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Toro DM, Ramasawmy R, Silva Neto PV, Pereira GL, Sarmento PS, Dray HLSN, Sousa KS, Affonso JS, Silva JA, Garcia NP, Barbieri MV, Victória FS, Donadi EA, Costa AG, Ogusku MM, Sadahiro A, Tarragô AM, Malheiro A. Inflammasome genes polymorphisms may influence the development of hepatitis C in the Amazonas, Brazil. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253470. [PMID: 34161370 PMCID: PMC8221483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C is considered a major public health problem caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Viral infections are known to induce production of IL1β through the signaling pathway of inflammasomes. Emerging evidences suggest that Inflammasome genes may influence the immune response against HCV as the host genetic background may contribute to the balance between acute and chronic inflammation. We investigated in 151 patients with chronic hepatitis C and 206 healthy blood donors’ individuals (HD). Polymorphisms in the IL1B and IL18 genes were genotyped by PCR-RFLP, while NLRP3, CARD8, CTSB and AIM2 by RT- PCR. Serum assay of IL-1β cytokine was performed by ELISA. 84 patients presented mild fibrosis (<F2) and 67 advanced fibrosis (≥ F2). Among the HD individuals the NLRP3-rs10754558 C/C genotype correlated with higher IL-1β levels compared to the G/G genotype. Similar pattern was observed in patients with hepatitis C, mean circulating IL-1β levels were 21,96 ± 4.5 and 10,62 ± 3.3pg/mL among the C/C and G/G genotypes, respectively. This pattern holds even after stratification of the patients into mild fibrosis and advanced fibrosis, demonstrating that the NLRP3-rs10754558 or another polymorphism in linkage disequilibrium with it possibly has an influence on the processing of pro-IL-1β. Notably, higher levels of IL-1β (Mann–Whitney test, p<0.0001) were observed among patients (mean ± SEM: 19,24 ±3.pg/mL) when compared with controls (mean ± SEM: 11,80 ±1.0pg/mL). Gene-gene interaction showed that individuals heterogyzotes for both CARD8-rs2009373 and IL1B-rs16944 are less prone to hepatitis C development (padj = 0.039). Similarly, herozygote carriers for CTSB-rs1692816 and AIM2-rs1103577 (padj = 0.008) or for IL18-rs187238 and NLRP3-rs10754558 (padj = 0.005), have less chances to the development of hepatitis C. However, between subgroups of <F2 and ≥F2, individuals homozygous for the T allele of CARD8-rs2009373 and heterozygous for IL18-rs187238 (padj = 0.028), have mild form of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Mota Toro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Rajendranath Ramasawmy
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Genomic Health Surveilance Network: Optimization os Assistance and Research in The State of Amazonas -REGESAM, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Pedro Vieira Silva Neto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Grenda Leite Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Priscila Santos Sarmento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Keyla Santos Sousa
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Juliana Santos Affonso
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Albuquerque Silva
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Nadja Pinto Garcia
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Marilú Victória Barbieri
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Flamir Silva Victória
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Antônio Donadi
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Allyson Guimarães Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Genomic Health Surveilance Network: Optimization os Assistance and Research in The State of Amazonas -REGESAM, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Escola de Enfermagem de Manaus, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- * E-mail: (AGC); (AM)
| | - Mauricio Morishi Ogusku
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Genomic Health Surveilance Network: Optimization os Assistance and Research in The State of Amazonas -REGESAM, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Laboratório de Micobacteriologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Aya Sadahiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Genomic Health Surveilance Network: Optimization os Assistance and Research in The State of Amazonas -REGESAM, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Andréa Monteiro Tarragô
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Genomic Health Surveilance Network: Optimization os Assistance and Research in The State of Amazonas -REGESAM, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Adriana Malheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Genomic Health Surveilance Network: Optimization os Assistance and Research in The State of Amazonas -REGESAM, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- * E-mail: (AGC); (AM)
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Gerovska D, Garcia-Gallastegi P, Crende O, Márquez J, Larrinaga G, Unzurrunzaga M, Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Badiola I. GeromiRs Are Downregulated in the Tumor Microenvironment during Colon Cancer Colonization of the Liver in a Murine Metastasis Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094819. [PMID: 34062897 PMCID: PMC8124834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a phenomenon broadly related to ageing in various ways such as cell cycle deregulation, metabolic defects or telomerases dysfunction as principal processes. Although the tumor cell is the main actor in cancer progression, it is not the only element of the disease. Cells and the matrix surrounding the tumor, called the tumor microenvironment (TME), play key roles in cancer progression. Phenotypic changes of the TME are indispensable for disease progression and a few of these transformations are produced by epigenetic changes including miRNA dysregulation. In this study, we found that a specific group of miRNAs in the liver TME produced by colon cancer called geromiRs, which are miRNAs related to the ageing process, are significantly downregulated. The three principal cell types involved in the liver TME, namely, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, hepatic stellate (Ito) cells and Kupffer cells, were isolated from a murine hepatic metastasis model, and the miRNA and gene expression profiles were studied. From the 115 geromiRs and their associated hallmarks of aging, which we compiled from the literature, 75 were represented in the used microarrays, 26 out of them were downregulated in the TME cells during colon cancer colonization of the liver, and none of them were upregulated. The histone modification hallmark of the downregulated geromiRs is significantly enriched with the geromiRs miR-15a, miR-16, miR-26a, miR-29a, miR-29b and miR-29c. We built a network of all of the geromiRs downregulated in the TME cells and their gene targets from the MirTarBase database, and we analyzed the expression of these geromiR gene targets in the TME. We found that Cercam and Spsb4, identified as prognostic markers in a few cancer types, are associated with downregulated geromiRs and are upregulated in the TME cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gerovska
- Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, C/Doctor Beguiristain s/n, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain;
- Computational Biomedicine Data Analysis Platform, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, C/Doctor Beguiristain s/n, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Patricia Garcia-Gallastegi
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (P.G.-G.); (O.C.); (J.M.)
| | - Olatz Crende
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (P.G.-G.); (O.C.); (J.M.)
| | - Joana Márquez
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (P.G.-G.); (O.C.); (J.M.)
| | - Gorka Larrinaga
- Department of Nursing I, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain;
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Maite Unzurrunzaga
- Centro Salud Legazpi OSI Goierri-Urola Garaia-Osakidetza, 20230 Legazpia, Spain;
| | - Marcos J. Araúzo-Bravo
- Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, C/Doctor Beguiristain s/n, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain;
- Computational Biomedicine Data Analysis Platform, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, C/Doctor Beguiristain s/n, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, C/María Díaz Harokoa 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERfes), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- TransBioNet Thematic Network of Excellence for Transitional Bioinformatics, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.J.A.-B.); (I.B.); Tel.: +34-94-3006108 (M.J.A.-B.); +34-94-6015776 (I.B.)
| | - Iker Badiola
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (P.G.-G.); (O.C.); (J.M.)
- Nanokide Therapeutics SL, Zitek Ed, Rectorado Bajo, Bº Sarriena sn, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.J.A.-B.); (I.B.); Tel.: +34-94-3006108 (M.J.A.-B.); +34-94-6015776 (I.B.)
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Jia Z, Zhang Z, Tian Q, Wu H, Xie Y, Li A, Zhang H, Yang Z, Zhang X. Integration of transcriptomics and metabolomics reveals anlotinib-induced cytotoxicity in colon cancer cells. Gene 2021; 786:145625. [PMID: 33798683 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mounting evidences suggested that anlotinib exhibits effective anti-tumor activity in various cancer types, such as lung cancer, glioblastoma and medullary thyroid cancer. However, its function in colon cancer remains to be further revealed. METHODS Colon cancer cells (HCT-116) were treated with or without anlotinib. Transcript and metabolite data were generated through RNA sequencing and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. The integrated analysis transcriptomics and metabolomics was conducted using R programs and online tools, including ClusterProfiler R program, GSEA, Prognoscan and Cytoscape. RESULTS We found that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly involved in metabolic pathways and ribosome pathway. Structural maintenance of chromosome 3 (SMC3), Topoisomerase II alpha (TOP2A) and Glycogen phosphorylase B (PYGB) are the most significant DEGs which bring poor clinical prognosis in colon cancer. The analysis of metabolomics presented that most of the differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were amino acids, such as L-glutamine, DL-serine and aspartic acid. The joint analysis of DEGs and DAMs showed that they were mainly involved in protein digestion and absorption, ABC transporters, central carbon metabolism, choline metabolism and Gap junction. Anlotinib affected protein synthesis and energy supporting of colon cancer cells by regulating amino acid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Anlotinib has a significant effect on colon cancer in both transcriptome and metabolome. Our research will provide possible targets for colon cancer treatment using anlotinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxian Jia
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; College of Life Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Affliated Tangshan Gongren Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Qinqin Tian
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; College of Life Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Hongjiao Wu
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; College of Life Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Yuning Xie
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; College of Life Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Ang Li
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; College of Life Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; College of Life Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Zhenbang Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; College of Life Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China.
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Boas SEM, Carvalho J, van den Broek M, Weijers EM, Goumans MJ, Koolwijk P, Merks RMH. A local uPAR-plasmin-TGFβ1 positive feedback loop in a qualitative computational model of angiogenic sprouting explains the in vitro effect of fibrinogen variants. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006239. [PMID: 29979675 PMCID: PMC6072121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In experimental assays of angiogenesis in three-dimensional fibrin matrices, a temporary scaffold formed during wound healing, the type and composition of fibrin impacts the level of sprouting. More sprouts form on high molecular weight (HMW) than on low molecular weight (LMW) fibrin. It is unclear what mechanisms regulate the number and the positions of the vascular-like structures in cell cultures. To address this question, we propose a mechanistic simulation model of endothelial cell migration and fibrin proteolysis by the plasmin system. The model is a hybrid, cell-based and continuum, computational model based on the cellular Potts model and sets of partial-differential equations. Based on the model results, we propose that a positive feedback mechanism between uPAR, plasmin and transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) selects cells in the monolayer for matrix invasion. Invading cells releases TGFβ1 from the extracellular matrix through plasmin-mediated fibrin degradation. The activated TGFβ1 further stimulates fibrin degradation and keeps proteolysis active as the sprout invades the fibrin matrix. The binding capacity for TGFβ1 of LMW is reduced relative to that of HMW. This leads to reduced activation of proteolysis and, consequently, reduced cell ingrowth in LMW fibrin compared to HMW fibrin. Thus our model predicts that endothelial cells in LMW fibrin matrices compared to HMW matrices show reduced sprouting due to a lower bio-availability of TGFβ1. Therapies for a range of medical conditions, including cancer, wound healing and diabetic retinopathy can benefit from a better control over the growth of blood vessels. The chemical properties of fibrin, the material that forms scabs in wounds and can also occur in large concentrations in tumors, can regulate the degree of blood vessel growth (angiogenesis). Angiogenesis can be mimicked in cell cultures. These allow us to modulate the chemical properties of fibrin and study the effect on angiogenesis. Fibrin occurs in high molecular weight (HMW) and in low molecular weight (LMW) forms. Interestingly, there is more ingrowth of angiogenic-like structures into HMW than in LMW fibrin, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. To get more insight into these, we constructed a computational model. Using the model, we propose and analyse a hypothetical mechanism for sprouting that could explain the differences in endothelial cell sprouting in LMW and HMW fibrin matrices. Our model suggests that cells digest fibrin, thus creating space for ingrowth. At the same time, digestion frees growth factors bound to fibrin, that activates further secretion of digestive enzymes by the cells. We propose that the resulting positive feedback loop spontaneously selects cells in the endothelial monolayer for ingrowth and helps the blood vessel sprout move deeper into the fibrin. This could be a complementary mechanism to lateral-inhibition by Delta-Notch for the selection of leader cells, also called ‘tip cells’. Our model predicts that endothelial cells in LMW fibrin compared to HMW fibrin show reduced sprouting due to a lower bio-availability of TGFβ1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja E. M. Boas
- Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joao Carvalho
- Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- CFisUC, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marloes van den Broek
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University medical Center, Dept. of Physiology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ester M. Weijers
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University medical Center, Dept. of Physiology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-José Goumans
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Koolwijk
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University medical Center, Dept. of Physiology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roeland M. H. Merks
- Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Huang Y, Huang D, Weng J, Zhang S, Zhang Q, Mai Z, Gu W. Effect of reversine on cell cycle, apoptosis, and activation of hepatic stellate cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 423:9-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2815-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells are resident perisinusoidal cells distributed throughout the liver, with a remarkable range of functions in normal and injured liver. Derived embryologically from septum transversum mesenchyme, their precursors include submesothelial cells that invade the liver parenchyma from the hepatic capsule. In normal adult liver, their most characteristic feature is the presence of cytoplasmic perinuclear droplets that are laden with retinyl (vitamin A) esters. Normal stellate cells display several patterns of intermediate filaments expression (e.g., desmin, vimentin, and/or glial fibrillary acidic protein) suggesting that there are subpopulations within this parental cell type. In the normal liver, stellate cells participate in retinoid storage, vasoregulation through endothelial cell interactions, extracellular matrix homeostasis, drug detoxification, immunotolerance, and possibly the preservation of hepatocyte mass through secretion of mitogens including hepatocyte growth factor. During liver injury, stellate cells activate into alpha smooth muscle actin-expressing contractile myofibroblasts, which contribute to vascular distortion and increased vascular resistance, thereby promoting portal hypertension. Other features of stellate cell activation include mitogen-mediated proliferation, increased fibrogenesis driven by connective tissue growth factor, and transforming growth factor beta 1, amplified inflammation and immunoregulation, and altered matrix degradation. Evolving areas of interest in stellate cell biology seek to understand mechanisms of their clearance during fibrosis resolution by either apoptosis, senescence, or reversion, and their contribution to hepatic stem cell amplification, regeneration, and hepatocellular cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan E Puche
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, New York
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Abstract
Liver fibrosis is the result of the entire organism responding to a chronic injury. Every cell type in the liver contributes to the fibrosis. This paper first discusses key intracellular signaling pathways that are induced during liver fibrosis. The paper then examines the effects of these signaling pathways on the major cell types in the liver. This will provide insights into the molecular pathophysiology of liver fibrosis and should identify therapeutic targets.
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Zhang Y, Guo J, Dong H, Zhao X, Zhou L, Li X, Liu J, Niu Y. Hydroxysafflor yellow A protects against chronic carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 660:438-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Shimada H, Staten NR, Rajagopalan LE. TGF-β1 mediated activation of Rho kinase induces TGF-β2 and endothelin-1 expression in human hepatic stellate cells. J Hepatol 2011; 54:521-8. [PMID: 21087804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS TGF-β1 a key pro-fibrotic factor activates signaling via the canonical ALK/SMAD as well as the Rho GTPase pathways. Rho kinase is a major downstream effector of Rho GTPase signaling. To understand the contribution of Rho kinase activation towards the synthesis of fibrotic mediators by hepatic stellate cells (HSC), we first profiled activated HSC and fibrotic liver tissues to identify common transcripts that were most significantly up-regulated across all samples. We then applied a pharmacologic as well as a genomics approach in a TGF-β1 activated human HSC line (LX-2) to study the involvement of Rho kinase signaling in the expression of a subset of these up-regulated fibrotic genes. METHODS Total RNA was profiled using microarray chips. Data analysis was performed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. LX-2 cells were activated with 10 ng/ml of TGF-β1 for 24 h. Activation of downstream pathways was assessed by Western blotting with phospho-specific target biomarker antibodies. Targeted knockdown of Rho kinase isoforms 1 and 2 was achieved with RNAi. Secreted levels of endothelin-1, TGF-β2, and thrombospondin-1 were measured by ELISA. RESULTS TGF-β1 activated Rho kinase and Smad pathways in LX-2 cells. The syntheses of endothelin-1 and TGF-β2 were significantly inhibited in TGF-β1 treated LX-2 cells, by isoform non-selective Rho kinase inhibitors. siRNA knockdown of each isoform suggested that endothelin-1 synthesis was largely mediated by the Rho kinase-1 isoform, while both isoforms contributed to the synthesis of TGF-β2. CONCLUSIONS The TGF-β1 mediated secretion of endothelin-1 and TGF-β2 is mediated by Rho kinase activation in human HSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Shimada
- Inflammation Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
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Lensvelt MM, Brokelman WJ, Ivarsson ML, Falk P, Reijnen MM. Peritoneal Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 Expression During Prolonged Laparoscopic Procedures. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2010; 20:545-50. [DOI: 10.1089/lap.2009.0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marie-Louise Ivarsson
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Peter Falk
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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Serratì S, Margheri F, Pucci M, Cantelmo AR, Cammarota R, Dotor J, Borràs-Cuesta F, Fibbi G, Albini A, Del Rosso M. TGFbeta1 antagonistic peptides inhibit TGFbeta1-dependent angiogenesis. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 77:813-25. [PMID: 19041849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) in tumor promotion and in angiogenesis is context-dependent. While TGFbeta prevents tumor growth and angiogenesis in early phases of tumor development, evidence is accumulating about its pro-angiogenic and tumor promotion activities in late-stages of tumor progression. Here we have studied, in an experimental context previously reported to disclose the pro-angiogenic effects of TGFbeta, the blocking activity of TGFbeta antagonist peptides. In agreement with previous results, we have observed that TGFbeta exerts a powerful pro-angiogenic activity on human normal dermal microvascular endothelial cells (MVEC), by promoting invasion and capillary morphogenesis in Matrigel. No apoptotic activity of TGFbeta was observed. By RT-PCR we have shown that TGFbeta up-regulates expression not only of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), but also of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), whose inhibition by specific antibodies blunted the TGFbeta angiogenic response in vitro. The SMAD2/3 and FAK signaling pathways were activated by TGFbeta in MVEC, as an early and late response, respectively. The use of two different TGFbeta1 antagonist peptides, derived from TGFbeta type III receptor sequence and 15-mer phage display technology, inhibited the signaling and pro-angiogenic response in vitro, as well as uPAR and PAI-1 up-regulation of MVEC following TGFbeta challenge. The anti-angiogenic properties of both inhibitors were evident also in the in vivo TGFbeta Matrigel Sponge Assay. These results may be relevant to develop a potentially fruitful strategy for the therapy of late-stage-associated tumor angiogenesis.
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12
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Serratì S, Cinelli M, Margheri F, Guiducci S, Del Rosso A, Pucci M, Fibbi G, Bazzichi L, Bombardieri S, Matucci-Cerinic M, Del Rosso M. Systemic sclerosis fibroblasts inhibit in vitro angiogenesis by MMP-12-dependent cleavage of the endothelial cell urokinase receptor. J Pathol 2007; 210:240-8. [PMID: 16917801 DOI: 10.1002/path.2048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Failure of endothelial cells to develop new vessels in response to hypoxia is a distinctive feature of systemic sclerosis (SSc) in the avascular phase. We have previously shown that SSc endothelial cells over-express matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12), which blocks angiogenesis by cleavage of the endothelial urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR). In the present study, we have investigated whether over-expression of MMP-12 and of angiostatic factors, or hypo-expression of angiogenic factors by SSc fibroblasts, contributes to impaired angiogenesis in SSc. Dermal fibroblasts were isolated from healthy subjects (N-Fb) and patients with diffuse SSc (SSc-Fb). Angiogenesis of target normal human microvascular endothelial cells (H-MVECs) was assayed by Matrigel invasion, cell proliferation, and capillary morphogenesis. uPAR cleavage and MMP-12 activity were evaluated by western blotting. We show that the over-expression of MMP-12 by SSc-Fb determines uPAR cleavage in H-MVECs. Conditioned medium from SSc-Fb impaired H-MVEC proliferation, invasion, and capillary morphogenesis. Anti-MMP-12 antibodies restored such impairment. Altered expression of angiostatic/angiogenic factors, including transforming growth factor beta1, did not account for SSc-Fb-dependent impairment of angiogenesis. The over-expression of MMP-12 by both SSc-Fb and SSc endothelial cells indicates that MMP-12 over-production may have a critical pathogenic role in SSc-associated vascular alterations.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Collagen
- Culture Media, Conditioned
- Drug Combinations
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
- Female
- Fibroblasts/physiology
- Humans
- Laminin
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 12/biosynthesis
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 12/physiology
- Neovascularization, Physiologic
- Proteoglycans
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Scleroderma, Systemic/metabolism
- Scleroderma, Systemic/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Serratì
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Oncology - DENOTHE, Centre for the Study at Molecular and Clinical Level of Chronic, Degenerative and Neoplastic Diseases to Develop Novel Therapies, University of Florence, Italy
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13
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Brokelman WJA, Holmdahl L, Bergström M, Falk P, Klinkenbijl JHG, Klinkonbijl JHG, Reijnen MMPJ, Reijnen MMPJ. Peritoneal transforming growth factor beta-1 expression during laparoscopic surgery: a clinical trial. Surg Endosc 2007; 21:1537-41. [PMID: 17332965 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-006-9164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) is a growth factor involved in various biologic processes, including peritoneal wound healing and dissemination of malignancies. Laparoscopic surgery is evolving rapidly, and indications are increasing. The peritoneal TGF-beta1 expression during laparoscopic surgery is unknown. METHODS For this study, 50 patients scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomized into five groups, then surgically treated with various pressures, light intensities, and dissection devices. Peritoneal biopsies were taken at the beginning and end of surgery. Tissue concentrations of total and active TGF-beta1 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques. RESULTS There was no significant difference in either total or active TGF-beta1 concentration between peritoneal biopsies taken at the start of surgery and samples taken at the end of the procedure. Patients who underwent surgery with the ultrasonic scalpel had significant lower levels of both active (p < 0.005) and total (p < 0.01) TGF-beta1 at the end of surgery than patients treated with electrocautery. Patients who had surgery with a high light intensity had significantly lower levels of total TGF-beta1 levels (p < 0.005) with an unchanged active part than patients who had surgery with low light intensity. CONCLUSION The choice of dissection device and the light intensity used in laparoscopic surgery affect peritoneal TGF-beta1 concentrations, indicating that peritoneal biology can be affected by laparoscopic surgery. Because TGF-beta1 is involved in various biologic processes in the peritoneal cavity, this observation may have important clinical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J A Brokelman
- Department of Surgery, Alysis Zorggroep, Locatie Rijnstate Wagnerlaan, 55 6815 AD, Arnhem, The Netherlands.
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14
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Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a scarring process that is associated with an increased and altered deposition of extracellular matrix in liver. At the cellular and molecular level, this progressive process is mainly characterized by cellular activation of hepatic stellate cells and aberrant activity of transforming growth factor-beta1 and its downstream cellular mediators. Although the cellular responses to this cytokine are complex, the signalling pathways of this pivotal cytokine during the fibrogenic response and its connection to other signal cascades are now understood in some detail. Based on the current advances in understanding the pleiotropic reactions during fibrogenesis, various inhibitors of transforming growth factor-beta were developed and are now being investigated as potential drug candidates in experimental models of hepatic injury. Although it is too early to favour one of these antagonists for the treatment of hepatic fibrogenesis in human, the experimental results obtained yet provide stimulatory impulses for the development of an effective treatment of choice in the not too distant future. The present review summarises the actual knowledge on the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrogenesis, the role of transforming growth factor-beta and its signalling pathways in promoting the fibrogenic response, and the therapeutic modalities that are presently in the spotlight of many investigations and are already on the way to take the plunge into clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Gressner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, RWTH Aachen University--Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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15
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Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a scarring process that is associated with an increased and altered deposition of extracellular matrix in liver. At the cellular and molecular level, this progressive process is mainly characterized by cellular activation of hepatic stellate cells and aberrant activity of transforming growth factor-beta1 and its downstream cellular mediators. Although the cellular responses to this cytokine are complex, the signalling pathways of this pivotal cytokine during the fibrogenic response and its connection to other signal cascades are now understood in some detail. Based on the current advances in understanding the pleiotropic reactions during fibrogenesis, various inhibitors of transforming growth factor-beta were developed and are now being investigated as potential drug candidates in experimental models of hepatic injury. Although it is too early to favour one of these antagonists for the treatment of hepatic fibrogenesis in human, the experimental results obtained yet provide stimulatory impulses for the development of an effective treatment of choice in the not too distant future. The present review summarises the actual knowledge on the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrogenesis, the role of transforming growth factor-beta and its signalling pathways in promoting the fibrogenic response, and the therapeutic modalities that are presently in the spotlight of many investigations and are already on the way to take the plunge into clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Gressner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, RWTH Aachen University - HospitalAachen, Germany
- *Correspondence to: A. M. GRESSNER/R. WEISKIRCHEN Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany. Tel.: +49-241-8088678/9 Fax: +49-241-8082512 E-mails:
| | - R Weiskirchen
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, RWTH Aachen University - HospitalAachen, Germany
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16
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Gressner AM, Weiskirchen R. Modern pathogenetic concepts of liver fibrosis suggest stellate cells and TGF-beta as major players and therapeutic targets. J Cell Mol Med 2006. [PMID: 16563223 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-4934.2006.th00292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a scarring process that is associated with an increased and altered deposition of extracellular matrix in liver. At the cellular and molecular level, this progressive process is mainly characterized by cellular activation of hepatic stellate cells and aberrant activity of transforming growth factor-beta1 and its downstream cellular mediators. Although the cellular responses to this cytokine are complex, the signalling pathways of this pivotal cytokine during the fibrogenic response and its connection to other signal cascades are now understood in some detail. Based on the current advances in understanding the pleiotropic reactions during fibrogenesis, various inhibitors of transforming growth factor-beta were developed and are now being investigated as potential drug candidates in experimental models of hepatic injury. Although it is too early to favour one of these antagonists for the treatment of hepatic fibrogenesis in human, the experimental results obtained yet provide stimulatory impulses for the development of an effective treatment of choice in the not too distant future. The present review summarises the actual knowledge on the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrogenesis, the role of transforming growth factor-beta and its signalling pathways in promoting the fibrogenic response, and the therapeutic modalities that are presently in the spotlight of many investigations and are already on the way to take the plunge into clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Gressner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, RWTH Aachen University--Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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17
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Lash GE, Otun HA, Innes BA, Bulmer JN, Searle RF, Robson SC. Inhibition of Trophoblast Cell Invasion by TGFB1, 2, and 3 Is Associated with a Decrease in Active Proteases1. Biol Reprod 2005; 73:374-81. [PMID: 15858216 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.105.040337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion of extravillous trophoblast cells into the uterus in human pregnancy is tightly regulated. The transforming growth factor-beta (TGFB) family has been suggested to play a role in controlling this process. We hypothesized that TGFB1, 2, and 3 would inhibit the invasive capacity of extravillous trophoblast cells. We also studied trophoblast apoptosis and proliferation and secreted protease levels as potential mechanisms by which these cytokines may act. Inhibition of endogenous TGFB1, 2, and 3 with neutralizing antibodies increased the invasive capacity of extravillous trophoblast cells derived from placental explants. Similarly, addition of exogenous TGFB1, 2, and 3 inhibited the invasive capacity of these cells in a dose-dependent manner. Proliferation of trophoblast in the placental explants did not alter in response to any of the cytokines tested. Apoptosis of villous and extravillous trophoblast did not alter in response to TGFB1, 2, and 3. There was a reduction in secreted levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 and urokinase plasminogen activator in response to all three cytokines. MMP2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 and 3 levels were not altered. These results suggest that TGFB1, 2, and 3 inhibit trophoblast invasion by a mechanism dependent on reduced protease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gendie E Lash
- Schools of Surgical and Reproductive Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
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18
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Uemura M, Swenson ES, Gaça MDA, Giordano FJ, Reiss M, Wells RG. Smad2 and Smad3 play different roles in rat hepatic stellate cell function and alpha-smooth muscle actin organization. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 16:4214-24. [PMID: 15987742 PMCID: PMC1196331 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-02-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) play a central role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis, transdifferentiating in chronic liver disease from "quiescent" HSC to fibrogenic myofibroblasts. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), acting both directly and indirectly, is a critical mediator of this process. To characterize the function of the TGF-beta signaling intermediates Smad2 and Smad3 in HSC, we infected primary rat HSC in culture with adenoviruses expressing wild-type and dominant negative Smads 2 and 3. Smad3-overexpressing cells exhibited increased deposition of fibronectin and type 1 collagen, increased chemotaxis, and decreased proliferation compared with uninfected cells and those infected with Smad2 or either dominant negative, demonstrating different biological functions for the two Smads. Additionally, coinfection experiments suggested that Smad2 and Smad3 signal via independent pathways. Smad3-overexpressing cells as well as TGF-beta-treated cells demonstrated more focal adhesions and increased alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) organization in stress fibers, although all cells reached the same level of alpha-SMA expression, indicating that Smad3 also regulates cytoskeletal organization in HSC. We suggest that TGF-beta, signaling via Smad3, plays an important role in the morphological and functional maturation of hepatic myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Uemura
- The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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19
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Yoshida K, Matsuzaki K, Mori S, Tahashi Y, Yamagata H, Furukawa F, Seki T, Nishizawa M, Fujisawa J, Okazaki K. Transforming growth factor-beta and platelet-derived growth factor signal via c-Jun N-terminal kinase-dependent Smad2/3 phosphorylation in rat hepatic stellate cells after acute liver injury. Am J Pathol 2005; 166:1029-39. [PMID: 15793284 PMCID: PMC1602385 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
After liver injury, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) regulate the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and tissue remodeling. Mechanisms of PDGF signaling in the TGF-beta-triggered cascade are not completely understood. TGF-beta signaling involves phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 at linker and C-terminal regions. Using antibodies to distinguish Smad2/3 phosphorylated at linker regions from those phosphorylated at C-terminal regions, we investigated Smad2/3-mediated signaling in rat liver injured by CCl(4) administration and in cultured HSCs. In acute liver injury, Smad2/3 were transiently phosphorylated at both regions. Although linker-phosphorylated Smad2 remained in the cytoplasm of alpha-smooth muscle actin-immunoreactive mesenchymal cells adjacent to necrotic hepatocytes in centrilobular areas, linker-phosphorylated Smad3 accumulated in the nuclei. c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in the activated HSCs directly phosphorylated Smad2/3 at linker regions. Co-treatment of primary cultured HSCs with TGF-beta and PDGF activated the JNK pathway, subsequently inducing endogenous linker phosphorylation of Smad2/3. The JNK pathway may be involved in migration of resident HSCs within the space of Disse to the sites of tissue damage because the JNK inhibitor SP600125 inhibited HSC migration induced by TGF-beta and PDGF signals. Moreover, treatment of HSCs with both TGF-beta and PDGF increased transcriptional activity of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 through linker phosphorylation of Smad3. In conclusion, TGF-beta and PDGF activate HSCs by transmitting their signals through JNK-mediated Smad2/3 phosphorylation at linker regions, both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Yoshida
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 10-15 Fumizonocho, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8507, Japan
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20
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Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of cyclosporine A (CsA) on thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver injury.
METHODS: CsA was co-administrated (7.5 μg/kg body weight per day, i.p.) into rat to investigate the role of CsA on TAA-(200 mg/kg body weight per 3 d for 30 d, i.p.)induced liver injury.
RESULTS: The data show that TAA caused liver fibrosis in rat after 30 d of treatment. CsA alleviates the morphological changes of TAA-induced fibrosis in rat liver. The blood glutamyl oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT)/glutamyl pyruvic transaminase (GPT) in the TAA-injury group is elevated compared to that of the normal rat. Compared with the TAA-injury group, the blood GOT/GPT and TGFβ1 (by RT-PCR analysis) are reduced in the CsA plus TAA-treated rat. The level of the transforming growth factor receptor I (TGFβ-R1) in the CsA plus TAA-treated group shows higher than that in the TAA only group, but shows a lower level of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) in the CsA plus TAA-treated group, when using the Western blot analysis. After immunostaining of the frozen section, TGFβ-R1 and FGFR4 are more concentrated in rat liver after CsA plus TAA injury.
CONCLUSION: This result suggests that CsA has an alleviated effect on TAA-induced liver injury by increasing the multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein and could be through the regulation of TGFβ-R1 and FGFR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Fan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan, China
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21
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Lechuga CG, Hernández-Nazara ZH, Domínguez Rosales JA, Morris ER, Rincón AR, Rivas-Estilla AM, Esteban-Gamboa A, Rojkind M. TGF-beta1 modulates matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression in hepatic stellate cells by complex mechanisms involving p38MAPK, PI3-kinase, AKT, and p70S6k. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004; 287:G974-87. [PMID: 15246963 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00264.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), the main cytokine involved in liver fibrogenesis, induces expression of the type I collagen genes in hepatic stellate cells by a transcriptional mechanism, which is hydrogen peroxide and de novo protein synthesis dependent. Our recent studies have revealed that expression of type I collagen and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) mRNAs in hepatic stellate cells is reciprocally modulated. Because TGF-beta1 induces a transient elevation of alpha1(I) collagen mRNA, we investigated whether this cytokine was able to induce the expression of MMP-13 mRNA during the downfall of the alpha1(I) collagen mRNA. In the present study, we report that TGF-beta1 induces a rapid decline in steady-state levels of MMP-13 mRNA at the time that it induces the expression of alpha1(I) collagen mRNA. This change in MMP-13 mRNA expression occurs within the first 6 h postcytokine administration and is accompanied by a twofold increase in gene transcription and a fivefold decrease in mRNA half-life. This is followed by increased expression of MMP-13 mRNA, which reaches maximal values by 48 h. Our results also show that this TGF-beta1-mediated effect is de novo protein synthesis-dependent and requires the activity of p38MAPK, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, AKT, and p70(S6k). Altogether, our data suggest that regulation of MMP-13 by TGF-beta1 is a complex process involving transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen G Lechuga
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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22
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Yu C, Wang F, Jin C, Huang X, Miller DL, Basilico C, McKeehan WL. Role of fibroblast growth factor type 1 and 2 in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury and fibrogenesis. Am J Pathol 2003; 163:1653-62. [PMID: 14507672 PMCID: PMC1868310 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63522-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Genomic ablation of hepatocyte-specific fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)4 in mice revealed a role of FGF signaling in cholesterol and bile acid metabolism and hepatolobular restoration in response to injury without effect on liver development or hepatocyte proliferation. Although the potential role of all 23 FGF polypeptides in the liver is still unclear, the most widely studied prototypes, FGF1 and FGF2, are present and have been implicated in liver cell growth and function in vitro. To determine whether FGF1 and FGF2 play a role in response to injury and fibrosis, we examined the impact of both acute and chronic exposure to carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) in the livers of FGF1- and FGF2-deficient mice. After acute CCl(4) exposure, FGF1(-/-)FGF2(-/-) mice exhibited an accelerated release of serum alanine aminotransferase similar to FGFR4 deficiency, but no effect on overall hepatolobular restoration or bile acid metabolism. FGF1(-/-)FGF2(-/-) mice exhibited a normal increase in alpha-smooth muscle actin and desmin associated with activation and migration of hepatic stellate cells to damage, but a reduced level of hepatic stellate cell-derived matrix collagen alpha1(I) synthesis. Liver fibrosis resulting from chronic CCl(4) exposure was markedly decreased in the livers of FGF1/FGF2-deficient mice. These results suggest an agonist role for FGF1 and FGF2 in specifically insult-induced liver matrix deposition and hepatic fibrogenesis and a potential target for the prevention of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chundong Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, and the Center for Cancer Biology and Nutrition, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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23
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Abstract
Leptin is a 16-kDa hormone with an array of biologic actions. We, and others, have demonstrated that leptin is critical to the development of liver fibrogenesis both in vitro and in the lean littermates of ob/ob mice exposed to carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)). Controversy exists as to whether leptin can act as a direct cytokine in the development of increased collagen expression, and whether ob/ob mice are resistant to potential injury from CCl(4). Here, we provide evidence that strongly suggests that leptin acts to increase nascent production of mRNA for the alpha2(I) collagen gene based upon ribonuclease protection analysis (RPA). Actinomycin D, but not cyclohexamide, or the pan-neutralizing antibody to transforming growth factor beta one (TGFbeta1), significantly diminished the effect of leptin on total alpha2(I) collagen mRNA levels. Further evidence that leptin acts directly on HSCs to alter gene expression in liver wounding is demonstrated by enhanced binding of phosphorylated signal transduction and activator of transcription factor 3 (pStat3) to a cis-inducible element (SIE) oligonucleotide by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). This consensus sequence is responsible for production of a critical collagen transcription factor, AP-1. Finally, we have demonstrated from the ob/ob mouse model that these animals are at least as sensitive to CCl(4) as their respective lean animals as assessed by serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) measurements. Taken together, the current data provide a continued framework that leptin is a profibrogenic cytokine and plays a key role in liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Frank A. Anania
- Correspondence to: Frank A. Anania, Hepatology Section, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Room N3W50, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201.
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