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Mohammedsaleh ZM, Hassanein EHM, Ali FEM, Althagafy HS, Al-Abbas NS, Atwa AM. Perindopril Dampens Cd-induced Nephrotoxicity by Suppressing Inflammatory Burden, Ang II/Ang 1-7, and Apoptosis Signaling Pathways. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:3193-3203. [PMID: 37848587 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03907-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most abundant toxic heavy metals, and its exposure is linked to serious kidney intoxication, a major health problem. Evidence reported that inflammatory damage is a key factor in Cd renal intoxication. Perindopril (PER) is an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor approved for treating hypertension and other cardiovascular problems. Significantly, RAS activation results in inflammatory damage. Our study aimed to examine the renoprotective effects of PER in Cd-induced nephrotoxicity, the impact of inflammation, and the underlying molecular mechanisms. PER was given at a dose of 1 mg/kg per day. Cd was injected at a dose of 1.2 mg/kg, as a single dose. Treatment with PER led to a significant decrease in serum levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, and urine albumin/creatinine ratio. PER effectively mitigated inflammation by decreasing MPO, NO, IL-1β, IL-6, and INF-γ levels mediated by downregulating NF-κB expression and suppressing JAK-1 and STAT3 phosphorylation. PER modulates Ang II/Ang 1-7 axis in Cd-intoxicated rats by decreasing Ang II expression and increasing Ang-(1-7) expression. PER inhibits Cd-induced apoptosis by lowering Bax, cytochrome c, and cleaved caspase 3 expressions while increasing Bcl-2 expression. In conclusion, PER dampens Cd-induced kidney intoxication by modulating Ang II/Ang 1-7 axis, suppressing NF-κB, JAK-1/STAT3, and apoptosis signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhair M Mohammedsaleh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad H M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Fares E M Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt.
| | - Hanan S Althagafy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf S Al-Abbas
- Department of Biology, Jamoum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Atwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt
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Asaad GF, Saleh DO, Mostafa RE, Hassan A, Jaleel GA. Pylorus ligation-induced hyperacidity: synergistic prophylactic effects of linagliptin and L-arginine via up-regulation of EP4 receptor subtype and improvement of vascular endothelial damage. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2024; 397:1127-1139. [PMID: 37615707 PMCID: PMC10791926 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02667-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Gastric hyperacidity and ulceration are chronic diseases characterized by repeated healing followed by re-exacerbation. The study aims to protect against gastric hyperacidity without interfering with gastric acid secretion. Pylorus ligation-induced hyperacidity is commonly utilized in the induction of gastric ulcers.Forty-two rats were distributed into seven groups (n = 6). Group I comprised sham-operated group. Group II served as pylorus-ligation group. Groups III-VII were given oral Linagliptin (LN; 3 and 6 mg/kg), L-arginine (LA; 150 and 300 mg/kg) and their combination (LN 3 + LA 150 mg/kg), respectively for 7 days. On the 8th day, groups II-VII were subjected to pylorus-ligation.Treatment of pylorus-ligated rats with LN, LA and their combination improved the gastric hyperacidity as exhibited by a marked reduction in the gastric juice volume, total and free acidities and pepsin contents with a noticeable increase in pH. Pre-treatment with LN, LA and their combination showed a marked alleviation in the gastric inflammatory indicators evidenced by reduction in the gastric levels of MCP-1and Il-1β as well as elevation of eNOS levels versus the sham-operated group. A marked up-regulation in the gastric gene expression of PGE, EP4 and VEGF accompanied by an improvement of the histopathologic pictures/scores, and TNF-α and caspase-3 immuno-staining were also recorded.By estimating the combination-index, it can be concluded that combining LN with LA exhibited prophylactic synergistic effects in ameliorating pylorus ligated-induced hyperacidity, mainly via up-regulation of EP4 receptor and improvement of vascular endothelial damage through VEGF expression in gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gihan F Asaad
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), 33 ELBohouth St. (Former EL Tahrir St.), P.O. 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia O Saleh
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), 33 ELBohouth St. (Former EL Tahrir St.), P.O. 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rasha E Mostafa
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), 33 ELBohouth St. (Former EL Tahrir St.), P.O. 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Azza Hassan
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Gehad Abdel Jaleel
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), 33 ELBohouth St. (Former EL Tahrir St.), P.O. 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Pallio G. Editorial: Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2466. [PMID: 37760907 PMCID: PMC10526183 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) encompass ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), both of which are inflammatory ailments affecting the gastrointestinal tract [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pallio
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
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Abstract
Obesity is prevalent within the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) population, particularly in newly developed countries. Several epidemiological studies have suggested that 15%-40% of IBD patients are obese, and there is a potential role of obesity in the pathogenesis of IBD. The dysfunction of mesenteric fat worsens the inflammatory course of Crohn’s disease and may induce formation of strictures or fistulas. Furthermore, obesity may affect the disease course or treatment response of IBD. Given the increasing data supporting the pathophysiologic and epidemiologic relationship between obesity and IBD, obesity control is being suggested as a novel management for IBD. Therefore, this review aimed to describe the influence of obesity on the outcomes of IBD treatment and to present the current status of pharmacologic or surgical anti-obesity treatments in IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Hyun Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, South Korea
| | - Chang-Myung Oh
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 62465, South Korea
| | - Jun Hwan Yoo
- Department of Gastroenterology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, South Korea
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, South Korea
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Antar SA, Ashour NA, Marawan ME, Al-Karmalawy AA. Fibrosis: Types, Effects, Markers, Mechanisms for Disease Progression, and Its Relation with Oxidative Stress, Immunity, and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24. [PMID: 36835428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Most chronic inflammatory illnesses include fibrosis as a pathogenic characteristic. Extracellular matrix (ECM) components build up in excess to cause fibrosis or scarring. The fibrotic process finally results in organ malfunction and death if it is severely progressive. Fibrosis affects nearly all tissues of the body. The fibrosis process is associated with chronic inflammation, metabolic homeostasis, and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling, where the balance between the oxidant and antioxidant systems appears to be a key modulator in managing these processes. Virtually every organ system, including the lungs, heart, kidney, and liver, can be affected by fibrosis, which is characterized as an excessive accumulation of connective tissue components. Organ malfunction is frequently caused by fibrotic tissue remodeling, which is also frequently linked to high morbidity and mortality. Up to 45% of all fatalities in the industrialized world are caused by fibrosis, which can damage any organ. Long believed to be persistently progressing and irreversible, fibrosis has now been revealed to be a very dynamic process by preclinical models and clinical studies in a variety of organ systems. The pathways from tissue damage to inflammation, fibrosis, and/or malfunction are the main topics of this review. Furthermore, the fibrosis of different organs with their effects was discussed. Finally, we highlight many of the principal mechanisms of fibrosis. These pathways could be considered as promising targets for the development of potential therapies for a variety of important human diseases.
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Salama RM, Ahmed RH, Farid AA, AbdElSattar BA, AbdelBaset RM, Youssef ME, El Wakeel SA. Gastroprotective effect of dapagliflozin in ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats: Crosstalk between HMGB1/RAGE/PTX3 and TLR4/MyD88/VEGF/PDGF signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109686. [PMID: 36623411 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse may lead to the development of gastric mucosal lesions. Dapagliflozin (DAPA), a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor, is clinically used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, studies showed protective effect of DAPA under various experimental conditions by alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation. The effect of DAPA on experimental gastric ulcer has not been studied yet. Therefore, we attempted to investigate DAPA's protective effect against ethanol (EtOH)-induced gastric lesions. Fifty-six (8-week-old) male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups. DAPA (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg/day; p.o.) was given for seven days, plus a single dose of absolute EtOH (5 ml/kg) on day 8. According to hematoxylin and eosin, and Alcian blue staining of gastric tissue sections, titratable acidity, and macroscopic assessments, DAPA high dose (10 mg/kg) was the most protective, with lesser ulcerations, and higher mucin, relative to the lower two doses and the standard treatment omeprazole (OME). In rats pre-treated with DAPA high dose, colorimetric and ELISA analyses revealed significantly decreased oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory, and apoptosis indices and increased levels of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Western blot analysis revealed reduced pentraxin-3 (PTX3), high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) expression. These results were comparable in DAPA (10 mg/kg) and OME pre-treated groups. Overall, DAPA exerted a dose-dependent protective effect against EtOH-induced gastric injury. Gastroprotective effects of DAPA (10 mg/kg) may be associated with influencing HMGB1/RAGE/PTX3 and TLR4/MyD88/VEGF/PDGF pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania M Salama
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University (MIU), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Rodaina H Ahmed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University (MIU), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Alaa A Farid
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University (MIU), Cairo, Egypt.
| | | | | | - Merna E Youssef
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University (MIU), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Sara A El Wakeel
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University (MIU), Cairo, Egypt.
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Saleh MA, Antar SA, Abdo W, Ashour A, Zaki AA. Genistin modulates high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) in Ehrlich-ascites-carcinoma-bearing mice. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:966-978. [PMID: 35907070 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22268-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the world's second-largest cause of death. Although there are numerous cancer treatment options, they are typically uncomfortable owing to side effects and ineffectual due to increased resistance to traditional anti-cancer medications or radiation therapy. A key method in cancer treatment is to target delayed/inhibited inflammation and apoptosis, which are very active areas of research. Natural chemicals originating from plants are of particular interest because of their high bioavailability, safety, few side effects, and, most importantly, cost-effectiveness. Flavonoids have become incredibly common as anti-cancer medications, with promising findings as cytotoxic anti-cancer agents that cause cancer cell death. Isolated compound (genistin) was evaluated for in vitro antiproliferative activity against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). The compound exhibited good cytotoxic activities against both cell lines. In vivo antiproliferative efficacy was also investigated in Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma (EAC). Compared to the control group, genistin revealed a significant decrease in tumor weight, volume, high-mobility group box1 (HMGB1), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) contents. On the other hand, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) contents increase suggesting an anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activity through inhibition of HMGB1 signaling and activating the Bcl-2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Saleh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, UAE.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Samar A Antar
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
| | - Walied Abdo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ashour
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Zaki
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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Shi G, Kong J, Wang Y, Xuan Z, Xu F. Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice through inhibiting of NF-κB signaling pathways and modulating intestinal microbiota. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 298:115640. [PMID: 36030029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Licorice is widely used in traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for compound compatibility, which could reduce toxicity and increase efficacy of certain herbal medicine, and its active components prominently effects of inhibit of inflammation and regulate of immunity. AIM OF THE STUDY The study probed into the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of licorice based on the domination of the T helper type 17/regulatory T cells (Th17/Treg) differentiation balance and the composition and structure of the intestinal flora through the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS BALB/c mice were inoculated with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to establish animal models of ulcerative colitis (UC). For the pharmacodynamic study, UC mice were observed for the anti-inflammatory effect of licorice water extraction (LWE) in vivo, including clinical observation and measurement of colon length. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to evaluate pathological conditions. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed to observe the intestinal barrier of the colons. Inflammatory cytokine levels were measured using with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. The proportions of T helper (Th) cells in the colons was assessed using flow cytometry. Gut microbiota diversity was detected using 16S ribosomal (r)DNA sequencing. In addition, Western blot (WB) assays were used to verify ROR-γt, Foxp3, TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB expression according to a standard protocol. RESULTS LWE exerted a pharmacological anti-inflammatory effect by attenuating inflammation in the colonic tissues through affecting the protein expression of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB, and increasing the expression of tight junction (TJ) protein in the colons, improving the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier in vivo. Moreover, LWE reversed the imbalance in Th17/Treg cells differentiation and influenced the protein expression of ROR-γt and Foxp3 in UC mouse colons. In particular, LWE significantly affected the diversity of the gut microbiota in UC mice, ameliorated the composition of dominant species, and significantly increased the type and quantity of probiotics. CONCLUSION Licorice tends to reduce inflammation and enhance the protective action of the intestinal mucosal barrier via the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signal transduction pathway and alter the imbalance of Th-cell differentiation. Notably, licorice may affect the diversity of intestinal microbiota and the content of beneficial bacteria in the colon, which is a potential mechanism for understanding anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in UC mice in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxiang Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China; School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China.
| | - Jinrong Kong
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China.
| | - Yunlai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, PR China.
| | - Zihua Xuan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China.
| | - Fan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, PR China.
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Zhong Y, Liu W, Xiong Y, Li Y, Wan Q, Zhou W, Zhao H, Xiao Q, Liu D. Astragaloside Ⅳ alleviates ulcerative colitis by regulating the balance of Th17/Treg cells. Phytomedicine 2022; 104:154287. [PMID: 35752072 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Restoring immune homeostasis by targeting the Th17/Treg response is a potentially valuable therapeutic strategy for ulcerative colitis (UC). Astragaloside IV (AS-Ⅳ) is a phytochemical naturally occurring in Astragalus membranaceus that has good anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-stress properties. However, the effects of AS-IV on the homeostasis of Th17/Treg cells in colitis mice remains unknown. PURPOSE To investigate the protective effects and potential immunomodulatory mechanisms of AS-IV on UC. METHODS This study was constructed for DSS-induced acute colitis and recurrent colitis, with AS-IV administered prophylactically and therapeutically, respectively. The balance of Th17/Treg cells was analyzed by flow cytometry, their specific nuclear transcription factors were detected by RT-PCR as well as their secreted inflammatory cytokines were detected by ELISA and RT-PCR. Notch signaling-related proteins were detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Oxidative stress indicators were measured by biochemical technology. RESULTS In this study, AS-IV treatment not only effectively prevented and alleviated the clinical symptoms of DSS-induced colitis mice, including weight loss, DAI soaring, colon length shortening and colon weight gain, but also significantly improved ulcer formation, inflammatory cell infiltration and index, and regulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines in colon tissues. Importantly, the efficacy of high-dose AS-IV (100 mg/kg/day) in mice with recurrent colitis in this study was comparable to that of 5-ASA. AS-IV early administration was able to reshape the homeostasis of Th17/Treg cells in mice with acute colitis; meanwhile, AS-IV inhibited Th17 cell responses and promoted Treg cell responses in mice with recurrent colitis. Moreover, AS-IV not only inhibited the activation of Notch signaling pathway in colitis mice, but also prevented and ameliorated DSS-induced oxidative stress injury. CONCLUSION In conclusion, AS-IV effectively prevented and alleviated UC by reshaping Th17/Treg cell homeostasis and anti-oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbao Zhong
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, China; Laboratory Animal Research Center for Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Research and Development Department, Jiangzhong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, China
| | - Yanxia Xiong
- Research and Development Department, Jiangzhong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, China
| | - Yingmeng Li
- Research and Development Department, Jiangzhong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, China
| | - Qi Wan
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, China; Nanchang Medical college, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, China
| | - Haimei Zhao
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, China
| | - Qiuping Xiao
- Research and Development Department, Jiangzhong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, China.
| | - Duanyong Liu
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, China.
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