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Bell AG, McMurtrie J, Bolaños LM, Cable J, Temperton B, Tyler CR. Influence of host phylogeny and water physicochemistry on microbial assemblages of the fish skin microbiome. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2024; 100:fiae021. [PMID: 38366921 PMCID: PMC10903987 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiae021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The skin of fish contains a diverse microbiota that has symbiotic functions with the host, facilitating pathogen exclusion, immune system priming, and nutrient degradation. The composition of fish skin microbiomes varies across species and in response to a variety of stressors, however, there has been no systematic analysis across these studies to evaluate how these factors shape fish skin microbiomes. Here, we examined 1922 fish skin microbiomes from 36 studies that included 98 species and nine rearing conditions to investigate associations between fish skin microbiome, fish species, and water physiochemical factors. Proteobacteria, particularly the class Gammaproteobacteria, were present in all marine and freshwater fish skin microbiomes. Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Ralstonia, Sphingomonas and Flavobacterium were the most abundant genera within freshwater fish skin microbiomes, and Alteromonas, Photobacterium, Pseudoalteromonas, Psychrobacter and Vibrio were the most abundant in saltwater fish. Our results show that different culturing (rearing) environments have a small but significant effect on the skin bacterial community compositions. Water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, and salinity significantly correlated with differences in beta-diversity but not necessarily alpha-diversity. To improve study comparability on fish skin microbiomes, we provide recommendations for approaches to the analyses of sequencing data and improve study reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley G Bell
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Exeter, Exter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
- Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, The University of Exeter, Exter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie McMurtrie
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Exeter, Exter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
- Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, The University of Exeter, Exter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Luis M Bolaños
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Exeter, Exter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Cable
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Temperton
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Exeter, Exter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R Tyler
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Exeter, Exter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
- Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, The University of Exeter, Exter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
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2
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Sawayama E, Takahashi M, Kitamura SI. Metagenomic profile of caudal fin morphology of farmed red sea bream Pagrus major. Dis Aquat Organ 2023; 155:79-85. [PMID: 37589492 DOI: 10.3354/dao03742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of farm-reared fish often differs from that of their wild counterparts, impacting their market value. Two caudal fin tip shapes, acutely angled and blunted, are recognized in farmed populations of red sea bream Pagrus major. The angled form is preferred by consumers over the blunt since it resembles that of wild fish. Discovering the cause of the blunted tip is crucial to maximizing the commercial value of farmed red sea bream. We hypothesized that the blunt fin tip is the result of opportunistic bacteria and conducted partial 16S rRNA metagenomic barcoding and generated a clone library of the 16S rRNA gene to compare bacterial communities of the 2 fin forms. Metagenomic barcoding revealed an abundance of 5 bacterial genera, Sulfitobacter, Vibrio, Tenacibaculum, Psychrobacter, and an unknown genus of Rhodobacteraceae, on the caudal fin surface. Sulfitobacter was significantly more common on the angled caudal fin than the blunted. Vibrio is the dominant genus on the blunted caudal fin. The clone library identified these genera to species level, and Sulfitobacter sp., Vibrio harveyi, Tenacibaculum maritimum, and Psychrobacter marincola were frequently observed in blunt caudal fins. Our results suggest that opportunistic pathogenic bacteria such as V. harveyi and T. maritimum are not the primary cause of caudal fin malformation, and multiple factors such as combinations of injury, stress, and pathogenic infection may be involved. The reason for the significantly greater occurrence of Sulfitobacter sp. in the angled caudal fin is unknown, and further investigation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eitaro Sawayama
- Department of Marine Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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Torrealba D, Morales-Lange B, Mulero V, Vasemägi A, Mercado L, Gallardo-Matus J. Heritability of Immunity Traits and Resistance of Atlantic Salmon against the Sea Louse Caligus rogercresseyi. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:1078. [PMID: 37626964 PMCID: PMC10452322 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The immune response of Atlantic salmon to sea lice has been extensively studied, but we still do not know the mechanisms by which some fish become resistant and others do not. In this study, we estimated the heritabilities of three key proteins associated with the innate immunity and resistance of Salmo salar against the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi. In particular, we quantified the abundance of 2 pro-inflammatory cytokines, Tnfα and Il-8, and an antioxidant enzyme, Nkef, in Atlantic salmon skin and gill tissue from 21 families and 268 individuals by indirect ELISA. This covers a wide parasite load range from low or resistant (mean sea lice ± SE = 8.7 ± 0.9) to high or susceptible (mean sea lice ± SE = 43.3 ± 2.0). Our results showed that susceptible fish had higher levels of Nkef and Tnfα than resistant fish in their gills and skin, although gill Il-8 was higher in resistant fish, while no significant differences were found in the skin. Furthermore, moderate to very high heritable genetic variation was estimated for Nkef (h2 skin: 0.96 ± 0.14 and gills: 0.97 ± 0.11) and Tnfα (h2 skin: 0.53 ± 0.17 and gills: 0.32 ± 0.14), but not for Il-8 (h2 skin: 0.22 ± 0.12 ns and gills: 0.09 ± 0.08 ns). This work provides evidence that Nkef and Tnfα protein expressions are highly heritable and related to resistance against sea lice in Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Torrealba
- Laboratorio de Genética y Genómica Aplicada, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile;
| | - Byron Morales-Lange
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos en Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile; (B.M.-L.); (L.M.)
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, C. Campus Universitario, 5, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Anti Vasemägi
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Almas Allé 8, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwaldi 1a, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos en Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile; (B.M.-L.); (L.M.)
| | - José Gallardo-Matus
- Laboratorio de Genética y Genómica Aplicada, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile;
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4
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Díaz-Puertas R, Adamek M, Mallavia R, Falco A. Fish Skin Mucus Extracts: An Underexplored Source of Antimicrobial Agents. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:350. [PMID: 37367675 DOI: 10.3390/md21060350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The slow discovery of new antibiotics combined with the alarming emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria underscores the need for alternative treatments. In this regard, fish skin mucus has been demonstrated to contain a diverse array of bioactive molecules with antimicrobial properties, including peptides, proteins, and other metabolites. This review aims to provide an overview of the antimicrobial molecules found in fish skin mucus and its reported in vitro antimicrobial capacity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Additionally, the different methods of mucus extraction, which can be grouped as aqueous, organic, and acidic extractions, are presented. Finally, omic techniques (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and multiomics) are described as key tools for the identification and isolation of new antimicrobial compounds. Overall, this study provides valuable insight into the potential of fish skin mucus as a promising source for the discovery of new antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Díaz-Puertas
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology in Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ricardo Mallavia
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology in Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Alberto Falco
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology in Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain
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Yang S, Xu W, Tan C, Li M, Li D, Zhang C, Feng L, Chen Q, Jiang J, Li Y, Du Z, Luo W, Li C, Gong Q, Huang X, Du X, Du J, Liu G, Wu J. Heat Stress Weakens the Skin Barrier Function in Sturgeon by Decreasing Mucus Secretion and Disrupting the Mucosal Microbiota. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:860079. [PMID: 35558118 PMCID: PMC9087187 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.860079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress induced by global warming has damaged the well-being of aquatic animals. The skin tissue plays a crucial role as a defense barrier to protect organism, however, little is known about the effect of heat stress on fish skin, particularly in cold-water fish species. Here, we investigated the effects of mild heat stress (24°C, MS) and high heat stress (28°C, HS) on Siberian sturgeon skin using RNA-seq, histological observation, and microbial diversity analysis. In RNA-seq, 8,819 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in MS vs. C group and 12,814 DEGs in HS vs. C group were acquired, of which the MS vs. C and HS vs. C groups shared 3,903 DEGs, but only 1,652 DEGs were successfully annotated. The shared DEGs were significantly enriched in pathways associating with mucins synthesis. Histological observation showed that the heat stresses significantly reduced the number of skin mucous cells and induced the damages of epidermis. The microbial diversity analysis elicited that heat stress markedly disrupted the diversity and abundance of skin microbiota by increasing of potential pathogens (Vibrionimonas, Mesorhizobium, and Phyllobacterium) and decreasing of probiotics (Bradyrhizobium and Methylovirgula). In conclusion, this study reveals that heat stress causes adverse effects on sturgeon skin, reflecting in decreasing the mucus secretion and disordering the mucosal microbiota, which may contribute to develop the preventive strategy for heat stress caused by global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Yang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenqiang Xu
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaolun Tan
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Minghao Li
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Datian Li
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Langkun Feng
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianyu Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunkun Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Zongjun Du
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Caiyi Li
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quan Gong
- Fisheries Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaogang Du
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Jun Du
- Fisheries Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangxun Liu
- Fisheries Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayun Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
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Robinson KA, Prostak SM, Campbell Grant EH, Fritz-Laylin LK. Amphibian mucus triggers a developmental transition in the frog-killing chytrid fungus. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2765-2771.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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7
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Tarnecki AM, Miller C, Sherwood TA, Griffitt RJ, Schloesser RW, Wetzel DL. Dispersed Crude Oil Induces Dysbiosis in the Red Snapper Lutjanus campechanus External Microbiota. Microbiol Spectr 2022;:e0058721. [PMID: 35080447 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00587-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fish external microbiota competitively excludes primary pathogens and prevents the proliferation of opportunists. A shift from healthy microbiota composition, known as dysbiosis, may be triggered by environmental stressors and increases host susceptibility to disease. The Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill was a significant stressor event in the Gulf of Mexico. Despite anecdotal reports of skin lesions on fishes following the oil spill, little information is available on the impact of dispersed oil on the fish external microbiota. In this study, juvenile red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) were exposed to a chemically enhanced water-accommodated fraction (CEWAF) of Corexit 9500/DWH oil (CEWAF) and/or the bacterial pathogen Vibrio anguillarum in treatments designed to detect changes in and recovery of the external microbiota. In fish chronically exposed to CEWAF, immunoglobulin M (IgM) expression significantly decreased between 2 and 4 weeks of exposure, coinciding with elevated liver total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Dysbiosis was detected on fish chronically exposed to CEWAF compared to seawater controls, and addition of a pathogen challenge altered the final microbiota composition. Dysbiosis was prevented by returning fish to clean seawater for 21 days after 1 week of CEWAF exposure. Four fish exhibited lesions during the trial, all of which were exposed to CEWAF but not all of which were exposed to V. anguillarum. This study indicates that month-long exposure to dispersed oil leads to dysbiosis in the external microbiota. As the microbiota is vital to host health, these effects should be considered when determining the total impacts of pollutants in aquatic ecosystems. IMPORTANCE Fish skin is an immunologically active tissue. It harbors a complex community of microorganisms vital to host homeostasis as, in healthy fish, they competitively exclude pathogens found in the surrounding aquatic environment. Crude oil exposure results in immunosuppression in marine animals, altering the relationship between the host and its microbial community. An alteration of the healthy microbiota, a condition known as dysbiosis, increases host susceptibility to pathogens. Despite reports of external lesions on fishes following the DWH oil spill and the importance of the external microbiota to fish health, there is little information on the effect of dispersed oil on the external microbiota of fishes. This research provides insight into the impact of a stressor event such as an oil spill on dysbiosis and enhances understanding of long-term sublethal effects of exposure to aid in regulatory decisions for protecting fish populations during recovery.
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Valenzuela A, Rodríguez I, Schulz B, Cortés R, Acosta J, Campos V, Escobar-aguirre S. Effects of Continuous Light (LD24:0) Modulate the Expression of Lysozyme, Mucin and Peripheral Blood Cells in Rainbow Trout. Fishes 2022; 7:28. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes7010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Continuous photoperiod is extensively used in fish farming, to regulate the reproductive cycle, despite evidence suggesting that artificial photoperiods can act as a stressor and impair the immune system. We evaluated the potential effects of an artificial photoperiod on mucus components: lysozyme and mucin, in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after exposure for one month to natural photoperiod (LD12:12) or constant light (LD24:0) artificial photoperiod. For each treatment, we assessed changes in peripheral blood cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes) and skin mucus component concentrations. Our results show a decrease in lysozyme concentration, while mucin levels are increased. Similarly, we find elevated monocytes and polymorphonuclears under constant light photoperiod. These findings suggest that LD24:0 regulates lysozyme, mucin, and leukocytes, implying that artificial photoperiods could be a stressful.
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Huang S, Jia R, Hu R, Zhai W, Jiang S, Li W, Wang F, Xu Q. Specific immunity proteomic profile of the skin mucus of Antarctic fish Chionodraco hamatus and Notothenia coriiceps. J Fish Biol 2021; 99:1998-2007. [PMID: 34520045 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The white-blooded Antarctic icefish is the only known vertebrate lacking oxygen-transporting haemoglobins. Fish skin mucus, as the first line of defence against pathogens, can reflect fish welfare. In this study, we analysed the skin mucus proteome profiles of the two Antarctic fish species, the white-blooded Antarctic icefish, Chionodraco hamatus, and the red-blooded Antarctic fish, Notothenia coriiceps, unfolding the different proteins by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technology. Of the 4444 totally identified proteins, 227 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were found in the comparison between C. hamatus and N. coriiceps, of which 121 were upregulated and 106 were downregulated in the icefish. In the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway annotation, we found two pathways "Legionellosis" and "Complement and coagulation cascades" were significantly enriched, among of which innate immune candidate proteins such as C3, CASP1, ASC, F3 and C9 were significantly upregulated, suggesting their important roles in C. hamatus immune system. Additionally, the DEP protein-protein interaction network analysis and "Response to stress" GO category provided candidate biomarkers for deep understanding of the distinct immune response of the two Antarctic fish underlying the cold adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruonan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiqin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanying Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shouwen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Faxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianghua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Distant-water Fisheries Engineering Research Center, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Distant-water Fisheries, Shanghai, China
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Wu ZB, Meng KF, Ding LG, Wu S, Han GK, Zhai X, Sun RH, Yu YY, Ji W, Xu Z. Dynamic Interaction Between Mucosal Immunity and Microbiota Drives Nose and Pharynx Homeostasis of Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio) After SVCV Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:769775. [PMID: 34804060 PMCID: PMC8601392 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.769775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk between the immune system and microbiota drives an amazingly complex mutualistic symbiosis. In mammals, the upper respiratory tract acts as a gateway for pathogen invasion, and the dynamic interaction between microbiota and mucosal immunity on its surface can effectively prevent disease development. However, the relationship between virus-mediated mucosal immune responses and microbes in lower vertebrates remains uncharacterized. In this study, we successfully constructed an infection model by intraperitoneally injecting common carp (Cyprinus carpio) with spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV). In addition to the detection of the SVCV in the nose and pharynx of common carp, we also identified obvious histopathological changes following viral infection. Moreover, numerous immune-related genes were significantly upregulated in the nose and pharynx at the peak of SVCV infection, after which the expression levels decreased to levels similar to those of the control group. Transcriptome sequencing results revealed that pathways associated with bacterial infection in the Toll-like receptor pathway and the Nod-like receptor pathway were activated in addition to the virus-related Rig-I-like receptor pathway after SVCV infection, suggesting that viral infection may be followed by opportunistic bacterial infection in these mucosal tissues. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we further identified an upward trend in pathogenic bacteria on the mucosal surface of the nose and pharynx 4 days after SVCV infection, after which these tissues eventually reached new homeostasis. Taken together, our results suggest that the dynamic interaction between mucosal immunity and microbiota promotes the host to a new ecological state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Ben Wu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai-Feng Meng
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Guo Ding
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sha Wu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guang-Kun Han
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue Zhai
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ru-Han Sun
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-Yao Yu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Dunker K, de la Torre Canny SG, Nordgård CT, Dague E, Formosa-Dague C, Bakke I, Sletmoen M. Elucidating bacterial adhesion to mucosal surface by an original AFM approach. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:244. [PMID: 34488629 PMCID: PMC8422614 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fish skin represents an ancient vertebrate mucosal surface, sharing characteristics with other mucosal surfaces including those of the intestine. The skin mucosa is continuously exposed to microbes in the surrounding water and is therefore important in the first line defense against environmental pathogens by preventing bacteria from accessing the underlying surfaces. Understanding the microbe-host interactions at the fish skin mucosa is highly relevant in order to understand and control infection, commensalism, colonization, persistence, infection, and disease. Here we investigate the interactions between the pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas salmonicida (A. salmonicida) and Yersinia ruckeri (Y. ruckeri), respectively, and the skin mucosal surface of Atlantic salmon fry using AFM force spectroscopy. Results The results obtained revealed that when retracting probes functionalized with bacteria from surfaces coated with immobilized mucins, isolated from salmon mucosal surfaces, rupture events reflecting the disruption of adhesive interactions were observed, with rupture strengths centered around 200 pN. However, when retracting probes functionalized with bacteria from the intact mucosal surface of salmon fish fry no adhesive interactions could be detected. Furthermore, rheological measurements revealed a near fluid-like behavior for the fish fry skin mucus. Taken together, the experimental data indicate that the adhesion between the mucin molecules within the mucous layer may be significantly weaker than the interaction between the bacteria and the mucin molecules. The bacteria, immobilized on the AFM probe, do bind to individual mucins in the mucosal layer, but are released from the near fluid mucus with little resistance upon retraction of the AFM probe, to which they are immobilized. Conclusion The data provided in the current paper reveal that A. salmonicida and Y. ruckeri do bind to the immobilized mucins. However, when retracting the bacteria from intact mucosal surfaces, no adhesive interactions are detected. These observations suggest a mechanism underlying the protective function of the mucosal surface based on the clearing of potential threats by adhering them to loosely attached mucus that is subsequently released from the fish skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Dunker
- Department of Biotechnology, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sol Gomez de la Torre Canny
- Department of Biotechnology, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Catherine Taylor Nordgård
- Department of Biotechnology, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Etienne Dague
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Ingrid Bakke
- Department of Biotechnology, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marit Sletmoen
- Department of Biotechnology, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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Lima PC, Hartley-Tassell L, Wynne JW. The ability of Neoparamoeba perurans to bind to and digest non-fish-derived mucin: Insights into the amoeba's mechanism of action to overcome gill mucus production. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1355-1367. [PMID: 33990985 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is caused by the marine amoeba Neoparamoeba perurans, a facultative parasite. Despite the significant impact this disease has on production of Atlantic salmon worldwide, the mechanisms involved in host-parasite interaction remains unknown. Excessive gill mucus secretion is reported as a host defence mechanism to prevent microbial colonization in the gill epithelium. Despite this response, N. perurans still attaches and proliferates. The present study aimed to investigate the interaction between N. perurans and mucin, the most abundant component in mucus. An in vitro adhesion assay using bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) demonstrated that amoeba binding to mucin-coated substrate was significantly higher than to the BSA control. This binding interaction is likely glycan-mediated as pre-incubation with galactose, galactosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine and fucose reduced mucin adhesion to control levels. The ability of N. perurans to secrete proteases that target mucin was also investigated. Protease activity was detected in the amoeba culture media in the presence of BSM, but not when protease inhibitor was added. Mucin degradation was visually assessed on protein gels. This study provides preliminary evidence that N. perurans has developed mechanisms to interact with and evade mucus by binding to mucin glycan receptors and secreting proteases with mucolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula C Lima
- CSIRO Livestock & Aquaculture Program, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - James W Wynne
- CSIRO Livestock & Aquaculture Program, Tasmania, Australia
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Levipan HA, Avendaño-Herrera R. Assessing the impacts of skin mucus from Salmo salar and Oncorhynchus mykiss on the growth and in vitro infectivity of the fish pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:181-190. [PMID: 33006764 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Piscirickettsiosis is a fish disease caused by the facultative intracellular bacterium, Piscirickettsia salmonis. Even though entry routes of P. salmonis in fish are not fully clear yet, the skin seems to be the main portal in some salmonid species. Despite the importance of fish mucous skin barrier in fighting waterborne pathogens, the interaction between salmonid skin mucus and the bacterium is unknown. This study seeks to determine the in vitro changes in the growth of two Chilean P. salmonis strains (LF-89-like and EM-90-like genotypes) and the type strain LF-89T under exposures to skin mucus from Salmo salar and Oncorhynchus mykiss, as well as changes in the cytotoxic effect of P. salmonis on the SHK-1 cells following exposures. The results suggest that the growth of three P. salmonis strains was not significantly negatively affected under exposures to skin mucus (adjusted at 100 μg total protein ml-1 ) of O. mykiss (69 ± 18 U lysozyme ml-1 ) and S. salar (48 ± 33 U lysozyme ml-1 ) over time. However, the cytotoxic effect of P. salmonis, pre-exposed to salmonid skin mucus, on the SHK-1 cell line was reliably identified only towards the end of the incubation period, suggesting that the mucus had a delaying effect on the cytotoxic response of the cell line to the bacterium. These results represent a baseline knowledge to open new avenues of research intended to understand how P. salmonis faces the fish mucous skin barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor A Levipan
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
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Molina V, Fernández C. Bacterioplankton response to nitrogen and dissolved organic matter produced from salmon mucus. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e1132. [PMID: 33232581 PMCID: PMC7755782 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture releases organic matter to the water column through excretion, fecal pellets, and uneaten food, but also by the continuous release of fish epithelium mucus. The effect of the latter on natural bacterial assemblages was determined using ammonium amended experiments at Puyuhuapi fjord in Chilean Patagonia. Mucus was added to seawater coming from 2 and 100 m depth and ammonium, nitrite and nitrate, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), picoplankton abundance, and active composition (i‐tag 16S rRNA) were followed for 24 h. The results showed a significant response from the microbial community but only at surface depth after 2 and 6 h of incubation. A reduction of DOC and ammonium concentration and accumulation of nitrite and nitrate over time was observed, mainly at 100 m. Changes in the composition of active bacteria between treatments were observed at different taxonomic levels, associated with Alphaproteobacteria (Clade SAR11), Bacteroidetes (Polaribacter) and Gammaproteobacteria (Colwellia, Oceaniserpentilla) and other bacteria such as Nitrospina sp, a nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria at some hours during the incubation. Fish pathogens, such as Vibrio and Piscirickettsia were rare (<0.02%). Overall, our study suggests that fish mucus can cause rapid modifications in microbial assemblages and stimulate organic matter and nutrient cycling, including heterotrophic and autotrophic (nitrification) in areas influenced by aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Molina
- Departamento de Biología (Programa de Biodiversidad & Observatorio de Ecología Microbiana), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile.,HUB Ambiental UPLA, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Camila Fernández
- Centro Interdisciplinario para la Acuicultura sustentable (INCAR), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Centro de Investigación, Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Chile.,Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne (LOMIC), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls/mer, France.,Centro Fondap de Investigación Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile
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Qiao X, Li P, He J, Yu Z, Chen J, He L, Yu X, Lin H, Lu D, Zhang Y. Type F scavenger receptor expressed by endothelial cells (SREC)-II from Epinephelus coioides is a potential pathogen recognition receptor in the immune response to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 98:262-270. [PMID: 31899357 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Scavenger receptors play a central role in defending against infectious diseases in mammals. However, the function of SRECII remains unknown in teleost fish. In this study, type F scavenger receptor expressed by endothelial cells-II (SRECII) cDNA sequence was first identified from Epinephelus coioides, named EcSRECII, which contained an N-terminal signal peptide, eight EGF/EGF-like cysteine-rich motifs and a C-terminal low-complexity region. The gene location maps revealed that EcSRECII has the conservation of synteny among selected species. Subcellular localization showed that EcSRECII was mainly located in the cytoplasm in HEK293T cells and GS cells. In healthy E. coioides, EcSRECII mRNA was highly expressed in spleen, skin, gill, thymus and head kidney. The relative EcSRECII mRNA expression after Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection was significantly up-regulated at 12 h in spleen, head kidney and thymus, but downregulated at 1 d in skin and reduced at 3 d and 1 w in spleen. Furthermore, overexpression of EcSRECII activated NF-κB and IFN-β signaling pathway in vitro. Taken together, these results indicated that EcSRECII could be as the potential pathogen recognition receptor for involving in bacterial infection by regulating innate immunity responses in E. coioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Pingchao Li
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, PR China
| | - Jianan He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Zeshu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Jiaxing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Liangge He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Xue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Haoran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, PR China; College of Ocean, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, PR China
| | - Danqi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (ZhanJiang), Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China.
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