1
|
Wongpakorn P, Chantarangsu S, Prapinjumrune C. Factors involved in the remission of oral lichen planus treated with topical corticosteroids. BDJ Open 2024; 10:34. [PMID: 38719818 PMCID: PMC11078943 DOI: 10.1038/s41405-024-00217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the factors that affected the complete clinical remission of oral lichen planus (OLP) treated with topical corticosteroids. MATERIAL AND METHODS We retrospectively evaluated the charts of patients diagnosed as OLP. Age, sex, current medical conditions, medications, type of OLP, Thongprasom score, pain level assessed by a numeric rating scale (NRS), Candida infection, topical steroid treatment preparation, duration of treatment until the first complete clinical remission, and follow-up duration were assessed as variables. RESULTS In total 100 patients, after complete remission, 22 patients reported a relapse within 1.5-45 months, with a mean of 15.6 ± 13.2 months. Age, duration, gingiva and vestibule area, hypertension, dyslipidemia, Thongprasom score, preparation and topical corticosteroid potency were factors affecting the remission. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the patients' age and duration of treatment were significant factors after adjusted for age, sex, and independent factors with a P-value < 0.1 in the univariate analysis. The likelihood of having incomplete remission of the OLP lesion increased by 7.9% for every year increase in age and increased by 2.3% for every month of treatment. CONCLUSIONS There are many different factors between the complete remission and incomplete remission groups. However, age and duration of treatment were significant factors affecting the remission of OLP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poosit Wongpakorn
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Soranun Chantarangsu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chanwit Prapinjumrune
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hamrah MH, Baghalian A, Ghadimi S, Mokhtari S, Kargar M, Khosrozadeh M, Dahi T, Charkazi A, Hamrah MS, Hamrah MH. The Prevalence and Correlates of Fissured Tongue Among Outpatients in Andkhoy City, Afghanistan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2021; 13:335-342. [PMID: 34345186 PMCID: PMC8325757 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s323428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fissured tongue is a common manifestation of the tongue, marked by the presence of multiple prominent grooves or fissures on the dorsal surface of the tongue. However, there is a lack of studies focusing on the prevalence and factors associated with fissured tongue among patients attending an outpatient clinic in Afghanistan. AIM The purpose of the current study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with fissured tongue and its effects on the general health of adult outpatients in Afghanistan. PATIENTS AND METHODS The cross-sectional survey was conducted among outpatient populations in Andkhoy City, Afghanistan, between September 2019 and December 2019. A convenience technique was applied by including 1182 patient aged 18-80 years. Socio-economic status, smoking, nass use (smokeless tobacco use) and medical data were collected using face-to-face interviews. We used logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with fissured tongue. A convenience technique was applied by including patient aged 18-80 years. RESULTS The studied population consisted of 1182 participants, of whom 573 (48.5%) were males and 609 (51.5%) females. The prevalence of fissured tongue was 27.2% (95% CI: 24.7-29.9%) with males having significantly higher prevalence than females (47.5%, 95% CI: 43.3-51.6% versus 8.2%, 95% CI: 6.2-10.7%, p<0.001). Male participants (OR=7.1, 95% CI: 4.8-10.3), diabetes mellitus (OR=1.6, 95% CI: 1.1-2.3) and smokeless tobacco use (OR=12.0, 95% CI: 8.1-17.6) were the only variables independently associated with fissured tongue. CONCLUSION This study suggested that there was a high rate of fissured tongue among an outpatient clinic in Andkhoy, Afghanistan. Male gender, diabetes mellitus, and nass consumption were associated with fissured tongue. Therefore, these factors might usefully be targeted in local health promotion, prevention and early intervention programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hassan Hamrah
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Curative Clinic, Andkoy, Faryab, Afghanistan
| | - Ali Baghalian
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Ghadimi
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Mokhtari
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Kargar
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Maryam Khosrozadeh
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Toba Dahi
- Abant Izzet Baysal University Faculty of Dentistry, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Abdurrahman Charkazi
- Health Education and Promotion, Environmental Health Research Center, Faculty of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li C, Tang X, Zheng X, Ge S, Wen H, Lin X, Chen Z, Lu L. Global Prevalence and Incidence Estimates of Oral Lichen Planus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol 2020; 156:172-181. [PMID: 31895418 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2019.3797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Importance Integrated information on the global prevalence and incidence of oral lichen planus (OLP) is lacking. Objective To examine the global prevalence and incidence of OLP in a systematic review and meta-analysis. Data Sources A systematic review of population-based studies and clinic-based studies reporting the prevalence and incidence of OLP was performed using 3 electronic medical databases (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Embase, and MEDLINE) from their inception to March 2019. The search terms included "(lichen planus or LP) and (prevalence or incidence or epidemiology)." No language restriction was applied. Study Selection Observational descriptive studies investigating the prevalence and incidence of OLP were included. Data Extraction and Synthesis Data were extracted by continent, sex, and other characteristics. The risk of bias was assessed by the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Instrument for Studies Reporting Prevalence Data using random-effects models to synthesize available evidence. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the prevalence (with 95% CIs) of OLP among the overall population and among subgroups. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. Results Among 46 studies, the overall pooled estimated prevalence of OLP was 0.89% (95% CI, 0.38%-2.05%) among the general population (n = 462 993) and 0.98% (95% CI, 0.67%-1.43%) among clinical patients (n = 191 963). Among the 15 population-based studies, the prevalence of OLP was 0.57% (95% CI, 0.15%-2.18%) in Asia, 1.68% (95% CI, 1.09%-2.58%) in Europe, and 1.39% (95% CI, 0.58%-3.28%) in South America. Among the 31 clinic-based studies, the prevalence was 1.43% (95% CI, 1.12%-1.83%) in Africa, 0.87% (95% CI, 0.61%-1.25%) in Asia, 1.03% (95% CI, 0.51%-2.09%) in Europe, 0.11% (95% CI, 0.07%-0.16%) in North America, and 3.18% (95% CI, 0.97%-9.95%) in South America. The pooled prevalence of OLP by sex was 1.55% (95% CI, 0.83%-2.89%) for women and 1.11% (95% CI, 0.57%-2.14%) for men in the population-based studies and 1.69% (95% CI, 1.05%-2.70%) for women and 1.09% (95% CI, 0.67%-1.77%) for men in the clinic-based studies. In 5 clinic-based studies providing the age distribution of patients with OLP, the prevalence by age was 0.62% (95% CI, 0.33%-1.13%) among patients younger than 40 years and 1.90% (95% CI, 1.16%-3.10%) among patients 40 years and older. Conclusions and Relevance This study identified the global prevalence and incidence of OLP in terms of its spatial, temporal, and population distribution. The overall estimated pooled prevalence of OLP was 0.89% among the general population and 0.98% among clinical patients. A higher prevalence of OLP was found in non-Asian countries, among women, and among people 40 years and older. The findings should be considered with caution because of the high heterogeneity of the included studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changchang Li
- Department of Dermatology, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Tang
- Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- Clinical Research Center, South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuqi Ge
- Clinical Research Center, South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wen
- Clinical Research Center, South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liming Lu
- Clinical Research Center, South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Morita K, Mori T, Maruyama M, Hiraoka A, Higa C, Kuroki A, Yoshida M, Tsuga K. Association between buccal mucosa ridging and oral or occlusal status among older people. Oral Dis 2018; 24:778-783. [PMID: 29316022 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the association between buccal mucosa ridging and oral or occlusal statuses among older people. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study examined 262 independent older people (mean age, 74.2 ± 5.9 years) who participated in the Kyoto Elderly Physical Fitness Measurement Research Project. The predictor variables were oral statuses (number of present teeth and torus palatinus, torus mandibularis, temporomandibular joint noise, clenching, or grinding) and oral functions (occlusal pressure, cheek pressure, oral diadochokinesis, and tongue pressure). The outcome variable was the buccal mucosa ridging status (presence or absence). Additional variables were age, sex, body mass index, grip strength, and wearing dentures. We compared these variables between participants with and without buccal mucosa ridging using a univariate analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Buccal mucosa ridging was present in 177 (67.6%) people. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed a close association of buccal mucosa ridging with torus mandibularis, tooth clenching and grinding and occlusal pressure, and cheek pressure. CONCLUSIONS Over 50% of the participants showed buccal mucosa ridging; this was significantly associated with higher cheek pressure, lower occlusal pressure, torus mandibularis, and tooth clenching and grinding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Morita
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mori
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mariko Maruyama
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Aya Hiraoka
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chiaki Higa
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Azusa Kuroki
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Yoshida
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tsuga
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cury PR, Porto LPA, Dos Santos JN, E Ribeiro LSF, de Aquino Xavier FC, Figueiredo AL, Ramalho LMP. Oral mucosal lesions in Indians from Northeast Brazil: cross-sectional study of prevalence and risk indicators. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93:e140. [PMID: 25501053 PMCID: PMC4602800 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions, and their risk indicators in adult Kiriri Indians from Northeast Brazil. Clinical oral examination was performed on a representative sample of 223 Indians (age ≥ 19 years). A systematic evaluation of lips, labial mucosa and sulcus, commissures, buccal mucosa and sulcus, gingiva and alveolar ridge, tongue, floor of the mouth, and soft and hard palate was performed. Bivariate analysis was conducted to assess associations between mucosal conditions and age, gender, income, educational level, diabetic status, and smoking status. Mucosal lesions were found in 50 participants (22.4%). The most prevalent lesions were fistulae (6.2%) and traumatic ulcers (4.48%). Oral mucosal was associated with higher age (≥ 35 years; odds ratio [OR] = 1.99, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-3.76, P = 0.03) and lower education level (<9 years; OR = 2.13, 95% CI: 0.96-4.71, P = 0.06). Mucosal conditions are prevalent in Kiriri Indians and the presence of mucosal lesions is associated with advanced age and lower education. A public health program aimed at preventing and treating mucosal lesions and targeted toward the high-risk group is vital to improve the oral health status of this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ramos Cury
- From the Department of Periodontics (PR); Postgraduate Program in Health and Dentistry (LPAP, LSFER); Department of Oral Pathology (JNDS, FCDAX, LMPR); and Department of Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil (ALF)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shet R, Shetty SR, M K, Kumar MN, Yadav RD, S S. A study to evaluate the frequency and association of various mucosal conditions among geriatric patients. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013; 14:904-910. [PMID: 24685796 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Geriatric dentistry or gerodontics is the delivery of dental care to older adults involving the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of problems associated with normal aging and age-related diseases as part of an interdisciplinary team with other health care professionals. AIM To evaluate the oral mucosal status in the elderly population of different age group and fnd out the association of age, gender and denture with oral mucosal disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study sample consisted of 570 geriatric persons concentrating mainly on the oral mucosal changes or lesions occurring in the geriatric population. Individuals those are aged above 60 years were selected, and all the examined geriatric persons were categorized into 3 age groups to fnd out the association of oral mucosal lesions in each group. Group I-60 to 65 years, Group II-66 to 70 years, Group III-71 and above years. RESULTS The sample of 570 elderly patients included 279 (48.95%) men and 291 (51.05%) women in three age groups: 61 to 65 years (40.35%), 66 to 70 years (31.05%), and 71 years and older (28.60%). The sample included 254 (44.56%) dentate patients, 205 (35.96%) denture wearers (partial and complete denture wearers) and 111 (19.47%) edentulous persons who lacked dentures in both the jaws. Almost half of the patients examined (48%) had one or more oral mucosal lesions. The 48% of the patients who presented with oral mucosal lesions, twenty fve different oral mucosal conditions were identifed and the three most common fndings were lingual varices (13.68%), denture induced infammatory fbrous hyperplasia (4.21%), squamous cell carcinoma (4.21%). There was some differences in the distribution of oral mucosal condition among the sexes. Leukoplakia and dysplasia were signifcantly associated with men (p < 0.001) whereas the association of fbroma and lichen planus with women were signifcant (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION In our study it was found that patients in groups II and III had more prevalence of oral mucosal disorders. Lingual varices, oral squamous cell carcinoma, fbroma and denture induced infammatory fbrous hyperplasia were more commonly associated with the geriatric patients. The oral lesions (fbroma and lichen planus) were strongly associated with women while leukoplakia was strongly associated with men. Ageing is an important factor that can infuence the occurrence of mucosal lesions and with age the oral mucosa becomes more permeable to noxious substances and more vulnerable to external carcinogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rgk Shet
- Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur-10, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Shobith R Shetty
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, The Oxford Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India e-mail:
| | - Kalavathi M
- Assistant Professor, Government Dental College and Hospital Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - M Naveen Kumar
- Readear, Department of Oral Pathology, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rishi Dev Yadav
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Eklavya Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Soumya S
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Prosthodontics, JSS Dental College and Hospital, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ahmadi-Motamayel F, Falsafi P, Hayati Z, Rezaei F, Poorolajal J. Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in male smokers and nonsmokers. Chonnam Med J 2013; 49:65-8. [PMID: 24010068 PMCID: PMC3759684 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2013.49.2.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is one of the most important risk factors for the development of oral mucosal lesions such as leukoplakia and hairy tongue. Controversy exists in the literature, however, about the prevalence of oral lesions in smokers. The aim of this study was to evaluate oral lesions in male smokers compared with nonsmokers in Hamadan. A total of 516 male participants were assessed, 258 of whom were smokers and 258 of whom were healthy nonsmokers. The prevalence of lesions was evaluated by clinical observation and biopsy. We found that the most prevalent lesions among smokers were gingival problems and coated tongue; smokers had significantly more lesions than did nonsmokers. Malignant and premalignant lesions were found in a higher age range. Among all participants in our study, we found a large number of oral mucosal lesions in smokers that had a strong correlation with smoking. Dental services need to implement care and health education for smokers to promote health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ahmadi-Motamayel
- Dental Research Center, Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Javed F, Tenenbaum HC, Nogueira-Filho G, Nooh N, Taiyeb Ali TB, Samaranayake LP, Al-Hezaimi K. Oral Candida carriage and species prevalence amongst habitual gutka-chewers and non-chewers. Int Wound J 2012; 11:79-84. [PMID: 22883719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-481x.2012.01070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral Candida colonisation is higher in tobacco smokers as compared to non-smokers; however, it remains unknown whether smokeless tobacco chewers are susceptible to increased oral Candida colonisation. The aim was to determine the oral Candida carriage and species prevalence amongst habitual gutka-chewers and non-chewers in a cohort from Karachi, Pakistan. Forty-five gutka-chewers and 45 non-chewers were included. Information regarding age, sex, duration of gutka-chewing habit, daily frequency of gutka consumption, duration of holding gutka in the mouth, daily frequency of tooth-brushing and tongue brushing was collected using a questionnaire. Oral yeast samples were collected by scraping the dorsum of the tongue and bilateral buccal mucosa with a sterile cotton swab. Identification of yeast species was performed using standard techniques. Tongue lesions were identified and recorded. Unstimulated whole salivary flow rate (UWSFR) was also measured. There was no significant difference in the mean age, UWSFR and oral Candida carriage among gutka-chewers and non-chewers. Individuals were chewing gutka since 4·4 years and were consuming five gutka sachets daily. Candida albicans (C. albicans) was the most common yeast species isolated from 57·8% gutka-chewers and 64.4% non-chewers. In 24.4% gutka-chewers and 22·2% non-chewers, two candidal strains (C. albicans and Candida tropicalis) were isolated. In conclusion, the present results indicated no significant difference in oral Candida carriage in habitual gutka-chewers and non-chewers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fawad Javed
- 3D Imaging and Biomechanical Lab., College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaOral Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|