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Crippa BL, de Matos LG, Souza FN, Silva NCC. Non- aureus staphylococci and mammaliicocci (NASM): their role in bovine mastitis and One Health. J DAIRY RES 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38584301 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029924000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) are gaining importance in mastitis and public health, and some NAS have been reclassified as mammaliicocci (NASM). Bovine milk production has a major influence on the world economy, being an essential source of income for small, medium and large producers, and bovine mastitis caused by NASM can cause an economic impact. Mastitis generates financial losses due to reduced revenue, increased veterinary costs and expenses associated with animal slaughter. However, it is also a public health issue involving animal health and welfare, human health and the ecosystem. Furthermore, it is an increasingly common infection caused by NASM, including antimicrobial-resistant strains. Despite all these adverse effects that NASM can cause, some studies also point to its protective role against mastitis. Therefore, this review article addresses the negative and positive aspects that NASM can cause in bovine mastitis, the virulence of the disease and resistance factors that make it difficult to treat and, through the One Health approach, presents a holistic view of how mastitis caused by NASM can affect both animal and human health at one and the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Lourenço Crippa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo de Matos
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Fernando Nogueira Souza
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Nathália Cristina Cirone Silva
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
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Alkuraythi DM, Alkhulaifi MM, Binjomah AZ, Alarwi M, Aldakhil HM, Mujallad MI, Alharbi SA, Alshomrani M, Alshahrani SM, Gojobori T, Alajel SM. Clonal Flux and Spread of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Meat and Its Genetic Relatedness to Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Patients in Saudi Arabia. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2926. [PMID: 38138070 PMCID: PMC10745650 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated both meat-derived and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), exploring their genetic relatedness to patient-derived MRSA isolates in Saudi Arabia. We collected 250 meat samples and identified 53 S. aureus isolates, with 79% being methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and 21% being MRSA. Moreover, we included 80 clinically confirmed patient-derived MRSA isolates. We identified the most common S. aureus clone in both patients and retail meat. In meat, ST6 and ST97 were the most common clones in 55% of the MRSA isolates, and ST1153 and ST672 were the most common in 21% and 17% of the MSSA isolates. In patients, ST5 and ST6 were the predominant clones in 46% of the S. aureus isolates. CC5/ST5-SCCmecVc-t311 and CC361/ST672-SCCmecV-t3841 were common MRSA clones in both meat and patients. CC97 and CC361 clones were the second most prevalent S. aureus clones in meat and were relatively common in patients. Furthermore, we sequenced and characterized novel S. aureus strains ST8109, ST8110, and ST8111. The genomic similarities between meat- and patient-derived S. aureus isolates suggest that retail meat might be a reservoir for S.aureus and MRSA transmission. Therefore, a structured One Health approach is recommended for S. aureus dissemination, genetic characterization, antibiotic resistance, and impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal M. Alkuraythi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (M.M.A.)
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23445, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal M. Alkhulaifi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (M.M.A.)
| | - Abdulwahab Z. Binjomah
- Microbiology Department, Riyadh Regional Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia (S.A.A.)
- College of Medicine, AL-Faisal University, Takhassusi Street, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alarwi
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind M. Aldakhil
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Saleh Ali Alharbi
- Microbiology Department, Riyadh Regional Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia (S.A.A.)
| | - Mohammad Alshomrani
- Microbiology Department, Riyadh Regional Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia (S.A.A.)
| | - Saeed Mastour Alshahrani
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman M. Alajel
- Reference Laboratory for Microbiology, Executive Department for Reference Laboratories, Research and Laboratories Sector, Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 12843, Saudi Arabia
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Salamandane A, Malfeito-Ferreira M, Brito L. The Socioeconomic Factors of Street Food Vending in Developing Countries and Its Implications for Public Health: A Systematic Review. Foods 2023; 12:3774. [PMID: 37893667 PMCID: PMC10606777 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The sale of ready-to-eat (RTE) street food represents an important source of income in many developing countries. However, these foods are frequently implicated in outbreaks of gastrointestinal diseases. Street food vendors face several constraints that hamper improvement in the microbiological quality of their products. The aim of this review was to update knowledge about the main causes of foodborne illnesses in developing countries, including the growing concern with the microbial transmission of antibiotic resistance. Following PRISMA guidelines, this systematic review was conducted on original articles published from January 2010 to July 2023. The search was carried out using Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Food Science and Technology Abstracts (FSTA), the International Information System for Agricultural Sciences and Technology (AGRIS), as well as isolated searches of relevant articles from Google Scholar. The initial search identified 915 articles, 50 of which were included in this systematic review. The results indicate that, in the majority of the 15 countries examined, women constitute the predominant segment of street food vendors, representing more than 55% of the total number of these vendors. In 11 countries, street food vendors under the age of 18 were identified. Most vendors had a low level of education and, consequently, were unaware of good hygiene practices when handling food. The combination of factors such as poor hygiene practices on the part of food handlers and the lack of facilities, namely, the absence of available potable water, were frequently listed as the main causes of food contamination. Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia coli (61.9%), Salmonella (30.1%), and Shigella spp. (9.5%), as well as Staphylococcus aureus (30.1%) and Listeria monocytogenes (14.3%), were the most common pathogens found in RTE street foods. In 22 studies from 13 developing countries, 59% (13/22) reported high multidrug resistance in Enterobacteriaceae (40% to 86.4% in E. coli, 16.7 to 70% in Salmonella, and 31 to 76.4% in S. aureus). To address the challenges faced by street vendors and improve their economic activities, it is necessary for government entities, consumers, and vendors to work together collaboratively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acácio Salamandane
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF) Research Centre, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.M.-F.); (L.B.)
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Martinez-Laorden A, Arraiz-Fernandez C, Gonzalez-Fandos E. Microbiological Quality and Safety of Fresh Quail Meat at the Retail Level. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2213. [PMID: 37764057 PMCID: PMC10537602 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality and safety of 37 fresh quail meats. Mesophiles, Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacteriaceae, and staphylococci counts were 5.25 ± 1.14, 3.92 ± 1.17, 3.09 ± 1.02, and 2.80 ± 0.64 log CFU/g, respectively. Listeria monocytogenes was detected in seven samples (18.92%). Campylobacter jejuni was detected in one sample (2.70%). Clostridium perfringens was not detected in any sample. The dominant bacteria were Pseudomonas spp. (30.46%), Micrococcaceae (19.87%), lactic acid bacteria (14.57%), and Enterobacteriaceae (11.92%). Brochotrix thermosphacta and enterococci were isolated to a lesser extent, 7.28% and 1.99%, respectively. The dominant Enterobacteriaceae found were Escherichia coli (42.53%). ESBL-producing E. coli was detected in one sample (2.70%), showing resistance to 16 antibiotics. Sixteen different Staphylococcus spp. and three Mammaliicoccus spp. were identified, the most common being S. cohnii (19.86%) and M. sciuri (17.02%). S. aureus and S. epidermidis were also found in one and four samples, respectively. Methicillin-resistant M. sciuri and S. warneri were found in 13.51% and 10.81% of quail samples, respectively. These bacteria showed an average of 6.20 and 18.50 resistances per strain, respectively. The high resistance observed in ESBL-producing E. coli and methicillin-resistant S. warneri is of special concern. Measures should be adopted to reduce the contamination of quail meat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena Gonzalez-Fandos
- Food Technology Department, CIVA Research Center, University of La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
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Belhout C, Boyen F, Vereecke N, Theuns S, Taibi N, Stegger M, de la Fé-Rodríguez PY, Bouayad L, Elgroud R, Butaye P. Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci (MRS) and Mammaliicocci (MRM) in Dromedary Camels from Algeria: First Detection of SCC mec- mecC Hybrid in Methicillin-Resistant Mammaliicoccus lentus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:674. [PMID: 37107036 PMCID: PMC10134997 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dromedary camels are an important source of food and income in many countries. However, it has been largely overlooked that they can also transmit antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to identify the Staphylococcaceae bacteria composition of the nasal flora in dromedary camels and evaluate the presence of methicillin-resistant Mammaliicoccus (MRM) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS) in dromedary camels in Algeria. Nasal swabs were collected from 46 camels from seven farms located in two different regions of Algeria (M'sila and Ouargla). We used non-selective media to determine the nasal flora, and antibiotic-supplemented media to isolate MRS and MRM. The staphylococcal isolates were identified using an Autoflex Biotyper Mass Spectrometer (MALDI-TOF MS). The mecA and mecC genes were detected by PCR. Methicillin-resistant strains were further analysed by long-read whole genome sequencing (WGS). Thirteen known Staphylococcus and Mammaliicoccus species were identified in the nasal flora, of which half (49.2%) were coagulase-positive staphylococci. The results showed that four out of seven farms were positive for MRS and/or MRM, with a total of 16 isolates from 13 dromedary camels. The predominant species were M. lentus, S. epidermidis, and S. aureus. Three methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were found to be ST6 and spa type t304. Among methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE), ST61 was the predominant ST identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed clonal relatedness among M. lentus strains, while S. epidermidis strains were not closely related. Resistance genes were detected, including mecA, mecC, ermB, tet(K), and blaZ. An SCCmec type VIII element was found in a methicillin-resistant S. hominis (MRSH) belonging to the ST1 strain. An SCCmec-mecC hybrid element was detected in M. lentus, similar to what was previously detected in M. sciuri. This study highlights that dromedary camels may be a reservoir for MRS and MRM, and that they contain a specific set of SCCmec elements. This emphasizes the need for further research in this ecological niche from a One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chahrazed Belhout
- HASAQ Laboratory, High National Veterinary School, Issad Abbes Avenue, Oued Smar, El Harrach, Algiers 16270, Algeria
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nick Vereecke
- PathoSense, Pastoriestraat 10, 2500 Lier, Belgium
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- PathoSense, Pastoriestraat 10, 2500 Lier, Belgium
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nadia Taibi
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques (CRAPC), Bou-Ismail, Tipaza 42415, Algeria
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pedro Yoelvys de la Fé-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Carretera a Camajuaní km 5½, Santa Clara 54 830, Cuba
| | - Leila Bouayad
- HASAQ Laboratory, High National Veterinary School, Issad Abbes Avenue, Oued Smar, El Harrach, Algiers 16270, Algeria
| | - Rachid Elgroud
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine 25017, Algeria
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Dégi DM, Imre K, Herman V, Dégi J, Cristina RT, Marcu A, Morariu F, Muselin F. Antimicrobial Activity of Sempervivum tectorum L. Extract on Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Otitis Externa of Dogs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10040265. [PMID: 37104420 PMCID: PMC10145336 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10040265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the antimicrobial activity, total phenolic content, and proanthocyanidin concentration of ethanolic extracts from fresh leaves of Sempervivum tectorum L. The extracts were phytochemically analyzed and evaluated for antimicrobial activity. The broth microdilution method was used to assess antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria isolated from ear swabs taken from dogs with otitis externa. Many compounds were present in the ethanolic aqueous extracts, which exhibited a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. They showed strong antibacterial activity against standard clinical Gram-positive strains such as S. aureus and Gram-negative strains such as P. aeruginosa. In our study, the obtained quantity of total phenolic compounds in the ethanol:water extract of leaves was 126.17 mg GAE/g. The proanthocyanidin concentration in the tested Sempervivum tectorum L. extracts was 15.39 mg PAC/g material. The high contents of total phenolics and proanthocyanidin indicated that these compounds contribute to antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity of the tested S. tectorum L. extracts ranged from 1.47 to 63.75 µg/mL, starting with 1.47 µg/mL and 1.75 µg/mL against S. aureus ATCC 25923 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 strains, respectively. Likewise, S. tectorum L. ethanol extract demonstrated a bacteriostatic effect against S. aureus clinical isolate with a median MIC of 23.25 µg/mL and MBC of 37.23 µg/mL; and bactericidal against S. aureus ATCC 25923 with the median MIC of 20.33 µg/mL and MBC of 37.29 µg/mL. In the Gram-negative P. aeruginosa clinical and standard strains, the expressed MIC and MBC values were 24.234 and 20.53 µg/mL for MIC, and 37.30 and 37.02 µg/mL for MBC, respectively.
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Khairullah AR, Sudjarwo SA, Effendi MH, Ramandinianto SC, Gelolodo MA, Widodo A, Riwu KHP, Kurniawati DA. Pet animals as reservoirs for spreading methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to human health. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10:1-13. [PMID: 37155545 PMCID: PMC10122942 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2023.j641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a strain of pathogenic bacteria that is a major problem in the world's health. Due to their frequent interaction with humans, pets are one of the main risk factors for the spread of MRSA. The possibility for zoonotic transmission exists since frequently kept dogs and cats are prone to contract MRSA and act as reservoirs for spreading MRSA. The mouth, nose, and perineum are the primary locations of MRSA colonization, according to the findings of MRSA identification tests conducted on pets. The types of MRSA clones identified in cats and dogs correlated with MRSA clones infecting humans living in the same geographic area. A significant risk factor for the colonization or transmission of MRSA is human-pet contact. An essential step in preventing the spread of MRSA from humans to animals and from animals to humans is to keep hands, clothing, and floor surfaces clean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Rafif Khairullah
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sri Agus Sudjarwo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Maria Aega Gelolodo
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Kupang, Indonesia
| | - Agus Widodo
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Said KB, AlGhasab NS, Alharbi MSM, Alsolami A, Bashir AI, Saleem M, Syed Khaja AS, Aldakheel DF, Rakha E, Alshamri JA, Al-Hazimi A, Alrodhaiman AJ, Taha TE, Alanazi HH, Ha'il Com Research Unit Group. A Sequalae of Lineage Divergence in Staphylococcus aureus from Community-Acquired Patterns in Youth to Hospital-Associated Profiles in Seniors Implied Age-Specific Host-Selection from a Common Ancestor. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13. [PMID: 36899963 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13050819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapidly changing epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus and evolution of strains with enhanced virulence is a significant issue in global healthcare. Hospital-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (HA-MRSA) lineages are being completely replaced by community-associated S. aureus (CA-MRSA) in many regions. Surveillance programs tracing the reservoirs and sources of infections are needed. Using molecular diagnostics, antibiograms, and patient demographics, we have examined the distributions of S. aureus in Ha'il hospitals. Out of 274 S. aureus isolates recovered from clinical specimens, 181 (66%, n = 181) were MRSA, some with HA-MRSA patterns across 26 antimicrobials with almost full resistances to all beta-lactams, while the majority were highly susceptible to all non-beta-lactams, indicating the CA-MRSA type. The rest of isolates (34%, n = 93) were methicillin-susceptible, penicillin-resistant MSSA lineages (90%). The MRSA in men was over 56% among total MRSA (n = 181) isolates and 37% of overall isolates (n = 102 of 274) compared to MSSA in total isolates (17.5%, n = 48), respectively. However, these were 28.4% (n = 78) and 12.4% (n = 34) for MRSA and MSSA infections in women, respectively. MRSA rates per age groups of 0-20, 21-50, and >50 years of age were 15% (n = 42), 17% (n = 48), and 32% (n = 89), respectively. However, MSSA in the same age groups were 13% (n = 35), 9% (n = 25), and 8% (n = 22). Interestingly, MRSA increased proportional to age, while MSSA concomitantly decreased, implying dominance of the latter ancestors early in life and then gradual replacement by MRSA. The dominance and seriousness of MRSA despite enormous efforts in place is potentially for the increased use of beta-lactams known to enhance virulence. The Intriguing prevalence of the CA-MRSA patterns in young otherwise healthy individuals replaced by MRSA later in seniors and the dominance of penicillin-resistant MSSA phenotypes imply three types of host- and age-specific evolutionary lineages. Thus, the decreasing MSSA trend by age with concomitant increase and sub-clonal differentiation into HA-MRSA in seniors and CA-MRSA in young and otherwise healthy patients strongly support the notion of subclinal emergences from a resident penicillin-resistant MSSA ancestor. Future vertical studies should focus on the surveillance of invasive CA-MRSA rates and phenotypes.
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Alavi SE, Bakht U, Koohi Moftakhari Esfahani M, Adelnia H, Abdollahi SH, Ebrahimi Shahmabadi H, Raza A. A PEGylated Nanostructured Lipid Carrier for Enhanced Oral Delivery of Antibiotics. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1668. [PMID: 36015294 PMCID: PMC9415149 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a major concern for public health throughout the world that severely restricts available treatments. In this context, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is responsible for a high percentage of S. aureus infections and mortality. To overcome this challenge, nanoparticles are appropriate tools as drug carriers to improve the therapeutic efficacy and decrease the toxicity of drugs. In this study, a polyethylene glycol (PEG)ylated nanostructured lipid carrier (PEG-NLC) was synthesized to improve the oral delivery of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ) for the treatment of MRSA skin infection in vitro and in vivo. The nanoformulation (PEG-TMP/SMZ-NLC) was synthesized with size and drug encapsulation efficiencies of 187 ± 9 nm and 93.3%, respectively, which could release the drugs in a controlled manner at intestinal pH. PEG-TMP/SMZ-NLC was found efficient in decreasing the drugs’ toxicity by 2.4-fold in vitro. In addition, the intestinal permeability of TMP/SMZ was enhanced by 54%, and the antibacterial effects of the drugs were enhanced by 8-fold in vitro. The results of the stability study demonstrated that PEG-TMP/SMZ-NLC was stable for three months. In addition, the results demonstrated that PEG-TMP/SMZ-NLC after oral administration could decrease the drugs’ side-effects such as renal and hepatic toxicity by ~5-fold in MRSA skin infection in Balb/c mice, while it could improve the antibacterial effects of TMP/SMZ by 3 orders of magnitude. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the application of PEGylated NLC nanoparticles is a promising approach to improving the oral delivery of TMP/SMZ for the treatment of MRSA skin infection.
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