1
|
Zhang Q, Zhu S, Zhang X, Su L, Ni J, Zhang Y, Fang L. Recent insights into reverse genetics of norovirus. Virus Res 2023; 325:199046. [PMID: 36657615 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus is the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis globally, and poses substantial threats to public health. Despite substantial progress made in preventing norovirus diseases, the lack of a robust virus culture system has hampered biological research and effective strategies to combat this pathogen. Reverse genetic system is the technique to generate infectious viruses from cloned genetic constructs, which is a powerful tool for the investigation of viral pathogenesis and for the development of novel drugs and vaccines. The strategies of reverse genetics include bacterial artificial chromosomes, vaccinia virus vectors, and entirely plasmid-based systems. Since each strategy has its pros and cons, choosing appropriate approaches will greatly improve the efficiency of virus rescue. Reverse genetic systems that have been employed for norovirus greatly extend its life cycle and facilitate the development of medical countermeasures. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the structure, transmission, genetic evolution and clinical manifestations of norovirus, and describe recent advances in the studies of norovirus reverse genetics as well as its future prospects for therapeutics and vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinyi Zhang
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuirong Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Lingxuan Su
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Ni
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Islam MA, Adeiza SS, Amin MR, Kaifa FH, Lorenzo JM, Bhattacharya P, Dhama K. A bibliometric study on Marburg virus research with prevention and control strategies. Front Trop Dis 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.1068364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) is a pathogenic zoonotic RNA virus etiologic for Marburg virus disease (MVD), a severe hemorrhagic fever. This is a rare disease, with a high fatality rate, that spreads via infected blood or body fluids or indirectly via fomites (contaminated objects and substances such as clothed, beds, personal protective equipment, or medical equipments). A few vaccines to protect against MARV are undergoing clinical trials, but there is not yet an approved vaccine against this disease. Eventually, prevention and control guidelines should be adhered to rigorously to alleviate this infection. This bibliometric analysis aimed to harness narrative evaluation, emphasizing the significance of quantitative approaches and delineating the most thought-provoking concerns for researchers using VOSviewer software (Centre for Science and Technology Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands). “Marburg Virus” OR “MARV” AND “Diseases” search criteria were used for the analysis of articles published between 1962 and 2022. Co-occurrence analysis was carried out, which characterized different thematic clusters. From this analysis, we found that 1688 published articles, and the number of publications increased across that period annually, with a growth rate of 8.78%. It is also conspicuous that the number of publications in the United States reached its acme during this period (i.e., 714 publications, accounting for 42.29% of the total), and the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases published the most literature (i.e., 146 papers). Our study found that the three pre-eminent authors of Marburg virus papers were “FELDMANN, HEINZ“ of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, United States, “BECKER, STEPHAN” of the Philipps University of Marburg, Germany, and “GEISBERT, THOMAS W” of the University of Texas Medical Branch, United States. In this study we found that “JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY” has published the most pertinent literature, totaling 88 articles, followed by “The journal of Infectious Diseases”, which published 76 relevant papers, and “VIRUSES”, which published 52 corresponding papers. The most cited paper on the Marburg virus was published in Nature Medicine, with 522 total citations and 29 citations/year. Studies of the changing epidemiology and evolving nature of the virus and its ecological niche are required; breakthrough and implementation of the efficacious vaccine candidate(s), prophylaxis and therapeutic alternatives and supervision strategies, unveiling awareness-raising programs, and developing apposite and timely preparedness, prevention, and proactive control strategies are of utmost importance.
Collapse
|
3
|
Amaya M, Broder CC, Laing ED. Recombinant Cedar Virus: A Henipavirus Reverse Genetics Platform. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2682:73-86. [PMID: 37610574 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3283-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The isolation of Cedar virus, a nonpathogenic henipavirus that is closely related to the highly pathogenic Nipah virus and Hendra virus, provides a new platform for henipavirus experimentation and a tool to investigate biological differences among these viruses under less stringent biological containment. Here, we detail a reverse genetics system used to rescue two replication-competent, recombinant Cedar virus variants: a recombinant wild-type Cedar virus and a recombinant Cedar virus that express a green fluorescent protein from an open reading frame inserted between the phosphoprotein and matrix genes. This recombinant Cedar virus platform may be utilized to characterize the determinants of pathogenesis across the henipaviruses, investigate their receptor tropisms, and identify novel pan-henipavirus antivirals safely under biosafety level-2 conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moushimi Amaya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eric D Laing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vanmechelen B, Stroobants J, Chiu W, Naesens L, Schepers J, Vermeire K, Maes P. Development and optimization of biologically contained Marburg virus for high-throughput antiviral screening. Antiviral Res 2022; 207:105426. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
5
|
Kumari M, Subbarao N. A hybrid resampling algorithms SMOTE and ENN based deep learning models for identification of Marburg virus inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2022. [PMID: 35393862 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2021-0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Marburg virus (MARV) is a sporadic outbreak of a zoonotic disease that causes lethal hemorrhagic fever in humans. We propose a deep learning model with resampling techniques and predict the inhibitory activity of MARV from unknown compounds in the virtual screening process. Methodology & results: We applied resampling techniques to solve the imbalanced data problem. The classifier model comparisons revealed that the hybrid model of synthetic minority oversampling technique - edited nearest neighbor and artificial neural network (SMOTE-ENN + ANN) achieved better classification performance with 95% overall accuracy. The trained SMOTE-ENN+ANN hybrid model predicted as lead molecules; 25 out of 87,043 from ChemDiv, four out of 340 from ChEMBL anti-viral library, three out of 918 from Phytochemical database, and seven out of 419 from Natural products from NCI divsetIV, and 214 out of 1,12,267 from Natural compounds ZINC database for MARV. Conclusion: Our studies reveal that the proposed SMOTE-ENN + ANN hybrid model can improve overall accuracy more effectively and predict new lead molecules against MARV.
Collapse
|
6
|
Bębnowska D, Niedźwiedzka-rystwej P. The Interplay between Autophagy and Virus Pathogenesis—The Significance of Autophagy in Viral Hepatitis and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers. Cells 2022; 11:871. [PMID: 35269494 PMCID: PMC8909602 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process focused on maintaining the homeostasis of organisms; nevertheless, the role of this process has also been widely documented in viral infections. Thus, xenophagy is a selective form of autophagy targeting viruses. However, the relation between autophagy and viruses is ambiguous—this process may be used as a strategy to fight with a virus, but is also in favor of the virus’s replication. In this paper, we have gathered data on autophagy in viral hepatitis and viral hemorrhagic fevers and the relations impacting its viral pathogenesis. Thus, autophagy is a potential therapeutic target, but research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms by which the virus interacts with the autophagic machinery. These studies must be performed in specific research models other than the natural host for many reasons. In this paper, we also indicate Lagovirus europaeus virus as a potentially good research model for acute liver failure and viral hemorrhagic disease.
Collapse
|
7
|
Komoto S, Fukuda S, Murata T, Taniguchi K. Human Rotavirus Reverse Genetics Systems to Study Viral Replication and Pathogenesis. Viruses 2021; 13:1791. [PMID: 34578372 DOI: 10.3390/v13091791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rotaviruses (HuRVAs) are highly important causes of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. A lack of reliable and reproducible reverse genetics systems for HuRVAs has limited a proper understanding of HuRVA biology and also the rational design of live-attenuated vaccines. Since the development of the first reverse genetics system for RVAs (partially plasmid-based reverse genetics system) in 2006, there have been many efforts with the goal of generating infectious recombinant HuRVAs entirely from cloned cDNAs. However, the establishment of a HuRVA reverse genetics system was very challenging until 2019. This review article provides an overview of the historical background of the recent development of long-awaited HuRVA reverse genetics systems, beginning with the generation of recombinant human-simian reassortant RVAs with the aid of a helper virus in 2006 and the generation of recombinant animal (simian) RVAs in a helper virus-free manner in 2017, and culminating in the generation of recombinant HuRVAs entirely from plasmid cDNAs in 2019. Notably, the original HuRVA reverse genetics system has already been optimized to increase the efficiency of virus generation. Although the application of HuRVA reverse genetics systems has only just been initiated, these technologies will help to answer HuRVA research questions regarding viral replication and pathogenicity that could not be addressed before, and to develop next-generation vaccines and intestine-specific rotaviral vectors.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yu Z, Wu H, Huang Q, Zhong Z. Simultaneous detection of Marburg virus and Ebola virus with TaqMan-based multiplex real-time PCR method. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23786. [PMID: 33939238 PMCID: PMC8183904 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Marburg virus (MARV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) are acute infections with high case fatality rates. It is of great significance for epidemic monitoring and prevention and control of infectious diseases by the development of a rapid, specific, and sensitive quantitative PCR method to detect two pathogens simultaneously. Methods Primers and TaqMan probes were designed according to highly conserved sequences of these viruses. Sensitivity, specificity, linear range, limit of detection, and the effects of hemolysis and lipid on real‐time qPCR were evaluated. Results The linearity of the curve allowed quantification of nucleic acid concentrations in range from 103 to 109 copies/ml per reaction (MARV and EBOV). The limit of detection of EBOV was 40 copies/ml, and MARV was 100 copies/ml. It has no cross‐reaction with other pathogens such as hepatitis b virus (HBV), hepatitis c virus (HCV), human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Repeatability analysis of the two viruses showed that their coefficient of variation (CV) was less than 5.0%. The above results indicated that fluorescence quantitative PCR could detect EBOV and MARV sensitively and specifically. Conclusions The TaqMan probe‐based multiplex fluorescence quantitative PCR assays could detect EBOV and MARV sensitively specifically and simultaneously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhikang Yu
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics and Antibody Therapeutics, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China
| | - Heming Wu
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics and Antibody Therapeutics, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China
| | - Qingyan Huang
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics and Antibody Therapeutics, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhong
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics and Antibody Therapeutics, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sandoval-Jaime C. Astrovirus reverse genetics systems, a story of success. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:57-65. [PMID: 32683123 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Astroviruses are one of the main causes of gastroenteritis of medical and veterinary relevance worldwide. Recently, these viruses were associated with neurological disease in mammals, including humans. Reverse genetics systems are the most powerful tool to improve our understanding of the virus replication, and eventually to develop safe vaccine candidates. In the present review, it is summarized the current knowledge on the different strategies used to develop reverse genetics systems for mamastroviruses and avastroviruses, and some of the biological answers that have provided are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sandoval-Jaime
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hume AJ, Mühlberger E. Distinct Genome Replication and Transcription Strategies within the Growing Filovirus Family. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:4290-4320. [PMID: 31260690 PMCID: PMC6879820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Research on filoviruses has historically focused on the highly pathogenic ebola- and marburgviruses. Indeed, until recently, these were the only two genera in the filovirus family. Recent advances in sequencing technologies have facilitated the discovery of not only a new ebolavirus, but also three new filovirus genera and a sixth proposed genus. While two of these new genera are similar to the ebola- and marburgviruses, the other two, discovered in saltwater fishes, are considerably more diverse. Nonetheless, these viruses retain a number of key features of the other filoviruses. Here, we review the key characteristics of filovirus replication and transcription, highlighting similarities and differences between the viruses. In particular, we focus on key regulatory elements in the genomes, replication and transcription strategies, and the conservation of protein domains and functions among the viruses. In addition, using computational analyses, we were able to identify potential homology and functions for some of the genes of the novel filoviruses with previously unknown functions. Although none of the newly discovered filoviruses have yet been isolated, initial studies of some of these viruses using minigenome systems have yielded insights into their mechanisms of replication and transcription. In general, the Cuevavirus and proposed Dianlovirus genera appear to follow the transcription and replication strategies employed by the ebola- and marburgviruses, respectively. While our knowledge of the fish filoviruses is currently limited to sequence analysis, the lack of certain conserved motifs and even entire genes necessitates that they have evolved distinct mechanisms of replication and transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Hume
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Amatya P, Wagner N, Chen G, Luthra P, Shi L, Borek D, Pavlenco A, Rohrs H, Basler CF, Sidhu SS, Gross ML, Leung DW. Inhibition of Marburg Virus RNA Synthesis by a Synthetic Anti-VP35 Antibody. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1385-1396. [PMID: 31120240 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Marburg virus causes sporadic outbreaks of severe hemorrhagic fever with high case fatality rates. Approved, effective, and safe therapeutic or prophylactic countermeasures are lacking. To address this, we used phage display to engineer a synthetic antibody, sFab H3, which binds the Marburg virus VP35 protein (mVP35). mVP35 is a critical cofactor of the viral replication complex and a viral immune antagonist. sFab H3 displayed high specificity for mVP35 and not for the closely related Ebola virus VP35. sFab H3 inhibited viral-RNA synthesis in a minigenome assay, suggesting its potential use as an antiviral. We characterized sFab H3 by a combination of biophysical and biochemical methods, and a crystal structure of the complex solved to 1.7 Å resolution defined the molecular interface between the sFab H3 and mVP35 interferon inhibitory domain. Our study identifies mVP35 as a therapeutic target using an approach that provides a framework for generating engineered Fabs targeting other viral proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parmeshwar Amatya
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Nicole Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Gang Chen
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, 816-160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Priya Luthra
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Liuqing Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Dominika Borek
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Alevtina Pavlenco
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, 816-160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Henry Rohrs
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Christopher F. Basler
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Sachdev S. Sidhu
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, 816-160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Michael L. Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Daisy W. Leung
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Marburgviruses are closely related to ebolaviruses and cause a devastating disease in humans. In 2012, we published a comprehensive review of the first 45 years of research on marburgviruses and the disease they cause, ranging from molecular biology to ecology. Spurred in part by the deadly Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa in 2013-2016, research on all filoviruses has intensified. Not meant as an introduction to marburgviruses, this article instead provides a synopsis of recent progress in marburgvirus research with a particular focus on molecular biology, advances in animal modeling, and the use of Egyptian fruit bats in infection experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Olejnik
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
| | - Adam J Hume
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Reverse genetics systems are used for the generation of recombinant viruses. For filoviruses, this technology has been available for more than 15 years and has been used to investigate questions regarding the molecular biology, pathogenicity, and host adaptation determinants of these viruses. Further, reporter-expressing, recombinant viruses are increasingly used as tools for screening for and characterization of candidate medical countermeasures. Thus, reverse genetics systems represent powerful research tools. Here we provide an overview of available reverse genetics systems for the generation of recombinant filoviruses, potential applications, and the achievements that have been made using these systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hoenen
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Janine Brandt
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Yíngyún Caì
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Courtney Finch
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| |
Collapse
|