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Niwa MVG, Ítavo LCV, Ítavo CCBF, Dias AM, Dos Santos Difante G, Longhini VZ, da Costa Gomes R, Vedovatto M, Gurgel ALC, de Moraes GJ, de Aquino Monteiro GO. Effect of physically effective neutral detergent fiber on nutrient intake and digestibility, ruminal and blood parameters, and ingestive behavior of confined beef cattle. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:224. [PMID: 37222852 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effect of levels of physically effective neutral detergent fiber from forage (NDFfor) on confined cattle's metabolism and ingestive behavior. Four crossbred steers (514.0 ± 4.54 kg BW) rumen-cannulated were used. The animals were randomly distributed in a 4×4 Latin square design, and the treatments were diets with 9.5%, 5.5%, 2.5%, and 0.0% NDF from whole plant corn silage. The trial was divided into 4 periods of 21 days. The dry matter, organic matter (OM), crude protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), physically effective NDF 8mm (peNDF8mm) and NDF1.18mm intakes, and the digestibility of OM and NDF showed a quadratic behavior. The rumen pH values showed a decreasing linear, and the time at pH below 5.8 increased linearly in the diets with lower NDFfor. The production of volatile fatty acids and the proportions of propionate and butyrate showed an increasing quadratic behavior. On the other hand, the proportion of acetate fitted a decreasing quadratic equation. With the lower participation of forage in the diets, the time spent on rumination activity decreased in a quadratic way, and the time spent in idleness increased in a quadratic way. The corn silage can be reduced to 135 g/kg DM in the diet to obtain a minimum of 5.5% of NDF from roughage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Vinicius Garcia Niwa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Luís Carlos Vinhas Ítavo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Alexandre Menezes Dias
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Gelson Dos Santos Difante
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Zirondi Longhini
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo da Costa Gomes
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Beef Cattle, Campo Grande, MS, 79106-550, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gabriella Jorgetti de Moraes
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
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Robison CA, Pierce KN, Reuter RR, Warner AL, Wilson BK. The effects of receiving diet roughage inclusion on performance, health, and serum metabolite characteristics of newly received beef calves. Transl Anim Sci 2023; 7:txad039. [PMID: 37649649 PMCID: PMC10464714 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Current dogma suggests increased dietary roughage may improve calf health at the expense of performance during receiving. In experiment 1, the effects of increasing dietary roughage on performance and clinical health of high-risk heifers was evaluated over a 56-d receiving period. Heifers (n = 589; initial body weight; BW = 230 ± 33 kg) were sourced from Oklahoma livestock auctions from April through October of 2019. Heifers were randomly assigned to pens, which were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 experimental dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. Diets contained either: 1) 15% roughage (R15), 2) 30% roughage (R30), or 3) 45% roughage (R45) in the form of prairie hay. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test for linear and quadratic responses among experimental treatments. There was a linear decrease in overall average daily gain (ADG; P ≤ 0.0001) with increasing roughage inclusion which resulted in a linear decrease (P ≤ 0.0001) in heifer final BW. A linear increase (P ≤ 0.01) was observed for overall dry matter intake (DMI), and overall gain:feed (G:F) decreased linearly (P ≤ 0.0001) as dietary roughage concentration increased. A quadratic response to decreasing roughage was observed (P = 0.02) for the percent of calves treated three times for bovine respiratory disease (BRD). No other responses (P ≥ 0.11) were detected in animal health variables. In experiment 2, Angus steers (n = 12) and heifers (n = 6; BW = 272 ± 28 kg) were acquired from a single ranch in Oklahoma to evaluate the same experimental dietary treatments on serum metabolite concentrations. Animals were randomly assigned to experimental treatments, with animal serving as the experimental unit in experiment 2. Statistical models for serum metabolites in experiment 2 were analyzed using repeated measures with the effects of treatment, time, and treatment × time. In experiment 2, there were tendencies for treatment × time interactions for blood urea nitrogen (BUN; P = 0.07) and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA; P = 0.06) concentrations. No metabolites were affected by treatment (P ≥ 0.11), while all metabolites were impacted by time (P ≤ 0.02). In summary, growth performance was improved in calves as dietary roughage concentration decreased with minimal impacts on health and serum metabolites. These results suggest that diets containing as little as 15% roughage can be used during receiving to improve calf performance without compromising calf health when fibrous byproducts are included in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colton A Robison
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Kaitlyn N Pierce
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Ryan R Reuter
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Andrea L Warner
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Blake K Wilson
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Winders TM, Neville BW, Swanson KC. Effects of hempseed cake on ruminal fermentation parameters, nutrient digestibility, nutrient flow, and nitrogen balance in finishing steers. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skac291. [PMID: 36592747 PMCID: PMC9831091 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Five ruminally and duodenally cannulated red angus steers (n = 5; initial body weight [BW] = 542 kg, SD = 40 kg) were used in a three-period Youden square design consisting of three 21-d periods, three treatments, and five steers (one or two steers per treatment within each period) to evaluate the effect of feeding hempseed cake on ruminal fermentation parameters, organic matter (OM) intake, total tract nutrient digestion, and nitrogen (N) balance in steers fed finishing diets. The control (CON) diet contained 75% dry-rolled corn, 20% corn silage, and 5% supplement (DM basis). The dried corn distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) and hempseed cake (HEMP) diets contained 55% dry-rolled corn, 20% corn silage, 20% dried corn distillers grains plus solubles or hempseed cake, and 5% supplement (DM basis). Total ruminal volatile fatty acid concentration was greater (P < 0.01) in steers fed the HEMP diet than in steers fed the DDGS or CON diets. Ruminal fluid pH was not influenced (P = 0.93) by treatment. Organic matter intake tended (P = 0.07) to be greater and OM total tract digestibility was less (P = 0.03) in steers fed the HEMP diet compared with steers fed the DDGS or CON diets. Ruminal true and total tract apparent N digestibility was greater (P < 0.01) in steers fed the HEMP diet than steers fed the DDGS or CON diets. Duodenal flow of essential, nonessential, and total amino acids was not influenced (P ≥ 0.37) by dietary treatment, but the lack of response was likely because ruminally degradable protein (RDP) supply exceeded the RDP requirement. Steers fed the HEMP diet had greater (P < 0.01) N retention (g/d) than steers fed the DDGS diet, which was greater (P < 0.01) than steers fed the CON diet, suggesting that feeding hempseed cake improved utilization of N. Although inclusion of hempseed cake decreased total tract OM digestibility compared with dried corn distillers grains or corn, improvements in N utilization suggest that hempseed cake could be a useful alternative feed ingredient for finishing cattle diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Winders
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Bryan W Neville
- Carrington Research Extension Center, Carrington, ND 58421-0219, USA
| | - Kendall C Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
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Tarnonsky F, Hochmuth K, DiCostanzo A, DiLorenzo N. Effects of replacing corn silage with alfalfa haylage in growing beef cattle diets on performance during the growing and finishing period. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skac397. [PMID: 36638079 PMCID: PMC9838792 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Corn silage is the predominant mechanically harvested forage source for feedlot cattle production in the United States because of high yield. Alternatively, because of multiple cuttings per year and lower annual cost, the use of alfalfa or other forages, may increase opportunities for manure spreading, perennial soil cover, pollinator habitat, and greater carbon sequestration. The objective of this trial was to determine the feeding value of alfalfa haylage when replacing corn silage in growing cattle diets. One-hundred-sixty-five Angus crossbred steers [326 ± 51 kg of body weight (BW)] were blocked by initial BW and randomly assigned to one of 28 pens at the University of Minnesota feedlot. Pens were randomly assigned to dietary growing treatments. The control diet was comprised of (DM basis) 50% corn silage, 19.25% rolled corn grain, 19.25% high moisture corn, 7% dried distillers grains plus solubles, and 4.5% liquid supplement (corn silage control, CS Control). For alfalfa haylage (AH) diets, AH substituted corn silage at 33% (AH 33), 66% (AH 66), or 100% (AH 100). Growth performance measurements [dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed (G:F) ratio] were assessed for 42 to 70 d depending on BW block. Afterwards, steers were fed a common finishing diet until harvested. There was a linear increase in DMI (P < 0.01) with increasing AH inclusion. Replacing CS with AH linearly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) ADG and G:F. No differences (P ≥ 0.10) were observed in finishing performance or carcass traits. Results from this study demonstrated that greater substitution of corn silage with alfalfa haylage in growing diets resulted in greater intake but reduced rate of gain and gain:feed. Despite slower rate of gain, cattle fed alfalfa haylage at increasing proportions during the growing period were able to compensate in BW gains during the finishing period and reached harvest weight and backfat thickness at similar days on feed than those fed corn silage. Based on these results the energy value of corn silage and alfalfa haylage were 3.05 and 2.39 Mcal ME/kg of DM, respectively, when included at 50% of the diet DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Tarnonsky
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL 32446, USA
| | - Katherine Hochmuth
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55018, USA
| | - Alfredo DiCostanzo
- Eastern Nebraska Research and Education Center, University of Nebraska, West Point, NE 68788, USA
| | - Nicolas DiLorenzo
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL 32446, USA
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Paniagua M, Crespo JF, Arís A, Devant M. Supplementing Citrus aurantium Flavonoid Extract in High-Fat Finishing Diets Improves Animal Behavior and Rumen Health and Modifies Rumen and Duodenum Epithelium Gene Expression in Holstein Bulls. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12. [PMID: 35953962 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred and forty-six bulls (178.2 ± 6.64 kg BW and 146.0 ± 0.60 d of age) were randomly allocated to one of eight pens and assigned to control (C) or citrus flavonoid (BF) treatments (Citrus aurantium, Bioflavex CA, HTBA, S.L.U., Barcelona, Spain, 0.4 kg per ton of Bioflavex CA). At the finishing phase, the dietary fat content of the concentrate was increased (58 to 84 g/kg DM). Concentrate intake was recorded daily, and BW and animal behavior by visual scan, fortnightly. After 168 d, bulls were slaughtered, carcass data were recorded, and rumen and duodenum epithelium samples were collected. Performance data were not affected by treatment, except for the growing phase where concentrate intake (p < 0.05) was lesser in the BF compared with the C bulls. Agonistic and sexual behaviors were more frequent (p < 0.01) in the C than in the BF bulls. In the rumen epithelium, in contrast to duodenum, gene expression of some bitter taste receptors (7, 16, 39) and other genes related to behavior and inflammation was higher (p < 0.05) in the BF compared with the C bulls. Supplementing citrus flavonoids in high-fat finishing diets to Holstein bulls reduces growing concentrate consumption and improves animal welfare.
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Crawford DM, Richeson JT, Perkins TL, Samuelson KL. Feeding a high energy finishing diet upon arrival to high-risk feedlot calves: effects on health, performance, ruminal pH, rumination, serum metabolites, and carcass traits. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6594003. [PMID: 35639878 PMCID: PMC9467027 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the impacts of feeding a high-energy finishing diet during both the receiving and finishing period compared with a lower-energy receiving diet with adaptation to the finishing diet on health, performance, serum chemistry, ruminal pH, rumination, and carcass characteristics of high-risk feedlot cattle. Five truck-load blocks of steers (n = 101) and bulls (n = 299) were used in a generalized complete block design and randomly assigned to receive: 1) finishing diet for the entire feeding period (FIN) or 2) receiving diet for the first 56 d, followed by a transition to the finishing diet (REC). All cattle were fed ad libitum and consumed the same diet by day 74. A subset of cattle (n = 48) was randomly selected to quantify ruminal pH, temperature, and rumination time. Ultrasound images were collected on days 0, 74, and 146 to determine fat thickness over the 12th rib and rump, and carcass characteristics were determined after slaughter. Cattle fed FIN had less (P < 0.01) dry matter intake (DMI) from days 0 to 74, but DMI did not differ (P = 0.80) after day 74. From days 0 to final, DMI was 0.26 kg less for FIN compared with REC (P = 0.01). However, calculated metabolizable energy intake was not different from days 0 to 74 (P = 0.19), days 74 to final (P = 0.80), or overall (P = 0.78). Body weight (BW) on day 74 was greater (P < 0.01) and final BW tended to be greater (P = 0.10) for FIN compared with REC. Cattle consuming FIN had greater (P < 0.01) average daily gain and increased (P < 0.01) gain:feed from days 0 to 74. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.31) in health outcomes. On day 74, FIN had greater (P = 0.04) fat thickness over the rump and rib but did not differ (P ≥ 0.52) on day 146. Carcasses of FIN had greater (P = 0.04) hot carcass weight with no difference (P ≥ 0.11) in ribeye area, 12th rib fat thickness, yield grade, or quality grade. There was no difference (P = 0.18) in liver abscess rate. There was a diet × day interaction for blood urea nitrogen (P = 0.02) such that concentration decreased from days 0 to 28 in both treatments, but was less on day 28 for FIN. Ruminal pH was greater on days 2 and 61 and rumination time was less from days 0 to 28 for FIN (diet × day interaction; P < 0.01). Overall, these results suggest that providing a finishing diet fed ad libitum to high-risk calves upon arrival may be a viable alternative to a low-energy receiving diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Crawford
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, USA
| | - John T Richeson
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, USA
| | - Thomas L Perkins
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, USA
| | - Kendall L Samuelson
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, USA
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Bitsie B, Osorio AM, Henry DD, Silva BC, Godoi LA, Supapong C, Brand T, Schoonmaker JP. Enteric methane emissions, growth, and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers fed a garlic- and citrus-based feed additive in diets with three different forage concentrations. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac139. [PMID: 35426435 PMCID: PMC9115900 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred and forty-four Angus × Simmental steers were allotted by body weight (BW; 363 kg), breed composition, and farm origin to a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of six treatments (4 pens per treatment) to determine the effect of Mootral (garlic + citrus extract; 0.25% of the diet dry matter [DM] vs. 0.0%) on methane (CH4) emissions, growth, and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle. During the first 84 d, cattle were fed three different forage concentrations in the diet (15%, 41.5%, or 68% corn silage) with or without Mootral. From day 85 to slaughter, corn silage was included at 15% of the diet DM with or without Mootral. CH4 emissions were measured on day 42 to 46 and day 203 to 207. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Mootral did not affect CH4 emissions on days 42 to 46 (P ≥ 0.47), but there was a forage effect, where steers fed the 68% corn silage emitted more CH4 on a g/d (P = 0.05) and a g/kg of dry matter intake (DMI; P = 0.007) basis and tended (P = 0.07) to produce more CH4 on g/kg BW basis compared to steers fed the 15% corn silage diet. On day 203 to 207, steers fed Mootral emitted less (P ≤ 0.03) CH4 on a g/d, g/kg DMI, and g/kg BW basis compared to steers not fed Mootral. There was an interaction (P = 0.03) between forage concentration and Mootral for DMI from day 0 to 84, where Mootral decreased DMI of steers fed 15% corn silage but did not affect DMI of steers fed 41.5% or 68% corn silage. There were no effects (P ≥ 0.22) of forage concentration or Mootral on BW or average daily gain at any time, or on DMI from day 84 to slaughter and overall. However, overall calculated net energy for maintenance (NEm) and net energy for gain (NEg) tended to be greater for steers fed Mootral (P ≤ 0.10). Intake from day 0 to 84 was lower and gain:feed from day 0 to 84 and overall was greater (P = 0.04) for steers fed 68% compared to steers fed 41.5% corn silage. Calculated NEm and NEg from day 0 to 84 and overall were greater for steers fed 68% corn silage compared to steers fed 41.5% corn silage (P ≤ 0.03). Mootral tended to decrease (P ≤ 0.09) fat thickness and yield grade. In conclusion, increasing forage concentration increased CH4 emissions and Mootral decreased CH4 production in 15% corn silage diets and tended to improve carcass leanness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce Bitsie
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Andrea M Osorio
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31794, USA
| | - Darren D Henry
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31794, USA
| | - Breno C Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Animal Science Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Leticia A Godoi
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Animal Science Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Chanadol Supapong
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Animal Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Khon Kaen Province, Thailand
| | | | - Jon P Schoonmaker
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Goulart RS, Tedeschi LO, Silva SL, Leme PR, de Alencar MM, Lanna DPD. The Energy Requirement for Maintenance of Nellore Crossbreds in Tropical Conditions during the Finishing Period. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6568316. [PMID: 35417561 PMCID: PMC9115898 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined the energy requirement for maintenance of purebred Nellore cattle and its crossbreds using data from a comparative slaughter trial in which animals were raised under the same plane of nutrition from birth through slaughter and born from a single commercial Nellore cow herd. Seventy-nine castrated steers (361 ± 54 kg initial BW) were used in a completely randomized design by age (22 months ± 23 days of age) with four genetic groups (GG): Nellore (NL), ½ Angus x ½ Nellore (AN), ½ Canchim x ½ Nellore (CN), and ½ Simmental x ½ Nellore (SN). The experimental design provided ranges in ME intake, BW, and ADG needed to develop regression equations to predict NEm requirements. Four steers of each GG were slaughtered to determine the initial body composition. The remaining 63 steers were assigned to different nutritional treatments (NT) by GG; ad libitum or limit-fed treatments (receiving 70% of the daily feed of the ad libitum treatment of the same GG). Full BW was recorded at birth, weaning, 12, 18, and 22 months. In the feedlot, steers were fed for 101 days a diet containing (DM basis) 60% corn silage and 40% concentrate. No difference of age at weaning (P = 0.534) and slaughter (P = 0.179 and P = 0.896, for GG and NT, respectively) were observed. AN steers were heavier at weaning weight, yearling weight and had higher EBW (P = 0.007, P = 0.014 and P < 0.001, respectively) in comparison to NL, CN, and SN. There were no interactions (P > 0.05) between GG and NT for any variable evaluated. When fed ad libitum, AN steers had higher daily MEI (Mcal/d; P < 0.001) in comparison to NL, CN, and SN. On a constant age basis, differences were observed on body composition (P < 0.05) between GG. The slope (P = 0.600) and intercept (P = 0.702) of the regression of log HP on MEI were similar among GG. Evaluating at the same age and the same frame size, there were no differences in NEm requirement between Nellore and AN (P = 0.528), CN (P = 0.671), and SN (P = 0.706). The combined data indicated a NEm requirement of 86.8 kcal/d/kg 0.75 EBW and a MEm requirement had a common value of 137.53 kcal/d/kg 0.75 EBW. The km and kg values were similar among GG (P > 0.05 and P > 0.05, respectively) and were on average 63.2 and 26.0%, respectively. However, although not statistically different, the NEm values from NL showed a decrease in NEm of 5.76% compared to AN steers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo S Goulart
- University of São Paulo, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Department of Animal Science, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis O Tedeschi
- Departament of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Saulo L Silva
- University of São Paulo, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Department of Animal Science, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo R Leme
- University of São Paulo, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Department of Animal Science, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Dante P D Lanna
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Alhadas HM, Valadares Filho SC, Tedeschi LO, Vilela RSR, Souza GAP, Lage BC, Silva BC, Rennó LN, Paulino MF. Effect of inclusion levels of low-fat dried distillers grains in finishing diets on protein and energy intake and retention and estimation of protein and energy requirements of young Nellore bulls fed with high concentrate diets. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13678. [PMID: 35029003 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effect of including low-fat dried distillers grains (DDG) in finishing diets on protein and energy intake and retention and to estimate the protein and energy requirement of young Nellore bulls. Thirty-five animals were used: baseline (n = 4), maintenance (n = 4), and ad libitum intake (n = 27). Ad libitum animals were divided into four groups: diets with the inclusion of DDG at the levels of 0, 150, 300, and 450 g/kg (dry matter basis). At the end of the experiment, all animals were slaughtered. There was a linear reduction with increasing DDG levels in the total digestible nutrients intake (p = 0.008), metabolizable energy (ME) intake (p < 0.010), in total retained energy (p = 0.065), and in heat production (p < 0.001). Metabolizable protein (MP) intake increased linearly (p < 0.010) but retained protein did not differ (p = 0.499). Daily net energy and ME requirement for maintenance were 75.9 and 122 kcal/kg0.75 EBW, respectively. Daily MP for maintenance was 3.6 g/kg0.75 shrunk body weight. DDG inclusion in finishing diets reduces energy intake and deposition, and we recommend the equations of this study to estimate the requirements of young Nellore bulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herlon M Alhadas
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil.,Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Luis O Tedeschi
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Rizielly S R Vilela
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Gilyard A P Souza
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Bruno C Lage
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Breno C Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Luciana N Rennó
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Mario F Paulino
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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Junior ADSL, Meschiatti MA, Gouvêa VN, Macdonald JC, Erickson GE, Dantas VG, Santos FA. Effects of wet distillers bran plus solubles and corn oil in diets containing flint corn grain and citrus pulp for finishing Nellore bulls. Livest Sci 2022; 255:104774. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Jennings JS, Amachawadi RG, Narayanan SK, Nagaraja T, Tedeschi LO, Smith WN, Lawrence TE. Effects of corn stalk inclusion and tylosin on performance, rumination, ruminal papillae morphology, and gut pathogens associated with liver abscesses from finishing beef steers. Livest Sci 2021; 251:104623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Alhadas H, Valadares Filho S, Silva F, Silva F, Pucetti P, Pacheco M, Silva B, Tedeschi L. Effects of including physically effective fiber from sugarcane in whole corn grain diets on the ingestive, digestive, and ruminal parameters of growing beef bulls. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gouvêa VND, Biehl MV, Ferraz Junior MVDC, Moreira EM, Faleiro Neto JA, Westphalen MF, Oliveira GB, Ferreira EM, Polizel DM, Pires AV. Effects of soybean oil or various levels of whole cottonseed on intake, digestibility, feeding behavior, and ruminal fermentation characteristics of finishing beef cattle. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Moloney A, O'riordan E, Mcgee M, Carberry C, Moran L, Mcmenamin K, Monahan F. Growth, efficiency and the fatty acid composition of blood and muscle from previously grazed late-maturing bulls fed rumen protected fish oil in a high concentrate finishing ration. Livest Sci 2021; 244:104344. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Moloney A, Blanco C, Vandenbulcke T, McGee M, O'Riordan E. Growth, carcass and adipose tissue characteristics of dairy origin bulls offered concentrate rations of increasing energy density. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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Fuller AL, Wickersham TA, Sawyer JE, Freetly HC, Brown-Brandl TM, Hales KE. The effects of the forage-to-concentrate ratio on the conversion of digestible energy to metabolizable energy in growing beef steers. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa231. [PMID: 32697829 PMCID: PMC7431208 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolizable energy (ME) is calculated from digestible energy (DE) using a constant conversion factor of 0.82. Methane and urine energy losses vary across diets and dry matter intake (DMI), suggesting that a static conversion factor fails to describe the biology. To quantify the effects of the forage-to-concentrate ratio (F:C) on the efficiency of conversion of DE to ME, 10 Angus steers were used in a 5 × 5 replicated Latin square. Dry-rolled corn was included in experimental diets at 0%, 22.5%, 45.0%, 67.5%, and 83.8% on a dry matter (DM) basis, resulting in a high F:C (HF:C), intermediate F:C (IF:C), equal F:C (EF:C), low F:C (LF:C), and a very low F:C (VLF:C), respectively. Each experimental period consisted of a 23-d diet adaption followed by 5 d of total fecal and urine collections and a 24-h gas exchange collection. Contrasts were used to test the linear and quadratic effects of the F:C. There was a tendency (P = 0.06) for DMI to increase linearly as F:C decreased. As a result, gross energy intake (GEI) increased linearly (P = 0.04) as F:C decreased. Fecal energy loss expressed as Mcal/d (P = 0.02) or as a proportion of GEI (P < 0.01) decreased as F:C decreased, such that DE (Mcal/d and Mcal/kg) increased linearly (P < 0.01) as F:C decreased. As a proportion of GEI, urine energy decreased linearly (P = 0.03) as F:C decreased. Methane energy loss as a proportion of GEI responded quadratically (P < 0.01), increasing from HF:C to IF:C then decreasing thereafter. The efficiency of DE to ME conversion increased quadratically (P < 0.01) as F:C decreased, ranging from 0.86 to 0.92. Heat production (Mcal) increased linearly (P < 0.04) as F:C decreased but was not different as a proportion of GEI (P ≥ 0.22). As a proportion of GEI, retained energy responded quadratically (P = 0.03), decreasing from HF:C to IF:C and increasing thereafter. DM, organic matter, and neutral detergent fiber digestibility increased linearly (P < 0.01) and starch digestibility decreased linearly (P < 0.01) as the F:C decreased. Total N retained tended to increase linearly as the proportion of concentrate increased in the diet (P = 0.09). In conclusion, the efficiency of conversion of DE to ME increased with decreasing F:C due to decreasing methane and urine energy loss. The relationship between DE and ME is not static, especially when differing F:C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Fuller
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | - Jason E Sawyer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | | | - Kristin E Hales
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, ARS, USDA, Clay Center, NE
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
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Jennings J, Lockard C, Tedeschi L, Lawrence T. Effects of corn stalk inclusion rate on rumination and ruminal pH in finishing beef steers. Applied Animal Science 2020; 36:377-88. [DOI: 10.15232/aas.2019-01947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Gouvêa VND, Biehl MV, Andrade TS, Ferraz Junior MVDC, Ferreira EM, Polizel DM, Antonelo DS, Bridi AM, Owens FN, Pires AV. Effects of soybean oil or various levels of whole cottonseed on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of finishing bulls. Livest Sci 2020; 232:103934. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.103934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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de Melo AHF, Marques RS, Gouvêa VN, de Souza J, Batalha CDA, Basto DC, Millen DD, Drouillard JS, Santos FAP. Effects of dietary roughage neutral detergent fiber levels and flint corn processing method on growth performance, carcass characteristics, feeding behavior, and rumen morphometrics of Bos indicus cattle1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:3562-3577. [PMID: 31181141 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flint corn processing method [coarse ground corn (CGC; 3.2 mm average particle size) or steam-flaked corn (SFC; 0.360 kg/L flake density)] was evaluated in conjunction with 4 levels of NDF from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as roughage source (RNDF; 4%, 7%, 10%, and 13%; DM basis) to determine impact on growth performance, carcass characteristics, starch utilization, feeding behavior, and rumen morphometrics of Bos indicus beef cattle. Two hundred and forty Nellore bulls were blocked by initial BW (350 ± 37 kg), assigned to 32 feedlot pens and pens within weight block were randomly assigned, in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (2 corn processing and 4 levels of RNDF) to treatments. Effects of corn grain processing × RNDF level were not detected (P ≥ 0.14) for growth performance, dietary net energy concentration, carcass traits, rumen morphometrics, and feeding behavior, except for time spent ruminating and time spent resting (P ≤ 0.04), and a tendency for papillae width (P ≤ 0.09). Bulls fed SFC-based diets consumed 7% less (P = 0.001), had 10.6% greater carcass-adjusted ADG (P < 0.001) and 19% greater carcass-adjusted feed efficiency (P < 0.001) compared with bulls fed CGC-based diets. Observed net energy for maintenance and gain values were 14.9% and 19.4% greater (P < 0.001), respectively, for SFC than for CGC-based diets. Fecal starch concentration was less (P < 0.001) for bulls fed SFC compared with those fed CGC. No grain processing effects were detected (P = 0.51) for rumenitis score; however, cattle fed SFC presented smaller ruminal absorptive surface area (P = 0.03). Dry matter intake increased linearly (P = 0.02) and carcass-adjusted feed efficiency tended (P = 0.06) to decrease linearly as RNDF increased. Dietary RNDF concentration did not affect carcass characteristics (P ≥ 0.19), except for dressing percentage, which tended to decrease linearly (P = 0.06) as RNDF in finishing diets increased. Increasing RNDF in finishing diets had no effect (P = 0.26) on time spent eating, but time spent ruminating and resting increased linearly (min/d; P < 0.001) with increased dietary RNDF. Steam flaking markedly increased flint corn energy value, net energy of diets, and animal growth performance, and led to improvements on feed efficiency when compared with grinding, regardless of RNDF content of diets. Increasing dietary RNDF compromised feedlot cattle feed efficiency and carcass dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo S Marques
- Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University, Burns, OR
| | - Vinícius N Gouvêa
- "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Jonas de Souza
- "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila D A Batalha
- "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora C Basto
- "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Danilo D Millen
- College of Technology and Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University, Dracena, SP, Brazil
| | - James S Drouillard
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Flávio A P Santos
- "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Hales KE. Relationships between digestible energy and metabolizable energy in current feedlot diets. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 3:945-952. [PMID: 32704858 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is commonplace that metabolizable energy (ME) is calculated from digestible energy (DE) as DE × 0.82. However, recent published literature suggests that the relationship between DE and ME is variable depending on the type of diet used, and is typically > 0.90 when high-concentrate diets are fed. Literature means were compiled from 23 respiration calorimetry studies where total fecal and urine collections were conducted and gaseous energy was measured. The relationship between experimentally observed and predicted ME (DE × 0.82) was evaluated using these previously reported treatment means. Additionally, a previously published linear regression equation for predicting ME from DE was also evaluated using a residual analysis. Published (Hales, K. E., A. P. Foote, T. M. Brown-Brandl, and H. C. Freetly. 2017. The effects of feeding increasing concentrations of corn oil on energy metabolism and nutrient balance in finishing beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 95:939-948. doi:10.2527/jas.2016.0902 and Hemphill, C. N., T. A. Wickersham, J. E. Sawyer, T. M. Brown-Brandl, H. C. Freetly, and K. E. Hales. 2018. Effects of feeding monensin to bred heifers fed in a drylot on nutrient and energy balance. J. Anim. Sci. 96:1171-1180. doi:10.1093/jas/skx030) and unpublished data (K. E. Hales, unpublished data) were used to develop a new equation for estimating ME from DE (megacalories/kilogram [Mcal/kg] of DM; ME = -0.057 ± 0.022 DE2 + 1.3764 ± 0.1197 DE - 0.9483 ± 0.1605; r 2 = 0.9671, root mean square error = 0.12; P < 0.01 for intercept, P < 0.01 for linear term, and P < 0.01 for quadratic term). To establish a maximum biological threshold for the conversion of DE to ME, individual animal data were used (n = 234) to regress the ME:DE on DE concentration (1.53 to 3.79 Mcal DE/kg). When using experimentally derived data and solving for the first derivative, the maximum biological threshold for the conversion of DE to ME was 3.65 Mcal DE/kg. Additionally, the quadratic regression (equation 1) was used to predict ME from a wide range of DE (1.8 to 4.6 Mcal/kg). The ME:DE ratio was then calculated by dividing predicted ME by DE. The maximum biological threshold for the conversion of DE to ME was estimated by solving for the first derivative and was 3.96 Mcal DE/kg. In conclusion, this review suggests that the relationship between DE and ME is not static, especially in high-concentrate diets. The equation presented here is an alternative that can be used for the calculation of ME from DE in current feedlot diets, but it is not recommended for use in high-forage diets. The maximization of ME in current diets, maximum biological threshold, occurs between 3.65 and 3.96 Mcal DE/kg in the diet, which based on these data is approximately 3.43 to 3.65 Mcal/kg of ME consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E Hales
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE
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López A, Coria HO, Nazareno MA, García EM, Distel RA, Arroquy JI. Effect of type and feeding frequency of high-fibre feeds on intake, total tract digestibility and ruminal fermentation in beef steers fed a high-concentrate diet. Anim Prod Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an18014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The inclusion of fibre in a total mixed ration (TMR) often has operational and economic constraints. The objective of the present study was to compare intake and ruminal fermentation of steers fed either a TMR or a diet with the fibre fraction fed separately from the concentrate fraction. Six ruminally fistulated steers were used in a six-treatments, four-period cross-over experiment. Treatment structure was a 3 × 2 factorial. The first factor was fibre delivery either as a part of a TMR or offered separately from the concentrate fraction once every 3 or 6 days. The second factor was represented by two fibre sources, namely, alfalfa hay or cotton by-products. Fibre delivery and source did not significantly affect total, concentrate, fibre and digestible dry-matter intake, compared with TMR. A similar response was observed for ruminal pH, ammonia concentration and total volatile fatty acid concentration. Intake of crude protein and fibre, as well as the concentration of total volatile fatty acids, were higher for alfalfa hay than for cotton by-products. In conclusion, feeding the fibre portion separately from the concentrate fraction once every 3 or 6 days did not negatively affect intake and rumen function compared with when a TMR was fed, regardless of fibre source.
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de. Barros ACB, Neiva JNM, Restle J, Missio RL, Miotto FRC, Elejalde DAG, Maciel RP. Production responses in young bulls fed glycerin as a replacement for concentrates in feedlot diets. Anim Prod Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an16288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the productive performance, blood parameters, and carcass characteristics of young crossbreed dairy bulls kept in feedlots and fed with diets containing 0, 60, 120, and 240 g/kg of crude glycerin, replacing a mixture of ground pearl millet grain (50%) and babassu mesocarp bran (50%). Twenty-four bulls with an average age of 24 months and an average initial weight of 390 ± 31.5 kg were used. The experimental design was completely randomised with six replications. Dry matter and digestible energy intake were not influenced by diets. Feed conversion linearly decreased with increasing glycerin levels. The increase in the levels of glycerin resulted in a linear increase in blood glucose and in average daily weight gain. Carcass weight was not affected, but trimming fat increased and carcass yield decreased linearly, with increasing glycerin levels. The addition of crude glycerin at levels up to 240 g/kg of dry matter to diets containing babassu mesocarp bran and ground pearl millet grain increased the performance of young feedlot bulls, and improved feed efficiency and carcass subcutaneous fat thickness.
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Swanson KC, Carlson ZE, Ruch MC, Gilbery TC, Underdahl SR, Keomanivong FE, Bauer ML, Islas A. Influence of forage source and forage inclusion level on growth performance, feeding behavior, and carcass characteristics in finishing steers. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:1325-1334. [PMID: 28380528 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of forage source (Exp. 1) and forage inclusion level (Exp. 2) in finishing diets on growth performance and feeding behavior. In Exp. 1, sixty-four steers (394 ± 3.6 kg BW) were allotted by BW to 3 pens. Within each pen, steers were assigned randomly to 1 of 4 dietary treatments containing different forage sources: 1) alfalfa hay, 2) corn silage, 3) wheat straw, and 4) corn stover. Alfalfa hay was provided at 10% of the diet DM and the other forage sources were offered to provide the same percentage of NDF from forage. In Exp. 2, forty-four steers (451 ± 4.6 kg BW) were used in a completely randomized design and were fed dry-rolled corn-based diets containing a mixture of hay and corn silage as the forage source at 5%, 10%, 15%, or 20% forage (DM basis). Intake and feeding behavior traits were calculated from data generated by the Insentec feeding system. In Exp. 1, final BW, ADG, and G:F did not differ between treatments. Dry matter intake and feeding behavior traits responded differently depending on week (interaction ≤ 0.04) of the experiment with DMI generally greater in steers fed alfalfa or corn silage early in the experiment and time per meal generally greater and eating rate slower in steers fed diets containing wheat straw or corn stover. In Exp. 2, ADG and G:F decreased linearly ( < 0.001) with increasing forage inclusion. Quadratic effects ( ≤ 0.002) were observed for eating time (per visit, meal, and d) and DMI (per visit, meal, and min) with eating time greatest in the 10% forage treatment and DMI the least in the 20% forage treatment. Dry matter intake per d responded differently depending on week (interaction = 0.01) with some weeks exhibiting linear and other quadratic effects that were primarily the result of the largest decrease in DMI in the 20% forage inclusion treatment. These data indicate that growth performance was not influenced by forage source, when fed at a similar NDF inclusion level, but was negatively impacted by increasing forage inclusion in high-concentrate finishing diets. However, both forage source and inclusion level impacted feeding behavior as cattle consuming bulkier forages (wheat straw or corn stover) or at greater inclusion levels typically had a slower eating rate and took longer to consume a meal. Additionally, DMI may decrease at greater forage inclusion levels (> 15%).
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Blom EJ, Anderson DE, Brake DW. Increases in duodenal glutamic acid supply linearly increase small intestinal starch digestion but not nitrogen balance in cattle1. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:5332-5340. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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van Cleef FDOS, Ezequiel JMB, D’Aurea AP, Almeida MTC, Perez HL, van Cleef EHCB. Feeding behavior, nutrient digestibility, feedlot performance, carcass traits, and meat characteristics of crossbred lambs fed high levels of yellow grease or soybean oil. Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Saunders CS, Yang SY, Eun JS, Feuz DM, ZoBell DR. Feeding a brown midrib corn silage-based diet to growing beef steers improves growth performance and economic returns. Can J Anim Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas-2015-057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Saunders, C. S., Yang, S. Y., Eun, J.-S., Feuz, D. M. and ZoBell, D. R. 2015. Feeding a brown midrib corn silage-based diet to growing beef steers improves growth performance and economic returns. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 625–631. A feedlot experiment was performed to determine growth performance, ruminal fermentation characteristics, and economic returns for growing beef steers when fed a brown midrib corn silage-based total mixed ration (BMRT) compared with a conventional corn silage-based total mixed ration (CCST). Twenty-four Angus crossbred steers (initial body weight=258±23.2 kg) in individual pens were used in a completely randomized design (n=12). Intake of dry matter was not different between the treatments. Steers fed the BMRT tended to have greater average daily gain (1.54 vs. 1.42 kg d−1; P=0.09) and gain-to-feed ratio (0.165 vs. 0.146; P=0.07) compared with those fed the CCST. Feeding the BMRT increased total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration (P=0.01) compared with the CCST, while it decreased molar proportion of acetate (P<0.01), and increased propionate proportion (P=0.01), resulting in decreased acetate-to-propionate ratio compared with the CCST (P<0.01). Steers fed the BMRT increased feed margin (P=0.05) and net return (P=0.02) compared with those fed the CCST throughout the trial. Overall results of this study indicate that feeding the BMRT to growing beef steers enhanced ruminal fermentation and beneficially shifted VFA profiles, which contributed to improved growth and economic performance of steers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. S. Saunders
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - S. Y. Yang
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - J.-S. Eun
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - D. M. Feuz
- Department of Applied Economics, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - D. R. ZoBell
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- M. G. Zenobi
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A1
| | - H. A. Lardner
- Western Beef Development Centre, Humboldt, Saskatchewan, Canada S0K 2A0
| | - P. G. Jefferson
- Western Beef Development Centre, Humboldt, Saskatchewan, Canada S0K 2A0
| | - J. J. McKinnon
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A1
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Marti S, Pérez M, Aris A, Bach A, Devant M. Effect of dietary energy density and meal size on growth performance, eating pattern, and carcass and meat quality in Holstein steers fed high-concentrate diets. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3515-25. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Marti
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Pérez
- IRTA-Monells, Finca Camps i Armet, 17121 Monells, Girona, Spain
| | - A. Aris
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A. Bach
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Devant
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
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Bhatt R, Sahoo A, Shinde A, Karim S. Change in body condition and carcass characteristics of cull ewes fed diets supplemented with rumen bypass fat. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Turgeon OA, Szasz JI, Koers WC, Davis MS, Vander Pol KJ. Manipulating grain processing method and roughage level to improve feed efficiency in feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci 2009; 88:284-95. [PMID: 19783697 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-1859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of feeding finishing diets containing whole corn with no roughage on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers were evaluated in 6 trials conducted at commercial research facilities (Bos Technica Research Services Inc., Salina, KS) in the Southern Plains of the United States. One hundred and two feedlot pens containing 6,895 steers were represented. All trials were designed as randomized complete blocks with pen serving as the experimental unit. Steers were fed and managed similarly across all trials. Treatments consisted of a typical control finishing diet with various grain sources and processing methods that contained roughage and a finishing diet containing whole corn (8 to 23% of diet DM) but without added roughage. Final BW was greater (P < 0.1) for steers fed typical finishing diets than for steers fed whole corn diets without roughage in 5 of the 6 trials. Feeding finishing diets containing whole corn but without roughage resulted in decreased (P < 0.1) ADG and carcass ADG in 5 of the 6 trials. However, DMI also was less (P < 0.1) for steers fed whole corn finishing diets without roughage in all trials such that feeding whole corn diets without roughage improved (P < 0.05) G:F (BW basis) in 2 of the 6 trials, and improved (P < 0.1) G:F based on carcass weight in 5 of the 6 trials. Dry matter intake as a percentage of BW daily across trials was well predicted from percentage of dietary NDF from roughage, being 1.906 + 0.0199 (+/-0.0012) NDF (P < 0.05). Performance-based NE(g) content of the diet was greater (P < 0.07) for steers fed whole corn diets without roughage. Differences in USDA yield and quality grades were inconsistent. Results indicate that feeding diets containing whole corn with no added roughage tends to decrease DMI and ADG in finishing steers, but improves feed efficiency and performance-calculated dietary NE(g).
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Turgeon
- Koers-Turgeon Consulting Services Inc. and Bos Technica Research Services Inc., Salina, KS 67402
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Hess BW, Moss GE, Rule DC. A decade of developments in the area of fat supplementation research with beef cattle and sheep1. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:E188-204. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Cranston JJ, Rivera JD, Galyean ML, Brashears MM, Brooks JC, Markham CE, McBeth LJ, Krehbiel CR. Effects of feeding whole cottonseed and cottonseed products on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2006; 84:2186-99. [PMID: 16864881 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2005-669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of whole cottonseed or cottonseed products on performance and carcass characteristics of beef cattle. In Exp. 1, 120 beef steers (initial BW = 381 +/- 31.7 kg) were fed steam-flaked corn-based finishing diets with 10% (DM basis) basal roughage, and whole cottonseed or individual cottonseed components (cottonseed hulls, meal, and oil). Over the entire feeding period, ADG did not differ (P = 0.95), but DMI increased (P = 0.07) and G:F decreased (P = 0.06) for steers fed the cottonseed diets compared with the control diet. Dressing percent (P = 0.02) and marbling scores (P = 0.02) of carcasses from steers fed the cottonseed diets were less than for steers fed the control diet. In Exp. 2, 150 beef steers (initial BW = 364 +/- 9.9 kg) were used to determine the effects of whole cottonseed or pelleted cottonseed (PCS) on performance and carcass characteristics. Cattle were fed steam-flaked corn-based finishing diets in which whole cottonseed or PCS replaced all of the dietary roughage, supplemental fat, and supplemental natural protein of the control diet. Over the entire feeding period, steers fed the cottonseed diets had lower (P = 0.04) DMI and greater (P < 0.01) G:F than steers fed the control diet. Carcass characteristics did not differ (P = 0.16 to 0.96) among dietary treatments. In Exp. 3, 150 beef heifers (initial BW = 331 +/- 17.1 kg) were used to determine the effects of PCS or delinted, whole cottonseed (DLCS) on performance and carcass characteristics. Heifers were fed rolled corn-based finishing diets in which cottonseed replaced the dietary roughage, supplemental fat, and all or part of the supplemental natural protein of the control diet. Over the entire feeding period, ADG, DMI, and G:F of heifers fed the control diet did not differ (P = 0.19 to 0.80) from those of the cottonseed diets; however, heifers fed the diets containing PCS had greater ADG (P = 0.03) and G:F (P = 0.09) than heifers fed diets containing DLCS. Carcass characteristics of heifers fed the control diet did not differ (P > or = 0.28) from those fed the cottonseed diets. Heifers fed the diets containing PCS had greater (P < or = 0.03) HCW, dressing percent, and LM area than those fed DLCS. Based on our results, whole cottonseed, or products derived from processing whole cottonseed, can replace feedstuffs commonly used in beef cattle finishing diets with no adverse effects on animal performance or carcass characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Cranston
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078-6051, USA.
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