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Abstract
Brain tumor accounts for about 1.6% of incidence and 2.5% of mortality of all tumors, and the median survival for brain tumor patients is only about 20 months. The treatment for brain tumor still faces many challenges, such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB), the overexpressed efflux pumps, the infiltration, invasion, high heterogeneity of tumor cells, drug resistance and immune escape caused by tumor microenvironment (TME) and cancer stem cells (CSC). This review attempts to clarify the challenges for multi-functional nano drug delivery systems (NDDS) to cross the BBB and target the cancer cells or organelles, and also provides a brief description of the different types of targeted multi-functional NDDS that have shown potential for success in delivering drugs to the brain. Further, this review also summarizes the research progress of multi-functional NDDS in the combination therapy of brain tumors from the following sections, the combination of chemotherapy drugs, chemotherapy-chemodynamic combination therapy, chemotherapy-immunization combination therapy, and chemotherapy-gene combination therapy. We also provide an insight into the recent advances in designing multi-functional NDDS for combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,CONTACT Yi Zhao
| | - Ping Yue
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,The Academy of Medical Science, College of Medical, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yao Peng
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ze Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan Polytechnic University (the Second People’s Hospital of Jiaozuo City), Jiaozuo, China,Ze Zhao
| | - Bingjie Han
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Bingjie Han
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Gaitsch H, Hersh AM, Alomari S, Tyler BM. Dendrimer Technology in Glioma: Functional Design and Potential Applications. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1075. [PMID: 36831418 PMCID: PMC9954563 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel therapeutic and diagnostic methods are sorely needed for gliomas, which contribute yearly to hundreds of thousands of cancer deaths worldwide. Despite the outpouring of research efforts and funding aimed at improving clinical outcomes for patients with glioma, the prognosis for high-grade glioma, and especially glioblastoma, remains dire. One of the greatest obstacles to improving treatment efficacy and destroying cancer cells is the safe delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs and biologics to the tumor site at a high enough dose to be effective. Over the past few decades, a burst of research has leveraged nanotechnology to overcome this obstacle. There has been a renewed interest in adapting previously understudied dendrimer nanocarriers for this task. Dendrimers are small, highly modifiable, branched structures featuring binding sites for a variety of drugs and ligands. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential for dendrimers and dendrimer conjugates to effectively shuttle therapeutic cargo to the correct tumor location, permeate the tumor, and promote apoptosis of tumor cells while minimizing systemic toxicity and damage to surrounding healthy brain tissue. This review provides a primer on the properties of dendrimers; outlines the mechanisms by which they can target delivery of substances to the site of brain pathology; and delves into current trends in the application of dendrimers to drug and gene delivery, and diagnostic imaging, in glioma. Finally, future directions for translating these in vitro and in vivo findings to the clinic are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hallie Gaitsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- NIH Oxford-Cambridge Scholars Program, Wellcome—MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Andrew M. Hersh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Safwan Alomari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Betty M. Tyler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Li X, Ta W, Hua R, Song J, Lu W. A Review on Increasing the Targeting of PAMAM as Carriers in Glioma Therapy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102455. [PMID: 36289715 PMCID: PMC9599152 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is an invasive brain cancer, and it is difficult to achieve desired therapeutic effects due to the high postoperative recurrence rate and limited efficacy of drug therapy hindered by the biological barrier of brain tissue. Nanodrug delivery systems are of great interest, and many efforts have been made to utilize them for glioma treatment. Polyamidoamine (PAMAM), a starburst dendrimer, provides malleable molecular size, functionalized molecular structure and penetrable brain barrier characteristics. Therefore, PAMAM-based nanodrug delivery systems (PAMAM DDS) are preferred for glioma treatment research. In this review, experimental studies on PAMAM DDS for glioma therapy were focused on and summarized. Emphasis was given to three major topics: methods of drug loading, linkers between drug/ligand and PAMAM and ligands of modified PAMAM. A strategy for well-designed PAMAM DDS for glioma treatment was proposed. Purposefully understanding the physicochemical and structural characteristics of drugs is necessary for selecting drug loading methods and achieving high drug loading capacity. Additionally, functional ligands contribute to achieving the brain targeting, brain penetration and low toxicity of PAMAM DDS. Furthermore, a brilliant linker facilitates multidrug combination and multifunctional PAMAM DDS. PAMAM DDS show excellent promise as drug vehicles and will be further studied for product development and safety evaluation.
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Sahoo RK, Gupta T, Batheja S, Goyal AK, Gupta U. Surface Engineered Dendrimers: A Potential Nanocarrier for the Effective Management of Glioblastoma Multiforme. Curr Drug Metab 2022; 23:708-722. [PMID: 35713127 DOI: 10.2174/1389200223666220616125524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most prevailing intracranial tumors, which account for approximately 36% of the primary brain tumors of glial cells. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) possesses a higher degree of malignancy among different gliomas. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the brain against infections and toxic substances by preventing foreign molecules or unwanted cells from entering the brain parenchyma. Nano-carriers such as liposomes, nanoparticles, dendrimers, etc. boost the brain permeability of various anticancer drugs or other drugs. The favorable properties like small size, better solubility, and the modifiable surface of dendrimers have proven their broad applicability in the better management of GBM. However, in vitro and in vivo toxicities caused by dendrimers have been a significant concern. The presence of multiple functionalities on the surface of dendrimers enables the grafting of target ligand and/or therapeutic moieties. Surface engineering improves certain properties like targeting efficiency, pharmacokinetic profile, therapeutic effect, and toxicity reduction. This review will be focused on the role of different surface-modified dendrimers in the effective management of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Tanisha Gupta
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Sanya Batheja
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Amit Kumar Goyal
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Umesh Gupta
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
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Nikdouz A, Namarvari N, Ghasemi Shayan R, Hosseini A. Comprehensive comparison of theranostic nanoparticles in breast cancer. Am J Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 11:1-27. [PMID: 35350450 PMCID: PMC8938632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequently happening cancer and the most typical cancer death among females. Despite the crucial progress in breast cancer therapy by using Chemotherapeutic agents, most anti-tumor drugs are insufficient to destroy exactly the breast cancer cells. The noble method of drug delivery using nanoparticles presents a great promise in treating breast cancer most sufficiently and with the least harm to the patient. Nanoparticles, with their spectacular characteristics, help overcome problems of this kind. Unique features of nanoparticles such as biocompatibility, bioavailability, biodegradability, sustained release, and, most importantly, site-specific targeting enables the Chemotherapeutic agents loaded in nanocarriers to differentiate between healthy tissue and cancer cells, leading to low toxicity and fewer side effects. This review focuses on evaluating and comprehending nanoparticles utilized in breast cancer treatment, including the most recent data related to the drugs they can carry. Also, this review covers all information related to each nanocarrier, such as their significant characteristics, subtypes, advantages, disadvantages, and chemical modification methods with recently published studies. This article discusses over 21 nanoparticles used in breast cancer treatment with possible chemical ligands such as monoclonal antibodies and chemotherapeutic agents binding to these carriers. These different nanoparticles and the unique features of each nanocarrier give the researchers all the data and insight to develop and use the brand-new drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Nikdouz
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nima Namarvari
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramin Ghasemi Shayan
- Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arezoo Hosseini
- Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran
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Wróbel K, Wołowiec S, Markowicz J, Wałajtys-rode E, Uram Ł. Synthesis of Biotinylated PAMAM G3 Dendrimers Substituted with R-Glycidol and Celecoxib/Simvastatin as Repurposed Drugs and Evaluation of Their Increased Additive Cytotoxicity for Cancer Cell Lines. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:714. [PMID: 35158983 PMCID: PMC8833738 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary New anti-cancer drugs can be created through the combination of well-known substances acting on different molecular targets. Repurposed drugs selected in this way can then be attached to special carriers that have specific, high affinity for cancer cells. In this study, two anti-glioma drugs, celecoxib and simvastatin, were chosen and linked to the PAMAM G3 dendrimer targeted to cancer cells by attached biotin and R-glycidol. In vitro studies performed with human glioblastoma (U-118 MG) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-15) cells revealed that dendrimer conjugate containing both celecoxib and simvastatin was 20–50 times more potent than either drug administered alone or in combination. Thus, the obtained combined conjugate can be considered as a potential candidate for a new therapy of malignant glioblastoma. Abstract Recent achievement in anticancer therapy considers the application of repurposed drugs in optimal combinations with the use of specific carriers for their targeted delivery. As a result, new optimized medications with reduced side effects can be obtained. In this study, two known anticancer drugs, celecoxib and/or simvastatin, were conjugated covalently with PAMAM G3 dendrimer and tested in vitro against human squamous carcinoma (SCC-15-15) and glioblastoma (U-118 MG) cells, as well as normal human fibroblasts (BJ). The obtained conjugates were also substituted with biotin and R-glycidol to increase their affinity for cancer cells and were characterized with NMR spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering technique. Conjugates furnished with two celecoxib and four simvastatin residues revealed the very high effectiveness and dramatically decreased the SCC-15 and U-118 MG cell viability at very low concentrations with IC50 equal to about 3 µM. Its action was 20–50-fold stronger than that of either drug alone or as a mixture. Combined conjugate revealed also additive action since it was 2–8-fold more effective than conjugates with either single drug. The combined conjugate revealed rather low specificity since it was also highly cytotoxic for BJ cells. Despite this, it may be concluded that biotinylated and R-glycidylated PAMAM G3 dendrimers substituted with both celecoxib and simvastatin can be considered as a new perspective anticancer agent, effective in therapy of malignant, incurable glioblastomas.
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Markowicz J, Uram Ł, Wołowiec S, Rode W. Biotin Transport-Targeting Polysaccharide-Modified PAMAM G3 Dendrimer as System Delivering α-Mangostin into Cancer Cells and C. elegans Worms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312925. [PMID: 34884739 PMCID: PMC8657743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural xanthone α-mangostin (αM) exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antineoplastic and anti-nematode properties, but low water solubility and poor selectivity of the drug prevent its potential clinical use. Therefore, the targeted third-generation poly(amidoamine) dendrimer (PAMAM G3) delivery system was proposed, based on hyperbranched polymer showing good solubility, high biocompatibility and low immunogenicity. A multifunctional nanocarrier was prepared by attaching αM to the surface amine groups of dendrimer via amide bond in the ratio 5 (G32B12gh5M) or 17 (G32B10gh17M) residues per one dendrimer molecule. Twelve or ten remaining amine groups were modified by conjugation with D-glucoheptono-1,4-lactone (gh) to block the amine groups, and two biotin (B) residues as targeting moieties. The biological activity of the obtained conjugates was studied in vitro on glioma U-118 MG and squamous cell carcinoma SCC-15 cancer cells compared to normal fibroblasts (BJ), and in vivo on a model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. Dendrimer vehicle G32B12gh at concentrations up to 20 µM showed no anti-proliferative effect against tested cell lines, with a feeble cytotoxicity of the highest concentration seen only with SCC-15 cells. The attachment of αM to the vehicle significantly increased cytotoxic effect of the drug, even by 4- and 25-fold for G32B12gh5M and G32B10gh17M, respectively. A stronger inhibition of cells viability and influence on other metabolic parameters (proliferation, adhesion, ATP level and Caspase-3/7 activity) was observed for G32B10gh17M than for G32B12gh5M. Both bioconjugates were internalized efficiently into the cells. Similarly, the attachment of αM to the dendrimer vehicle increased its toxicity for C. elegans. Thus, the proposed α-mangostin delivery system allowed the drug to be more effective in the dendrimer-bound as compared to free state against both cultured the cancer cells and model organism, suggesting that this treatment is promising for anticancer as well as anti-nematode chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Markowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 6 Powstancow Warszawy Ave., 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (W.R.)
| | - Łukasz Uram
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 6 Powstancow Warszawy Ave., 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Stanisław Wołowiec
- Medical College, Rzeszow University, 1a Warzywna Str., 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Rode
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (W.R.)
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Khafaga AF, Shamma RN, Abdeen A, Barakat AM, Noreldin AE, Elzoghby AO, Sallam MA. Celecoxib repurposing in cancer therapy: molecular mechanisms and nanomedicine-based delivery technologies. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:1691-1712. [PMID: 34264123 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While cancer remains a significant global health problem, advances in cancer biology, deep understanding of its underlaying mechanism and identification of specific molecular targets allowed the development of new therapeutic options. Drug repurposing poses several advantages as reduced cost and better safety compared with new compounds development. COX-2 inhibitors are one of the most promising drug classes for repurposing in cancer therapy. In this review, we provide an overview of the detailed mechanism and rationale of COX-2 inhibitors as anticancer agents and we highlight the most promising research efforts on nanotechnological approaches to enhance COX-2 inhibitors delivery with special focus on celecoxib as the most widely studied agent for chemoprevention or combined with chemotherapeutic and herbal drugs for combating various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, 22758, Egypt
| | - Rehab N Shamma
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdeen
- Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, 13736, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed E Noreldin
- Department of Histology & Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed O Elzoghby
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt.,Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Sallam
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
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Islam Y, Leach AG, Smith J, Pluchino S, Coxon CR, Sivakumaran M, Downing J, Fatokun AA, Teixidò M, Ehtezazi T. Physiological and Pathological Factors Affecting Drug Delivery to the Brain by Nanoparticles. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:e2002085. [PMID: 34105297 PMCID: PMC8188209 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of neurological/neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease is known to be increasing due to an aging population and is anticipated to further grow in the decades ahead. The treatment of brain diseases is challenging partly due to the inaccessibility of therapeutic agents to the brain. An increasingly important observation is that the physiology of the brain alters during many brain diseases, and aging adds even more to the complexity of the disease. There is a notion that the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) increases with aging or disease, however, the body has a defense mechanism that still retains the separation of the brain from harmful chemicals in the blood. This makes drug delivery to the diseased brain, even more challenging and complex task. Here, the physiological changes to the diseased brain and aged brain are covered in the context of drug delivery to the brain using nanoparticles. Also, recent and novel approaches are discussed for the delivery of therapeutic agents to the diseased brain using nanoparticle based or magnetic resonance imaging guided systems. Furthermore, the complement activation, toxicity, and immunogenicity of brain targeting nanoparticles as well as novel in vitro BBB models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamir Islam
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityByrom StreetLiverpoolL3 3AFUK
| | - Andrew G. Leach
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityByrom StreetLiverpoolL3 3AFUK
- Division of Pharmacy and OptometryThe University of ManchesterStopford Building, Oxford RoadManchesterM13 9PTUK
| | - Jayden Smith
- Cambridge Innovation Technologies Consulting (CITC) LimitedSt. John's Innovation CentreCowley RoadCambridgeCB4 0WSUK
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesClifford Allbutt Building – Cambridge Biosciences Campus and NIHR Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of CambridgeHills RoadCambridgeCB2 0HAUK
| | - Christopher R. Coxon
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityByrom StreetLiverpoolL3 3AFUK
- School of Engineering and Physical SciencesHeriot‐Watt UniversityWilliam Perkin BuildingEdinburghEH14 4ASUK
| | - Muttuswamy Sivakumaran
- Department of HaematologyPeterborough City HospitalEdith Cavell CampusBretton Gate PeterboroughPeterboroughPE3 9GZUK
| | - James Downing
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityByrom StreetLiverpoolL3 3AFUK
| | - Amos A. Fatokun
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityByrom StreetLiverpoolL3 3AFUK
| | - Meritxell Teixidò
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona)Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Baldiri Reixac 10Barcelona08028Spain
| | - Touraj Ehtezazi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityByrom StreetLiverpoolL3 3AFUK
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Nikzamir M, Hanifehpour Y, Akbarzadeh A, Panahi Y. Applications of Dendrimers in Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery: A Review. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2021; 31:2246-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-021-01925-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ortiz N, Vásquez PA, Vidal F, Díaz CF, Guzmán JL, Jiménez VA, Alderete JB. Polyamidoamine-based nanovector for the efficient delivery of methotrexate to U87 glioma cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:2771-2784. [PMID: 33073670 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to design a polyamidoamine (PAMAM)-based nanovector for the efficient delivery of methotrexate to U87 glioma cells. To this end, 0-100% acetylated PAMAM dendrimers of the fourth generation were synthesized and evaluated using drug encapsulation measurements, molecular dynamics simulations, neurotoxicity assays and neuronal internalization experiments. The best system was tested as a nanovector for methotrexate delivery to U87 glioma cells. The authors found that 25% acetylated PAMAM dendrimers of the fourth-generation combine low intrinsic toxicity, large drug complexation capacity and efficient internalization into hippocampal neurons. Nanovector complexation enhances the cytotoxic response of methotrexate against U87 glioma cells compared with free drug solutions. In conclusion, 25% acetylated PAMAM dendrimers of the fourth-generation increase drug uptake by glioma cells and thereby act as efficient nanovectors for methotrexate delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ortiz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Pilar A Vásquez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Felipe Vidal
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Carola F Díaz
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Talcahuano 4260000, Chile
| | - José L Guzmán
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Verónica A Jiménez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Talcahuano 4260000, Chile
| | - Joel B Alderete
- Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical studies have shown that celecoxib can significantly inhibit the development of tumors, and basic experiments and in vitro experiments also provide a certain basis, but it is not clear how celecoxib inhibits tumor development in detail. METHODS A literature search of all major academic databases was conducted (PubMed, China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI), Wan-fang, China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), including the main research on the mechanisms of celecoxib on tumors. RESULTS Celecoxib can intervene in tumor development and reduce the formation of drug resistance through multiple molecular mechanisms. CONCLUSION Celecoxib mainly regulates the proliferation, migration, and invasion of tumor cells by inhibiting the cyclooxygenases-2/prostaglandin E2 signal axis and thereby inhibiting the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κ-gene binding, Akt, signal transducer and activator of transcription and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and matrix metalloproteinase 9. Meanwhile, it was found that celecoxib could promote the apoptosis of tumor cells by enhancing mitochondrial oxidation, activating mitochondrial apoptosis process, promoting endoplasmic reticulum stress process, and autophagy. Celecoxib can also reduce the occurrence of drug resistance by increasing the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy drugs.
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13
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Abstract
Nanostructured hyperbranched macromolecules have been extensively studied at the chemical, physical and morphological levels. The cellular structural and functional complexity of neural cells and their cross-talk have made it rather difficult to evaluate dendrimer effects in a mixed population of glial cells and neurons. Thus, we are at a relatively early stage of bench-to-bedside translation, and this is due mainly to the lack of data valuable for clinical investigations. It is only recently that techniques have become available that allow for analyses of biological processes inside the living cells, at the nanoscale, in real time. This review summarizes the essential properties of neural cells and dendrimers, and provides a cross-section of biological, pre-clinical and early clinical studies, where dendrimers were used as nanocarriers. It also highlights some examples of biological studies employing dendritic polyglycerol sulfates and their effects on glia and neurons. It is the aim of this review to encourage young scientists to advance mechanistic and technological approaches in dendrimer research so that these extremely versatile and attractive nanostructures gain even greater recognition in translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusica Maysinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada;
| | - Qiaochu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada;
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Ashok Kakkar
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
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Uram Ł, Markowicz J, Misiorek M, Filipowicz-Rachwał A, Wołowiec S, Wałajtys-Rode E. Celecoxib substituted biotinylated poly(amidoamine) G3 dendrimer as potential treatment for temozolomide resistant glioma therapy and anti-nematode agent. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 152:105439. [PMID: 32615261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a one of the most widely diagnosed and difficult to treat type of central nervous system tumors. Resection combined with radiotherapy and temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy prolongs patients' survival only for 12 - 15 months after diagnosis. Moreover, many patients develop TMZ resistance, thus important is search for a new therapy regimes including targeted drug delivery. Most types of GBM reveal increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), that are considered as valuable therapeutic target. In these studies, the anti-tumor properties of the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib (CXB) and biotinylated third generation of the poly(amidoamine) dendrimer substituted with 31 CXB residues (G3BC31) on TMZ -resistant U-118 MG glioma cell line were examined and compared with the effect of TMZ alone including viability, proliferation, migration and apoptosis, as well as the cellular expression of COX-2, ATP level, and PGE2 production. Confocal microscopy analysis with the fluorescently labeled G3BC31 analogue has shown that the compound was effectively accumulated in U-118 MG cells in time-dependent manner and its localization was confirmed in lysosomes but not nuclei. G3BC31 reveal much higher cytotoxicity for U-118 MG cells at relatively low concentrations in the range of 2-4 µM with compared to CBX alone, active at 50-100 µM. This was due to induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation and migration. Observed effects were concomitant with reduction of PGE2 production but independent of COX-2 expression. We suggest that investigated conjugate may be a promising candidate for therapy of TMZ-resistant glioblastoma multiforme, although applicable in local treatment, since our previous study of G3BC31 did not demonstrate selectivity against glioma cells compared to normal human fibroblasts. However, it has to be pointed that in our in vivo studies conducted with model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans indicated high anti-nematode activity of G3BC31 in comparison with CXB alone that confirms of usefulness of that organism for estimation of anti-cancer drug toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Uram
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 6 Powstancow Warszawy Ave, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Joanna Markowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 6 Powstancow Warszawy Ave, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Maria Misiorek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 6 Powstancow Warszawy Ave, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Filipowicz-Rachwał
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rzeszow University of Information Technology and Management, 2 Sucharskiego Str, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Stanisław Wołowiec
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, Warzywna 1a, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Wałajtys-Rode
- Department of Drug Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology,75 Koszykowa Str, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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Baecker D, Kapp T, Schumacher P, Gust R, Kircher B. Cell death-inducing properties of selected dendrimers against different breast cancer and leukemia cell lines. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e2000209. [PMID: 32780524 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dendrimers represent an opportunity for targeted drug delivery into tumor cells. This is facilitated, for example, by loading of dendrimers with anticancer compounds. However, to assess the effects caused by such conjugates, knowledge of the cytotoxicity of the dendrimers themselves is necessary. The poly(amido amine)-derived dendrimers G1 (Phe)6 , G1 (Dan)3 , and G2 were selected due to their different numbers of free amino groups and the poly(propylene imine) (PPI) dendrimer PPI-G3 served as a reference. The compounds were evaluated for cell-death induction using breast cancer (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231) and leukemia (LAMA-84, K562, SD-1, SUP-B15) cell lines. The compounds exhibited concentration-dependent effects in the low micromolar range against the mammary carcinoma cells. A dependency on the generation, and particularly on the type of dendrimer, was deduced while the quantity of the free amino groups was subsidiary. G2 revealed to be most cytotoxic, also against all tested leukemia cell lines. The cell line SD-1, however, was susceptible to all dendrimers. The mode of cell death was mainly determined by necrosis, especially at higher concentrations, while apoptosis played a subordinate role. The other dendrimers exerted no antimetabolic effects against LAMA-84, K562, and SUP-B15 cells. Therefore, these dendrimers are generally suitable as nontoxic drug carriers for leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Baecker
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Timo Kapp
- Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Schumacher
- Immunobiology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine V (Hematology and Oncology), Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brigitte Kircher
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria.,Immunobiology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine V (Hematology and Oncology), Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Fana M, Gallien J, Srinageshwar B, Dunbar GL, Rossignol J. PAMAM Dendrimer Nanomolecules Utilized as Drug Delivery Systems for Potential Treatment of Glioblastoma: A Systematic Review. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:2789-2808. [PMID: 32368055 PMCID: PMC7185330 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s243155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is a grade IV astrocytoma that maintains a poor prognosis with respect to current treatment options. Despite major advancements in the fields of surgery and chemoradiotherapy over the last few decades, the life expectancy for someone with glioblastoma remains virtually unchanged and warrants a new approach for treatment. Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers are a type of nanomolecule that ranges in size (between 1 and 100 nm) and shape and can offer a new viable solution for the treatment of intracranial tumors, including glioblastoma. Their ability to deliver a variety of therapeutic cargo and penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB), while preserving low cytotoxicity, make them a favorable candidate for further investigation into the treatment of glioblastoma. Here, we present a systematic review of the current advancements in PAMAM dendrimer technology, including the wide spectrum of dendrimer generations formulated, surface modifications, core modifications, and conjugations developed thus far to enhance tumor specificity and tumor penetration for treatment of glioblastoma. Furthermore, we highlight the extensive variety of therapeutics capable of delivery by PAMAM dendrimers for the treatment of glioblastoma, including cytokines, peptides, drugs, siRNAs, miRNAs, and organic polyphenols. While there have been prolific results stemming from aggressive research into the field of dendrimer technology, there remains a nearly inexhaustible amount of questions that remain unanswered. Nevertheless, this technology is rapidly developing and is nearing the cusp of use for aggressive tumor treatment. To that end, we further highlight future prospects in focus as researchers continue developing more optimal vehicles for the delivery of therapeutic cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fana
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI48859, USA
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI48859, USA
| | - John Gallien
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI48859, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI48859, USA
| | - Bhairavi Srinageshwar
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI48859, USA
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI48859, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI48859, USA
| | - Gary L Dunbar
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI48859, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI48859, USA
- Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI48859, USA
- Field Neurosciences Institute, St. Mary’s of Michigan, Saginaw, MI48604, USA
| | - Julien Rossignol
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI48859, USA
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI48859, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI48859, USA
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