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Rahul R, Maheswary D, Damodharan N, Leela KV. Unveiling global public interest and seasonal patterns of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance: An infodemiology study with implications for public health awareness and intervention strategies. Int J Med Inform 2023; 179:105231. [PMID: 37778057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2023.105231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The health-related information-seeking through internet sources has drastically increased throughout the world. This study aimed to analyze the Global public interest on "antibiotics" and "antibiotic resistance". METHODS The worldwide internet trend for the search terms "antibiotics" and "antibiotic resistance" from February 2017 to February 2022 was obtained using Google trends. The seasonal variation of interest was analyzed using the Seasonal Decomposition of Time Series by Loess. RESULTS The mean interest for the search term "antibiotics" and "antibiotic resistance" is found to be 78.02 ± 7.5 and 2.3 ± 0.8, which will increase at 2.56 % and 16 % per year. It was observed that there was a significant relationship between antibiotic consumption, the number of physicians, and individuals using the internet in the countries with the search term "antibiotics". The study also indicates that there is a peak in search volume for the term during the COVID-19 Pandemic. CONCLUSION Our study observed, that antibiotics related search questions on google by the public indicate the chances of antibiotic misuse. The study data suggest the need to raise public awareness about antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance, as well as there is need for intensive monitoring of dispensing and procurement patterns of antibiotics in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhakrishnan Rahul
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, India.
| | - Datchanamoorthy Maheswary
- Department of Microbiology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, India
| | - Narayanasamy Damodharan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, India.
| | - K V Leela
- Department of Microbiology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, India
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Adebisi YA. Balancing the risks and benefits of antibiotic use in a globalized world: the ethics of antimicrobial resistance. Global Health 2023; 19:27. [PMID: 37081463 PMCID: PMC10116465 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-023-00930-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a "silent pandemic" that threatens the efficacy of antibiotics and other antimicrobials. It is imperative to take into account the ethical implications of how these resources are used and distributed as the world deals with this silent pandemic. This commentary discusses the ethical considerations surrounding the use and distribution of antibiotics in the age of resistance, including issues of equity and access, responsibility for antimicrobial stewardship, the environmental impact of antibiotic use, and the development and promotion of these drugs. The ethical implications of unequal access to antibiotics and the role of social determinants of health in shaping this access are considered, as well as the globalization of AMR and the need for multiple stakeholders to be involved in addressing this issue. The opportunities of antimicrobial stewardship programmes for optimising antibiotic use and reducing the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria, as well as the ethical implications of implementing such programmes, are examined. The potential environmental outcomes of antibiotic use and the ethical implications of these impacts are also discussed, as well as the role of the pharmaceutical industry in the development and promotion of these drugs, the potential conflicts of interest that may arise and the ethical dimension of resource transfer from Global North to Global South. This paper emphasises the significance of a holistic strategy to AMR that considers these ethical components, as well as the importance of preserving antibiotic efficacy for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuff Adebayo Adebisi
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Global Health Focus, Kigali, Rwanda.
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Bhattacharjee R, Negi A, Bhattacharya B, Dey T, Mitra P, Preetam S, Kumar L, Kar S, Das SS, Iqbal D, Kamal M, Alghofaili F, Malik S, Dey A, Jha SK, Ojha S, Paiva-Santos AC, Kesari KK, Jha NK. Nanotheranostics to Target Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria: Strategies and Applications. OpenNano 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2023.100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Negi A, Kesari KK. Chitosan Nanoparticle Encapsulation of Antibacterial Essential Oils. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:mi13081265. [PMID: 36014186 PMCID: PMC9415589 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan is the most suitable encapsulation polymer because of its natural abundance, biodegradability, and surface functional groups in the form of free NH2 groups. The presence of NH2 groups allows for the facile grafting of functionalized molecules onto the chitosan surface, resulting in multifunctional materialistic applications. Quaternization of chitosan's free amino is one of the typical chemical modifications commonly achieved under acidic conditions. This quaternization improves its ionic character, making it ready for ionic-ionic surface modification. Although the cationic nature of chitosan alone exhibits antibacterial activity because of its interaction with negatively-charged bacterial membranes, the nanoscale size of chitosan further amplifies its antibiofilm activity. Additionally, the researcher used chitosan nanoparticles as polymeric materials to encapsulate antibiofilm agents (such as antibiotics and natural phytochemicals), serving as an excellent strategy to combat biofilm-based secondary infections. This paper provided a summary of available carbohydrate-based biopolymers as antibiofilm materials. Furthermore, the paper focuses on chitosan nanoparticle-based encapsulation of basil essential oil (Ocimum basilicum), mandarin essential oil (Citrus reticulata), Carum copticum essential oil ("Ajwain"), dill plant seed essential oil (Anethum graveolens), peppermint oil (Mentha piperita), green tea oil (Camellia sinensis), cardamom essential oil, clove essential oil (Eugenia caryophyllata), cumin seed essential oil (Cuminum cyminum), lemongrass essential oil (Cymbopogon commutatus), summer savory essential oil (Satureja hortensis), thyme essential oil, cinnamomum essential oil (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), and nettle essential oil (Urtica dioica). Additionally, chitosan nanoparticles are used for the encapsulation of the major essential components carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde, the encapsulation of an oil-in-water nanoemulsion of eucalyptus oil (Eucalyptus globulus), the encapsulation of a mandarin essential oil nanoemulsion, and the electrospinning nanofiber of collagen hydrolysate-chitosan with lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) and dill (Anethum graveolens) essential oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Negi
- Department of Bioproduct and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- Correspondence: or (A.N.); or (K.K.K.)
| | - Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- Department of Bioproduct and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- Correspondence: or (A.N.); or (K.K.K.)
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Aslam B, Khurshid M, Arshad MI, Muzammil S, Rasool M, Yasmeen N, Shah T, Chaudhry TH, Rasool MH, Shahid A, Xueshan X, Baloch Z. Antibiotic Resistance: One Health One World Outlook. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:771510. [PMID: 34900756 PMCID: PMC8656695 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.771510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is a growing public health concern worldwide, and it is now regarded as a critical One Health issue. One Health’s interconnected domains contribute to the emergence, evolution, and spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms on a local and global scale, which is a significant risk factor for global health. The persistence and spread of resistant microbial species, and the association of determinants at the human-animal-environment interface can alter microbial genomes, resulting in resistant superbugs in various niches. ABR is motivated by a well-established link between three domains: human, animal, and environmental health. As a result, addressing ABR through the One Health approach makes sense. Several countries have implemented national action plans based on the One Health approach to combat antibiotic-resistant microbes, following the Tripartite’s Commitment Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)-World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)-World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The ABR has been identified as a global health concern, and efforts are being made to mitigate this global health threat. To summarize, global interdisciplinary and unified approaches based on One Health principles are required to limit the ABR dissemination cycle, raise awareness and education about antibiotic use, and promote policy, advocacy, and antimicrobial stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Aslam
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Khurshid
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Saima Muzammil
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Maria Rasool
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nafeesa Yasmeen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taif Shah
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Life Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Tamoor Hamid Chaudhry
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,Public Health Laboratories Division, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Aqsa Shahid
- Faculty of Rehabilitation and Allied Health Sciences, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Xia Xueshan
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Life Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zulqarnain Baloch
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Life Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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Pelegrin AC, Palmieri M, Mirande C, Oliver A, Moons P, Goossens H, van Belkum A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a clinical and genomics update. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6273131. [PMID: 33970247 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global medical priority that needs urgent resolution. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a versatile, adaptable bacterial species with widespread environmental occurrence, strong medical relevance, a diverse set of virulence genes and a multitude of intrinsic and possibly acquired antibiotic resistance traits. P. aeruginosa causes a wide variety of infections and has an epidemic-clonal population structure. Several of its dominant global clones have collected a wide variety of resistance genes rendering them multi-drug resistant (MDR) and particularly threatening groups of vulnerable individuals including surgical patients, immunocompromised patients, Caucasians suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF) and more. AMR and MDR especially are particularly problematic in P. aeruginosa significantly complicating successful antibiotic treatment. In addition, antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of P. aeruginosa can be cumbersome due to its slow growth or the massive production of exopolysaccharides and other extracellular compounds. For that reason, phenotypic AST is progressively challenged by genotypic methods using whole genome sequences (WGS) and large-scale phenotype databases as a framework of reference. We here summarize the state of affairs and the quality level of WGS-based AST for P. aeruginosa mostly from clinical origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Coello Pelegrin
- bioMérieux, Data Analytics Unit, 3 Route du Port Michaud, 38390 La Balme les Grottes, France
| | - Mattia Palmieri
- bioMérieux, Data Analytics Unit, 3 Route du Port Michaud, 38390 La Balme les Grottes, France
| | - Caroline Mirande
- bioMérieux, R&D Microbiology, Route du Port Michaud, 38390 La Balme-les-Grottes, France
| | - Antonio Oliver
- Servicio de Microbiología, Módulo J, segundo piso, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Ctra. Valldemossa, 79, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Pieter Moons
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, building S, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Herman Goossens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alex van Belkum
- bioMérieux, Open Innovation and Partnerships, 3 Route du Port Michaud, 38390 La Balme Les Grottes, France
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Gautham M, Spicer N, Chatterjee S, Goodman C. What are the challenges for antibiotic stewardship at the community level? An analysis of the drivers of antibiotic provision by informal healthcare providers in rural India. Soc Sci Med 2021; 275:113813. [PMID: 33721743 PMCID: PMC8164106 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In many low- and middle-income countries, providers without formal training are an important source of antibiotics, but may provide these inappropriately, contributing to the rising burden of drug resistant infections. Informal providers (IPs) who practise allopathic medicine are part of India's pluralistic health system legacy. They outnumber formal providers but operate in a policy environment of unclear legitimacy, creating unique challenges for antibiotic stewardship. Using a systems approach we analysed the multiple intrinsic (provider specific) and extrinsic (community, health and regulatory system and pharmaceutical industry) drivers of antibiotic provision by IPs in rural West Bengal, to inform the design of community stewardship interventions. We surveyed 291 IPs in randomly selected village clusters in two contrasting districts and conducted in-depth interviews with 30 IPs and 17 key informants including pharmaceutical sales representatives, managers and wholesalers/retailers; medically qualified private and public doctors and health and regulatory officials. Eight focus group discussions were conducted with community members. We found a mosaic or bricolage of informal practices conducted by IPs, qualified doctors and industry stakeholders that sustained private enterprise and supplemented the weak public health sector. IPs' intrinsic drivers included misconceptions about the therapeutic necessity of antibiotics, and direct and indirect economic benefits, though antibiotics were not the most profitable category of drug sales. Private doctors were a key source of IPs' learning, often in exchange for referrals. IPs constituted a substantial market for local and global pharmaceutical companies that adopted aggressive business strategies to exploit less-saturated rural markets. Paradoxically, the top-down nature of regulations produced a regulatory impasse wherein regulators were reluctant to enforce heavy sanctions for illegal sales, fearing an adverse impact on rural healthcare, but could not implement enabling strategies to improve antibiotic provision due to legal barriers. We discuss the implications for a multi-stakeholder antibiotic stewardship strategy in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Gautham
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15-17, Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK.
| | - Neil Spicer
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15-17, Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK.
| | | | - Catherine Goodman
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15-17, Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK.
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Butzin-Dozier Z, Waters WF, Baca M, Vinueza RL, Saraiva-Garcia C, Graham J. Assessing Upstream Determinants of Antibiotic Use in Small-Scale Food Animal Production through a Simulated Client Method. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 10:antibiotics10010002. [PMID: 33374513 PMCID: PMC7822171 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-scale food animal production has been celebrated as a means of economic mobility and improved food security but the use of veterinary antibiotics among these producers may be contributing to the spread of antibiotic resistance in animals and humans. In order to improve antibiotic stewardship in this sector, it is critical to identify the drivers of producers’ antibiotic use. This study assessed the determinants of antibiotic use in small-scale food animal production through simulated client visits to veterinary supply stores and surveys with households that owned food animals (n = 117) in Ecuador. Eighty percent of households with food animals owned chickens and 78% of those with chickens owned fewer than 10 birds. Among the households with small-scale food animals, 21% reported giving antibiotics to their food animals within the last six months. Simulated client visits indicated that veterinary sales agents frequently recommended inappropriate antibiotic use, as 66% of sales agents recommended growth promoting antibiotics, and 48% of sales agents recommended an antibiotic that was an inappropriate class for disease treatment. In contrast, few sales agents (3%) were willing to sell colistin, an antibiotic banned for veterinary use in Ecuador as of January 2020, which supports the effectiveness of government regulation in antibiotic stewardship. The cumulative evidence provided by this study indicates that veterinary sales agents play an active role in promoting indiscriminate and inappropriate use of antibiotics in small-scale food animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William F. Waters
- San Francisco de Quito University, Quito 170157, Ecuador; (W.F.W.); (M.B.); (R.L.V.); (C.S.-G.)
| | - Martin Baca
- San Francisco de Quito University, Quito 170157, Ecuador; (W.F.W.); (M.B.); (R.L.V.); (C.S.-G.)
| | - Rommel Lenin Vinueza
- San Francisco de Quito University, Quito 170157, Ecuador; (W.F.W.); (M.B.); (R.L.V.); (C.S.-G.)
| | - Carlos Saraiva-Garcia
- San Francisco de Quito University, Quito 170157, Ecuador; (W.F.W.); (M.B.); (R.L.V.); (C.S.-G.)
| | - Jay Graham
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(443)-286-8335
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Dhingra S, Rahman NAA, Peile E, Rahman M, Sartelli M, Hassali MA, Islam T, Islam S, Haque M. Microbial Resistance Movements: An Overview of Global Public Health Threats Posed by Antimicrobial Resistance, and How Best to Counter. Front Public Health 2020; 8:535668. [PMID: 33251170 PMCID: PMC7672122 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.535668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics changed medical practice by significantly decreasing the morbidity and mortality associated with bacterial infection. However, infectious diseases remain the leading cause of death in the world. There is global concern about the rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which affects both developed and developing countries. AMR is a public health challenge with extensive health, economic, and societal implications. This paper sets AMR in context, starting with the history of antibiotics, including the discovery of penicillin and the golden era of antibiotics, before exploring the problems and challenges we now face due to AMR. Among the factors discussed is the low level of development of new antimicrobials and the irrational prescribing of antibiotics in developed and developing countries. A fundamental problem is the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding antibiotics among medical practitioners, and we explore this aspect in some depth, including a discussion on the KAP among medical students. We conclude with suggestions on how to address this public health threat, including recommendations on training medical students about antibiotics, and strategies to overcome the problems of irrational antibiotic prescribing and AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Dhingra
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Nor Azlina A. Rahman
- Department of Physical Rehabilitation Sciences, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Ed Peile
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Motiur Rahman
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Asia Programme, The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Sartelli
- Department of General and Emergency Surgery, Macerata Hospital, Macerata, Italy
| | - Mohamed Azmi Hassali
- The Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
| | | | - Salequl Islam
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mainul Haque
- The Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Mathew P, Ranjalkar J, Chandy SJ. Challenges in Implementing Antimicrobial Stewardship Programmes at Secondary Level Hospitals in India: An Exploratory Study. Front Public Health 2020; 8:493904. [PMID: 33072690 PMCID: PMC7531198 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.493904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Implementing a sustainable and effective Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS) programme in secondary level hospitals, in Low-Middle Income Country (LMIC) contexts, has numerous challenges. It is important to understand these challenges so that the stewardship initiatives can be tailored according to the unique requirements thrown up by these healthcare facilities. This study explores the experiences of implementing AMS in secondary level hospitals in the state of Kerala, India. Methods: A qualitative study was planned to map the challenges in implementing AMS in the secondary level hospitals. Toward the end of the 1 year followup period, the nodal officers at each hospital were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. The in-depth interviews were transcribed and later subjected to content analysis using N-Vivo 11.0, a popular software tool used for qualitative analysis. Results: Many physicians cite perceived patient satisfaction as one of the reasons for increased antibiotic use, as many patients consider antibiotics as standard of care. Also, the distance traveled by the patient and advancing age are factors which increase antibiotic use. The physician factors which determine use include empiric treatment needs, outbreak of diseases, absence of education programmes in antibiotic usage to fill in the knowledge gap and fear of litigation. The promotional activities by companies and antibiotics being a major source of income for small hospitals, affects use patterns. The factors which determine antibiotic selection includes conformism, experience of the physician, perceived resistance to certain antibiotics, emergence of specific diseases, and promotional activities related to antimicrobial agents. The challenges in implementing a sustainable stewardship programme is multifactorial. It includes competition between doctors, time constraints faced by physicians, absence of a champion, sub-optimal interdepartmental cooperation, absence of supporting facilities, dysfunctional regulatory systems, and unreliability of antibiograms. Discussion: AMS in resource-limited setting is going to be a challenge, especially in terms of financing, access to technologies and capacity building. Political and regulatory willpower of international partnerships should be effectively harnessed for designing solutions for LMIC contexts. Also, models for stewardship from elsewhere should undergo an adaptation process before implementation in low resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Mathew
- ReAct Asia Pacific, Department of Community Medicine, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Thiruvalla, India
| | - Jaya Ranjalkar
- ReAct Asia Pacific, Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Sujith John Chandy
- ReAct Asia Pacific, Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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Tetteh JNA, Matthäus F, Hernandez-Vargas EA. A survey of within-host and between-hosts modelling for antibiotic resistance. Biosystems 2020; 196:104182. [PMID: 32525023 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2020.104182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global public health problem which has the attention of many stakeholders including clinicians, the pharmaceutical industry, researchers and policy makers. Despite the existence of many studies, control of resistance transmission has become a rather daunting task as the mechanisms underlying resistance evolution and development are not fully known. Here, we discuss the mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance development, explore some treatment strategies used in the fight against antibiotic resistance and consider recent findings on collateral susceptibilities amongst antibiotic classes. Mathematical models have proved valuable for unravelling complex mechanisms in biology and such models have been used in the quest of understanding the development and spread of antibiotic resistance. While assessing the importance of such mathematical models, previous systematic reviews were interested in investigating whether these models follow good modelling practice. We focus on theoretical approaches used for resistance modelling considering both within and between host models as well as some pharmacodynamic and pharmakokinetic approaches and further examine the interaction between drugs and host immune response during treatment with antibiotics. Finally, we provide an outlook for future research aimed at modelling approaches for combating antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine N A Tetteh
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Ruth-Moufang-Strasse 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institut für Mathematik, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Franziska Matthäus
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Ruth-Moufang-Strasse 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Esteban A Hernandez-Vargas
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Ruth-Moufang-Strasse 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Instituto de Matemáticas, UNAM, Unidad Juriquilla, Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Queretaro, 76230, Mexico.
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Edwards SE, Morel CM. Learning from our mistakes: using key opportunities to remove the perverse incentives that help drive antibiotic resistance. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2019; 19:685-692. [PMID: 31847613 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2019.1702523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Governments need to do far more to help curb the emergence and transmission of antibiotic resistance and help protect the efficacy of any new antibiotics that come to the market. Industry is an important stakeholder that must be brought on-board such efforts given its influence on the direction and scale of antibiotic sales. Financial incentives supporting industry R&D of novel antibiotics should structurally remove the drivers of superfluous sales and encourage access to newer antibiotics where infections are otherwise resistant to treatment. Indeed, the use of public money provides an important opportunity to prioritize these public health goals within market structures such that we both adequately reward industry for their efforts and prolong antibiotic efficacy for as long as possible.Areas covered: This work discusses possible financial 'pull' incentives that fully delink the reward paid to the developer from unit sales, examining their primary advantages and limitations.Expert opinion: Pharmaceutical companies need to be rewarded generously for their efforts to develop new, badly needed antibiotics. But the current marketplace does not provide a sustained financial lure and its reliance on unit-sales for profitability jeopardizes the efficacy of antibiotics both new and old. Fully delinked models can make antibiotic R&D more financially appealing and create a market environment that is far less threatening to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Edwards
- Department of Health Care Management, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - C M Morel
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Tarrant C, Colman A, Chattoe-Brown E, Jenkins D, Mehtar S, Perera N, Krockow E. Optimizing antibiotic prescribing: collective approaches to managing a common-pool resource. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019; 25:1356-1363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Mikołaj K, Igor Ł, Wojciech M. Global Internet Data on the Interest in Antibiotics and Probiotics Generated by Google Trends. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:E147. [PMID: 31547273 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8030147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from the Google search engine enables the assessment of Google users’ interest in a specific topic. We analyzed the world trends in searches associated with the topics “antibiotics” and “probiotics” from January 2004 to June 2019, using Google Trends. We analyzed the yearly trends and seasonal variation. We performed an R-Spearman rank correlation analysis of the relative search volume (RSV) of the topics in 2015 with antibiotic consumption, health expenditure per capita, and the 2015 Human Development Index (HDI) of the country. The mean interest in the topic of antibiotics was equal to RSV = 57.5 ± 17.9, rising by 3.7 RSV/year (6.5%/year), while that of probiotics was RSV = 14.1 ± 7.9, which rose by 1.7 RSV/year (12.1%). The seasonal amplitude of antibiotics was equal to RSV = 9.8, while probiotics was RSV = 2.7. The seasonal peaks for both topics were observed in the cold months. The RSV of probiotics, but not antibiotics, was associated with antibiotic consumption (Rs = 0.35; p < 0.01), health expenditure (Rs = 0.41; p < 0.001), and HDI (Rs = 0.44; p < 0.001). Google users’ interest in antibiotic- and probiotic-related information increases from year to year, and peaks in cold months. The interest in probiotic-related information might be associated with antibiotic consumption, health expenditure, and the development status of the Google users’ country.
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Hosseinzadeh A, Stylianou M, Lopes JP, Müller DC, Häggman A, Holmberg S, Grumaz C, Johansson A, Sohn K, Dieterich C, Urban CF. Stable Redox-Cycling Nitroxide Tempol Has Antifungal and Immune-Modulatory Properties. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1843. [PMID: 31481939 PMCID: PMC6710993 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive mycoses remain underdiagnosed and difficult to treat. Hospitalized individuals with compromised immunity increase in number and constitute the main risk group for severe fungal infections. Current antifungal therapy is hampered by slow and insensitive diagnostics and frequent toxic side effects of standard antifungal drugs. Identification of new antifungal compounds with high efficacy and low toxicity is therefore urgently required. We investigated the antifungal activity of tempol, a cell-permeable nitroxide. To narrow down possible mode of action we used RNA-seq technology and metabolomics to probe for pathways specifically disrupted in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans due to tempol administration. We found genes upregulated which are involved in iron homeostasis, mitochondrial stress, steroid synthesis, and amino acid metabolism. In an ex vivo whole blood infection, tempol treatment reduced C. albicans colony forming units and at the same time increased the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 8 (IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor). In a systemic mouse model, tempol was partially protective with a significant reduction of fungal burden in the kidneys of infected animals during infection onset. The results obtained propose tempol as a promising new antifungal compound and open new opportunities for the future development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marios Stylianou
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - José Pedro Lopes
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Daniel C Müller
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - André Häggman
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sandra Holmberg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christian Grumaz
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kai Sohn
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christoph Dieterich
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Klaus Tschira Institute for Integrative Computational Cardiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Constantin F Urban
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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