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Zhao N, Chung TD, Guo Z, Jamieson JJ, Liang L, Linville RM, Pessell AF, Wang L, Searson PC. The influence of physiological and pathological perturbations on blood-brain barrier function. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1289894. [PMID: 37937070 PMCID: PMC10626523 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1289894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is located at the interface between the vascular system and the brain parenchyma, and is responsible for communication with systemic circulation and peripheral tissues. During life, the BBB can be subjected to a wide range of perturbations or stresses that may be endogenous or exogenous, pathological or therapeutic, or intended or unintended. The risk factors for many diseases of the brain are multifactorial and involve perturbations that may occur simultaneously (e.g., two-hit model for Alzheimer's disease) and result in different outcomes. Therefore, it is important to understand the influence of individual perturbations on BBB function in isolation. Here we review the effects of eight perturbations: mechanical forces, temperature, electromagnetic radiation, hypoxia, endogenous factors, exogenous factors, chemical factors, and pathogens. While some perturbations may result in acute or chronic BBB disruption, many are also exploited for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. The resultant outcome on BBB function depends on the dose (or magnitude) and duration of the perturbation. Homeostasis may be restored by self-repair, for example, via processes such as proliferation of affected cells or angiogenesis to create new vasculature. Transient or sustained BBB dysfunction may result in acute or pathological symptoms, for example, microhemorrhages or hypoperfusion. In more extreme cases, perturbations may lead to cytotoxicity and cell death, for example, through exposure to cytotoxic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhao
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tracy D. Chung
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zhaobin Guo
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John J. Jamieson
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lily Liang
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Raleigh M. Linville
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alex F. Pessell
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Linus Wang
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Peter C. Searson
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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2
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Li B. Personalized Immunotherapy of Patients: Defining by Single-cell RNA-seq with Artificial Intelligence. Med Res Arch 2023; 11:10.18103/mra.v11i8.4293. [PMID: 37736242 PMCID: PMC10512655 DOI: 10.18103/mra.v11i8.4293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy, including immune cell therapy and targeted therapy, is gradually developed through the ongoing discovery of molecular compounds or immune cells. Choosing the best one or the best combination of target compounds and immune-cell therapy is a challenge for clinical scientists and clinicians. We have found variable efficacy individually after tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy, and now TILs have been discovered in a group of heterogeneous immune cells. To select the best immunotherapy for each patient, we started to study TIL genomics, including single-cell mRNA differential display from TIL published in 2007 and single-cell RNA-seq from TIL published in 2013, set up TIL quantitative network in 2015, researched machine-learning model for immune therapy in 2022. These manual reports single-cell RNA-seq data combined with machine learning to evaluate the optimal compounds and immune cells for individual patients. The machine-learning model, one of artificial intelligence, can estimate targeting genomic variance from single-cell RNA-seq so that they can cover thirteen kinds of immune cell therapies and ongoing FDA-approved targeted therapies such as PD1 inhibitors, PDL1 inhibitors, and CTLA4 inhibitors, as well as other different treatments such as HDACI or DNMT1 inhibitors, FDA-approved drugs. Moreover, also cover Phase-1, Phase-2, Phase-3, and Phase-4 of clinical trials, such as TIL, CAR T-cells, TCR T-cells. Single-cell RNA-seq with an Artificial intelligence estimation system is much better than our published models from microarrays or just cell therapy. The medical goal is to address three issues in clinical immunotherapy: the increase of efficacy; the decrease of adverse effects and the decrease of the cost in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biaoru Li
- Georgia Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Medical College at GA, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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3
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Wilmott JS, Tawbi H, Engh JA, Amankulor N, Shivalingam B, Banerjee H, Vergara IA, Lee H, Johansson PA, Ferguson PM, Saiag P, Robert C, Grob JJ, Butterfield LH, Scolyer RA, Kirkwood JM, Long GV, Davies MA. Clinical Features Associated with Outcomes and Biomarker Analysis of Dabrafenib plus Trametinib Treatment in Patients with BRAF-Mutant Melanoma Brain Metastases. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:521-531. [PMID: 36477181 PMCID: PMC9898142 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to identify baseline clinical features associated with the outcomes of patients enrolled in the COMBI-MB phase II study of dabrafenib and trametinib treatment in patients with V600 BRAF-mutant metastatic melanoma with melanoma brain metastases (MBM). Exploratory biomarker analysis was also conducted as part of the synergistic COMBI-BRV trial (BRV116521), to identify molecular and immunologic changes associated with dabrafenib in MBMs and extracranial metastases (ECM). PATIENTS AND METHODS Post hoc analysis was performed for baseline features of patients (n = 125) enrolled in COMBI-MB. Analyses were performed to identify baseline clinical features associated with intracranial response rate (ICRR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Exploratory biomarker analysis was performed on biospecimen collected in the COMBI-BRV trial in which patients with BRAF-mutant, resectable MBM were treated with dabrafenib for 10 to 14 days prior to craniotomy. Accessible ECM were resected or biopsied at the time of craniotomy. Biospecimens underwent molecular and immunologic profiling for comparative analyses. RESULTS In COMBI-MB baseline treatment with corticosteroids was independently associated with lower ICRR [39% vs. 63%; OR, 0.323; 95 % confidence interval (CI), 0.105-0.996; P = 0.049] and shorter PFS (HR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.06-3.51; P = 0.031). Additional significant associations identified in the multivariate analysis were improved PFS in patients with a BRAFV600E genotype (HR, 0.565; 95% CI, 0.321-0.996; P = 0.048) and improved OS in patients with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 0 (HR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.25-0.78; P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Corticosteroid treatment was associated with reduced ICRR and PFS in COMBI-MB, similar to results with immunotherapy for MBMs. Baseline corticosteroid treatment is a key factor to consider in MBM patient management and clinical trial design/interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S. Wilmott
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hussein Tawbi
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Johnathan A Engh
- The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nduka Amankulor
- The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brindha Shivalingam
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | - Hiya Banerjee
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ismael A. Vergara
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hansol Lee
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter A. Johansson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter M Ferguson
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philippe Saiag
- Dermatology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Versailles University – Paris-Saclay, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Caroline Robert
- Gustave Roussy and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Lisa H. Butterfield
- The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Richard A. Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John M Kirkwood
- The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Georgina V. Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Royal North Shore and Mater Hospitals, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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4
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Pala L, Bagnardi V, Tettamanzi F, Barberis M, Mazzarol G, Casali C, De Pas T, Pennacchioli E, Coppola S, Baldini F, Cocorocchio E, Ferrucci P, Patane' D, Saponara M, Queirolo P, Conforti F. Genetic Alterations of Melanoma Brain Metastases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Mol Diagn Ther 2023; 27:5-13. [PMID: 36401787 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-022-00623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on molecular alterations harbored by melanoma brain metastases (MBMs) are limited, and this has hampered the development of more effective therapeutic strategies. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of all the studies reporting DNA sequencing data of MBMs, in order to identify recurrently mutated genes and molecular pathways significantly enriched for genetic alterations. METHODS We searched PubMed, Embase and Scopus for articles published from the inception of each database to June 30, 2021. We included in the analysis all the studies that reported individual patient data on DNA sequencing of MBMs, assessing single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and/or gene copy number variations (CNVs) in at least five tumor samples. Meta-analysis was performed for genes evaluated for SNVs and/or CNVs in at least two studies. Pooled proportions of samples with SNVs and/or CNVs was calculated by applying random-effect models based on the DerSimonian-Laird method. Gene-set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to identify molecular pathways significantly enriched for mutated genes. RESULTS Ten studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis, for a total of 531 samples of MBMs evaluated. Twenty-seven genes were found recurrently mutated with a meta-analytic rate of SNVs higher than 5%. GSEA conducted on the list of these 27 recurrently mutated genes revealed vascular endothelial growth factor-activated receptor activity and transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity to be among the top 10 gene ontology (GO) molecular functions significantly enriched for mutated genes, while regulation of apoptosis and cell proliferation were among the top 10 significantly enriched GO biological processes. Notably, a high meta-analytic rate of SNVs was found in several actionable cancer-associated genes, such as all the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor isoforms (i.e., Flt1 and Flt2 genes, for both SNV rate: 0.22, 95% CI 0.04-0.49; KDR gene, SNV rate: 0.1, 95% CI 0.05-0.16). Finally, two tumor suppressor genes were characterized by a high meta-analytic rate of CNVs: CDKN2A/B (CNV rate: 0.59, 95% CI 0.23-0.90) and PTEN (CNV rate: 0.31, 95% CI 0.02-0.95). CONCLUSION MBMs harbored actionable molecular alterations that could be exploited as therapeutic targets to improve the poor prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pala
- Division of Melanoma, Sarcomas and Rare Tumors, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy. .,Oncology Unit, Humanitas Gavazzeni, Via M.Gavazzeni 21, 24125, Bergamo, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Bagnardi
- Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Barberis
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mazzarol
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Casali
- Department of Neurological Surgery, IRCCS Foundation Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso De Pas
- Division of Melanoma, Sarcomas and Rare Tumors, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy.,Oncology Unit, Humanitas Gavazzeni, Via M.Gavazzeni 21, 24125, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pennacchioli
- Division of Melanoma, Sarcomas and Rare Tumors, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Coppola
- Division of Melanoma, Sarcomas and Rare Tumors, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Baldini
- Division of Melanoma, Sarcomas and Rare Tumors, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Emilia Cocorocchio
- Division of Medical Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Ferrucci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Damiano Patane'
- Division of Melanoma, Sarcomas and Rare Tumors, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Maristella Saponara
- Division of Melanoma, Sarcomas and Rare Tumors, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Queirolo
- Division of Melanoma, Sarcomas and Rare Tumors, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Conforti
- Division of Melanoma, Sarcomas and Rare Tumors, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy.,Oncology Unit, Humanitas Gavazzeni, Via M.Gavazzeni 21, 24125, Bergamo, Italy
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5
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Oldan JD, Giglio BC, Smith E, Zhao W, Bouchard DM, Ivanovic M, Lee YZ, Collichio FA, Meyers MO, Wallack DE, Abernethy-Leinwand A, Long PK, Trembath DG, Googe PB, Kowalski MH, Ivanova A, Ezzell JA, Nikolaishvili-Feinberg N, Thomas NE, Wong TZ, Ollila DW, Li Z, Moschos SJ. Increased tryptophan, but not increased glucose metabolism, predict resistance of pembrolizumab in stage III/IV melanoma. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2204753. [PMID: 37123046 PMCID: PMC10142396 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2204753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials of combined IDO/PD1 blockade in metastatic melanoma (MM) failed to show additional clinical benefit compared to PD1-alone inhibition. We reasoned that a tryptophan-metabolizing pathway other than the kynurenine one is essential. We immunohistochemically stained tissues along the nevus-to-MM progression pathway for tryptophan-metabolizing enzymes (TMEs; TPH1, TPH2, TDO2, IDO1) and the tryptophan transporter, LAT1. We assessed tryptophan and glucose metabolism by performing baseline C11-labeled α-methyl tryptophan (C11-AMT) and fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET imaging of tumor lesions in a prospective clinical trial of pembrolizumab in MM (clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03089606). We found higher protein expression of all TMEs and LAT1 in melanoma cells than tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) within MM tumors (n = 68). Melanoma cell-specific TPH1 and LAT1 expressions were significantly anti-correlated with TIL presence in MM. High melanoma cell-specific LAT1 and low IDO1 expression were associated with worse overall survival (OS) in MM. Exploratory optimal cutpoint survival analysis of pretreatment 'high' vs. 'low' C11-AMT SUVmax of the hottest tumor lesion per patient revealed that the 'low' C11-AMT SUVmax was associated with longer progression-free survival in our clinical trial (n = 26). We saw no such trends with pretreatment FDG PET SUVmax. Treatment of melanoma cell lines with telotristat, a TPH1 inhibitor, increased IDO expression and kynurenine production in addition to suppression of serotonin production. High melanoma tryptophan metabolism is a poor predictor of pembrolizumab response and an adverse prognostic factor. Serotoninergic but not kynurenine pathway activation may be significant. Melanoma cells outcompete adjacent TILs, eventually depriving the latter of an essential amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge D. Oldan
- Departments of Radiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, UNC-CH,Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Eric Smith
- Departments of Radiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, UNC-CH,Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Weiling Zhao
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, UNC-CH,Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Marija Ivanovic
- Departments of Radiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, UNC-CH,Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yueh Z. Lee
- Departments of Radiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, UNC-CH,Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Frances A. Collichio
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Departments of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael O. Meyers
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Departmant of Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Diana E. Wallack
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Patricia K. Long
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Departmant of Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dimitri G. Trembath
- Departments of Pathology And Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paul B. Googe
- Departments of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Madeline H. Kowalski
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anastasia Ivanova
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Ezzell
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Nancy E. Thomas
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Departments of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Terence Z. Wong
- Departments of Radiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, UNC-CH,Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David W. Ollila
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Departmant of Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zibo Li
- Departments of Radiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, UNC-CH,Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stergios J. Moschos
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Departments of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- CONTACT Stergios J. Moschos Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC27599, USA
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McKenzie G, Gaskins J, Rattani A, Oliver A, Southall W, Nakamura F, Yusuf M, Mistry A, Williams B, Woo S. Radiosurgery fractionation and post-treatment hemorrhage development for intact melanoma brain metastases. J Neurooncol 2022; 160:591-599. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-022-04178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
Lymphocytes in tumor tissue are called tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and they play a key role in the control and treatment of tumor diseases. Since the discovery in 1987 that cultured TILs can kill tumor cells more than 100 times more effectively than T-cells cultured from peripheral blood in melanoma, it has been confirmed that cultured TILs can successfully cure clinical patients with melanoma. Since 1989, after we investigated TIL isolation performance from solid tumors, we modified some procedures to increase efficacy, and thus successfully established new TIL isolation and culture methods in 1994. Moreover, our laboratory and clinicians using our cultured TILs have published more than 30 papers. To improve the efficacy of TILs, we have been carrying out studies of TIL efficacy to treat solid tumor diseases for approximately 30 years. The three main questions of TIL study have been "How do TILs remain silent in solid tumor tissue?", "How do TILs attack homologous and heterologous antigens from tumor cells of solid tumors?", and "How do TILs infiltrate solid tumor tissue from a distance into tumor sites to kill tumor cells?". Research on these three issues has increasingly answered these questions. In this review I summarize the main issues surrounding TILs in treating solid tumors. This review aims to study the killing function of TILs from solid tumor tissues, thereby ultimately introducing the optimal strategy for patients suffering from solid tumors through personalized immunotherapy in the near future.
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8
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Gui J, Guo Z, Wu D. Clinical features, molecular pathology, and immune microenvironmental characteristics of acral melanoma. J Transl Med 2022; 20:367. [PMID: 35974375 PMCID: PMC9382740 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Acral melanoma (AM) has unique biology as an aggressive subtype of melanoma. It is a common subtype of melanoma in races with darker skin tones usually diagnosed at a later stage, thereby presenting a worse prognosis compared to cutaneous melanoma. The pathogenesis of acral melanoma differs from cutaneous melanoma, and trauma promotes its development. Compared to cutaneous melanomas, acral melanomas have a significantly lighter mutational burden with more copy number variants. Most acral melanomas are classified as triple wild-type. In contrast to cutaneous melanomas, acral melanomas have a suppressive immune microenvironment. Herein, we reviewed the clinical features, genetic variants, and immune microenvironmental characteristics of limbic melanomas to summarise their unique features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Gui
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin St, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zhen Guo
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin St, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Di Wu
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin St, Changchun, 130021, China.
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9
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Solar P, Hendrych M, Barak M, Valekova H, Hermanova M, Jancalek R. Blood-Brain Barrier Alterations and Edema Formation in Different Brain Mass Lesions. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:922181. [PMID: 35910247 PMCID: PMC9334679 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.922181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential diagnosis of brain lesion pathologies is complex, but it is nevertheless crucial for appropriate clinical management. Advanced imaging methods, including diffusion-weighted imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient, can help discriminate between brain mass lesions such as glioblastoma, brain metastasis, brain abscesses as well as brain lymphomas. These pathologies are characterized by blood-brain barrier alterations and have been extensively studied. However, the changes in the blood-brain barrier that are observed around brain pathologies and that contribute to the development of vasogenic brain edema are not well described. Some infiltrative brain pathologies such as glioblastoma are characterized by glioma cell infiltration in the brain tissue around the tumor mass and thus affect the nature of the vasogenic edema. Interestingly, a common feature of primary and secondary brain tumors or tumor-like brain lesions characterized by vasogenic brain edema is the formation of various molecules that lead to alterations of tight junctions and result in blood-brain barrier damage. The resulting vasogenic edema, especially blood-brain barrier disruption, can be visualized using advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques, such as diffusion-weighted imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient. This review presents a comprehensive overview of blood-brain barrier changes contributing to the development of vasogenic brain edema around glioblastoma, brain metastases, lymphomas, and abscesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Solar
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Michal Hendrych
- First Department of Pathology, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- First Department of Pathology, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Martin Barak
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Hana Valekova
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Marketa Hermanova
- First Department of Pathology, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- First Department of Pathology, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Radim Jancalek
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Radim Jancalek,
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Moschos SJ. Melanoma Brain Metastases: An Update on the Use of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Molecularly Targeted Agents. Am J Clin Dermatol 2022. [PMID: 35534670 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-022-00678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastases from melanoma are no longer uniformly associated with dismal outcomes. Impressive tumor tissue-based (craniotomy) translational research has consistently shown that distinct patient subgroups may have a favorable prognosis. This review provides a historical overview of the standard-of-care treatments until the early 2010s. It subsequently summarizes more recent advances in understanding the biology of melanoma brain metastases (MBMs) and treating patients with MBMs, mainly focusing upon prospective clinical trials of BRAF/MEK and PD-1/CTLA-4 inhibitors in patients with previously untreated MBMs. These additional systemic treatments have provided effective complementary treatment approaches and/or alternatives to radiation and craniotomy. The current role of radiation therapy, especially in conjunction with systemic therapies, is also discussed through the lens of various retrospective studies. The combined efficacy of systemic treatments with radiation has improved overall survival over the last 10 years and has sparked considerable research interest regarding optimal dosing and sequencing of radiation treatments with systemic treatments. Finally, the review describes ongoing clinical trials in patients with MBMs.
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Karachaliou GS, Alkallas R, Carroll SB, Caressi C, Zakria D, Patel NM, Trembath DG, Ezzell JA, Pegna GJ, Googe PB, Galeotti JP, Ayvali F, Collichio FA, Lee CB, Ollila DW, Gulley ML, Johnson DB, Kim KB, Watson IR, Moschos SJ. The clinical significance of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and catenin Beta 1 (CTNNB1) genetic aberrations in patients with melanoma. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:38. [PMID: 34986841 PMCID: PMC8734243 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08908-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma-intrinsic activated β-catenin pathway, the product of the catenin beta 1 (CTNNB1) gene, has been associated with low/absent tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, accelerated tumor growth, metastases development, and resistance to anti-PD-L1/anti-CTLA-4 agents in mouse melanoma models. Little is known about the association between the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and CTNNB1 gene mutations in stage IV melanoma with immunotherapy response and overall survival (OS). METHODS We examined the prognostic significance of somatic APC/CTNNB1 mutations in the Cancer Genome Atlas Project for Skin Cutaneous Melanoma (TCGA-SKCM) database. We assessed APC/CTNNB1 mutations as predictors of response to immunotherapies in a clinicopathologically annotated metastatic patient cohort from three US melanoma centers. RESULTS In the TCGA-SKCM patient cohort (n = 434) presence of a somatic APC/CTNNB1 mutation was associated with a worse outcome only in stage IV melanoma (n = 82, median OS of APC/CTNNB1 mutants vs. wild-type was 8.15 vs. 22.8 months; log-rank hazard ratio 4.20, p = 0.011). APC/CTNNB1 mutation did not significantly affect lymphocyte distribution and density. In the 3-melanoma institution cohort, tumor tissues underwent targeted panel sequencing using two standards of care assays. We identified 55 patients with stage IV melanoma and APC/CTNNB1 genetic aberrations (mut) and 169 patients without (wt). At a median follow-up of more than 25 months for both groups, mut compared with wt patients had slightly more frequent (44% vs. 39%) and earlier (66% vs. 45% within six months from original diagnosis of stage IV melanoma) development of brain metastases. Nevertheless, time-to-development of brain metastases was not significantly different between the two groups. Fortunately, mut patients had similar clinical benefits from PD-1 inhibitor-based treatments compared to wt patients (median OS 26.1 months vs. 29.9 months, respectively, log-rank p = 0.23). Less frequent mutations in the NF1, RAC1, and PTEN genes were seen in the mut compared with wt patients from the 3-melanoma institution cohort. Analysis of brain melanoma tumor tissues from a separate craniotomy patient cohort (n = 55) showed that melanoma-specific, activated β-catenin (i.e., nuclear localization) was infrequent (n = 3, 6%) and not prognostic in established brain metastases. CONCLUSIONS APC/CTNNB1 mutations are associated with a worse outcome in stage IV melanoma and early brain metastases independent of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte density. However, PD1 inhibitor-based treatments provide comparable benefits to both mut and wt patients with stage IV melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Sofia Karachaliou
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rached Alkallas
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarah B Carroll
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chongshan Caressi
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Danny Zakria
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nirali M Patel
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dimitri G Trembath
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer A Ezzell
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Histology Research Core Facility, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Guillaume J Pegna
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paul B Googe
- Department of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan P Galeotti
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Fatih Ayvali
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Frances A Collichio
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carrie B Lee
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David W Ollila
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Margaret L Gulley
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Douglas B Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kevin B Kim
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ian R Watson
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stergios J Moschos
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Saberian C, Davies MA. Re-thinking therapeutic development for CNS metastatic disease. Exp Dermatol 2021; 31:74-81. [PMID: 34152638 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There has been unprecedented progress in the development of systemic therapies for patients with metastatic melanoma over the last decade. There is now tremendous potential and momentum to further and markedly reduce the impact of this disease. However, developing more effective treatments for metastases to the CNS remains a critical challenge for patients with melanoma. Melanoma patients with active CNS metastases have largely been excluded from both early-phase and registration trials for all currently approved targeted and immune therapies for this disease. While this exclusion has generally been justified in clinical research due to concerns about poor prognosis, lack of CNS penetration of agents and/or risk of toxicities, recent post-approval trials have shown the feasibility, safety and clinical benefit of clinical investigation in these patients. These trials have also identified key areas for which more effective strategies are needed. In parallel, recent translational and preclinical research has provided insights into novel immune, molecular and metabolic features of melanoma brain metastases that may mediate the aggressive biology and therapeutic resistance of these tumors. Together, these advances suggest the need for new paradigms for therapeutic development for melanoma patients with CNS metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Saberian
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael A Davies
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Trembath DG, Ivanova A, Krauze MT, Kirkwood JM, Nikolaishvilli-Feinberg N, Moschos SJ. Melanoma-specific expression of the tumor suppressor proteins p16 and PTEN is a favorable prognostic factor in established melanoma brain metastases. Melanoma Res 2021; 31:264-267. [PMID: 33871399 PMCID: PMC8086752 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PTEN and p16 frequently undergo (epi)genetic aberrations in melanoma resulting in decreased, or absent, protein levels. We investigated the prognostic significance of these tumor suppressor genes in melanoma brain metastases (MBMs). Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on archived tissue sections from craniotomies. Expression of PTEN and p16 was semiquantitatively scored (0-3 scale) in melanoma cells, glia, TILs, and endothelial cells of tumor-associated vessels and was compared among the different brain tumor cell compartments. Overall survival (OS) analysis was performed according to PTEN and p16 protein expression in melanoma cells. 58 patients (median age 56, 37 male) underwent craniotomy for MBMs before February 2014. The OS of patients with decreased, or absent, protein expression (0, 1+) of PTEN and p16 in melanoma cells was significantly shorter compared to that of patients with high (2+, 3+) expression (median OS 2.40 vs. 10.75 months and 4.1 vs. 8.1 months, respectively; Gehan-Breslow-Wilcoxon test P = 0.026 and P = 0.037, respectively). PTEN and p16 protein expression were significantly lower in TILs compared to melanoma cells (Mann-Whitney test P = 0.023 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Low/absent protein expression of PTEN/p16 is an adverse prognostic factor in MBMs. Surprisingly, expression of both PTEN and p16 proteins was significantly lower in TILs compared to melanoma cells. Proliferating (p16 absent/low) TILs within the brain with or without an active PI3K-Akt pathway (PTEN absent/low) may represent a favorable host response in MBMs. Thus, treatment of patients with MBMs with CDK4/6 or PI3K pathway inhibitors may result in an unfavorable, bystander, off-target effect on host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anastasia Ivanova
- Department of Biostatistics
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michal T Krauze
- Melanoma and Skin Cancer Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John M Kirkwood
- Melanoma and Skin Cancer Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nana Nikolaishvilli-Feinberg
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Stergios J Moschos
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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