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Forouz F, Mohammed Y, Shobeiri Nejad HSA, Roberts MS, Grice JE. In vitro screening of topical formulation excipients for epithelial toxicity in cancerous and non-cancerous cell lines. EXCLI J 2023; 22:1173-1199. [PMID: 38204966 PMCID: PMC10776879 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-6072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Chemical excipients used in topical formulations may be toxic to living skin cells. Here, we compared the in vitro toxicity of some common solubilizing excipients against human melanoma cells, human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and primary skin fibroblasts (FB) as examples of cancerous, immortalized and primary human skin cells, often used as experimental models representative of in vivo conditions. Two distinct endpoint assays (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and crystal violet (CV)) were used. The mechanism of cell death after excipient exposure was assessed through Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production, cell membrane integrity and cell cycle progression. Results showed that the surfactants, Labrasol®, Labrafil® and Transcutol®, were less toxic than Triton X-100 (a model irritant) in all cell types whereas the oil, Labrafac®, was non-toxic. The human melanoma WM164 cell line showed the greatest sensitivity toward cytotoxicity after chemical exposure, while the other cell lines were more resistant. The relative excipient cytotoxicity responses observed in the MTT and CV assays were comparable and similar trends were seen in their estimated 50 % inhibitory concentration (IC50) values. DNA fragmentation by flow cytometry after exposing the cells to IC50 concentrations of the excipients showed negligible apoptotic populations. ROS production was increased in all cell types after toxic exposure; however, ROS elevation did not lead to apoptosis. The toxicity profiles of each excipient are not only relevant to their use in formulating safe topical products but also in the potential synergistic efficacy in the topical treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Forouz
- Therapeutics Research Group, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Yousuf Mohammed
- Therapeutics Research Group, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | | | - Michael S. Roberts
- Therapeutics Research Group, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Medical Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jeffrey E. Grice
- Therapeutics Research Group, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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Mohammed W, Matalkeh M, Al Soubaihi RM, Elzatahry A, Saoud KM. Visible Light Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye and Pharmaceutical Wastes over Ternary NiO/Ag/TiO 2 Heterojunction. ACS Omega 2023; 8:40063-40077. [PMID: 37929122 PMCID: PMC10620881 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Ternary NiO/Ag/TiO2 heterojunction photocatalyst was prepared by deposition coprecipitation for visible light photocatalytic applications. Physicochemical properties of the synthesized NiO/Ag/TiO2 composite were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area measurement method, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy technique, and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy. The results suggest that the well-dispersed small metallic silver nanoparticles (<3 nm) facilitate electron transfer and bridge nickel oxide and titanium oxide. The photocatalytic degradation and the methylene blue (MB) dye kinetics were carried out on a ternary NiO/Ag/TiO2 composite and compared to bare TiO2 under visible light irradiation. The results indicate that NiO/Ag/TiO2 has superior MB photodegradation efficiency with a high reaction rate constant and low degradation time (93.15% within 60 min) compared to Ag/TiO2, NiO/TiO2, and bare TiO2. NiO/Ag/TiO2 nanocomposite was also investigated for the most common pharmaceutical waste degradation and exhibited excellent degradation efficiency. The enhancement of the composite's performance could be attributed to the surface plasmonic resonance of the Ag nanoparticles, the formation of Schottky junctions at the Ag-TiO2 and Ag-NiO interface, and the p-n heterojunction between NiO and TiO2. Ag NPs act as a photosynthesizer and a photocatalyst, facilitate electron transfer, shift the absorption to the visible light region, reduce the band gap of TiO2, suppress the electron-hole recombination, and enhance the photocatalytic activity and stability as a result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Widad Mohammed
- Material
Science and Technology Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Maha Matalkeh
- Liberal
Arts and Science, Virginia Commonwealth
University School of Arts in Qatar, PO Box 8095, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rola Mohammad Al Soubaihi
- Functional
NanoMaterials Group, Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering
Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Hannes Alfvéns väg
12, 11419 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ahmed Elzatahry
- Material
Science and Technology Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Khaled M. Saoud
- Liberal
Arts and Science, Virginia Commonwealth
University School of Arts in Qatar, PO Box 8095, Doha, Qatar
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Farasati Far B, Naimi-Jamal MR, Sedaghat M, Hoseini A, Mohammadi N, Bodaghi M. Combinational System of Lipid-Based Nanocarriers and Biodegradable Polymers for Wound Healing: An Updated Review. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14020115. [PMID: 36826914 PMCID: PMC9963106 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin wounds have imposed serious socioeconomic burdens on healthcare providers and patients. There are just more than 25,000 burn injury-related deaths reported each year. Conventional treatments do not often allow the re-establishment of the function of affected regions and structures, resulting in dehydration and wound infections. Many nanocarriers, such as lipid-based systems or biobased and biodegradable polymers and their associated platforms, are favorable in wound healing due to their ability to promote cell adhesion and migration, thus improving wound healing and reducing scarring. Hence, many researchers have focused on developing new wound dressings based on such compounds with desirable effects. However, when applied in wound healing, some problems occur, such as the high cost of public health, novel treatments emphasizing reduced healthcare costs, and increasing quality of treatment outcomes. The integrated hybrid systems of lipid-based nanocarriers (LNCs) and polymer-based systems can be promising as the solution for the above problems in the wound healing process. Furthermore, novel drug delivery systems showed more effective release of therapeutic agents, suitable mimicking of the physiological environment, and improvement in the function of the single system. This review highlights recent advances in lipid-based systems and the role of lipid-based carriers and biodegradable polymers in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Farasati Far
- Research Laboratory of Green Organic Synthesis and Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 1684613114, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Naimi-Jamal
- Research Laboratory of Green Organic Synthesis and Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 1684613114, Iran
- Correspondence: (M.R.N.-J.); (M.B.)
| | - Meysam Sedaghat
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Materials Engineering Department, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad 8514143131, Iran
| | - Alireza Hoseini
- Department of Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 1684613114, Iran
| | - Negar Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz 6135733184, Iran
| | - Mahdi Bodaghi
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
- Correspondence: (M.R.N.-J.); (M.B.)
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Pasarin D, Ghizdareanu AI, Enascuta CE, Matei CB, Bilbie C, Paraschiv-Palada L, Veres PA. Coating Materials to Increase the Stability of Liposomes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15. [PMID: 36772080 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Liposomes carry various compounds with applications in pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic fields, and the administration route is especially parenteral, oral, or transdermal. Liposomes are used to preserve and release the internal components, thus maintaining the properties of the compounds, the stability and shelf life of the encapsulated products, and their functional benefits. The main problem in obtaining liposomes at the industrial level is their low stability due to fragile phospholipid membranes. To increase the stability of liposomes, phospholipid bilayers have been modified or different coating materials have been developed and studied, both for liposomes with applications in the pharmaceutical field and liposomes in the food field. In the cosmetic field, liposomes need no additional coating because the liposomal formulation is intended to have a fast penetration into the skin. The aim of this review is to provide current knowledge regarding physical and chemical factors that influence stability, coating materials for liposomes with applications in the pharmaceutical and food fields to increase the stability of liposomes containing various sensitive compounds, and absorption of the liposomes and commercial liposomal products obtained through various technologies available on the market.
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Giannetti M, Canale VC, Micheli L, Fiori M, Mazzuca C, Palleschi A. An Insight into the Degradation Processes of the Anti-Hypertensive Drug Furosemide. Molecules 2023; 28. [PMID: 36615575 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Furosemide (FUR), an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) belonging to a group of drugs known as loop diuretics, has widespread use, but, is characterized by a strong instability to light, which causes chemical transformations that could give a yellowing phenomenon and have a significant impact from a health and marketing point of view. Many studies have tried to explain this phenomenon under different experimental conditions, but no detailed explanation of the yellowing phenomenon has been provided. This work, unlike the others, provides an overall view and explanation of the behavior of FUR in relation to the yellowing phenomenon, both in the solution and in solid state, considering several aspects, such as light exposure, presence of oxygen, and moisture effects.
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da Ana R, Fonseca J, Karczewski J, Silva AM, Zielińska A, Souto EB. Lipid-Based Nanoparticulate Systems for the Ocular Delivery of Bioactives with Anti-Inflammatory Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012102. [PMID: 36292951 PMCID: PMC9603520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the eye structure and its physiology turned ocular drug administration into one of the most challenging topics in the pharmaceutical field. Ocular inflammation is one of the most common ophthalmic disorders. Topical administration of anti-inflammatory drugs is also commonly used as a side treatment in tissue repair and regeneration. The difficulty in overcoming the eye barriers, which are both physical and chemical, reduces drug bioavailability, and the frequency of administration must be increased to reach the therapeutic effect. However, this can cause serious side effects. Lipid nanoparticles seem to be a great alternative to ocular drug delivery as they are composed from natural excipients and can encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs of different sources, and their unique properties, as their excellent biocompatibility, safety and adhesion allow to increase the bioavailability, compliance and achieve a sustained drug release. They are also very stable, easy to produce and scale up, and can be lyophilized or sterilized with no significant alterations to the release profile and stability. Because of this, lipid nanoparticles show a great potential to be an essential part of the new therapeutic technologies in ophthalmology to deliver synthetic and natural anti-inflammatory drugs. In fact, there is an increasing interest in natural bioactives with anti-inflammatory activities, and the use of nanoparticles for their site-specific delivery. It is therefore expected that, in the near future, many more studies will promote the development of new nanomedicines resulting in clinical studies of new drugs formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel da Ana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joel Fonseca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jacek Karczewski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Fredry 10, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Fredry 10, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Amélia M. Silva
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Aleksandra Zielińska
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.Z.); (E.B.S.)
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.Z.); (E.B.S.)
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Ioele G, Chieffallo M, Occhiuzzi MA, De Luca M, Garofalo A, Ragno G, Grande F. Anticancer Drugs: Recent Strategies to Improve Stability Profile, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175436. [PMID: 36080203 PMCID: PMC9457551 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In past decades, anticancer research has led to remarkable results despite many of the approved drugs still being characterized by high systemic toxicity mainly due to the lack of tumor selectivity and present pharmacokinetic drawbacks, including low water solubility, that negatively affect the drug circulation time and bioavailability. The stability studies, performed in mild conditions during their development or under stressing exposure to high temperature, hydrolytic medium or light source, have demonstrated the sensitivity of anticancer drugs to many parameters. For this reason, the formation of degradation products is assessed both in pharmaceutical formulations and in the environment as hospital waste. To date, numerous formulations have been developed for achieving tissue-specific drug targeting and reducing toxic side effects, as well as for improving drug stability. The development of prodrugs represents a promising strategy in targeted cancer therapy for improving the selectivity, efficacy and stability of active compounds. Recent studies show that the incorporation of anticancer drugs into vesicular systems, such as polymeric micelles or cyclodextrins, or the use of nanocarriers containing chemotherapeutics that conjugate to monoclonal antibodies can improve solubility, pharmacokinetics, cellular absorption and stability. In this study, we summarize the latest advances in knowledge regarding the development of effective highly stable anticancer drugs formulated as stable prodrugs or entrapped in nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fedora Grande
- Correspondence: (G.I.); (F.G.); Tel.: +39-0984-493268 (G.I.)
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Khodia S, Maity S. A combined experimental and computational study on the deactivation of a photo-excited 2,2'-pyridylbenzimidazole-water complex via excited-state proton transfer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:12043-12051. [PMID: 35537136 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01121b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we present solvent assisted excited-state proton transfer coupled to the deactivation of a photo-excited 2,2'-pyridylbenzimidazole bound to a single water molecule. Experimentally, the mass-selected 1 : 1 complex was probed using two-colour resonant two-photon ionization (2C-R2PI) and UV-UV hole-burning (HB) spectroscopy in a supersonically jet-cooled molecular beam. Computationally, three structural isomers were identified as the normal, the tautomer and the proton transfer product of the PBI-H2O complex in the excited S1 state using B3LYP-D4/def2-TZVPP and ADC(2) (MP2)/cc-pVDZ levels of theory. The most stable form in the ground state, i.e., the normal form, was identified using the excitation spectrum in the 30 544 to 30 936 cm-1 region. The 2C-R2PI spectrum showed a sudden break-off above the 000 + 392 cm-1 region, even though the Frack-Condon activity of the S1 ← S0 transition was measured beyond 000 + 1000 cm-1 in the HB spectrum. The intensity of the bands associated with the excited state intermolecular vibrational modes near the break-off region was found to be drastically decreased, which indicates efficient quantum mechanical tunnelling along the hydrogen transfer coordinate. The sudden disappearance of the intermolecular vibrational modes in the spectrum revealed the existence of a deactivation channel in the PBI-H2O complex near 392-450 cm-1 above the 000 transition. The computational investigation predicted that the deactivation of the excited-state occurred via the intersection between the S1 and S0 states, which was associated with the proton transfer from the H2O to the PBI molecule along the O(3)-H(4)→N(5) coordinate. The highest energy structure was identified as the point of intersection between the nπ* (S2) and ππ* (S1) states. The associated barrier height was experimentally determined to be 392-450 cm-1, which showed a reasonable agreement with the calculated excited-state proton transfer barrier. Competing reaction channels such as dissociation and tautomerization were found to be highly energetically inaccessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Khodia
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, India.
| | - Surajit Maity
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, India.
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Cristiano MC, Barone A, Mancuso A, Torella D, Paolino D. Rutin-Loaded Nanovesicles for Improved Stability and Enhanced Topical Efficacy of Natural Compound. J Funct Biomater 2021; 12:74. [PMID: 34940553 DOI: 10.3390/jfb12040074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rutin is a natural compound with several pharmacological effects. Among these, antioxidant activity is one of the best known. Despite its numerous benefits, its topical application is severely limited by its physicochemical properties. For this reason, the use of suitable systems could be necessary to improve its delivery through skin, thus enhancing its pharmacological effects. In this regard, the aim of this work is to optimize the ethosomal dispersion modifying both lipid and ethanol concentrations and encapsulating different amounts of rutin. Characterization studies performed on the realized systems highlighted their great stability properties. Studies of encapsulation efficiency and loading degree allowed us to identify a better formulation (EE% 67.5 ± 5.2%, DL% 27 ± 1.7%), which was used for further analyses. The data recorded from in vitro studies showed that the encapsulation into these nanosystems allowed us to overcome the photosensitivity limitation of rutin. Indeed, a markable photostability of the loaded formulation was recorded, compared with that reported from the free rutin solution. The efficacy of the nanosystems was finally evaluated both in vitro on keratinocyte cells and in vivo on human healthy volunteers. The results confirmed the potentiality of rutin-loaded nanosystems for skin disease, mainly related to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.
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Md S, Alhakamy NA, Alharbi WS, Ahmad J, Shaik RA, Ibrahim IM, Ali J. Development and Evaluation of Repurposed Etoricoxib Loaded Nanoemulsion for Improving Anticancer Activities against Lung Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413284. [PMID: 34948081 PMCID: PMC8705699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, novel modality for lung cancer intervention has been explored. Primary literature has established the potential role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor in regression of multiple forms of carcinomas. To overcome its poor water solubility and boost anticancer activity, etoricoxib (ETO) was chosen as a therapeutic candidate for repurposing and formulated into a nanoemulsion (NE). The prepared ETO loaded NE was characterized for the surface charge, droplet size, surface morphology, and in vitro release. The optimized ETO loaded NE was then investigated for its anticancer potential employing A549 lung cancer cell line via cytotoxicity, apoptotic activity, mitochondrial membrane potential activity, cell migration assay, cell cycle analysis, Caspase-3, 9, and p53 activity by ELISA and molecular biomarker analysis through RT-PCR test. The developed ETO-NE formulation showed adequate homogeneity in the droplet size distribution with polydispersity index (PDI) of (0.2 ± 0.03) and had the lowest possible droplet size (124 ± 2.91 nm) and optimal negative surface charge (−8.19 ± 1.51 mV) indicative of colloidal stability. The MTT assay results demonstrated that ETO-NE exhibited substantial anticancer activity compared to the free drug. The ETO-NE showed a substantially potent cytotoxic effect against lung cancer cells, as was evident from the commencement of apoptosis/necrotic cell death and S-phase cell cycle arrests in A549 cells. The study on these molecules through RT-PCR confirmed that ETO-NE is significantly efficacious in mitigating the abundance of IL-B, IL-6, TNF, COX-2, and NF-kB as compared to the free ETO and control group. The current study demonstrates that ETO-NE represents a feasible approach that could provide clinical benefits for lung cancer patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadab Md
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (W.S.A.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research & Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (W.S.A.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research & Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed S. Alharbi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (W.S.A.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research & Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rasheed A. Shaik
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ibrahim M. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
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