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Huan J, Grivas P, Birch J, Hansel DE. Emerging Roles for Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Complexes in Bladder Cancer Progression and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1555. [PMID: 35326708 PMCID: PMC8946148 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway regulates important cellular functions. Aberrant activation of this pathway, either through upstream activation by growth factors, loss of inhibitory controls, or molecular alterations, can enhance cancer growth and progression. Bladder cancer shows high levels of mTOR activity in approximately 70% of urothelial carcinomas, suggesting a key role for this pathway in this cancer. mTOR signaling initiates through upstream activation of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (AKT) and results in activation of either mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) or mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). While these complexes share several key protein components, unique differences in their complex composition dramatically alter the function and downstream cellular targets of mTOR activity. While significant work has gone into analysis of molecular alterations of the mTOR pathway in bladder cancer, this has not yielded significant benefit in mTOR-targeted therapy approaches in urothelial carcinoma to date. New discoveries regarding signaling convergence onto mTOR complexes in bladder cancer could yield unique insights the biology and targeting of this aggressive disease. In this review, we highlight the functional significance of mTOR signaling in urothelial carcinoma and its potential impact on future therapy implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianya Huan
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (J.H.); (J.B.)
| | - Petros Grivas
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Jasmine Birch
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (J.H.); (J.B.)
| | - Donna E. Hansel
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (J.H.); (J.B.)
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Zhao W, Gao B, Liu C, Zhang B, Shan C, Deng J, Wan Q, Wang X, Zhao R, Gao L, Ao P, Xiao P, Gao H. High pathogenicity island is associated with enhanced autophagy in pathogenic Escherichia coli HPI - infected macrophages. Res Vet Sci 2021; 135:113-120. [PMID: 33465603 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
High pathogenicity island (HPI), which is widely distributed in Escherichia coli (E. coli), can enhance the pathogenicity of E. coli. Thus the HPI positive E. coli could pose a threat to human and animal health. It remains to be elucidated how HPI affects the virulence of pathogenic E. coli. Autophagy is an important mechanism to maintain cellular homeostasis and an innate immunity responses of organisms against pathogens. The interaction between pathogenic E. coli possessing HPI (E. coli HPI) and host autophagy system has not been reported. In this study, it was demonstrated that pathogenic E. coli induced autophagy in 3D4/21 macrophages and HPI was associated with enhanced autophagy through transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence and real-time PCR. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is an important negative regulatory pathway for autophagy. Through detecting the expression of key genes of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, it was speculated that HPI enhanced the inhibition of the signaling pathway stimulated by pathogenic E. coli. Furthermore, HPI inhibited the secretion of IFN-γ, while the presence of HPI did not significantly affect the secretion of IL-1β. This work is the first attempt to explore the interplay between HPI carried by pathogenic E. coli and host cell autophagy. The findings might enable better understanding of the contribution of HPI to pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhao
- College of food science and technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Bin Gao
- College of food science and technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Chunlan Shan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jing Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Quan Wan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ru Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Libo Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Pingxing Ao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Hong Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
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Boyao Y, Mengjiao S, Caicai B, Xiaoling L, zhenxing L, Manxia W. Dynamic expression of autophagy-related factors in autoimmune encephalomyelitis and exploration of curcumin therapy. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 337:577067. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Jiang K, Chen H, Tang K, Guan W, Zhou H, Guo X, Chen Z, Ye Z, Xu H. Puerarin inhibits bladder cancer cell proliferation through the mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:167-174. [PMID: 29375709 PMCID: PMC5766064 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Puerarin, as a novel oncotherapeutic agent, may exert anticancer effects and inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. To explore the effects of puerarin on human bladder cancer cells, and to elucidate the potential mechanism underlying these effects, a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to examine the proliferation of T24 and EJ cells following puerarin treatment. The effects of puerarin treatment on the cell cycle were detected by flow cytometry (FCM), while puerarin-induced cell apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling and FCM, and the cellular ultrastructural morphological changes were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Cell invasion was examined using a Transwell assay with Matrigel. The expression levels of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), phosphorylated (p)-mTOR, p70-S6 kinase (p70S6K) and p-p70S6K proteins in the mTOR signaling pathway were then assessed by western blotting. The results demonstrated that puerarin may inhibit bladder cancer cell viability, block the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase and induce apoptosis in bladder cancer cells. The expression levels of p-mTOR and p-p70S6K proteins were downregulated, while no change was observed in the expression levels of mTOR and p70S6K proteins when T-24 and EJ cells were treated by puerarin. In the present study, puerarin was demonstrated to inhibit the viability of human bladder cancer cells. These effects may be due to the puerarin-induced downregulation of proteins in the mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway, and the present study may provide the experimental basis for puerarin to be considered as a promising novel anti-tumor drug for the treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehua Jiang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi, Hubei 445000, P.R. China
| | - Hongbo Chen
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi, Hubei 445000, P.R. China
| | - Kun Tang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolin Guo
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Zhangqun Ye
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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Jin S, Chang IH, Kim JW, Whang YM, Kim HJ, Hong SA, Lee TJ. Identification of Downstream Genes of the mTOR Pathway that Predict Recurrence and Progression in Non-Muscle Invasive High-Grade Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder. J Korean Med Sci 2017; 32:1327-1336. [PMID: 28665070 PMCID: PMC5494333 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2017.32.8.1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microarray analysis was used to investigate the lack of identified mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway downstream genes to overcome cross-talk at non-muscle invasive high-grade (HG)-urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the bladder, gene expression patterns, gene ontology, and gene clustering by triple (p70S6K, S6K, and eIF4E) small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or rapamycin in 5637 and T24 cell lines. We selected mTOR pathway downstream genes that were suppressed by siRNAs more than 2-fold, or were up-regulated or down-regulated by rapamycin more than 2-fold. We validated mTOR downstream genes with immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray (TMA) of 125 non-muscle invasive HG-UC patients and knockout study to evaluate the synergistic effect with rapamycin. The microarray analysis selected mTOR pathway downstream genes consisting of 4 rapamycin up-regulated genes (FABP4, H19, ANXA10, and UPK3A) and 4 rapamycin down-regulated genes (FOXD3, ATP7A, plexin D1, and ADAMTS5). In the TMA, FABP4, and ATP7A were more expressed at T1 and FOXD3 was at Ta. ANXA10 and ADAMTS5 were more expressed in tumors ≤ 3 cm in diameter. In a multivariate Cox regression model, ANXA10 was a significant predictor of recurrence and ATP7A was a significant predictor of progression in non-muscle invasive HG-UC of the bladder. In an ATP7A knock-out model, rapamycin treatment synergistically inhibited cell viability, wound healing, and invasion ability compared to rapamycin only. Activity of the ANXA10 and ATP7A mTOR pathway downstream genes might predict recurrence and progression in non-muscle invasive HG-UC of the bladder. ATP7A knockout overcomes rapamycin cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subin Jin
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Ho Chang
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Wook Kim
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Mi Whang
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ha Jeong Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Soon Auck Hong
- Department of Pathology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Tae Jin Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Latosinska A, Mokou M, Makridakis M, Mullen W, Zoidakis J, Lygirou V, Frantzi M, Katafigiotis I, Stravodimos K, Hupe MC, Dobrzynski M, Kolch W, Merseburger AS, Mischak H, Roubelakis MG, Vlahou A. Proteomics analysis of bladder cancer invasion: Targeting EIF3D for therapeutic intervention. Oncotarget 2017; 8:69435-55. [PMID: 29050215 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with advanced bladder cancer have poor outcomes, indicating a need for more efficient therapeutic approaches. This study characterizes proteomic changes underlying bladder cancer invasion aiming for the better understanding of disease pathophysiology and identification of drug targets. High resolution liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry analysis of tissue specimens from patients with non-muscle invasive (NMIBC, stage pTa) and muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC, stages pT2+) was conducted. Comparative analysis identified 144 differentially expressed proteins between analyzed groups. These included proteins previously associated with bladder cancer and also additional novel such as PGRMC1, FUCA1, BROX and PSMD12, which were further confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Pathway and interactome analysis predicted strong activation in muscle invasive bladder cancer of pathways associated with protein synthesis e.g. eIF2 and mTOR signaling. Knock-down of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit D (EIF3D) (overexpressed in muscle invasive disease) in metastatic T24M bladder cancer cells inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and colony formation in vitro and decreased tumor growth in xenograft models. By contrast, knocking down GTP-binding protein Rheb (which is upstream of EIF3D) recapitulated the effects of EIF3D knockdown in vitro, but not in vivo. Collectively, this study represents a comprehensive analysis of NMIBC and MIBC providing a resource for future studies. The results highlight EIF3D as a potential therapeutic target.
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