1
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Patchett AL, Rigby ML, Wynne JW. Improved 18S rDNA profiling of parasite communities in salmonid tissues using a host blocking primer. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:124. [PMID: 38319497 PMCID: PMC10847071 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Sensitive screening of eukaryotic communities in aquaculture for research and management is limited by the availability of technologies that can detect invading pathogens in an unbiased manner. Amplicon sequencing of 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) provides a potential pan-diagnostic test to overcome these biases; however, this technique is limited by a swamping effect of host DNA on low abundance parasite DNA. In this study, we have adapted a host 18S rDNA blocking assay to amplify eukaryotic DNA from salmonid tissue for amplicon sequencing. We demonstrate that effective salmonid 18S rDNA blocking enables sensitive detection of parasite genera in salmonid gill swabs. Furthermore, 18S rDNA amplicon sequencing with host blocking identified enriched pathogen communities in gill swabs from Atlantic salmon suffering from severe clinical gill infections compared to those exhibiting no clinical signs of gill infection. Application of host 18S rDNA blocking in salmonid samples led to improved detection of the amoebic parasite Neoparamoeba perurans, a parasite of significant threat to the Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry. These results reveal host 18S rDNA blocking as an effective strategy to improve the profiling and detection of parasitic communities in aquaculture species. This assay can be readily adapted to any animal species for improved eukaryotic profiling across agricultural and veterinary industries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan L Rigby
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - James W Wynne
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
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2
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Wynne JW, Rigby ML, Maynard BT, Taylor RS. Improved environmental detection of Neoparamoeba perurans using sensitive RNA-based qPCR. J Fish Dis 2024; 47:e13879. [PMID: 37946546 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James W Wynne
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Megan L Rigby
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ben T Maynard
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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3
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Vannetti SM, Wynne JW, English C, Huynh C, Knüsel R, de Sales-Ribeiro C, Widmer M, Delalay G, Schmidt-Posthaus H. Amoeba species colonizing the gills of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Swiss aquaculture. J Fish Dis 2023; 46:987-999. [PMID: 37294659 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nodular gill disease (NGD) is an infectious condition characterized by proliferative gill lesions leading to respiratory problems, oxygen deficiency and mortality in fish. Globally, NGD primarily impacts freshwater salmonids in intensive aquaculture systems. In recent years, numerous outbreaks of severe gill disease have affected more than half of the larger rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farms in Switzerland, mainly during spring and early summer. Mortality has reached up to 50% in cases where no treatment was administered. Freshwater amoeba are the presumed aetiologic agent of NGD. The gross gill score (GS) categorising severity of gill pathology is a valuable first-line diagnostic tool aiding fish farmers in identifying and quantifying amoebic gill disease (AGD) in farmed marine salmonids. In this study, the GS was adapted to the NGD outbreak in farmed trout in Switzerland. In addition to scoring disease severity, gill swabs from NGD-affected rainbow trout were sampled and amoeba were cultured from these swabs. Morphologic and molecular methods identified six amoeba strains: Cochliopodium sp., Naegleria sp., Vannella sp., Ripella sp., Saccamoeba sp. and Mycamoeba sp. However, the importance of the different amoeba species for the onset and progression of NGD still has to be evaluated. This paper presents the first description of NGD with associated amoeba infection in farmed rainbow trout in Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania M Vannetti
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Fishdoc GmbH, Rain, Switzerland
| | - James W Wynne
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Chloe English
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - Carolina de Sales-Ribeiro
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maro Widmer
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gary Delalay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Heike Schmidt-Posthaus
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Quezada-Rodriguez PR, Taylor RS, Jantawongsri K, Nowak BF, Wynne JW. Association between melanin deposits in gill tissue and microbiome across different hatchery reared Atlantic salmon. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:6994375. [PMID: 36662028 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxac073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the relationship between microbial community profiles and gill pathology during a production cycle of Atlantic salmon in two commercial hatcheries. METHODS AND RESULTS Relationships between gill histology, environmental conditions, and microbiome were determined using high-throughput data, including 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing data, histopathology data, and water quality parameters. Hatchery A used riverine water and operated a mixed system of recirculation aquaculture system (RAS) and flowthrough. Hatchery B was used bore water and operated a RAS. Melanin deposits, hyperplastic, and inflammatory lesions were observed histologically in the gills. A higher prevalence of melanin deposits was detected and correlated to a change in beta diversity of bacterial communities in early time points (fingerling and parr stages). High abundance of Sphaerotilus sp.,Pseudomonas sp.,Nitrospira sp.,Exiguobacterium sp.,Deinococcus sp.,and Comamonas sp. was correlated with a high prevalence of melanin in filaments. Bacterial diversity increased as the fish cohort transitioned from RAS to flowthrough in hatchery A. CONCLUSIONS Under commercial conditions, the commensal community of gill bacteria was related to melanin prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra R Quezada-Rodriguez
- Livestock and Aquaculture, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Hobart, Tasmania 7004, Australia.,Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Richard S Taylor
- Livestock and Aquaculture, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Hobart, Tasmania 7004, Australia
| | - Khattapan Jantawongsri
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston TAS 7248, Australia
| | - James W Wynne
- Livestock and Aquaculture, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Hobart, Tasmania 7004, Australia
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Quezada‐Rodriguez PR, Taylor RS, Downes J, Egan F, White S, Brenan A, Rigby M, Nowak BF, Ruane NM, Wynne JW. Prevalence of epitheliocystis in freshwater Atlantic salmon reared in flow-through and recirculation aquaculture systems. J Fish Dis 2022; 45:1721-1731. [PMID: 36017570 PMCID: PMC9805179 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Epitheliocystis, an intracellular bacterial infection in the gills and skin epithelium, has been frequently reported in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during freshwater production in a number of countries. This study describes the prevalence and intensity of a natural epitheliocystis infection present in the gills of two strains of Atlantic salmon reared in either a flow-through (FT) or a recirculation aquaculture system (RAS) in Ireland. Repeated sampling of gills prior to and throughout seawater transfer, histology and quantitative real-time PCR were used to determine infection prevalence and intensity. Despite no clinical gill disease, and minor histopathological changes, epitheliocystis lesions were identified in histology at all time points. Specific PCR confirmed the presence of Candidatus Clavichlamydia salmonicola in both strains and its number of copies was correlated with intensity of epitheliocystis lesions. A significant interaction between hatchery system and fish strain on the prevalence and intensity of gill epitheliocystis was found both using histological and molecular methods. Specifically, fish from FT had higher prevalence and intensity than RAS reared fish and within FT, the Irish cohort were more affected than Icelandic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra R. Quezada‐Rodriguez
- Livestock and AquacultureCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and FoodHobartTasmaniaAustralia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaLauncestonTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Richard S. Taylor
- Livestock and AquacultureCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and FoodHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | | | | | | | | | - Megan Rigby
- Livestock and AquacultureCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and FoodHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Barbara F. Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaLauncestonTasmaniaAustralia
| | | | - James W. Wynne
- Livestock and AquacultureCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and FoodHobartTasmaniaAustralia
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Samsing F, Wynne JW, Valenzuela-Muñoz V, Valenzuela-Miranda D, Gallardo-Escárate C, Alexandre PA. Competing endogenous RNA-networks reveal key regulatory microRNAs involved in the response of Atlantic salmon to a novel orthomyxovirus. Dev Comp Immunol 2022; 132:104396. [PMID: 35304180 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
One of the most intriguing discoveries of the genomic era is that only a small fraction of the genome is dedicated to protein coding. The remaining fraction of the genome contains, amongst other elements, a number of non-coding transcripts that regulate the transcription of protein coding genes. Here we used transcriptome sequencing data to explore these gene regulatory networks using RNA derived from gill tissue of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) infected with Pilchard orthomyxovirus (POMV), but showing no clinical signs of disease. We examined fish sampled early during the challenge trial (8-12 days after infection) to uncover potential biomarkers of early infection and innate immunity, and fish sampled late during the challenge trial (19 dpi) to elucidate potential markers of resistance to POMV. We analysed total RNA-sequencing data to find differentially expressed messenger RNAs (mRNA) and identify new long-noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). We also evaluated small RNA sequencing data to find differentially transcribed microRNAs (miRNAs) and explore their role in gene regulatory networks. Whole-genome expression data (both coding and non-coding transcripts) were used to explore the crosstalk between RNA molecules by constructing competing endogenous RNA networks (ceRNA). The teleost specific miR-462/miR-731 cluster was strongly induced in POMV infected fish and deemed a potential biomarker of early infection. Gene networks also identified a selenoprotein (selja), downregulated in fish sampled late during the challenge, which may be associated to viral clearance and the return to homeostasis after infection. This study provides the basis for further investigations using molecular tools to overexpress or inhibit miRNAs to confirm the functional impact of the interactions presented here on gene expression and their potential application at commercial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Samsing
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Livestock and Aquaculture, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - James W Wynne
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Livestock and Aquaculture, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
| | | | - Diego Valenzuela-Miranda
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Pâmela A Alexandre
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Livestock and Aquaculture, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Slinger J, Wynne JW, Adams MB. Profiling Branchial Bacteria of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Following Exposure to Antimicrobial Agents. Front Anim Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2021.756101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial gill diseases caused by either opportunistic or specific pathogens are an emerging area of concern for aquaculture producers in part due to their sometimes complex and/or cryptic nature. Many antimicrobial treatments used in aquacultural settings are broad spectrum in nature. The effect of such therapeutics upon reduction and recolonization of commensal or pathogenic microbiota post-treatment has received little attention to date. Commensal bacteria are an integral component of the barrier function of mucosal surfaces in animals. This study evaluated the effect of several commercially relevant antimicrobial treatments upon the diversity and composition of branchial bacteria of Atlantic salmon. Here we exposed Atlantic salmon smolt to a number of commercially relevant antimicrobial treatments including chemotherapeutants (chloramine-t and hydrogen peroxide) and antibiotics (oxytetracycline and florfenicol) in vivo. Subsequently we examined the change in bacterial load, 16S rRNA gene expression, and taxonomic diversity post-treatment upon the gills. Results revealed a decrease in cultivable bacterial colonies after antimicrobial treatment, and a downstream decrease in bacterial richness and abundance post-treatment, with colonization of several prominent pathogenic taxa including Vibrio and Tenacibaculum. Temporal tracing over a 14-day period demonstrated that the bacteriome of gill mucus is sensitive to change, and altered by antimicrobial treatment and handling. This study identified candidate antimicrobial treatments which could be implemented in future studies to illustrate the effect of dysbiosis on microbial gill diseases.
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Lima PC, Hartley-Tassell L, Wynne JW. The ability of Neoparamoeba perurans to bind to and digest non-fish-derived mucin: Insights into the amoeba's mechanism of action to overcome gill mucus production. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1355-1367. [PMID: 33990985 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is caused by the marine amoeba Neoparamoeba perurans, a facultative parasite. Despite the significant impact this disease has on production of Atlantic salmon worldwide, the mechanisms involved in host-parasite interaction remains unknown. Excessive gill mucus secretion is reported as a host defence mechanism to prevent microbial colonization in the gill epithelium. Despite this response, N. perurans still attaches and proliferates. The present study aimed to investigate the interaction between N. perurans and mucin, the most abundant component in mucus. An in vitro adhesion assay using bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) demonstrated that amoeba binding to mucin-coated substrate was significantly higher than to the BSA control. This binding interaction is likely glycan-mediated as pre-incubation with galactose, galactosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine and fucose reduced mucin adhesion to control levels. The ability of N. perurans to secrete proteases that target mucin was also investigated. Protease activity was detected in the amoeba culture media in the presence of BSM, but not when protease inhibitor was added. Mucin degradation was visually assessed on protein gels. This study provides preliminary evidence that N. perurans has developed mechanisms to interact with and evade mucus by binding to mucin glycan receptors and secreting proteases with mucolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula C Lima
- CSIRO Livestock & Aquaculture Program, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - James W Wynne
- CSIRO Livestock & Aquaculture Program, Tasmania, Australia
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Botwright NA, Mohamed AR, Slinger J, Lima PC, Wynne JW. Host-Parasite Interaction of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) and the Ectoparasite Neoparamoeba perurans in Amoebic Gill Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:672700. [PMID: 34135900 PMCID: PMC8202022 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.672700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are susceptible to recurrent amoebic gill disease (AGD) caused by the ectoparasite Neoparamoeba perurans over the growout production cycle. The parasite elicits a highly localized response within the gill epithelium resulting in multifocal mucoid patches at the site of parasite attachment. This host-parasite response drives a complex immune reaction, which remains poorly understood. To generate a model for host-parasite interaction during pathogenesis of AGD in Atlantic salmon the local (gill) and systemic transcriptomic response in the host, and the parasite during AGD pathogenesis was explored. A dual RNA-seq approach together with differential gene expression and system-wide statistical analyses of gene and transcription factor networks was employed. A multi-tissue transcriptomic data set was generated from the gill (including both lesioned and non-lesioned tissue), head kidney and spleen tissues naïve and AGD-affected Atlantic salmon sourced from an in vivo AGD challenge trial. Differential gene expression of the salmon host indicates local and systemic upregulation of defense and immune responses. Two transcription factors, znfOZF-like and znf70-like, and their associated gene networks significantly altered with disease state. The majority of genes in these networks are candidates for mediators of the immune response, cellular proliferation and invasion. These include Aurora kinase B-like, rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 25-like and protein NDNF-like inhibited. Analysis of the N. perurans transcriptome during AGD pathology compared to in vitro cultured N. perurans trophozoites, as a proxy for wild type trophozoites, identified multiple gene candidates for virulence and indicates a potential master regulatory gene system analogous to the two-component PhoP/Q system. Candidate genes identified are associated with invasion of host tissue, evasion of host defense mechanisms and formation of the mucoid lesion. We generated a novel model for host-parasite interaction during AGD pathogenesis through integration of host and parasite functional profiles. Collectively, this dual transcriptomic study provides novel molecular insights into the pathology of AGD and provides alternative theories for future research in a step towards improved management of AGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha A Botwright
- Livestock and Aquaculture, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Amin R Mohamed
- Livestock and Aquaculture, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Joel Slinger
- Livestock and Aquaculture, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Woorim, QLD, Australia
| | - Paula C Lima
- Livestock and Aquaculture, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - James W Wynne
- Livestock and Aquaculture, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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10
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Slinger J, Adams MB, Stratford CN, Rigby M, Wynne JW. The Effect of Antimicrobial Treatment upon the Gill Bacteriome of Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar L.) and Progression of Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD) In Vivo. Microorganisms 2021; 9:987. [PMID: 34063289 PMCID: PMC8147422 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Branchial surfaces of finfish species contain a microbial layer rich in commensal bacteria which can provide protection through competitive colonization and production of antimicrobial products. Upon disturbance or compromise, pathogenic microbiota may opportunistically infiltrate this protective barrier and initiate disease. Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is a globally significant health condition affecting salmonid mariculture. The current study examined whether altering the diversity and/or abundance of branchial bacteria could influence the development of experimentally induced AGD. Here, we challenged Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) with Neoparamoeba perurans in a number of scenarios where the bacterial community on the gill was altered or in a state of instability. Administration of oxytetracycline (in-feed) and chloramine-T (immersion bath) significantly altered the bacterial load and diversity of bacterial taxa upon the gill surface, and shifted the community profile appreciably. AGD severity was marginally higher in fish previously subjected to chloramine-T treatment following 21 days post-challenge. This research suggests that AGD progression and severity was not clearly linked to specific bacterial taxa present in these systems. However, we identified AGD associated taxa including known pathogenic genus (Aliivibrio, Tenacibaculum and Pseudomonas) which increased in abundance as AGD progressed. Elucidation of a potential role for these bacterial taxa in AGD development is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Slinger
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Bribie Island Research Centre, Woorim, QLD 4507, Australia;
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia;
| | - Mark B. Adams
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia;
| | - Chris N. Stratford
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Bribie Island Research Centre, Woorim, QLD 4507, Australia;
| | - Megan Rigby
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia; (M.R.); (J.W.W.)
| | - James W. Wynne
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia; (M.R.); (J.W.W.)
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Taylor RS, Slinger J, Stratford C, Rigby M, Wynne JW. Evaluation of the Infectious Potential of Neoparamoeba perurans Following Freshwater Bathing Treatments. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050967. [PMID: 33947171 PMCID: PMC8145359 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater bathing for 2–3 h is the main treatment to control amoebic gill disease of marine-farmed Atlantic salmon. Recent in vitro studies have demonstrated that amoebae (Neoparamoeba perurans) detach when exposed to freshwater and that some eventually reattach to culture plates when returned to seawater. Here, we evaluated the potential for gill-detached N. perurans to survive a commercially relevant treatment and infect AGD-naïve fish and whether holding used bathwater for up to 6 h post treatment would lower infectivity. AGD-affected fish were bathed in freshwater for 2 h. Naïve salmon were exposed to aliquots of the used bathwater after 2, 4, 6 and 8 h. The inoculation was performed at 30 ppt for 2 h, followed by gradual dilution with seawater. Sampling at 20 days post inoculation (dpi) and 40 dpi confirmed rapid AGD development in fish inoculated in 2 h used bathwater, but a slower AGD development following exposure to 4 h bathwater. AGD signs were variable and reduced following longer bathwater holding times. These results suggest that viable amoebae are likely returned to seawater following commercial freshwater treatments, but that the risk of infection can be reduced by retention of bathwater before release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S. Taylor
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia; (M.R.); (J.W.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-62-325-089
| | - Joel Slinger
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Bribie Island Research Centre, Woorim, QLD 4507, Australia; (J.S.); (C.S.)
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Chris Stratford
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Bribie Island Research Centre, Woorim, QLD 4507, Australia; (J.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Megan Rigby
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia; (M.R.); (J.W.W.)
| | - James W. Wynne
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia; (M.R.); (J.W.W.)
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Blasdell KR, Wynne JW, Perera D, Firth C. First detection of a novel 'unknown host' flavivirus in a Malaysian rodent. Access Microbiol 2021; 3:000223. [PMID: 34151174 PMCID: PMC8208762 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current phylogenetic analysis of the flavivirus genus has identified a group of mosquito-borne viruses for which the vertebrate hosts are currently unknown. Here we report the identification of a novel member of this group from a peridomestic rodent species (Sundamys muelleri) collected in Sarawak, Malaysia in 2016. We propose to name this novel flavivirus Batu Kawa virus after the location in which it was identified, with the abbreviation BKWV. Characterization of the BKWV genome allowed identification of putative mature peptides, potential enzyme motifs and conserved structural elements. Phylogenetic analysis found BKWV to be most closely related to Nhumirim virus (from Brazil) and Barkedji virus (from Senegal and Israel). Both of these viruses have been identified in Culex mosquitoes and belong to a group of viruses with unknown vertebrate hosts. This is the first known report of a member of this group of viruses from a potential mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim R Blasdell
- Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - James W Wynne
- Agriculture and Food Business Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - David Perera
- The Institute of Health and Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Cadhla Firth
- Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
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Lima PC, Hartley-Tassell L, Cooper O, Wynne JW. Searching for the sweet spot of amoebic gill disease of farmed Atlantic salmon: the potential role of glycan-lectin interactions in the adhesion of Neoparamoeba perurans. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:545-557. [PMID: 33675796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
One of the first critical steps in the pathogenesis of amoebic gill disease (AGD) of farmed salmon is the adhesion of the causative amoeba to the host. The current study aimed to investigate the potential involvement of glycan-binding proteins expressed on the extracellular surface of Neoparamoeba perurans in gill tissue recognition and binding. The glycan-binding properties of the surface membrane of N. perurans and the carbohydrate binding profile of Atlantic salmon gill-derived epithelial cells were identified through the use of glycan and lectin microarrays, respectively. The occurrence of specific carbohydrate-mediated binding was then further assessed by in vitro attachment assays using microtitre plates pre-coated with the main glycan candidates. Adhesion assays were also performed in the presence of exogenous saccharides with the aim of blocking glycan-specific binding activity. Comparative analysis of the results from both lectin and glycan arrays showed significant overlap, as some glycans to which binding by the amoeba was seen were reflected as being present on the gill epithelial cells. The two main candidates proposed to be involved in amoeba attachment to the gills are mannobiose and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). Adhesion of amoebae significantly increased by 33.5 and 23% when cells were added to α1,3-Mannobiose-BSA and GalNAc-BSA coated plates. The observed increased in attachment was significantly reduced when the amoebae were incubated with exogenous glycans, further demonstrating the presence of mannobiose- and GalNAc-binding sites on the surfaces of the cells. We believe this study provides the first evidence for the presence of a highly specific carbohydrate recognition and binding system in N. perurans. These preliminary findings could be of extreme importance given that AGD is an external parasitic infestation and much of the current research on the development of alternative treatment strategies relies on either instant amoeba detachment or blocking parasite attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Lima
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Livestock & Aquaculture, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia.
| | - L Hartley-Tassell
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - O Cooper
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - J W Wynne
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Livestock & Aquaculture, Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS 7004, Australia
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English CJ, Botwright NA, Adams MB, Barnes AC, Wynne JW, Lima PC, Cook MT. Immersion challenge of naïve Atlantic salmon with cultured Nolandella sp. and Pseudoparamoeba sp. did not increase the severity of Neoparamoeba perurans-induced amoebic gill disease (AGD). J Fish Dis 2021; 44:149-160. [PMID: 33314290 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is one of the main health issues impacting farmed Atlantic salmon. Neoparamoeba perurans causes AGD; however, a diversity of other amoeba species colonizes the gills and there is little understanding of whether they are commensal or potentially involved in different stages of gill disease development. Here, we conduct in vivo challenges of naïve Atlantic salmon with cultured Nolandella sp. and Pseudoparamoeba sp. to investigate their pathogenicity to Atlantic salmon gills. Additionally, we assessed whether the presence of Nolandella sp. and Pseudoparamoeba sp. influences the onset and/or severity of N. perurans-induced AGD. All three strains attached and multiplied on the gills according to qPCR analysis. Furthermore, minor gross gill lesions and histological changes were observed post-exposure. While N. perurans was found associated with classical AGD lesions, Nolandella sp. and Pseudoparamoeba sp. were not found associated with lesion sites and these lesions did not meet the expected composite of histopathological changes for AGD. Moreover, the presence of these non-N. perurans species did not significantly increase the severity of AGD. This trial provides evidence that cultured Nolandella sp. and Pseudoparamoeba sp. do not induce AGD and do not influence the severity of AGD during the early stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J English
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
- Livestock & Aquaculture, CSIRO, Bribie Island Research Centre, Woorim, Qld, Australia
| | - Natasha A Botwright
- Livestock & Aquaculture, CSIRO, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Mark B Adams
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas, Australia
| | - Andrew C Barnes
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - James W Wynne
- Livestock & Aquaculture, CSIRO, Hobart, Tas, Australia
| | - Paula C Lima
- Livestock & Aquaculture, CSIRO, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Mathew T Cook
- Livestock & Aquaculture, CSIRO, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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15
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Samsing F, Rigby M, Tengesdal HK, Taylor RS, Farias D, Morrison RN, Godwin S, Giles C, Carson J, English CJ, Chong R, Wynne JW. Seawater transmission and infection dynamics of pilchard orthomyxovirus (POMV) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). J Fish Dis 2021; 44:73-88. [PMID: 32944982 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Tasmanian salmon industry had remained relatively free of major viral diseases until the emergence of pilchard orthomyxovirus (POMV). Originally isolated from wild pilchards, POMV is of concern to the industry as it can cause high mortality in farmed salmon (Salmo salar). Field observations suggest the virus can spread from pen to pen and between farms, but evidence of passive transmission in sea water was unclear. Our aim was to establish whether direct contact between infected and naïve fish was required for transmission, and to examine viral infection dynamics. Atlantic salmon post-smolts were challenged with POMV by either direct exposure via cohabitation or indirect exposure via virus-contaminated sea water. POMV was transmissible in sea water and direct contact between fish was not required for infection. Head kidney and heart presented the highest viral loads in early stages of infection. POMV survivors presented low viral loads in most tissues, but these remained relatively high in gills. A consistent feature was the infiltration of viral-infected melanomacrophages in different tissues, suggesting an important role of these in the immune response to POMV. Understanding POMV transmission and host-pathogen interactions is key for the development of improved surveillance tools, transmission models and ultimately for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Samsing
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Livestock and Aquaculture Program, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Megan Rigby
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Livestock and Aquaculture Program, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Hedda K Tengesdal
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Livestock and Aquaculture Program, Hobart, Tas., Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Richard S Taylor
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Livestock and Aquaculture Program, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Daniela Farias
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Livestock and Aquaculture Program, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Richard N Morrison
- DPIPWE Centre for Aquatic Animal Health and Vaccines, Launceston, Tas., Australia
| | - Scott Godwin
- DPIPWE Centre for Aquatic Animal Health and Vaccines, Launceston, Tas., Australia
| | - Carla Giles
- DPIPWE Centre for Aquatic Animal Health and Vaccines, Launceston, Tas., Australia
| | - Jeremy Carson
- DPIPWE Centre for Aquatic Animal Health and Vaccines, Launceston, Tas., Australia
| | - Chloe J English
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Livestock and Aquaculture Program, Brisbane, Qld., Australia
| | - Roger Chong
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Livestock and Aquaculture Program, Brisbane, Qld., Australia
| | - James W Wynne
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Livestock and Aquaculture Program, Hobart, Tas., Australia
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Slinger J, Adams MB, Wynne JW. Comparison of bacterial diversity and distribution on the gills of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): an evaluation of sampling techniques. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 131:80-92. [PMID: 33326661 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Assess bacterial diversity and richness in mucus samples from the gills of Atlantic salmon in comparison to preserved or fixed gill filament tissues. Ascertain whether bacterial diversity and richness are homogeneous upon different arches of the gill basket. METHODS AND RESULTS Bacterial communities contained within gill mucus were profiled using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. No significant difference in taxa richness, alpha (P > 0·05) or beta diversity indices (P > 0·05) were found between the bacterial communities of RNAlater preserved gill tissues and swab-bound mucus. A trend of lower richness and diversity indices were observed in bacterial communities from posterior hemibranchs. CONCLUSIONS Non-lethal swab sampling of gill mucus provides a robust representation of bacterial communities externally upon the gills. Bacterial communities from the fourth arch appeared to be the least representative overall. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The external mucosal barriers of teleost fish (e.g. gill surface) play a vital role as a primary defence line against infection. While research effort on the role of microbial communities on health and immunity of aquaculture species continues, the collection and sampling processes to obtain these data require evaluation so methodologies are consistently applied across future studies that aim to evaluate the composition of branchial microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Slinger
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Aquaculture Program, Bribie Island, Qld, Australia.,Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - M B Adams
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - J W Wynne
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Aquaculture Program, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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Botwright NA, Rusu A, English CJ, Hutt O, Wynne JW. A High Throughput Viability Screening Method for the Marine Ectoparasite Neoparamoeba perurans. Protist 2020; 171:125773. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2020.125773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wynne JW, Thakur KK, Slinger J, Samsing F, Milligan B, Powell JFF, McKinnon A, Nekouei O, New D, Richmond Z, Gardner I, Siah A. Microbiome Profiling Reveals a Microbial Dysbiosis During a Natural Outbreak of Tenacibaculosis (Yellow Mouth) in Atlantic Salmon. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:586387. [PMID: 33193237 PMCID: PMC7642216 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.586387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenacibaculosis remains a major health issue for a number of important aquaculture species globally. On the west coast of Canada, yellow mouth (YM) disease is responsible for significant economic loss to the Atlantic salmon industry. While Tenacibaculum maritimum is considered to be the primary agent of clinical YM, the impact of YM on the resident microbial community and their influence on the oral cavity is poorly understood. Using a 16s rRNA amplicon sequencing analysis, the present study demonstrates a significant dysbiosis and a reduction in diversity of the microbial community in the YM affected Atlantic salmon. The microbial community of YM affected fish was dominated by two amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) of T. maritimum, although other less abundant ASVs were also found. Interestingly clinically unaffected (healthy) and YM surviving fish also had a high relative abundance of T. maritimum, suggesting that the presence of T. maritimum is not solely responsible for YM. A statistically significant association was observed between the abundance of T. maritimum and increased abundance of Vibrio spp. within fish displaying clinical signs of YM. Findings from our study provide further evidence that YM is a complex multifactorial disease, characterized by a profound dysbiosis of the microbial community which is dominated by distinct ASVs of T. maritimum. Opportunistic taxa, including Vibrio spp., may also play a role in clinical disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishna K Thakur
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Joel Slinger
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Hobart, TAS, Australia.,Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | | | | | - James F F Powell
- British Columbia Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, Campbell River, BC, Canada
| | | | - Omid Nekouei
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Animal Health Service, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Zina Richmond
- British Columbia Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, Campbell River, BC, Canada
| | - Ian Gardner
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Ahmed Siah
- British Columbia Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, Campbell River, BC, Canada
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Samsing F, Hoad J, Mohr P, Dearnley M, Wynne JW. Comparative transcriptome analysis of pilchard orthomyxovirus (POMV) and infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 105:415-426. [PMID: 32629102 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Tasmanian Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture industry had remained relatively free of major viral diseases until the recent emergence of pilchard orthomyxovirus (POMV). The virus originally isolated from wild pilchards in Southern Australia is of great concern to the industry as it can cause high mortality. Despite its classification in the Orthomyxoviridae family, POMV is genetically divergent from infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) and potentially represents a new genus within the family. Previous research has produced a formal case definition for clinical POMV, but the molecular events that underpin viral infection have not been characterized. Here we have undertaken a comparative transcriptome analysis of the response of Atlantic salmon kidney cells (ASK) in vitro to both POMV and ISAV using RNA sequencing, by harvesting cells at 6 and 24 h post infection (hpi). Despite their genomic differences, both orthomyxoviruses induced significant, and in some cases similar, innate antiviral responses. Early up-regulation of pathogen recognition receptor genes, RIG-I and TLR3, was observed in response to both viruses and triggered downstream interferon (IFN) responses. Interferon transcripts (IFN-alpha1 and INF-alpha2) were only induced in POMV infected cells at 24 hpi, but IFN-alpha3 was up-regulated in all time points and with both viruses. In addition, a strong induction of antiviral response genes (Mx and ISG15) was observed during the early infection with both viruses. Analysis of transcription factor binding sites in the up-regulated gene sets indicated that the host response to both viruses was largely driven by interferon regulatory factors (IRF) 1 and 2. Only three genes (slc35f2, odf2, LOC106608698) were differentially expressed in opposite directions, up-regulated with POMV and strongly down-regulated with ISAV at 24 hpi. Differential expression of these transcripts is possibly a consequence of virus divergence, but could also be associated to higher viral loads observed in the infection with POMV. Results from this study improve our understanding of the innate immune responses and host-pathogen interactions between POMV and Atlantic salmon. Early host response genes could potentially be exploited as subclinical biomarkers specific to POMV, and improved the development of tools for disease surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Samsing
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Livestock and Aquaculture, Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Tasmania 7004, Australia.
| | - John Hoad
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP) (formerly Australian Animal Health Laboratory, AAHL), 5 Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Peter Mohr
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP) (formerly Australian Animal Health Laboratory, AAHL), 5 Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Megan Dearnley
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP) (formerly Australian Animal Health Laboratory, AAHL), 5 Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - James W Wynne
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Livestock and Aquaculture, Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Tasmania 7004, Australia
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20
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Slinger J, Adams MB, Wynne JW. Bacteriomic Profiling of Branchial Lesions Induced by Neoparamoeba perurans Challenge Reveals Commensal Dysbiosis and an Association with Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi in AGD-Affected Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar L.). Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1189. [PMID: 32764238 PMCID: PMC7464746 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease is a parasitic condition that commonly affects marine farmed Atlantic salmon. The causative agent, Neoparamoeba perurans, induces a marked proliferation of the gill mucosa and focal superficial necrosis upon branchial lesions. The effect that amoebic branchialitis has upon gill associated commensal bacteria is unknown. A 16S rRNA sequencing approach was employed to profile changes in bacterial community composition, within amoebic gill disease (AGD)-affected and non-affected gill tissue. The bacterial diversity of biopsies with and without diseased tissue was significantly lower in the AGD-affected fish compared to uninfected fish. Furthermore, within the AGD-affected tissue, lesions appeared to contain a significantly higher abundance of the Flavobacterium, Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi compared to adjunct unaffected tissues. Quantitative PCR specific to both N. perurans and T. dicentrarchi was used to further examine the co-abundance of these known fish pathogens. A moderate positive correlation between these pathogens was observed. Taken together, the present study sheds new light on the complex interaction between the host, parasite and bacterial communities during AGD progression. The role that T. dicentrarchi may play in this complex relationship requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Slinger
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Aquaculture Program, Bribie Island, QLD 4507, Australia
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia;
| | - Mark B. Adams
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia;
| | - James W. Wynne
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Aquaculture Program, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia;
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21
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Mohr PG, Crane MSJ, Hoad J, Williams LM, Cummins D, Neave MJ, Shiell B, Beddome G, Michalski WP, Peck GR, Samsing F, Wynne JW, Crameri SG, Hyatt AD, Moody NJG. Pilchard orthomyxovirus (POMV). I. Characterisation of an emerging virus isolated from pilchards Sardinops sagax and Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Dis Aquat Organ 2020; 139:35-50. [PMID: 32351235 DOI: 10.3354/dao03470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An orthomyxo-like virus was first isolated in 1998 as an incidental discovery from pilchards Sardinops sagax collected from waters off the South Australian coast. In the following 2 decades, orthomyxo-like viruses have been isolated from healthy pilchards in South Australia and Tasmania. In 2006, an orthomyxo-like virus was also isolated from farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in Tasmania during routine surveillance and, again, from 2012 onwards from diseased Atlantic salmon. Using transmission electron microscopy, these viruses were identified as belonging to the family Orthomyxoviridae. To further characterise the viruses, the genomes of 11 viral isolates were sequenced. The open reading frames (ORFs) that encode 10 putative proteins from 8 viral genome segments were assembled from Illumina MiSeq next generation sequencing (NGS) data. The complete genome of a 2014 isolate was also assembled from NGS, RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data, that included conserved motifs that shared commonalities with infectious salmon anaemia virus, rainbow trout orthomyxovirus and Influenzavirus A. The presence of 8 viral proteins translated from genome segments was confirmed by mass spectrometric analysis including 2 novel proteins with no known orthologs. Sequence analysis of the ORFs, non-coding regions and proteins indicated that the viruses had minimal diversity and hence were named pilchard orthomyxovirus (POMV), based on the fish host species of its first isolation. The low homology of POMV proteins with previously characterised orthomyxoviruses suggests that POMV is the first virus to be characterised from a new genus within the Orthomyxoviridae. To facilitate more rapid detection and subsequent diagnostic confirmation of POMV infections, TaqMan and conventional nested PCRs were designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Mohr
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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22
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Wynne JW, Stratford C, Slinger J, Samsing F, Rigby M, McCulloch R, Quezada-Rodriguez P, Taylor RS. The interaction between temperature and dose on the efficacy and biochemical response of Atlantic salmon to hydrogen peroxide treatment for amoebic gill disease. J Fish Dis 2020; 43:39-48. [PMID: 31726482 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) is a commonly used treatment for a range of parasitic diseases of marine finfish, including amoebic gill disease (AGD). While this treatment is partially effective at reducing parasite load, H2 O2 can have detrimental effects on the host under certain conditions. Treatment temperature and dose concentration are two factors that are known to influence the toxicity of H2 O2 ; however, their impact on the outcome of AGD treatment remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of treatment temperature (8, 12 or 16°C) and dose concentration (750, 1,000, 1,250 mg/L) on the efficacy of H2 O2 to treat AGD. We demonstrated that a 20-min bath treatment of H2 O2 at all doses reduced both parasite load and gross gill score significantly. Parasite load and gross gill score were lowest in the 1,000 mg/L treatment performed at 12°C. At the high dose and temperature combinations, H2 O2 caused moderate gill damage and a significant increase in the plasma concentration of electrolytes (sodium, chloride and potassium). Taken together, our study demonstrates that higher H2 O2 treatment temperatures can adversely affect the host and do not improve the effectiveness of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Wynne
- Aquaculture Program, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Chris Stratford
- Aquaculture Program, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Bribie Island, Qld, Australia
| | - Joel Slinger
- Aquaculture Program, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Bribie Island, Qld, Australia
- School of Aquaculture, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas., Australia
| | - Francisca Samsing
- Aquaculture Program, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Megan Rigby
- Aquaculture Program, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Russell McCulloch
- Aquaculture Program, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Petra Quezada-Rodriguez
- Aquaculture Program, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Hobart, Tas., Australia
- School of Aquaculture, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas., Australia
| | - Richard S Taylor
- Aquaculture Program, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Hobart, Tas., Australia
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23
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English CJ, Tyml T, Botwright NA, Barnes AC, Wynne JW, Lima PC, Cook MT. A diversity of amoebae colonise the gills of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) with amoebic gill disease (AGD). Eur J Protistol 2018; 67:27-45. [PMID: 30447480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neoparamoeba perurans is the aetiological agent of amoebic gill disease (AGD) in salmonids, however multiple other amoeba species colonise the gills and their role in AGD is unknown. Taxonomic assessments of these accompanying amoebae on AGD-affected salmon have previously been based on gross morphology alone. The aim of the present study was to document the diversity of amoebae colonising the gills of AGD-affected farmed Atlantic salmon using a combination of morphological and sequence-based taxonomic methods. Amoebae were characterised morphologically via light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and by phylogenetic analyses based on the 18S rRNA gene and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. In addition to N. perurans, 11 other amoebozoans were isolated from the gills, and were classified within the genera Neoparamoeba, Paramoeba, Vexillifera, Pseudoparamoeba, Vannella and Nolandella. In some cases, such as Paramoeba eilhardi, this is the first time this species has been isolated from the gills of teleost fish. Furthermore, sequencing of both the 18S rRNA and COI gene revealed significant genetic variation within genera. We highlight that there is a far greater diversity of amoebae colonising AGD-affected gills than previously established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J English
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Integrated Sustainable Aquaculture Production, Bribie Island Research Centre, 144 North Street, Woorim, Queensland 4507, Australia.
| | - Tomáš Tyml
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Natasha A Botwright
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Integrated Sustainable Aquaculture Production, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Andrew C Barnes
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - James W Wynne
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Integrated Sustainable Aquaculture Production, Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Tasmania 7004, Australia
| | - Paula C Lima
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Integrated Sustainable Aquaculture Production, Bribie Island Research Centre, 144 North Street, Woorim, Queensland 4507, Australia
| | - Mathew T Cook
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Integrated Sustainable Aquaculture Production, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
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Wynne JW, Stinear TP, Athan E, Michalski WP, O’Brien DP. Low incidence of recurrent Buruli ulcers in treated Australian patients living in an endemic region. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006724. [PMID: 30102695 PMCID: PMC6107289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined recurrent Buruli ulcer cases following treatment and assumed cure in a large cohort of Australian patients living in an endemic area. We report that while the recurrence rate was low (2.81 cases/year/1000 population), it remained similar to the estimated risk of primary infection within the general population of the endemic area (0.85–4.04 cases/year/1,000 population). The majority of recurrent lesions occurred in different regions of the body and were separated by a median time interval of 44 months. Clinical, treatment and epidemiological factors combined with whole genome sequencing of primary and recurrent isolates suggests that in most recurrent cases a re-infection was more likely as opposed to a relapse of the initial infection. Additionally, all cases occurring more than 12 months after commencement of treatment were likely re-infections. Our study provides important prognostic information for patients and their health care providers concerning the nature and risks associated with recurrent cases of Buruli ulcer in Australia. Mycobacterium ulcerans (M. ulcerans) causes a necrotising infection of skin and soft-tissue known as Buruli ulcer. Since the regular use of antibiotics for Buruli ulcer treatment in Australian populations was introduced at the turn of the century, treatment success rates have been very high. However there is no information from the Australian setting on the risk of recurrent disease following treatment and assumed cure, despite this being important prognostic information for patients, their families and health-care providers. Furthermore, it is also not known if recurrent disease represents late relapse of the initial treated infection or a subsequent new infection. In our study we have shown for the first time in Australian patients living in an endemic area that the incidence of recurrent Buruli ulcer following treatment and healing is low, and that this risk is similar to the estimated risk of primary infection within the general population of the endemic area. Furthermore, we have used clinical, treatment and epidemiological data supported by genomic information of M. ulcerans organisms to determine that the majority of recurrent lesions appear to result from re-infection. This suggests that for a proportion of treated patients’ acquired protective immunity against the development of recurrent M. ulcerans disease does not develop from their initial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Wynne
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy P. Stinear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria
| | - Eugene Athan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Daniel P. O’Brien
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Jaing C, Rowland RRR, Allen JE, Certoma A, Thissen JB, Bingham J, Rowe B, White JR, Wynne JW, Johnson D, Gaudreault NN, Williams DT. Gene expression analysis of whole blood RNA from pigs infected with low and high pathogenic African swine fever viruses. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10115. [PMID: 28860602 PMCID: PMC5579198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a macrophage-tropic virus responsible for ASF, a transboundary disease that threatens swine production world-wide. Since there are no vaccines available to control ASF after an outbreak, obtaining an understanding of the virus-host interaction is important for developing new intervention strategies. In this study, a whole transcriptomic RNA-Seq method was used to characterize differentially expressed genes in pigs infected with a low pathogenic ASFV isolate, OUR T88/3 (OURT), or the highly pathogenic Georgia 2007/1 (GRG). After infection, pigs infected with OURT showed no or few clinical signs; whereas, GRG produced clinical signs consistent with acute ASF. RNA-Seq detected the expression of ASFV genes from the whole blood of the GRG, but not the OURT pigs, consistent with the pathotypes of these strains and the replication of GRG in circulating monocytes. Even though GRG and OURT possess different pathogenic properties, there was significant overlap in the most upregulated host genes. A small number of differentially expressed microRNAs were also detected in GRG and OURT pigs. These data confirm previous studies describing the response of macrophages and lymphocytes to ASFV infection, as well as reveal unique gene pathways upregulated in response to infection with GRG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Jaing
- Physical & Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America.
| | - Raymond R R Rowland
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Jonathan E Allen
- Computation Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Andrea Certoma
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - James B Thissen
- Physical & Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - John Bingham
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brenton Rowe
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - John R White
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - James W Wynne
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dayna Johnson
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natasha N Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - David T Williams
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Mok L, Wynne JW, Tachedjian M, Shiell B, Ford K, Matthews DA, Bacic A, Michalski WP. Proteomics informed by transcriptomics for characterising differential cellular susceptibility to Nelson Bay orthoreovirus infection. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:615. [PMID: 28806913 PMCID: PMC5556373 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3994-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nelson Bay orthoreovirus (NBV) is a fusogenic bat borne virus with an unknown zoonotic potential. Previous studies have shown that NBV can infect and replicate in a wide variety of cell types derived from their natural host (bat), as well as from human, mouse and monkey. Within permissive cells, NBV induced significant cytopathic effects characterised by cell-cell fusion and syncytia formation. To understand the molecular events that underpin NBV infection we examined the host transcriptome and proteome response of two cell types, derived from bat (PaKiT03) and mouse (L929), to characterise differential cellular susceptibility to NBV. RESULTS Despite significant differences in NBV replication and cytopathic effects in the L929 and PaKiT03 cells, the host response was remarkably similar in these cells. At both the transcriptome and proteome level, the host response was dominated by IFN production and signalling pathways. The majority of proteins up-regulated in L929 and PaKiT03 cells were also up-regulated at the mRNA (gene) level, and included many important IFN stimulated genes. Further functional experimentation demonstrated that stimulating IFN signalling prior to infection, significantly reduced NBV replication in PaKiT03 cells. Moreover, inhibiting IFN signalling (through specific siRNAs) increased NBV replication in L929 cells. In line with the significant cytopathic effects seen in PaKiT03 cells, we also observed a down-regulation of genes involved in cell-cell junctions, which may be related to the fusogenic effects of NBV. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new multi-dimensional insights into the host response of mammalian cells to NBV infection. We show that IFN activity is capable of reducing NBV replication, although it is unlikely that this is solely responsible for the reduced replication of NBV in L929 cells. The molecular events that underpin the fusogenic cytopathic effects described here will prove valuable for identifying potential therapeutic targets against fusogenic orthoreovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Mok
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James W Wynne
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, VIC, Australia.
| | - Mary Tachedjian
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Brian Shiell
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Kris Ford
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David A Matthews
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wojtek P Michalski
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, VIC, Australia
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O'Brien DP, Wynne JW, Buultjens AH, Michalski WP, Stinear TP, Friedman ND, Hughes A, Athan E. Exposure Risk for Infection and Lack of Human-to-Human Transmission of Mycobacterium ulcerans Disease, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:837-840. [PMID: 28418294 PMCID: PMC5403060 DOI: 10.3201/eid2305.160809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted epidemiologic and genetic analyses of family clusters of Mycobacterium ulcerans (Buruli ulcer) disease in southeastern Australia. We found that the incidence of M. ulcerans disease in family members was increased. However, the risk for exposure appeared short-term and not related to human-human transmission.
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Wynne JW, Woon AP, Dudek NL, Croft NP, Ng JHJ, Baker ML, Wang LF, Purcell AW. Characterization of the Antigen Processing Machinery and Endogenous Peptide Presentation of a Bat MHC Class I Molecule. J Immunol 2016; 196:4468-76. [PMID: 27183594 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bats are a major reservoir of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, including severe acute respiratory syndrome-like coronaviruses, henipaviruses, and Ebola virus. Although highly pathogenic to their spillover hosts, bats harbor these viruses, and a large number of other viruses, with little or no clinical signs of disease. How bats asymptomatically coexist with these viruses is unknown. In particular, little is known about bat adaptive immunity, and the presence of functional MHC molecules is mostly inferred from recently described genomes. In this study, we used an affinity purification/mass spectrometry approach to demonstrate that a bat MHC class I molecule, Ptal-N*01:01, binds antigenic peptides and associates with peptide-loading complex components. We identified several bat MHC class I-binding partners, including calnexin, calreticulin, protein disulfide isomerase A3, tapasin, TAP1, and TAP2. Additionally, endogenous peptide ligands isolated from Ptal-N*01:01 displayed a relatively broad length distribution and an unusual preference for a C-terminal proline residue. Finally, we demonstrate that this preference for C-terminal proline residues was observed in Hendra virus-derived peptides presented by Ptal-N*01:01 on the surface of infected cells. To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify endogenous and viral MHC class I ligands for any bat species and, as such, provides an important avenue for monitoring and development of vaccines against major bat-borne viruses both in the reservoir and spillover hosts. Additionally, it will provide a foundation to understand the role of adaptive immunity in bat antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Wynne
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Amanda P Woon
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; and
| | - Nadine L Dudek
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; and
| | - Nathan P Croft
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; and
| | - Justin H J Ng
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Republic of Singapore
| | - Michelle L Baker
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Republic of Singapore
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; and
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Ng JHJ, Tachedjian M, Deakin J, Wynne JW, Cui J, Haring V, Broz I, Chen H, Belov K, Wang LF, Baker ML. Evolution and comparative analysis of the bat MHC-I region. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21256. [PMID: 26876644 PMCID: PMC4753418 DOI: 10.1038/srep21256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are natural hosts to numerous viruses and have ancient origins, having diverged from other eutherian mammals early in evolution. These characteristics place them in an important position to provide insights into the evolution of the mammalian immune system and antiviral immunity. We describe the first detailed partial map of a bat (Pteropus alecto) MHC-I region with comparative analysis of the MHC-I region and genes. The bat MHC-I region is highly condensed, yet relatively conserved in organisation, and is unusual in that MHC-I genes are present within only one of the three highly conserved class I duplication blocks. We hypothesise that MHC-I genes first originated in the β duplication block, and subsequently duplicated in a step-wise manner across the MHC-I region during mammalian evolution. Furthermore, bat MHC-I genes contain unique insertions within their peptide-binding grooves potentially affecting the peptide repertoire presented to T cells, which may have implications for the ability of bats to control infection without overt disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin H. J. Ng
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Mary Tachedjian
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Janine Deakin
- Institute for Applied Ecology, The University of Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - James W. Wynne
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Jie Cui
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Volker Haring
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Ivano Broz
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Honglei Chen
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Katherine Belov
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Michelle L. Baker
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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Mok L, Wynne JW, Ford K, Shiell B, Bacic A, Michalski WP. Proteomic analysis of Pteropus alecto kidney cells in response to the viral mimic, Poly I:C. Proteome Sci 2015; 13:25. [PMID: 26535029 PMCID: PMC4630911 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-015-0081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bats are recognised as an important reservoir for a number of highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses. While many of these viruses cause severe and often fatal disease in humans, bats are able to coexist with these viruses without clinical signs of disease. The mechanism conferring this antiviral response is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the differential protein expression of immortalised Pteropus alecto kidney cells (PaKiT03) following transfection with the viral mimic, Poly I:C. Two complementary proteomic approaches, difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) and isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) were used to quantify changes in protein expression following Poly I:C stimulation at 4, 8 and 20 hr post treatment (hpt). Results The expression of ISG54 gene, a known responder to virus infection and Poly I:C treatment, was significantly induced in transfected cells compared with mock-transfected cells. Through iTRAQ analysis we show that Poly I:C up-regulates key glycolytic enzymes at 4 hpt within PaKiT03 cells. In contrast, at 20 hpt PaKiT03 cells down-regulated ribosomal subunit proteins. The analysis with DIGE of Poly I:C transfected PaKiT03 cells showed over 215 individual spots differentially regulated, however only 25 spots could be unambiguously identified by LC-MS/MS. Immunoblotting confirmed the up-regulation of Eno1 and Tpi1 in PaKiT03 cells following Poly I:C transfection. A comparison with human cells (HEK293T and HeLa) and one additional bat cell line (PaLuT02), demonstrated that glycolytic pathways are also induced in these cell types, but at different intensities. Conclusion The two techniques, DIGE and iTRAQ identified largely overlapping sets of differentially expressed proteins, however DIGE unambiguously identified significantly less proteins than iTRAQ. Poly I:C induced a rapid metabolic shift towards glycolysis within the PaKiT03 cells at 4 hpt, presumably as a consequence of increased energy requirements. On the other hand ribosomal subunit proteins were seen as down-regulated by iTRAQ, these proteins may be the limiting factors in the translational machinery available for virus replication. This study provides new insight into the antiviral response of bat cells, highlighting the importance of energy metabolism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12953-015-0081-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Mok
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, 3219 VIC Australia ; ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - James W Wynne
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, 3219 VIC Australia
| | - Kris Ford
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Brian Shiell
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, 3219 VIC Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia ; Bio21 Institute for Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Wojtek P Michalski
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, 3219 VIC Australia
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Wynne JW, Shiell BJ, Marsh GA, Boyd V, Harper JA, Heesom K, Monaghan P, Zhou P, Payne J, Klein R, Todd S, Mok L, Green D, Bingham J, Tachedjian M, Baker ML, Matthews D, Wang LF. Proteomics informed by transcriptomics reveals Hendra virus sensitizes bat cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Genome Biol 2015; 15:532. [PMID: 25398248 DOI: 10.1186/preaccept-1718798964145132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bats are a major reservoir of emerging infectious viruses. Many of these viruses are highly pathogenic to humans however bats remain asymptomatic. The mechanism by which bats control viral replication is unknown. Here we utilize an integrated approach of proteomics informed by transcriptomics to compare the response of immortalized bat and human cells following infection with the highly pathogenic bat-borne Hendra virus (HeV). RESULTS The host response between the cell lines was significantly different at both the mRNA and protein levels. Human cells demonstrated minimal response eight hours post infection, followed by a global suppression of mRNA and protein abundance. Bat cells demonstrated a robust immune response eight hours post infection, which led to the up-regulation of apoptosis pathways, mediated through the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL). HeV sensitized bat cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, by up-regulating death receptor transcripts. At 48 and 72 hours post infection, bat cells demonstrated a significant increase in apoptotic cell death. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to comprehensively compare the response of bat and human cells to a highly pathogenic zoonotic virus. An early induction of innate immune processes followed by apoptosis of virally infected bat cells highlights the possible involvement of programmed cell death in the host response. Our study shows for the first time a side-by-side high-throughput analysis of a dangerous zoonotic virus in cell lines derived from humans and the natural bat host. This enables a way to search for divergent mechanisms at a molecular level that may influence host pathogenesis.
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Wynne JW, Shiell BJ, Marsh GA, Boyd V, Harper JA, Heesom K, Monaghan P, Zhou P, Payne J, Klein R, Todd S, Mok L, Green D, Bingham J, Tachedjian M, Baker ML, Matthews D, Wang LF. Proteomics informed by transcriptomics reveals Hendra virus sensitizes bat cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Genome Biol 2015. [PMID: 25398248 PMCID: PMC4269970 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-014-0532-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bats are a major reservoir of emerging infectious viruses. Many of these viruses are highly pathogenic to humans however bats remain asymptomatic. The mechanism by which bats control viral replication is unknown. Here we utilize an integrated approach of proteomics informed by transcriptomics to compare the response of immortalized bat and human cells following infection with the highly pathogenic bat-borne Hendra virus (HeV). Results The host response between the cell lines was significantly different at both the mRNA and protein levels. Human cells demonstrated minimal response eight hours post infection, followed by a global suppression of mRNA and protein abundance. Bat cells demonstrated a robust immune response eight hours post infection, which led to the up-regulation of apoptosis pathways, mediated through the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL). HeV sensitized bat cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, by up-regulating death receptor transcripts. At 48 and 72 hours post infection, bat cells demonstrated a significant increase in apoptotic cell death. Conclusions This is the first study to comprehensively compare the response of bat and human cells to a highly pathogenic zoonotic virus. An early induction of innate immune processes followed by apoptosis of virally infected bat cells highlights the possible involvement of programmed cell death in the host response. Our study shows for the first time a side-by-side high-throughput analysis of a dangerous zoonotic virus in cell lines derived from humans and the natural bat host. This enables a way to search for divergent mechanisms at a molecular level that may influence host pathogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-014-0532-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Mok L, Shiell B, Monaghan P, Bacic A, Grimley S, Pallister J, Wynne JW, Green D, Michalski WP. Mouse fibroblast L929 cells are less permissive to infection by Nelson Bay orthoreovirus compared to other mammalian cell lines. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1787-94. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Wynne
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke–National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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35
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Zhang G, Cowled C, Shi Z, Huang Z, Bishop-Lilly KA, Fang X, Wynne JW, Xiong Z, Baker ML, Zhao W, Tachedjian M, Zhu Y, Zhou P, Jiang X, Ng J, Yang L, Wu L, Xiao J, Feng Y, Chen Y, Sun X, Zhang Y, Marsh GA, Crameri G, Broder CC, Frey KG, Wang LF, Wang J. Comparative analysis of bat genomes provides insight into the evolution of flight and immunity. Science 2013; 339:456-60. [PMID: 23258410 PMCID: PMC8782153 DOI: 10.1126/science.1230835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bats are the only mammals capable of sustained flight and are notorious reservoir hosts for some of the world's most highly pathogenic viruses, including Nipah, Hendra, Ebola, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). To identify genetic changes associated with the development of bat-specific traits, we performed whole-genome sequencing and comparative analyses of two distantly related species, fruit bat Pteropus alecto and insectivorous bat Myotis davidii. We discovered an unexpected concentration of positively selected genes in the DNA damage checkpoint and nuclear factor κB pathways that may be related to the origin of flight, as well as expansion and contraction of important gene families. Comparison of bat genomes with other mammalian species has provided new insights into bat biology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojie Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christopher Cowled
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Zhengli Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | | | | | | | - James W. Wynne
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | | | - Michelle L. Baker
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Wei Zhao
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Mary Tachedjian
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | | | - Peng Zhou
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | | | - Justin Ng
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Lan Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Lijun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jin Xiao
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Yue Feng
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | | | | | | | - Glenn A. Marsh
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Gary Crameri
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Christopher C. Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Kenneth G. Frey
- Naval Medical Research Center and Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Jun Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Wynne JW, Di Rubbo A, Shiell BJ, Beddome G, Cowled C, Peck GR, Huang J, Grimley SL, Baker ML, Michalski WP. Purification and characterisation of immunoglobulins from the Australian black flying fox (Pteropus alecto) using anti-fab affinity chromatography reveals the low abundance of IgA. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52930. [PMID: 23308125 PMCID: PMC3538733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is now an overwhelming body of evidence that implicates bats in the dissemination of a long list of emerging and re-emerging viral agents, often causing illnesses or death in both animals and humans. Despite this, there is a paucity of information regarding the immunological mechanisms by which bats coexist with highly pathogenic viruses. Immunoglobulins are major components of the adaptive immune system. Early studies found bats may have quantitatively lower antibody responses to model antigens compared to conventional laboratory animals. To further understand the antibody response of bats, the present study purified and characterised the major immunoglobulin classes from healthy black flying foxes, Pteropus alecto. We employed a novel strategy, where IgG was initially purified and used to generate anti-Fab specific antibodies. Immobilised anti-Fab specific antibodies were then used to capture other immunoglobulins from IgG depleted serum. While high quantities of IgM were successfully isolated from serum, IgA was not. Only trace quantities of IgA were detected in the serum by mass spectrometry. Immobilised ligands specific to IgA (Jacalin, Peptide M and staphylococcal superantigen-like protein) also failed to capture P. alecto IgA from serum. IgM was the second most abundant serum antibody after IgG. A survey of mucosal secretions found IgG was the dominant antibody class rather than IgA. Our study demonstrates healthy P. alecto bats have markedly less serum IgA than expected. Higher quantities of IgG in mucosal secretions may be compensation for this low abundance or lack of IgA. Knowledge and reagents developed within this study can be used in the future to examine class-specific antibody response within this important viral host.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Wynne
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antonio Di Rubbo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brian J. Shiell
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gary Beddome
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher Cowled
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Grantley R. Peck
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jing Huang
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Samantha L. Grimley
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Baker
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wojtek P. Michalski
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Wynne JW, Bull TJ, Seemann T, Bulach DM, Wagner J, Kirkwood CD, Michalski WP. Exploring the zoonotic potential of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis through comparative genomics. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22171. [PMID: 21799786 PMCID: PMC3142125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparative genomics approach was utilised to compare the genomes of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) isolated from early onset paediatric Crohn's disease (CD) patients as well as Johne's diseased animals. Draft genome sequences were produced for MAP isolates derived from four CD patients, one ulcerative colitis (UC) patient, and two non-inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) control individuals using Illumina sequencing, complemented by comparative genome hybridisation (CGH). MAP isolates derived from two bovine and one ovine host were also subjected to whole genome sequencing and CGH. All seven human derived MAP isolates were highly genetically similar and clustered together with one bovine type isolate following phylogenetic analysis. Three other sequenced isolates (including the reference bovine derived isolate K10) were genetically distinct. The human isolates contained two large tandem duplications, the organisations of which were confirmed by PCR. Designated vGI-17 and vGI-18 these duplications spanned 63 and 109 open reading frames, respectively. PCR screening of over 30 additional MAP isolates (3 human derived, 27 animal derived and one environmental isolate) confirmed that vGI-17 and vGI-18 are common across many isolates. Quantitative real-time PCR of vGI-17 demonstrated that the proportion of cells containing the vGI-17 duplication varied between 0.01 to 15% amongst isolates with human isolates containing a higher proportion of vGI-17 compared to most animal isolates. These findings suggest these duplications are transient genomic rearrangements. We hypothesise that the over-representation of vGI-17 in human derived MAP strains may enhance their ability to infect or persist within a human host by increasing genome redundancy and conferring crude regulation of protein expression across biologically important regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Wynne
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
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Wynne JW, O'Sullivan MG, Cook MT, Stone G, Nowak BF, Lovell DR, Elliott NG. Transcriptome analyses of amoebic gill disease-affected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) tissues reveal localized host gene suppression. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2008; 10:388-403. [PMID: 18219527 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-007-9075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptome response of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) displaying advanced stages of amoebic gill disease (AGD) was investigated. Naïve smolt were challenged with AGD for 19 days, at which time all fish were euthanized and their severity of infection quantified through histopathological scoring. Gene expression profiles were compared between heavily infected and naïve individuals using a 17 K Atlantic salmon cDNA microarray with real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) verification. Expression profiles were examined in the gill, anterior kidney, and liver. Twenty-seven transcripts were significantly differentially expressed within the gill; 20 of these transcripts were down-regulated in the AGD-affected individuals compared with naïve individuals. In contrast, only nine transcripts were significantly differentially expressed within the anterior kidney and five within the liver. Again the majority of these transcripts were down-regulated within the diseased individuals. A down-regulation of transcripts involved in apoptosis (procathepsin L, cathepsin H precursor, and cystatin B) was observed in AGD-affected Atlantic salmon. Four transcripts encoding genes with antioxidant properties also were down-regulated in AGD-affected gill tissue according to qPCR analysis. The most up-regulated transcript within the gill was an unknown expressed sequence tag (EST) whose expression was 218-fold (+/- SE 66) higher within the AGD affected gill tissue. Our results suggest that Atlantic salmon experiencing advanced stages of AGD demonstrate general down-regulation of gene expression, which is most pronounced within the gill. We propose that this general gene suppression is parasite-mediated, thus allowing the parasite to withstand or ameliorate the host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Wynne
- CSIRO National Food Futures Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
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Wynne JW, O'Sullivan MG, Stone G, Cook MT, Nowak BF, Lovell DR, Taylor RS, Elliott NG. Resistance to amoebic gill disease (AGD) is characterised by the transcriptional dysregulation of immune and cell cycle pathways. Dev Comp Immunol 2008; 32:1539-1560. [PMID: 18621418 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 05/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is a parasite-mediated proliferative gill disease capable of affecting a range of teleost hosts. While a moderate heritability for AGD resistance in Atlantic salmon has been reported previously, the mechanisms by which individuals resist the proliferative effects remain poorly understood. To gain more knowledge of this commercially important trait, we compared gill transcriptomes of two groups of Atlantic salmon, one designated putatively resistant, and one designated putatively susceptible to AGD. Utilising a 17k Atlantic salmon cDNA microarray we identified 196 transcripts that were differentially expressed between the two groups. Expression of 11 transcripts were further examined with real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) in the AGD-resistant and AGD-susceptible animals, as well as non-infected naïve fish. Gene expression determined by qPCR was in strong agreement with the microarray analysis. A large number of differentially expressed genes were involved in immune and cell cycle responses. Resistant individuals displayed significantly higher expression of genes involved in adaptive immunity and negative regulation of the cell cycle. In contrast, AGD-susceptible individuals showed higher expression of acute phase proteins and positive regulators of the cell cycle. Combined with the gill histopathology, our results suggest AGD resistance is acquired rather than innately present, and that this resistance is for the most part associated with the dysregulation of immune and cell cycle pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Wynne
- CSIRO National Food Futures Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Hobart, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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Wynne JW, Cook MT, Nowak BF, Elliott NG. Major histocompatibility polymorphism associated with resistance towards amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2007; 22:707-17. [PMID: 17074510 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2006.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Revised: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The association between major histocompatibility (MH) polymorphism and the severity of infection by amoebic gill disease (AGD) was investigated across 30 full sibling families of Atlantic salmon. Individuals were challenged with AGD for 19days and then their severity of infection scored by histopathological examination of the gills. Fish were then genotyped for the MH class I (Sasa-UBA) and MH class II alpha (Sasa-DAA) genes using polymorphic repeats embedded within the 3' untranslated regions of the Sasa-UBA and Sasa-DAA genes. High variation in the severity of infection was observed across the sample material, ranging from 0% to 85% gill filaments infected. In total, seven Sasa-DAA-3UTR and ten Sasa-UBA-3UTR marker alleles were identified across the 30 families. A significant association between the marker allele Sasa-DAA-3UTR 239 and a reduction in AGD severity was detected. There was also a significant association found between AGD severity and the presence of two Sasa-DAA-3UTR genotypes. While the associations between MH allele/genotypes and AGD severity reported herein may be statistically significant, the small sample sizes observed for some alleles and genotypes means these associations should be considered as suggestive and future research is required to verify their biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Wynne
- CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, CSIRO Food Futures Flagship, Hobart 7001, Tasmania, Australia.
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Abstract
Four morbidly obese men who had been found to have significant sleep-disordered breathing and oxygen desaturation were restudied after an average weight loss of 108 kg (range 53-155 kg). In all subjects, weight loss was accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of episodes per hour of sleep-disordered breathing events. In three of the four subjects, there was improvment in the severity of desaturation accompanying abnormal breathing. The two subjects with daytime somnolence and hypercapnia prior to weight loss showed the most dramatic improvement in desaturation. This suggests that obesity is a cause, rather than an effect, of the sleep apnea syndrome.
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Dolly FR, Wynne JW. Respiratory disorders associated with sleep. Compr Ther 1982; 8:42-7. [PMID: 6216042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Wynne JW. Aspiration pneumonitis. Correlation of experimental models with clinical disease. Clin Chest Med 1982; 3:25-34. [PMID: 7075159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Wynne JW, Ramphal R, Hood CI. Tracheal mucosal damage after aspiration. A scanning electron Microscope study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 124:728-32. [PMID: 7316278 DOI: 10.1164/arrd.1981.124.6.728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Aspiration of gastric contents causes severe pneumonitis, but the effects of such aspiration on the large airways have not been well studied. To evaluate the effects of gastric contents on the tracheal mucosa, 63 healthy A/J mice were anesthetized and aspirated either sterile saline (pH, 5.9) (Group I), hydrochloric acid (pH, 1.5) (Group II), canine gastric juice (pH, 1.5) (Group III), or canine gastric juice (pH, 5.9) (Group IV). Tracer studies showed that the average amount aspirated was 15% of the administered dose. Animals from each group were killed by cervical dislocation at 1, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h and 7 days after aspiration. Examination of the tracheas by scanning electron microscopy revealed normal mucosa in all Group I animals. Tracheas from Group II animals killed between 6 and 48 h after aspiration showed desquamation of the superficial cell layer with complete loss of ciliated and nonciliated cells. Regeneration was noted at 3 days with complete recovery by 7 days. Tracheas from Group III animals had similar changes but regeneration was delayed, whereas those from Group IV had mild desquamation with delayed regeneration. The lungs of group I animals were normal, and those of animals in Group II through IV showed only small widely separated areas of inflammation. We conclude that (1) gastric contents cause marked damage to the tracheal mucosa even when the amount aspirated is too small to induce a clinically significant pneumonia, (2) damage is more severe when the pH of the gastric content is low, and (3) gastric juice may contain substances that delay healing.
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Block AJ, Bush CM, White C, Boysen PG, Wynne JW, Taasan VC. A radiographic method for measuring steady-state functional residual capacity in the supine patient. A method suitable for sleep studies. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 124:330-332. [PMID: 7283267 DOI: 10.1164/arrd.1981.124.3.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We have devised a method to measure functional residual capacity (FRC) in the recumbent, spontaneously breathing patient. Simultaneous anteroposterior and lateral chest radiographs were exposed at the end of an exhalation, as determined by tracings of flow sensed by a nasal thermistor. The volume of the lungs was then planimetrically measured. Functional residual capacity was sequentially measured in 20 supine subjects, both by a helium dilution technique and by the radiographic technique. Planimetric measurement of FRC correlated well with the helium dilution technique, with a range of FRC measurements from 1.53 to 6.41 L (r = 0.94). This method of measuring lung volume should be useful in evaluating changes in FRC associated with different sleep stages and in explaining the mechanisms causing nocturnal oxygen desaturation in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease.
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Abstract
Using standard sleep techniques, we performed a placebo-controlled and randomized study to assess the effect of alcohol ingestion (2 ml/kg of body weight) on breathing and oxygen saturation during sleep. Twenty asymptomatic men volunteered for the two-night study: 11 were given a placebo on night 1, and alcohol on night 2 (group A); nine were given alcohol on night 1 and a placebo on night 2 (group B). We compared the incidence of sleep events (apnea, hypopnea and arterial oxygen disaturation) during the nights the subjects received alcohol and during the nights they received the placebo. Alcohol was associated with significant increases in the occurrence of the following: the number of sleep events (207 to 383,p less than 0.01), the events of arterial oxygen disaturation (118 to 226, p less than 0.01) and the number of apneic events (20 to 110, p less than 0.01). Alcohol had no significant effects on the number of times hypopnea occurred. Values obtained during sleep on the control night after alcohol ingestion also showed that the episodes of arterial oxygen desaturation remained statistically increased over control values before the ingestion of any alcohol (p = 0.01). These results show that in asymptomatic men alcohol ingestion increases the incidence of arterial oxygen desaturation and disordered breathing during sleep and that the increase in arterial oxygen desaturation persists for an additional night, even when no alcohol is consumed.
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Abstract
Nasal obstruction is known to cause abnormal ventilation during sleep in infants, but its effects on breathing and oxygenation during sleep in adults are unknown. However, in adults, obstruction of the nose by nasal packing has been shown to cause hypoxia, and on occasion, hypercarbia and sudden death. We have investigated the pattern of ventilation and the level of oxygenation during sleep in seven patients who had nasal packs after nasal polypectomy or septoplasty. Using standard polysomnographic techniques, we monitored chest wall motion, nasal and oral airflow, and arterial oxygen saturation and sleep stages. Nasal packing either caused or worsened sleep-disordered breathing in all patients and significantly increased the number, duration, and frequency of episodes for the group as a whole. Several patients also had a greatly increased number and severity of episodes of nocturnal oxygen desaturation. This study shows that obstruction of the nose by packing causes marked alterations in breathing during sleep in adults.
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Abstract
Certain patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may be classified as blue bloaters or pink puffers. Recent studies suggest that physiologic changes during sleep contribute to the clinical expression of these syndromes. To investigate this, we monitored four blue bloaters and six pink puffers during one night's sleep to determine the incidence of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) and of arterial oxygen desaturation. There were no significant differences between the two groups for sleep period time, awake oxygen saturation, or the number of episodes of SDB. Blue bloaters had lower baseline oxygen saturations, more episodes of arterial oxygen desaturation, and larger falls in oxygen saturation and spent more time at low levels of oxygen saturation while asleep. We propose that the degree and the duration of sleep hypoxemia of blue bloaters but not of pink puffers may contribute to early pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale.
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