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Smutná Z, Vávra J, Duží B. An insight into market and non-market alternative food networks in Czechia during Covid-19 and beyond. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1327308. [PMID: 38379542 PMCID: PMC10876859 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1327308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Covid-19 pandemic affected food systems in many countries and emphasized a lot of already existing social, economic and environmental agri-food problems. Alternative food networks (AFNs), praised for their ability to improve the food systems, were under stress, however, at the same time, the changed conditions may have opened new possibilities. In this paper we address the importance of AFNs during the pandemic and investigate how households have changed their participation in AFNs. Our research is novel by simultaneously focusing on both market and non-market AFNs which are often studied separately. Methods A representative questionnaire study of Czech households was carried out in Autumn 2021 to provide a case study of food and consumption behavior of the European country after several waves of Covid-19. Results and discussion Based on the responses of 515 participants, the results show that 68% of Czech households participate in some form of AFNs, be it shopping or food self-provisioning, i.e., non-market food procurement in the form of gardening. Focusing on the market AFNs, farmers' markets and farm gate sales are the most popular. Covid-19 and 2021 emerging economic pressures led to a decrease of consumption of organic food (22% of respondents) as well as fresh fruit and vegetables in general (10% of respondents) and a noticeable occurrence of food insecurity (18% of households). Based on these findings, the paper discusses the ability of AFNs to support food and nutritional resilience. Problems which may endanger market-oriented AFNs are discussed as well. Conclusion By addressing both market and non-market AFNs, the paper brings new knowledge into the food environment and agri-food policies research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeňka Smutná
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Ústí nad Labem, Czechia
| | - Jan Vávra
- Department of Local and Regional Studies, Institute of Sociology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Barbora Duží
- Department of Environmental Geography, Institute of Geonics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
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Vesely S, Klöckner CA. Is environmental behavior related to economic risk preferences? An exploratory case by case analysis. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1212685. [PMID: 37599730 PMCID: PMC10434762 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1212685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Do risk preferences play a role when deciding whether to act pro-environmentally? Looking at 28 different behaviors case by case - including recycling, waste reduction, energy and water conservation, consumer behavior, and environmental policy support - our data suggest no relation between most of the behaviors and economic risk preferences. However, economic risk preferences appear to have some relevance for travel mode choice and for specific consumer preferences (eco-friendly detergents, organic food, and single-use plastics), perhaps because people are better able to appreciate aspects of these behaviors related to risk (e.g., possibility of traffic accidents, health risks).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stepan Vesely
- Institute of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Xu T, Shao M, Liu R, Wu X, Zheng K. Risk Perception, Perceived Government Coping Validity, and Individual Response in the Early Stage of the COVID-19 Pandemic in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:ijerph20031982. [PMID: 36767349 PMCID: PMC9915099 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
As a major crisis event, the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the global economy, threatened the lives of the public, and caused varying degrees of impact on the public. Previous studies have shown that risk perception and government response had different impacts on the public, but they revealed more about the independent impact of risk perception and government response on the public. This study will comprehensively consider the impacts of these two factors on the behavior of the public in the early stage of the epidemic. We analyzed data from an online survey in the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic in China and categorized individual behaviors into three dimensions: entertainment and travel, work, and the stockpile of supplies. In addition, we defined the risk perception variables by two dimensions: knowledge of the epidemic itself and knowledge of the consequences of the epidemic. At the same time, we used an exploratory factor analysis to construct the variable of perceived government coping validity and then adopted the ordinal logit model for analysis. The results showed that in terms of entertainment and travel, people would not be affected even if they fully understood the epidemic itself; once they were aware of the negative social consequences of the epidemic, people would suspend entertainment and travel to prevent the spread of the virus. As for work or employment, people would not stop working or employment even if they realized the infectivity and harmfulness of the disease and its social consequences. Furthermore, fear of COVID-19 and the perception of uncontrolled COVID-19 significantly positively affected people's material stockpiling behavior. These results indicate that different risk perceptions had different effects on individual responses, and individual behaviors reflected different coping logics. In addition, the government's effective response to the epidemic would significantly reduce the negative impacts of the epidemic on the three dimensions of people's responses. These conclusions have certain policy implications for preventing and responding to outbreaks in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- School of International Culture and Social Development, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321000, China
- Correspondence: (T.X.); (K.Z.)
| | - Mengyuan Shao
- School of International Culture and Social Development, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Ruiquan Liu
- School of International Culture and Social Development, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wu
- School of International Culture and Social Development, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Department of Economics and International Trade, School of Economics, Management & Law, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, China
- Correspondence: (T.X.); (K.Z.)
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Zanetti B, Verrascina M, Licciardo F, Gargano G. Agritourism and Farms Diversification in Italy: What Have We Learnt from COVID-19? Land 2022; 11:1215. [DOI: 10.3390/land11081215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly disrupted the household behavior in all areas and also those related to eating and daily food. Research carried out shows there have been significant changes compared to pre-COVID levels in the way consumers plan their food purchases. Based on the results of empirical data and emerging information such as ad hoc reports and analysis of academic literature, the authors aim to understand the effect of COVID-19 on agricultural and extra-agricultural activities in diversified Italian farms. More specifically, due to their importance at a national level, the focus of the analysis is represented by the agritourism, how they have reacted to the challenges posed by the pandemic, and towards which evolutionary lines they are orienting themselves to face the next future challenges. Empirical data for this study were collected through the use of a questionnaire survey, managed by the research team. The survey, conducted online during summer 2021, was designed by using a random stratified sampling for which the farms are characterized by a certain heterogeneity of the activities carried out (i.e., hospitality, processing of products, renewable energy production, etc.). The research activity covered the entire Italian territory and the number of responding farms with agritourism activities is equal to 77 (a 17.5% response rate). The results highlight the importance of farm with agritourism activities in dealing with COVID-19 crisis and policy implications in terms of support for the competitiveness of farms, exchange of knowledge, and innovations among farmers that should be taken into consideration to target the next rural development policy at the EU, the national and regional level. At the same time, the sample reaction methods to the pandemic and the changing business strategies highlight a certain resilience of Italian farms with agritourism activities, thus showing their ability to adapt.
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Tani N, Fukuda H. Medical visits and health-care expenditures of patients attending orthopedic clinics during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: LIFE Study. Int J Qual Health Care 2022; 34:6634945. [PMID: 35808994 PMCID: PMC9278191 DOI: 10.1093/intqhc/mzac056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first state of emergency for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Japan was imposed from April to May 2020. During that period, people were urged to avoid non-essential outings, which may have reduced their access to health care. METHODS Using health-care claims data from a city in Fukuoka prefecture, Japan, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of the state of emergency's impact on patients' medical visits to orthopedic clinics and their associated health-care expenditures. These measures were compared between 2019 and 2020 using a year-over-year analysis and unpaired t-tests. RESULTS The analysis showed that medical visits in 2020 significantly decreased by 23.7% in April (P < 0.01) and 17.6% in May (P < 0.01) when compared with the previous year. Similarly, monthly outpatient health-care expenditure significantly decreased by 2.4% (P < 0.01) in April 2020 when compared with April 2019. In contrast, the health-care expenditure per capita per visit significantly increased by 1.5% (P < 0.01) in June 2020 (after the state of emergency was lifted) when compared with June 2019. CONCLUSION As orthopedic clinics in Japan are reimbursed using a fee-for-service system, the increases in per capita expenditures after the state of emergency may be indicative of physician-induced demand. However, we posit that it is more likely that a post-emergency increase in anti-inflammatory and analgesic treatments for spondylopathies, low back pain and sciatica induced a temporary rise in these expenditures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomichi Tani
- Department of Health Care Administration and Management, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,Health Information Analysis Section, The Association for Preventive Medicine of Japan, 3-19-5 Hakataekimae Hakata-ku, Fukuoka 812-0011, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Fukuda
- Department of Health Care Administration and Management, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Mass M, Abebe GK, Hartt CM, Yiridoe EK. Consumer Perceptions about the Value of Short Food Supply Chains during COVID-19: Atlantic Canada Perspective. Sustainability 2022; 14:8216. [DOI: 10.3390/su14138216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The recent global COVID-19 pandemic has revealed weaknesses in the global food system, with short food supply chains (SFSCs) and long food supply chains (LFSC) being impacted differently. This raises the question as to whether the pandemic has contributed to a greater interest in and demand for locally produced foods. To answer this question, a study was undertaken to explore how consumers perceive SFSCs in delivering social, economic, and environmental benefits and whether these perceptions have been enhanced during the pandemic. A survey was carried out among consumers in Atlantic Canada who purchase food from SFSCs. Based on 80 valid responses, the findings revealed that consumers perceive SFSCs to deliver more social benefits post-pandemic than they thought SFSCs did before the pandemic. Supporting the local economy, food safety, freshness, and product quality are key motivators of shopping from SFSCs. Consumer perceptions about the sustainability of SFSCs did not vary much based on sociodemographic factors. Also, the COVID-19 pandemic did not significantly alter consumer spending and frequency of shopping from SFSCs. This may affect the SFSCs’ ability to expand operations beyond current levels and suggest the complementarity between SFSCs and LFSCs for more sustainable consumption patterns. The study provides valuable insights into the attractiveness of the local food businesses and the effect of unexpected events such as COVID-19 on consumer behaviors.
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Han X, Guo Y, Xue P, Wang X, Zhu W. Impacts of COVID-19 on Nutritional Intake in Rural China: Panel Data Evidence. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132704. [PMID: 35807889 PMCID: PMC9268832 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic introduced risks and challenges to global food and nutrition security. In this paper, we examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the nutritional intake of China’s rural residents using panel data and a fixed effects model. The data were collected in 2019 and 2020 and covered nine provinces and 2631 households in rural China. The results reveal that an increase of 100 confirmed cases in a county resulted in a 1.30% (p < 0.01), 1.42% (p < 0.01), 1.65% (p < 0.01), and 1.15% (p < 0.01) decrease in per capita intake of dietary energy, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, respectively. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant and negative effect on dietary macronutrient intake in the low-income group at the 5% level of significance. Our study indicates that the potential insufficient nutrition situation, nutritional imbalance, and dietary imbalance of low-income rural residents should be addressed appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Han
- Institute of Agricultural Economics and Development, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.H.); (P.X.); (X.W.)
| | - Yufei Guo
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
- School of Economics, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ping Xue
- Institute of Agricultural Economics and Development, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.H.); (P.X.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiudong Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Economics and Development, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.H.); (P.X.); (X.W.)
| | - Wenbo Zhu
- Rural Development Institute, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100732, China
- Correspondence:
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Byrne DV. Effects and Implications of COVID-19 for the Human Senses, Consumer Preferences, Appetite and Eating Behaviour: Volume I. Foods 2022; 11:foods11121738. [PMID: 35741936 PMCID: PMC9222521 DOI: 10.3390/foods11121738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Victor Byrne
- Food Quality Perception and Society Science Team, iSense Lab, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark;
- Food & Health Research, Sino-Danish Center (SDC), Niels Jensens Vej 2, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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9
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Iranmanesh M, Ghobakhloo M, Nilashi M, Tseng ML, Senali MG, Abbasi GA. Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on household food waste behaviour: A systematic review. Appetite 2022; 176:106127. [PMID: 35714820 PMCID: PMC9195461 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Food waste has adverse economic, social, and environmental impacts and increases the prevalence of food insecurity. Panic buying at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak raised serious concerns about a potential rise in food waste levels and higher pressure on waste management systems. This article aims to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on food waste behaviour and the extent to which it occurs using the systematic review method. A total of 38 articles were identified and reviewed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The findings showed that the COVID-19 pandemic led to reductions in household food waste in most countries. Several changes in shopping and cooking behaviours, food consumption, and managing inventory and leftovers have occurred due to COVID-19. Based on these insights, we predicted that some desirable food-management habits would be retained, and others would roll back in the post-COVID-19 world. The review contributes to the food waste literature by offering a comprehensive overview of behavioural changes during the COVID-19 pandemic and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Iranmanesh
- School of Business and Law, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.
| | - Morteza Ghobakhloo
- School of Economics and Business, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania; Graduate School of Business, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Mehrbakhsh Nilashi
- UCSI Graduate Business School, UCSI University, No. 1 Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Height, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ming-Lang Tseng
- Institute of Innovation and Circular Economy, Asia University, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taiwan; University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia.
| | | | - Ghazanfar Ali Abbasi
- Management and Marketing Department, King Fahad University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Alfuqaha OA, Aladwan DA, Al Thaher Y, Alhalaiqa FN. Measuring a panic buying behavior: the role of awareness, demographic factors, development, and verification. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09372. [PMID: 35540934 PMCID: PMC9069988 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a new panic buying behavior (PBB) and awareness scales were established and verified during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The PBB scales measured the relationship between people's awareness about COVID-19 and PBB. Moreover, this study investigated the potential association of some demographic factors with PBB. The online descriptive cross-sectional survey was collected from 429 Jordanians who were selected using the snowball sampling technique. The online survey started from April 1st to April 10th, 2020. Pearson correlation coefficient, one-way analysis of variance, independent sample t-test, and linear regression were used in this study. Findings indicated that both established scales were valid and reliable for achieving the required level of validity and reliability. In the current study, participants' awareness of COVID-19 was high; but, their PBB was low. Single and young individuals were positively associated with PBB. Awareness about COVID-19 and age were found to be the main predictors of PBB. This study concluded that the higher the awareness level about COVID-19, the lower PBB. High PBB may affect the world economy, highlighting the importance of COVID-19 awareness.
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Harantová V, Kalašová A, Skřivánek Kubíková S, Mazanec J, Jordová R. The Impact of Mobility on Shopping Preferences during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Evidence from the Slovak Republic. Mathematics 2022; 10:1394. [DOI: 10.3390/math10091394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 global pandemic has affected normal human behaviour in day-to-day activities. As a result of various restrictions, people have significantly changed their shopping and mobility to limit the spread of the pandemic. This article aims to determine the association between consumers’ shopping preferences and the frequency of selected daily activities during and before the COVID-19 pandemic using correspondence analysis. The total sample consists of 407 respondents from Slovakia. The data are obtained from an online questionnaire divided into several sections such as socio-demographic factors, shopping preferences, and frequency of selected activities per week. The results show that there is an association between consumers’ preference for shopping in supermarkets and the frequency of family visits per week during the pandemic, among other factors. These findings follow up on previous studies on the consequences of changing mobility as a result of the global crisis.
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Gerini F, Dominici A, Casini L. The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mass Market Retailing of Wine in Italy. Foods 2021; 10:2674. [PMID: 34828955 PMCID: PMC8618215 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to provide a detailed framework of wine purchases in supermarkets during the COVID-19 pandemic. The unexpected diffusion of the virus and the restrictions imposed in Italy to prevent its spread have significantly affected the food purchasing habits of consumers. By analyzing the scanner data of the wine sales in the Italian mass market retail channel, this study was intended to show whether and how the dynamics triggered by the pandemic have modified the overall value and type of wine purchases, focusing on prices, formats, and promotional sales. In particular, this study explores sales in two separate periods, namely March-April (the "lockdown", with general compulsory closing and severe restrictions) and June-July 2020 (the "post-lockdown", in which some limitations were no longer effective). The analysis of wine sales during lockdown and post-lockdown and the study of the variations compared to the sales of the previous years showed some significant changes in purchase behavior. The results could provide managers, researchers, and policy makers with extensive insights into the purchasing patterns of consumers during this unprecedented time and reveal trends that may characterize the structure of the future wine demand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Dominici
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, P.le delle Cascine 18, 50144 Firenze, Italy; (F.G.); (L.C.)
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Dinnella C, Pierguidi L, Spinelli S, Borgogno M, Gallina Toschi T, Predieri S, Lavezzi G, Trapani F, Tura M, Magli M, Bendini A, Monteleone E. Remote testing: Sensory test during Covid-19 pandemic and beyond. Food Qual Prefer 2021; 96:104437. [PMID: 34720454 PMCID: PMC8548442 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Restrictions adopted by many countries in 2020 due to Covid-19 pandemic had severe consequences on the management of sensory and consumer testing that strengthened the tendency to move data collection out of the laboratory. Remote sensory testing, organized at the assessor’s home or workplace and carried out under the live online supervision of the panel leader, represents a trade-off between adequate control and the convenience of conducting testing out of the lab. The Italian Sensory Science Society developed the “Remote sensory testing” research project aimed at testing the effectiveness and validity of the sensory tests conducted remotely through a comparison with evaluations in a classical laboratory setting. Guidelines were developed to assist panel leaders in setting up and controlling the evaluation sessions in remote testing conditions. Different methods were considered: triangle and tetrad tests, Descriptive Analysis and Temporal Dominance of Sensations tests, all of which involved trained panels, and Check-All-That-Apply and hedonic tests with consumers. Remote sensory testing provided similar results to the lab testing in all the cases, with the exception of the tetrad test run at work. Findings suggest that remote sensory testing, if conducted in strict compliance with specifically developed sensory protocols, is a promising alternative to laboratory tests that can be applied with both trained assessors and consumers even beyond the global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Dinnella
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Italy
| | - Lapo Pierguidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Spinelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Italy
| | | | - Tullia Gallina Toschi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesca Trapani
- Enrico Giotti S.p.A. a Subsidiary of McCormick & Company, Inc, Italy
| | - Matilde Tura
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Bendini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Erminio Monteleone
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Italy
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