-1 via duodenoscope and report the first documented healthcare transmission of mcr-1-harboring bacteria in the United States. METHODS A field investigation, including screening targeted high-risk groups, evaluation of the duodenoscope, and genome sequencing of isolated organisms, was conducted. The study site included a tertiary care academic health center in Boston, Massachusetts, and extended to community locations in New England. RESULTS Two patients had highly related mcr-1-positive K. pneumoniae isolated from clinical cultures; a duodenoscope was the only identified epidemiological link. Screening tests for mcr-1 in 20 healthcare contacts and 2 household contacts were negative. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli were recovered from the duodenoscope; neither carried mcr-1. Evaluation of the duodenoscope identified intrusion of biomaterial under the sealed distal cap; devices were recalled to repair this defect. CONCLUSIONS We identified transmission of mcr-1 in a United States acute care hospital that likely occurred via duodenoscope despite no identifiable breaches in reprocessing or infection control practices. Duodenoscope design flaws leading to transmission of multidrug-resistant organsisms persist despite recent initiatives to improve device safety. Reliable detection of colistin resistance is currently challenging for clinical laboratories, particularly given the absence of a US Food and Drug Administration-cleared test; improved clinical laboratory capacity for colistin susceptibility testing is needed to prevent the spread of mcr-carrying bacteria in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica S Shenoy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston, Massachusetts
- Infection Control Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Virginia M Pierce
- Microbiology Laboratory, Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maroya Spalding Walters
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Heather Moulton-Meissner
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Adrian Lawsin
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David Lonsway
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alicia Shugart
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gillian McAllister
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alison Laufer Halpin
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Erin E Ryan
- Infection Control Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dolores Suslak
- Infection Control Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexandra DeJesus
- Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kerri Barton
- Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lawrence C Madoff
- Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eileen McHale
- Bureau of Health Care Safety and Quality, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alfred DeMaria
- Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David C Hooper
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston, Massachusetts
- Infection Control Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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19
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Horth RZ, Jones JM, Kim JJ, Lopansri BK, Ilstrup SJ, Fridey J, Kelley WE, Stramer SL, Nambiar A, Ramirez-Avila L, Nichols A, Garcia W, Oakeson KF, Vlachos N, McAllister G, Hunter R, Nakashima AK, Basavaraju SV. Fatal Sepsis Associated with Bacterial Contamination of Platelets - Utah and California, August 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018; 67:718-722. [PMID: 29953428 PMCID: PMC6023189 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6725a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Gambino-Shirley K, Stevenson L, Concepción-Acevedo J, Trees E, Wagner D, Whitlock L, Roberts J, Garrett N, Van Duyne S, McAllister G, Schick B, Schlater L, Peralta V, Reporter R, Li L, Waechter H, Gomez T, Fernández Ordenes J, Ulloa S, Ragimbeau C, Mossong J, Nichols M. Flea market finds and global exports: Four multistate outbreaks of human Salmonella infections linked to small turtles, United States-2015. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:560-568. [PMID: 29577654 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic transmission of Salmonella infections causes an estimated 11% of salmonellosis annually in the United States. This report describes the epidemiologic, traceback and laboratory investigations conducted in the United States as part of four multistate outbreaks of Salmonella infections linked to small turtles. Salmonella isolates indistinguishable from the outbreak strains were isolated from a total of 143 ill people in the United States, pet turtles, and pond water samples collected from turtle farm A, as well as ill people from Chile and Luxembourg. Almost half (45%) of infections occurred in children aged <5 years, underscoring the importance of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendation to keep pet turtles and other reptiles out of homes and childcare settings with young children. Although only 43% of the ill people who reported turtle exposure provided purchase information, most small turtles were purchased from flea markets or street vendors, which made it difficult to locate the vendor, trace the turtles to a farm of origin, provide education and enforce the United States federal ban on the sale and distribution of small turtles. These outbreaks highlight the importance of improving public awareness and education about the risk of Salmonella from small turtles not only in the United States but also worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gambino-Shirley
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - L Stevenson
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Concepción-Acevedo
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - E Trees
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - D Wagner
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - L Whitlock
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Roberts
- Louisiana Department of Agriculture & Forestry, Office of Animal Health & Food Safety, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - N Garrett
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S Van Duyne
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - G McAllister
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - B Schick
- Service Center 4, USDA, APHIS, Veterinary Services, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - L Schlater
- Diagnostic Bacteriology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA, USA
| | - V Peralta
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - R Reporter
- Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - L Li
- New York City Department of Health & Mental Hygiene, Long Island City, NY, USA
| | - H Waechter
- New York City Department of Health & Mental Hygiene, Long Island City, NY, USA
| | - T Gomez
- USDA, APHIS, Veterinary Services Liaison to CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - S Ulloa
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago-Chile, Chile
| | - C Ragimbeau
- Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - J Mossong
- Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - M Nichols
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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21
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Gambino-Shirley K, Stevenson L, Wargo K, Burnworth L, Roberts J, Garrett N, Van Duyne S, McAllister G, Nichols M. Notes from the Field: Four Multistate Outbreaks of HumanSalmonellaInfections Linked to Small Turtle Exposure — United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016; 65:655-6. [DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6525a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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22
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McAllister G, Elbe D, De Pietro N, Portales-casamar E, Lin D, Rosenfeld T, Penn D, Stockler S, Mount D, Ipsiroglu O. Communication error analysis of sleep/wake-behaviour assessments: The need for optimizing communication and data gathering with new technologies. Sleep Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2015.02.1492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Johannessen I, McAllister G, Bailey D, White J, Vipond R, Aarons E, Simpson A, Brooks T, Templeton K. Ebola and the Scottish National VHF Test Service. J Clin Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Palmateer N, Hutchinson S, McAllister G, Munro A, Cameron S, Goldberg D, Taylor A. Risk of transmission associated with sharing drug injecting paraphernalia: analysis of recent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection using cross-sectional survey data. J Viral Hepat 2014; 21:25-32. [PMID: 24329854 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sharing injecting paraphernalia (containers, filters and water) poses a risk of transmitting the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The prevalence of, and risk of HCV from, such behaviour has not been extensively reported in Europe. People who inject drugs (PWID) were recruited in cross-sectional surveys from services providing sterile injecting equipment across Scotland between 2008 and 2010. Participants completed a questionnaire and provided a blood spot for anonymous testing. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between recent HCV infection (anti-HCV negative and HCV-RNA positive) and self-reported measures of injecting equipment sharing in the 6 months preceding interview. Twelve per cent of the sample reported sharing needles/syringes, and 40% reported sharing paraphernalia in the previous 6 months. The adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for sharing needles/syringes (+/- paraphernalia), and sharing only paraphernalia in the last 6 months were 6.7 (95% CI 2.6-17.1) and 3.0 (95% CI 1.2-7.5), respectively. Among those who reported not sharing needles/syringes, sharing containers and filters were both significantly associated with recent HCV infection (AOR 3.1, 95% CI 1.3-7.8 and 3.1, 95% CI 1.3-7.5, respectively); sharing water was not. We present the first study to apply a cross-sectional approach to the analysis of the association between sharing paraphernalia and incident HCV infection and demonstrate consistent results with previous longitudinal studies. The prevalence of paraphernalia sharing in our study population is high, representing significant potential for HCV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Palmateer
- Blood-borne Viruses and Sexually Transmitted Infections Section, Health Protection Scotland, Glasgow, UK
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25
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Holmes A, McAllister G, McAdam PR, Hsien Choi S, Girvan K, Robb A, Edwards G, Templeton K, Fitzgerald JR. Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism-based assay for high-resolution epidemiological analysis of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus hospital clone EMRSA-15. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 20:O124-31. [PMID: 23927001 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The EMRSA-15 clone is a major cause of nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in the UK and elsewhere but existing typing methodologies have limited capacity to discriminate closely related strains, and are often poorly reproducible between laboratories. Here, we report the design, development and validation of a genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing method and compare it to established methods for typing of EMRSA-15. In order to identify discriminatory SNPs, the genomes of 17 EMRSA-15 strains, selected to represent the breadth of genotypic and phenotypic diversity of EMRSA-15 isolates in Scotland, were determined and phylogenetic reconstruction was carried out. In addition to 17 phylogenetically informative SNPs, five binary markers were included to form the basis of an EMRSA-15 genotyping assay. The SNP-based typing assay was as discriminatory as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and significantly more discriminatory than staphylococcal protein A (spa) typing for typing of a representative panel of diverse EMRSA-15 strains, isolates from two EMRSA-15 hospital outbreak investigations, and a panel of bacteraemia isolates obtained in healthcare facilities in the east of Scotland during a 12-month period. The assay is a rapid, and reproducible approach for epidemiological analysis of EMRSA-15 clinical isolates in Scotland. Unlike established methods the DNA sequence-based method is ideally suited for inter-laboratory comparison of identified genotypes, and its flexibility lends itself to supplementation with additional SNPs or markers for the identification of novel S. aureus strains in other regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Holmes
- The Roslin Institute and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, Easter Bush Campus, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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26
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Meetoo D, McAllister G, West A, Turnbull M. In pursuit of excellence in diabetes care: trends in insulin delivery. Br J Nurs 2012; 21:588-595. [PMID: 22875294 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2012.21.10.588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus has been estimated to affect 2.9 million people in the UK. Large-scale clinical trials conclusively demonstrate that elevated blood glucose levels are associated with an increased risk of micro- and macrovascular complications. The high rates of morbidity and mortality associated with this condition demonstrate how important effective glycaemic control is. Subcutaneous insulin injection continues to be the mainstay of therapy for all people with type 1 diabetes mellitus and the majority of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, there are a number of barriers to insulin therapy. For example, conventional insulin delivery is arguably time consuming. Furthermore, it has been associated with common errors, such as inaccurate dosing and administration (National Patient Safety Agency, 2010). Insulin pen devices have various advantages over conventional delivery. Their ease of use and incorporation into busy lifestyles may improve diabetes control with much less effort, while maintaining adherence and quality of life. Research in insulin delivery shows there is a prospect of needle-free delivery in the near future. Despite such progress, the role of the healthcare professionals in involving, assessing, supporting and educating people having insulin therapy, including the attainment of the agreed blood glucose levels, cannot be overestimated.
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27
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Schwarz E, Guest PC, Rahmoune H, Harris LW, Wang L, Leweke FM, Rothermundt M, Bogerts B, Koethe D, Kranaster L, Ohrmann P, Suslow T, McAllister G, Spain M, Barnes A, van Beveren NJM, Baron-Cohen S, Steiner J, Torrey FE, Yolken RH, Bahn S. Identification of a biological signature for schizophrenia in serum. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:494-502. [PMID: 21483431 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers are now used in many areas of medicine but are still lacking for psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia (SCZ). We have used a multiplex molecular profiling approach to measure serum concentrations of 181 proteins and small molecules in 250 first and recent onset SCZ, 35 major depressive disorder (MDD), 32 euthymic bipolar disorder (BPD), 45 Asperger syndrome and 280 control subjects. Preliminary analysis resulted in identification of a signature comprised of 34 analytes in a cohort of closely matched SCZ (n=71) and control (n=59) subjects. Partial least squares discriminant analysis using this signature gave a separation of 60-75% of SCZ subjects from controls across five independent cohorts. The same analysis also gave a separation of ~50% of MDD patients and 10-20% of BPD and Asperger syndrome subjects from controls. These results demonstrate for the first time that a biological signature for SCZ can be identified in blood serum. This study lays the groundwork for development of a diagnostic test that can be used as an aid for distinguishing SCZ subjects from healthy controls and from those affected by related psychiatric illnesses with overlapping symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schwarz
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny D Wilson
- Adult Nursing, School of Nursing & Midwifery, University of Salford, Allerton Building, Salford
| | - Gillian McAllister
- Scheduled Care Medicine, Lead Nurse, Phoenix Sexual Health Centre, The Royal Oldham Hospital, Oldham
| | - Adele West
- Diabetes Centre, North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester
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29
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Guest PC, Wang L, Harris LW, Burling K, Levin Y, Ernst A, Wayland MT, Umrania Y, Herberth M, Koethe D, van Beveren JM, Rothermundt M, McAllister G, Leweke FM, Steiner J, Bahn S. Increased levels of circulating insulin-related peptides in first-onset, antipsychotic naïve schizophrenia patients. Mol Psychiatry 2010; 15:118-9. [PMID: 20098438 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2009.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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30
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Zhang R, McAllister G, Scotney B, McClean S, Houston G. Coupling wavelet transform with bayesian network to classify auditory brainstem responses. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2007; 2005:7568-71. [PMID: 17282032 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2005.1616263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a method that combines wavelet transform and Bayesian network is developed for the classification of the auditory brainstem response (ABR). First the wavelet transform is applied to extract the important features of the ABR by thresholding and matching the wavelet coefficients. A Bayesian network is then built up based on several variables obtained from these significant wavelet coefficients. In order to evaluate the performance of this approach, stratified 10-fold cross-validation is used and the network is evaluated on subject-dependent test sets (drawn from the same subjects from which the training set was derived). In particular, the data analyzed here are the ABR data with only fewer repetitions (64 or 128 repetitions) and this offers the great advantage of reducing the total time of recording, which is very beneficial to both the clinicians and the patients. Finally, a preprocessing method based on Woody averaging is applied to adjust the latency shift of the ABR data and it enhances the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zhang
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Ulster, United Kingdom
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31
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Guscott M, Bristow LJ, Hadingham K, Rosahl TW, Beer MS, Stanton JA, Bromidge F, Owens AP, Huscroft I, Myers J, Rupniak NM, Patel S, Whiting PJ, Hutson PH, Fone KC, Biello SM, Kulagowski JJ, McAllister G. Genetic knockout and pharmacological blockade studies of the 5-HT7 receptor suggest therapeutic potential in depression. Neuropharmacology 2005; 48:492-502. [PMID: 15755477 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Revised: 10/19/2004] [Accepted: 11/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The affinity of several antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs for the 5-HT7 receptor and its CNS distribution suggest potential in the treatment of psychiatric diseases. However, there is little direct evidence of receptor function in vivo to support this. We therefore evaluated 5-HT7 receptors as a potential drug target by generating and assessing a 5-HT7 receptor knockout mouse. No difference in assays sensitive to potential psychotic or anxiety states was observed between the 5-HT7 receptor knockout mice and wild type controls. However, in the Porsolt swim test, 5-HT7 receptor knockout mice showed a significant decrease in immobility compared to controls, a phenotype similar to antidepressant treated mice. Intriguingly, treatment of wild types with SB-258719, a selective 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, did not produce a significant decrease in immobility unless animals were tested in the dark (or active) cycle, rather than the light, adding to the body of evidence suggesting a circadian influence on receptor function. Extracellular recordings from hypothalamic slices showed that circadian rhythm phase shifts to 8-OH-DPAT are attenuated in the 5-HT7 receptor KO mice also indicating a role for the receptor in the regulation of circadian rhythms. These pharmacological and genetic knockout studies provide the first direct evidence that 5-HT7 receptor antagonists should be investigated for efficacy in the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guscott
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Terlings Park, Eastwick Road, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, UK.
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32
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Guscott MR, Egan E, Cook GP, Stanton JA, Beer MS, Rosahl TW, Hartmann S, Kulagowski J, McAllister G, Fone KCF, Hutson PH. The hypothermic effect of 5-CT in mice is mediated through the 5-HT7 receptor. Neuropharmacology 2003; 44:1031-7. [PMID: 12763096 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(03)00117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The 5-HT(7) receptor is a recent addition to the 5-HT receptor family and to date there is no clear idea as to its potential role in the CNS. The receptor has been mapped by in situ hybridization and 5-HT(7)-like immunoreactivity and has been detected in discrete areas of the brain including the hypothalamus (Oliver et al., 1999). This suggests the receptor may be involved in temperature regulation and have shown that a selective 5-HT(7) receptor antagonist reverses the hypothermic effect of 5-CT in guinea-pigs. The current study confirmed that the 5-HT(7) receptor antagonists, SB-269970 (1-30 mg/kg, i.p.) and SB-258719 (5-20 mg/kg, i.p.), but not the 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist, WAY 100635(0.1-1 mg/kg, s.c.), or the 5-HT(1B/D) antagonist, GR127935 (1.25-5 mg/kg, i.p.), reversed the hypothermic effect of 5-CT in mice. In addition the effect of 5-CT on body temperature was examined on 5-HT(7) receptor null mutant mice. 5-CT (0.1-1 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced rectal temperature in wildtype but not 5-HT(7) receptor knockout mice. This suggests that the hypothermic effects of 5-CT are mediated through the 5-HT(7) receptor. All procedures were carried out in accordance with the UK Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act (1986).
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Guscott
- Merck, Sharp and Dohme, The Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, CM20 2QR, Harlow, UK.
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33
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Russell MG, Baker RJ, Barden L, Beer MS, Bristow L, Broughton HB, Knowles M, McAllister G, Patel S, Castro JL. N-Arylsulfonylindole derivatives as serotonin 5-HT(6) receptor ligands. J Med Chem 2001; 44:3881-95. [PMID: 11689074 DOI: 10.1021/jm010943m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of N(1)-arylsulfonyltryptamines were found to be potent ligands of the human serotonin 5-HT(6) receptor with the 5-methoxy-1-benzenesulfonyl analogue (19) having the highest affinity. Additionally, it was discovered that a group such as 3-(3-methoxybenzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl in the 2-position of the indole ring (43) can replace the arylsulfonyl substituent in the 1-position with no loss of affinity. This suggested that the binding conformation of the aminoethyl side chain at this receptor was toward the 4-position of the indole ring and was supported by the fact that the 4-(aminoethyl)indoles (45) also displayed high affinity, as did the conformationally rigid 1,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenz[c,d]indole (49). Molecular modeling showed that 19, 43, and 45 all had low-energy conformers that overlaid well onto 49. Both 19 and 49 had good selectivity over other serotonin receptors tested, with 49 also showing excellent selectivity over all dopamine receptors. In a functional adenylate cyclase stimulation assay, 19 and 49 had no agonist activity, whereas 45 behaved as a partial agonist. Finally, it was shown that 19 had good activity in the 5-HT(2A) centrally mediated mescaline-induced head twitch assay, which implies that it is brain-penetrant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Russell
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Eastwick Road, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, United Kingdom.
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34
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Mitra S, Feng C, Zhu N, McAllister G. Application and field validation of a continuous nonmethane organic carbon analyzer. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2001; 51:861-868. [PMID: 11417677 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.2001.10464322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nonmethane organic carbon (NMOC) is a measure of total organic carbon except for that from CH4. We recently reported the development of online instrumentation for continuous NMOC monitoring. This instrument, referred to as C-NMOC, uses a microsorbent trap in combination with a gas-sampling valve as the sampling interface. A conventional oxidation/reduction NMOC detector is used for quantitation. In addition to being an online concentrator and an injector, the microtrap serves as a separator that isolates NMOC from H2O, CO, CO2, CH4, and other background gases. Therefore, the C-NMOC is able to handle high concentrations of background gases commonly found in stack emissions and has detection limits in the ppb levels. This paper reports the results of field validation and testing of a C-NMOC analyzer at a coatings facility in the eastern United States. The instrument was able to monitor the process transients in real time, based on which corrective actions could be taken. It demonstrated good accuracy, high precision, and long-term stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mitra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry, and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, USA.
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35
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Abstract
The Edg (endothelial differentiation gene) receptors are recently discovered G-protein coupled receptors which are activated by endogenous lysophospholipids. The cellular activities mediated by Edg receptors are reminiscent of those normally associated with Trk receptor activation and include modulation of cell growth, differentiation, proliferation and migration as well as apoptotic and cytoskeletal effects. In this study we have investigated immunohistochemically the distribution of one family member, the Edg2 receptor, within the adult rat brain and shown the protein expression to be most prominent in white matter tract regions. This suggests a possible role for the Edg2 receptor in nerve cell myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Handford
- Department of Biochemistry, Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Harlow, Essex, UK
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36
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Howard AD, McAllister G, Feighner SD, Liu Q, Nargund RP, Van der Ploeg LH, Patchett AA. Orphan G-protein-coupled receptors and natural ligand discovery. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2001; 22:132-40. [PMID: 11239576 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-6147(00)01636-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The superfamily of seven-transmembrane-domain G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is the largest and most diverse group of transmembrane proteins involved in signal transduction. Each of the approximately 1000 family members found in vertebrates responds to stimuli as diverse as hormones, neurotransmitters, odorants and light, which selectively activate intracellular signaling events mediated by heterotrimeric G proteins. Because GPCRs are centrally positioned in the plasma membrane to initiate a cascade of cellular responses by diverse extracellular mediators, it is not surprising that modulation of GPCR function has been successful in the development of many marketed therapeutic agents. It has become clear that GPCRs for which a natural activating ligand has not yet been identified (orphan GPCRs) might provide a path to discovering new cellular substances that are important in human physiology. The process of 'de-orphanizing' these novel proteins has accelerated significantly and opened up new avenues for research in human physiology and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Howard
- Dept of Metabolic Disorders, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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37
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George SE, Schaeffer MT, Cully D, Beer MS, McAllister G. A high-throughput glow-type aequorin assay for measuring receptor-mediated changes in intracellular calcium levels. Anal Biochem 2000; 286:231-7. [PMID: 11067745 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2000.4821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A glow-type aequorin luminescence assay for measuring receptor-mediated stimulation of intracellular calcium levels is described and characterized. The human 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) receptor stably coexpressed in human embryonic kidney cells with apoaequorin was used to characterize the system and showed that following the flash reaction, a stable luminescence signal could be measured using a microplate scintillation counter for between 3 and 7 h after the addition of receptor agonist. Furthermore, this luminescence was dependent on the concentration of agonist used and gave potency values that were stable over this time period. Testing a range of 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) receptor agonists gave the expected rank order of potency for this receptor. The glow luminescence could also be inhibited by 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) receptor antagonists, generating affinity values that directly correlated with those determined for inhibition of the flash reaction carried out under the same buffer conditions. The assay therefore gave pharmacologically relevant data and allows a significant improvement of throughput over the traditional flash-type measurements made using an injecting luminometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E George
- Merck, Sharp & Dohme, Terlings Park, Eastwick Road, Harlow, Essex, CM20 2QR, United Kingdom
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38
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Guest PC, Salim K, Skynner HA, George SE, Bresnick JN, McAllister G. Identification and characterization of a truncated variant of the 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) receptor produced by alternative splicing. Brain Res 2000; 876:238-44. [PMID: 10973616 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02664-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have identified an alternatively spliced 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor (5-HT(2A)-R) transcript by PCR of human brain cDNA using degenerate oligonucleotide primers to transmembrane (TM) domains 3 and 7 of the 5-HT(2)-R subfamily. The variant contains a 118-bp insertion at the exon II/III boundary of the 5-HT(2A)-R, which produces a frame shift in the coding sequence and a premature stop codon. PCR analysis showed that the truncated receptor (5-HT(2A-tr)) and native 5-HT(2A)-R were co-expressed in most brain tissues, with the highest levels being found in hippocampus, corpus collosum, amygdala and caudate nucleus. Western blot analysis of HEK-293 cells transfected transiently with a 5-HT(2A-tr) construct showed that a 30-kDa protein was expressed on cell membranes. Co-transfection studies showed no effect of the 5-HT(2A-tr) variant on 3H-ketanserin binding to the native 5-HT(2A)-R or on functional coupling of the 5-HT(2A)-R to 5-HT-stimulated Ca(2+) mobilization. The functional significance of the 5-HT(2A-tr) variant and other truncated receptors remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Guest
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Essex, Harlow, UK.
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39
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Abstract
Recombinant receptor cell lines are widely used in G-protein-coupled receptor selectivity studies. To unequivocally interpret the results of such studies, it is essential that the host cell line does not endogenously express the receptor of interest and in addition is unresponsive to the receptor's natural ligand. Here we describe an approach to overcome such difficulties associated with orphan receptors or, as in the present case, receptors whose endogenous ligand ubiquitously affects mammalian cells. The functional heterologous assay system described is for the hEdg2 receptor, which uses lysophosphatidic acid as its endogenous ligand. Once activated, this receptor mediates its effects via multiple secondary messenger pathways, including a Gi-coupled pathway. We have transiently expressed a pertussis toxin-insensitive hEdg2 receptor-ratGialpha1 fusion protein into human embryonic kidney cells and have monitored the ability of compounds to stimulate [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding in membranes prepared from these cells after pretreatment with toxin. Because the assay conditions used favor Gi-mediated responses and because endogenous Gialpha subunits are rendered inactive, the response measured is, by definition, fusion protein-mediated. Consequently, we have developed an assay that monitors definitively Edg2 receptor-mediated responses in a mammalian cell line. A limited structure activity relationship study suggests that the lysophospholipid carbon chain has a role in receptor activation and in addition indicates that certain modifications to the phosphate group are tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- G McAllister
- Department of Biochemistry, Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Harlow, Essex, United Kingdom.
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40
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Im DS, Heise CE, Ancellin N, O'Dowd BF, Shei GJ, Heavens RP, Rigby MR, Hla T, Mandala S, McAllister G, George SR, Lynch KR. Characterization of a novel sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor, Edg-8. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:14281-6. [PMID: 10799507 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.19.14281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three G protein-coupled receptors (Edg-1, Edg-3, and Edg-5) for the lysolipid phosphoric acid mediator sphingosine 1-phosphate have been described by molecular cloning. Using a similar sequence that we found in the expressed sequence tag data base, we cloned and characterized of a fourth, high affinity, rat brain sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor, Edg-8. When HEK293T cells were co-transfected with Edg-8 and G protein DNAs, prepared membranes showed sphingosine 1- phosphate-dependent increases in [(35)S]guanosine 5'-(3-O-thio)triphosphate binding with an EC(50) of 90 nm. In a rat hepatoma Rh7777 cell line that exhibits modest endogenous responses to sphingosine 1-phosphate, this lipid mediator inhibited forskolin-driven rises in cAMP by greater than 90% when the cells were transfected with Edg-8 DNA (IC(50) 0.7 nm). This response is blocked fully by prior treatment of cultures with pertussis toxin, thus implicating signaling through G(i/o)alpha proteins. Furthermore, Xenopus oocytes exhibit a calcium response to sphingosine 1-phosphate after injection of Edg-8 mRNA, but only when oocytes are co-injected with chimeric G(q/i)alpha protein mRNA. Membranes from HEK293T and Rh7777 cell cultures expressing Edg-8 exhibited high affinity (K(D) = 2 nm) binding for radiolabeled sphingosine 1-phosphate. Rat Edg-8 RNA is expressed in spleen and throughout adult rat brain where in situ hybridization revealed it to be associated with white matter. Together our data demonstrate that Edg-8 is a high affinity sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor that couples to G(i/o)alpha proteins and is expressed predominantly by oligodendrocytes and/or fibrous astrocytes in the rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Im
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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41
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Yu TC, Mitra S, McAllister G. Monitoring effluents from an air toxic control device using continuous nonmethane organic carbon analyzer. AIHAJ 2000; 61:16-21. [PMID: 10772610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Nonmethane organic carbon (NMOC) is a measure of total organic carbon other than methane in an air emission. It is a convenient way of expressing total organic emissions in terms of carbon. Development of a continuous NMOC (referred to as the C-NMOC) analyzer was recently reported. A microsorbent trap called the microtrap is the key component of this instrument. The microtrap selectively concentrates the organic compounds and then desorbs them as an injection pulse for NMOC detection. The process of concentration and injection is quite fast, and the analysis can be carried out every few seconds to every few minutes. The characteristics of this instrument as applied to on-line monitoring are presented in this article. Its applicability is demonstrated by monitoring emissions from an air toxic control device. The instrument performed well with the oxygenated, chlorinated, aliphatic, and aromatic hydrocarbons in this study. The instrument also demonstrated linear response and high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark 07102, USA
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42
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Surry DD, McAllister G, Meneses-Lorente G, Evans DC. High throughput ribonuclease protection assay for the determination of CYP3A mRNA induction in cultured rat hepatocytes. Xenobiotica 1999; 29:827-38. [PMID: 10553723 DOI: 10.1080/004982599238272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
1. A rapid 96-well plate based method for the determination of CYP3A mRNA induction in primary rat hepatocytes has been developed which has substantial advantages over current technologies including the ability to test the effect of relatively large numbers of new chemical entities on the expression of CYP3A mRNA in hepatocytes. 2. The ribonuclease protection assay detects changes in mRNA levels in small numbers of hepatocytes by the utilization of a radiolabelled antisense riboprobe that will hybridize CYP3A1 and CYP3A23. Using in situ hybridization techniques in conjunction with Amersham 96-well Cytostar-T scintillating microplates, there is no need for isolation of mRNA. A simple ribonuclease digestion step allows quantitative data to be generated easily within 1 week of hepatocyte isolation. 3. Rat hepatocytes were cultured for 48 h post-isolation on the Cytostar plates coated with a basal matrix of Matrigel. Prototypical CYP3A inducers (dexamethasone and pregnenolone 16alpha-carbonitrile) have been studied using various treatment periods from 0.5 to 24 h. Methylclofenapate and beta-naphthoflavone, prototypical inducers of CYP4A and CYP1A respectively, have been used as controls to show specificity of the [33P]-labelled riboprobe for the CYP3A family. 4. Time-dependent increases in CYP3A mRNA were demonstrated following exposure of hepatocytes to prototypical CYP3A inducers, but not for methylclofenapate or beta-naphthoflavone, so demonstrating specificity for CYP3A mRNA over CYP1A and CYP4A. Analysis of the 24-h induction data demonstrates that significant differences from controls can be determined and that induction potential can be assessed. The system has the potential to screen for overall CYP3A mRNA induction in response to compounds at an early stage in drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Surry
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Neuroscience Research Centre, Merck Research Laboratories, Harlow, UK.
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43
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Abstract
In this study, the binding of [3H]5-HT to the cloned dog 5-hydroxytryptamine1B (dog 5-HT1B) receptor, stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells (ATCC CCL 61)(CHO-K1), was characterised and its pharmacology compared with that of the cloned human and rat 5-HT1B receptors. [3H]5-HT specifically labeled, with high affinity, an apparently homogeneous population of binding sites in the dog 5-HT1B receptor cell line yielding a pKd of 8.1. [3H]5-HT inhibition and agonist-induced [35S] guanosine 5'[gamma-thio] triphosphate ([35S]GTPgammaS) binding studies revealed comparable results with the human but not the rat 5-HT1B receptor. In all three recombinant receptor cell lines, methiothepin displayed inverse agonism and GR127935 (N-[4-methoxy-3-(4-methyl-1-piperizinyl)phenyl]-2'-methyl-4'-(5-me thyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole-3-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-carboxamide) weak partial agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Beer
- Merck, Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Harlow, Essex, UK
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44
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45
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Pillai G, Brown NA, McAllister G, Milligan G, Seabrook GR. Human D2 and D4 dopamine receptors couple through betagamma G-protein subunits to inwardly rectifying K+ channels (GIRK1) in a Xenopus oocyte expression system: selective antagonism by L-741,626 and L-745,870 respectively. Neuropharmacology 1998; 37:983-7. [PMID: 9833627 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(98)00092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To examine the effects of a novel selective D4 receptor ligand, L-745,870 (3-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrid ine), on human dopamine receptor function, the ability of this ligand to antagonise G-protein gated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK/Kir3) currents activated by cloned human D2 and D4 receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes was examined using voltage-clamp recording. Its effects were also contrasted with that of a selective D2 receptor antagonist L-741,626. L-745,870 had no detectable agonist activity on human D4 receptors and selectively blocked currents activated by D4 but not D2 receptors. The role of G-protein subunits in dopamine receptor modulation of GIRK currents was also examined by co-expression of beta1 and/or gamma2 subunits on spontaneously active and receptor-activated currents. Currents activated by both D2 and D4 receptors were occluded by direct activation of GIRK currents following co-transfection with the cDNA encoding G-protein betagamma subunits. These data demonstrate that L-745,870 and L-741,626 act as antagonists on human D4 and D2 receptors respectively, and that activation of GIRK channels by these dopamine receptors can be disrupted by direct stimulation of K+ currents by G-protein betagamma subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pillai
- Merck Sharp and Dohme, Neuroscience Research Centre, Harlow, UK
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46
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Smith D, Shaw D, Hopkins R, McAllister G, Hill R, Sirinathsinghji D, Longmore J. Development and characterisation of human 5-HT1B- or 5-HT1D-receptor specific antibodies as unique research tools. J Neurosci Methods 1998; 80:155-61. [PMID: 9667388 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0270(97)00209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The serotonin 5-HT1B/1D-receptor family comprises of two closely related receptors encoded by two distinct genes. There are no pharmacological ligands which can adequately distinguish between these two receptor subtypes in human tissues. Therefore, we have developed human 5-HT1B- and 5-HT1D-receptor subtype specific polyclonal antibodies. Rabbits were immunised with synthetic peptides identical to unique amino acid sequences located in the third intracellular loops of these receptors. Polyclonal antibodies were subjected to immunoaffinity purification and were characterised using ELISA, dot blot analysis and immunostaining of stably-transfected CHO cell lines expressing either human 5-HT1B-receptors or 5-HT1D-receptors and in human trigeminal ganglia. The antibodies were specific for either the 5-HT1B- or 5-HT1D-receptors and did not cross-react. Both 5-HT1B- and 5-HT1D-immunoreactivities were detected on cell bodies in human trigeminal ganglia. In the absence of selective pharmacological agents, these antibodies represent unique and essential research tools to study the anatomical distribution of 5-HT1B/1D-receptor subtypes in human tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Smith
- Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Harlow, Essex, UK
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47
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Stefanis NC, Bresnick JN, Kerwin RW, Schofield WN, McAllister G. Elevation of D4 dopamine receptor mRNA in postmortem schizophrenic brain. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1998; 53:112-9. [PMID: 9473618 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(97)00285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The D4 dopamine (DA) receptor has been proposed to be a target for the development of a novel antipsychotic drug based on its pharmacological and distribution profile. There is much interest in whether D4 DA receptor levels are altered in schizophrenia, but the lack of an available receptor subtype-specific radioligand made this difficult to quantitate. In this study, we examined whether D4 mRNA levels are altered in different brain regions of schizophrenics compared to controls. Ribonuclease protection assays were carried out on total RNA samples isolated postmortem from frontal cortex and caudate brain regions of schizophrenics and matched controls. 32P-labelled RNA probes to the D4 DA receptor and to the housekeeping gene, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH), were hybridised with the RNA samples, digested with ribonucleases to remove unhybridised probe, and separated on 6% sequencing gels. Densitometer analysis on the subsequent autoradiogams was used to calculate the relative optical density of D4 mRNA compared to G3PDH mRNA. Statistical analysis of the data revealed a 3-fold higher level (P<0.011) of D4 mRNA in the frontal cortex of schizophrenics compared to controls. No increase was seen in caudate. D4 receptors could play a role in mediating dopaminergic activity in frontal cortex, an activity which may be malfunctioning in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Stefanis
- Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London SE5-8AF, UK
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48
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Longmore J, Shaw D, Smith D, Hopkins R, McAllister G, Pickard JD, Sirinathsinghji DJ, Butler AJ, Hill RG. Differential distribution of 5HT1D- and 5HT1B-immunoreactivity within the human trigemino-cerebrovascular system: implications for the discovery of new antimigraine drugs. Cephalalgia 1997; 17:833-42. [PMID: 9453271 DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-2982.1997.1708833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sumatriptan, a 5HT1B/1D-receptor agonist, is clinically effective as an antimigraine agent. Its therapeutic action may result partly from vasoconstriction of excessively dilated cranial blood vessels (a 5HT1B-receptor mediated response). The antimigraine activity of sumatriptan may also result from inhibition of the release of vasoactive neuropeptides from trigeminal sensory fibres within the meninges. The identity of the 5HT1B/1D-receptor subtype mediating this effect is unknown. Using 5HT1D- and 5HT1B-receptor-specific antibodies we have demonstrated a differential distribution of these receptor subtypes within the human trigemino-cerebrovascular system. Only 5HT1B-receptor protein was detected on dural arteries. In contrast, only 5HT1D-receptor protein was detected on trigeminal sensory neurones including peripheral and central projections to dural blood vessels and to the medulla. Within the medulla 5HT1D-receptor protein was confined to discrete areas associated with the trigeminal sensory system. These findings have important implications for the design of new antimigraine drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Longmore
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Harlow, Essex, UK
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49
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Whiting PJ, McAllister G, Bonnert T, Heavens RP, Rigby MR, Sirinathsinghji DJ, Marshall G, Thompson SA, Wafford KA. The use of expressed sequence tag databases to identify novel human gamma-aminobutyric acid type receptor genes. Biochem Soc Trans 1997; 25:817-9. [PMID: 9388552 DOI: 10.1042/bst0250817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P J Whiting
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Essex, U.K
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Whiting PJ, McAllister G, Vassilatis D, Bonnert TP, Heavens RP, Smith DW, Hewson L, O'Donnell R, Rigby MR, Sirinathsinghji DJ, Marshall G, Thompson SA, Wafford KA, Vasilatis D. Neuronally restricted RNA splicing regulates the expression of a novel GABAA receptor subunit conferring atypical functional properties [corrected; erratum to be published]. J Neurosci 1997; 17:5027-37. [PMID: 9185540 PMCID: PMC6573323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding a novel member of the GABA receptor gene family, epsilon. This polypeptide is 506 amino acids in length and exhibits its greatest amino acid sequence identity with the GABAA receptor gamma3 subunit (47%), although this degree of homology is not sufficient for it to be classified as a fourth gamma subunit. The epsilon subunit coassembles with GABAA receptor alpha and beta subunits in Xenopus laevis oocytes and transfected mammalian cells to form functional GABA-gated channels. alpha1beta1epsilon GABAA receptors, like alpha1beta1gamma2s receptors, are modulated by pentobarbital and the steroid 5alpha-pregnan-3alpha-ol-20-one but, unlike alpha1beta1gamma2s receptors, are insensitive to flunitrazepam. Additionally, alpha1beta1epsilon receptors exhibit rapid desensitization kinetics, as compared with alpha1beta1 or alpha1beta1gamma2s. Northern analysis demonstrates widespread expression of a large epsilon subunit transcript in a variety of non-neuronal tissues and expression of a smaller transcript in brain and spinal cord. Sequence analysis demonstrated that the large transcript contained an unspliced intron, whereas the small transcript represents the mature mRNA, suggesting regulation of expression of the epsilon subunit via neuronally restricted RNA splicing. In situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry reveal a pattern of expression in the brain restricted primarily to the hypothalamus, suggesting a role in neuroendocrine regulation, and also to subfields of the hippocampus, suggesting a role in the modulation of long term potentiation and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Whiting
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, United Kingdom
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