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Gavazzi LM, Nair M, Suydam R, Usip S, Thewissen JGM, Cooper LN. Protein signaling and morphological development of the tail fluke in the embryonic beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). Dev Dyn 2024. [PMID: 38494595 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the land-to-sea transition of cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises), the hindlimbs were lost and replaced by an elaborate tail fluke that evolved 32 Ma. All modern cetaceans utilize flukes for lift-based propulsion, and nothing is known of this organ's molecular origins during embryonic development. This study utilizes immunohistochemistry to identify the spatiotemporal location of protein signals known to drive appendage outgrowth in other vertebrates (e.g., Sonic Hedgehog [SHH], GREMLIN [GREM], wingless-type family member 7a [WNT], and fibroblast growth factors [FGFs]) and to test the hypothesis that signals associated with outgrowth and patterning of the tail fluke are similar to a tetrapod limb. Specifically, this study utilizes an embryo of a beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) as a case study. RESULTS Results showed epidermal signals of WNT and FGFs, and mesenchymal/epidermal signals of SHH and GREM. These patterns are most consistent with vertebrate limb development. Overall, these data are most consistent with the hypothesis that outgrowth of tail flukes in cetaceans employs a signaling pattern that suggests genes essential for limb outgrowth and patterning shape this evolutionarily novel appendage. CONCLUSIONS While these data add insights into the molecular signals potentially driving the evolution and development of tail flukes in cetaceans, further exploration of the molecular drivers of fluke development is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Gavazzi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
- Musculoskeletal Research Focus Area, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - M Nair
- Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - R Suydam
- Department of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough, Utqiaġvik, Alaska, USA
| | - S Usip
- Musculoskeletal Research Focus Area, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - J G M Thewissen
- Musculoskeletal Research Focus Area, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - L N Cooper
- Musculoskeletal Research Focus Area, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
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Yang L, Liu M, Zhu Y, Li Y, Pan T, Li E, Wu X. Candidate Regulatory Genes for Hindlimb Development in the Embryos of the Chinese Alligator ( Alligator sinensis). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3126. [PMID: 37835732 PMCID: PMC10571561 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Crocodilians, which are a kind of animal secondary adaptation to an aquatic environment, their hindlimb can provide the power needed to engage in various life activities, even in low-oxygen water environments. The development of limbs is an important aspect of animal growth and development, as it is closely linked to body movement, support, heat production, and other critical functions. For the Chinese alligator, the hindlimb is one of the main sources of power, and its development and differentiation will directly influence the survival ability in the wild. Furthermore, a better understanding of the hindlimb developmental process will provide data support for the comparative evolutionary and functional genomics of crocodilians. In this study, the expression levels of genes related to hindlimb development in the Chinese alligator embryos during fetal development (on days 29, 35, 41, and 46) were investigated through transcriptome analysis. A total of 1675 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at different stages were identified by using limma software. These DEGs were then analyzed using weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA), and 4 gene expression modules and 20 hub genes were identified that were associated with the development of hindlimbs in the Chinese alligator at different periods. The results of GO enrichment and hub gene expression showed that the hindlimb development of the Chinese alligator embryos involves the development of the embryonic structure, nervous system, and hindlimb muscle in the early stage (H29) and the development of metabolic capacity occurs in the later stage (H46). Additionally, the enrichment results showed that the AMPK signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction are involved in the development of the hindlimb of the Chinese alligator. Among these, the HIF-1 signaling pathway and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction may be related to the adaptation of Chinese alligators to low-oxygen environments. Additionally, five DEGs (CAV1, IRS2, LDHA, LDB3, and MYL3) were randomly selected for qRT-PCR to verify the transcriptome results. It is expected that further research on these genes will help us to better understand the process of embryonic hindlimb development in the Chinese alligator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyang Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China; (L.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.P.)
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Mengqin Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China; (L.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.P.)
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Yunzhen Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China; (L.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.P.)
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Yanan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China; (L.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.P.)
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Tao Pan
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China; (L.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.P.)
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - En Li
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China; (L.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.P.)
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Xiaobing Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China; (L.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.P.)
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
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Berenguer M, Duester G. Genetic loss-of-function does not support gain-of-function studies suggesting retinoic acid controls limb bud timing and scaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1149009. [PMID: 37123409 PMCID: PMC10133474 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1149009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
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McCusker C, Rosello-Diez A. In preprints: new insights into proximodistal limb patterning and differentiation. Development 2022; 149:dev201308. [PMID: 36200555 PMCID: PMC10655916 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine McCusker
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Alberto Rosello-Diez
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation walk, Level 1, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Duester G. Pharmacological retinoic acid alters limb patterning during regeneration but endogenous retinoic acid is not required. Regen Med 2022; 17:705-707. [PMID: 35730255 PMCID: PMC9472174 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2022-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gregg Duester
- Development, Aging & Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Mary L, Leclerc D, Gilot D, Belaud-Rotureau MA, Jaillard S. The TALE never ends: A comprehensive overview of the role of PBX1, a TALE transcription factor, in human developmental defects. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:1125-1148. [PMID: 35451537 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
PBX1 is a highly conserved atypical homeodomain transcription factor (TF) belonging to the TALE (three amino acid loop extension) family. Dimerized with other TALE proteins, it can interact with numerous partners and reach dozens of regulating sequences, suggesting its role as a pioneer factor. PBX1 is expressed throughout the embryonic stages (as early as the blastula stage) in vertebrates. In human, PBX1 germline variations are linked to syndromic renal anomalies (CAKUTHED). In this review, we summarized available data on PBX1 functions, PBX1-deficient animal models, and PBX1 germline variations in humans. Two types of genetic alterations were identified in PBX1 gene. PBX1 missense variations generate a severe phenotype including lung hypoplasia, cardiac malformations, and sexual development defects (DSDs). Conversely, truncating variants generate milder phenotypes (mainly cryptorchidism and deafness). We suggest that defects in PBX1 interactions with various partners, including proteins from the HOX (HOXA7, HOXA10, etc.), WNT (WNT9B, WNT3), and Polycomb (BMI1, EED) families are responsible for abnormal proliferation and differentiation of the embryonic mesenchyme. These alterations could explain most of the defects observed in humans. However, some phenotype variability (especially DSDs) remains poorly understood. Further studies are needed to explore the TALE family in greater depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mary
- Service de Cytogénétique et Biologie Cellulaire, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
- INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)- UMR_S 1085, Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Delphine Leclerc
- Inserm U1242, Centre de lutte contre le cancer Eugène Marquis, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - David Gilot
- Service de Cytogénétique et Biologie Cellulaire, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
- Inserm U1242, Centre de lutte contre le cancer Eugène Marquis, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Marc-Antoine Belaud-Rotureau
- Service de Cytogénétique et Biologie Cellulaire, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
- INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)- UMR_S 1085, Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Sylvie Jaillard
- Service de Cytogénétique et Biologie Cellulaire, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
- INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)- UMR_S 1085, Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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Liu A, Han N, Munoz-Muriedas J, Bender A. Deriving time-concordant event cascades from gene expression data: A case study for Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI). PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010148. [PMID: 35687583 PMCID: PMC9292124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse event pathogenesis is often a complex process which compromises multiple events ranging from the molecular to the phenotypic level. In toxicology, Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) aim to formalize this as temporal sequences of events, in which event relationships should be supported by causal evidence according to the tailored Bradford-Hill criteria. One of the criteria is whether events are consistently observed in a certain temporal order and, in this work, we study this time concordance using the concept of “first activation” as data-driven means to generate hypotheses on potentially causal mechanisms. As a case study, we analysed liver data from repeat-dose studies in rats from the TG-GATEs database which comprises measurements across eight timepoints, ranging from 3 hours to 4 weeks post-treatment. We identified time-concordant gene expression-derived events preceding adverse histopathology, which serves as surrogate readout for Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI). We find known mechanisms in DILI to be time-concordant, and show further that significance, frequency and log fold change (logFC) of differential expression are metrics which can additionally prioritize events although not necessary to be mechanistically relevant. Moreover, we used the temporal order of transcription factor (TF) expression and regulon activity to identify transcriptionally regulated TFs and subsequently combined this with prior knowledge on functional interactions to derive detailed gene-regulatory mechanisms, such as reduced Hnf4a activity leading to decreased expression and activity of Cebpa. At the same time, also potentially novel events are identified such as Sox13 which is highly significantly time-concordant and shows sustained activation over time. Overall, we demonstrate how time-resolved transcriptomics can derive and support mechanistic hypotheses by quantifying time concordance and how this can be combined with prior causal knowledge, with the aim of both understanding mechanisms of toxicity, as well as potential applications to the AOP framework. We make our results available in the form of a Shiny app (https://anikaliu.shinyapps.io/dili_cascades), which allows users to query events of interest in more detail. Understanding mechanisms from systems-scale biological data is of great relevance in toxicology as well as drug discovery; however how to generate causal hypotheses instead of correlations is by no means clear. In this work, we study the conserved temporal order of events and present an automatable framework to quantify and characterize time concordance across a large set of time-series. We apply this concept to events derived from time-resolved gene expression and histopathology from the TG-GATEs in vivo liver data as a case study. We were able to recover known events involved in the pathogenesis of Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI), and identify potentially novel pathway and transcription factors (TFs) which precede adverse histopathology. As complementary sources of evidence for causality, we additionally show how time concordance and prior knowledge on plausible interactions between TFs can be combined to derive causal hypotheses on the TFs’ mode of regulation and interaction partners. Overall, the results derived in our case study can serve as valuable hypothesis-free starting points for the development of Adverse Outcome Pathways for DILI, and demonstrate that our approach provides a novel angle to prioritize mechanistically relevant events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Liu
- Milner Therapeutics Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Systems Modelling and Translational Biology, Data and Computational Sciences, GSK, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AL); (AB)
| | - Namshik Han
- Milner Therapeutics Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Centre for AI in Medicine, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jordi Munoz-Muriedas
- Systems Modelling and Translational Biology, Data and Computational Sciences, GSK, London, United Kingdom
- Computer-Aided Drug Design, UCB, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Bender
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AL); (AB)
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Su Z, Wang Z, Lindtner S, Yang L, Shang Z, Tian Y, Guo R, You Y, Zhou W, Rubenstein JL, Yang Z, Zhang Z. Dlx1/2-dependent expression of Meis2 promotes neuronal fate determination in the mammalian striatum. Development 2022; 149:dev200035. [PMID: 35156680 PMCID: PMC8918808 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The striatum is a central regulator of behavior and motor function through the actions of D1 and D2 medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs), which arise from a common lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE) progenitor. The molecular mechanisms of cell fate specification of these two neuronal subtypes are incompletely understood. Here, we found that deletion of murine Meis2, which is highly expressed in the LGE and derivatives, led to a large reduction in striatal MSNs due to a block in their differentiation. Meis2 directly binds to the Zfp503 and Six3 promoters and is required for their expression and specification of D1 and D2 MSNs, respectively. Finally, Meis2 expression is regulated by Dlx1/2 at least partially through the enhancer hs599 in the LGE subventricular zone. Overall, our findings define a pathway in the LGE whereby Dlx1/2 drives expression of Meis2, which subsequently promotes the fate determination of striatal D1 and D2 MSNs via Zfp503 and Six3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Su
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ziwu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Susan Lindtner
- Department of Psychiatry, Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zicong Shang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rongliang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan You
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - John L. Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zhengang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Chen H, Cui Y, Zhang D, Xie J, Zhou X. The role of fibroblast growth factor 8 in cartilage development and disease. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:990-999. [PMID: 35001536 PMCID: PMC8831980 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF‐8), also known as androgen‐induced growth factor (AIGF), is presumed to be a potent mitogenic cytokine that plays important roles in early embryonic development, brain formation and limb development. In the bone environment, FGF‐8 produced or received by chondrocyte precursor cells binds to fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), causing different levels of activation of downstream signalling pathways, such as phospholipase C gamma (PLCγ)/Ca2+, RAS/mitogen‐activated protein kinase‐extracellular regulated protein kinases (RAS/MAPK‐MEK‐ERK), and Wnt‐β‐catenin‐Axin2 signalling, and ultimately controlling chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, cell survival and migration. However, the molecular mechanism of FGF‐8 in normal or pathological cartilage remains unclear, and thus, FGF‐8 represents a novel exploratory target for studies of chondrocyte development and cartilage disease progression. In this review, studies assessing the relationship between FGF‐8 and chondrocytes that have been published in the past 5 years are systematically summarized to determine the probable mechanism and physiological effect of FGF‐8 on chondrocytes. Based on the existing research results, a therapeutic regimen targeting FGF‐8 is proposed to explore the possibility of treating chondrocyte‐related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujia Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Demao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Hota J, Mahapatra PK. FGF2 and FGF10 expression patterns in the epidermis and mesenchyme during homeotic transformation of tail into hindlimbs in frog tadpoles. Acta Histochem 2022; 124:151836. [PMID: 34968793 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Limbs are trunk quintessential in tetrapods. Their development relies on the Retinoic acid (RA) gradient in association with the Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs). The role of various FGFs have been probed extensively and confirmed during the induction of ectopic limbs in vertebrates. On such factual backdrops, we studied the expression patterns of FGF2 and FGF10 in the epidermis and mesenchyme by immunohistochemical localization in the regenerating tails of tadpoles of the Indian tree frog, Polypedates maculatus. These tadpoles are known to exhibit a kind of homeotic transformation of tail to limbs during regeneration, whose exact mechanism is still to be established by scientific investigations. Here in this study, we provide the first evidence of the putative involvement of FGF2 and FGF10 during such ectopic appendage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutshina Hota
- Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, P.G. Department of Zoology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751004, India
| | - Pravati Kumari Mahapatra
- Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, P.G. Department of Zoology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751004, India.
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