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Okita MT, de Matos MA, de Freitas NR, Silva ÁMDCE, Marques JMDS, Marinho TA, de Matos MAD, Martins RMB. Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/2 infection among prisoners of a major penitentiary complex of Goiás State, Central-West Brazil. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1379237. [PMID: 38706549 PMCID: PMC11069305 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1379237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Studies on human T-lymphotropic virus 1/2 (HTLV-1/2) infection are scarce in incarcerated population. Therefore, this study estimated the prevalence of HTLV-1/2 infection among prisoners of the major penitentiary complex of Goiás State, Central-West Brazil, comparing it with available data from other Brazilian regions. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 910 prisoners of the major penitentiary complex in the State of Goiás, Central-West Brazil. All participants were interviewed, and their serum samples were tested for anti-HTLV-1/2 using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Murex HTLV-I + II, DiaSorin, Dartford, UK). Seropositive samples were submitted for confirmation by a line immunoassay (INNO-LIA HTLV I/II, Fujirebio, Europe N.V., Belgium). Results The majority of participants were males (83.1%), between 25 and 39 years old (56.1%; mean age: 31.98 years), self-reported brown ethnicity (56.2%) and reported 9 years or less of formal education (41.4%). Most reported using non-injectable illicit drugs and various sexual behaviors that present risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The prevalence of anti-HTLV-1/2 was 0.33% (95% CI: 0.07-0.96), HTLV-1 (0.22%) and HTLV-2 (0.11%). The two HTLV-1 seropositive prisoners reported high-risk sexual behaviors, and the HTLV-2 seropositive individual was breastfed during childhood (> 6 months) by her mother and three other women. Conclusion These data revealed a relatively low seroprevalence of HTLV-1/2 in prisoners in Central-West Brazil, and evidence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 circulation in the major penitentiary complex of Goiás State. Given the prevalence of high-risk sexual behaviors, there is a crucial need to intensify education and health programs in prisons to effectively control and prevent HTLV-1/2 and other STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Tiemi Okita
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Thaís Augusto Marinho
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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Winter RJ, Holmes JA, Papaluca TJ, Thompson AJ. The Importance of Prisons in Achieving Hepatitis C Elimination: Insights from the Australian Experience. Viruses 2022; 14:497. [PMID: 35336905 PMCID: PMC8949789 DOI: 10.3390/v14030497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the availability of highly effective direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) to treat hepatitis C infection, the uptake of treatment by people living with hepatitis C rose dramatically in high- and middle-income countries but has since declined. To achieve the World Health Organization’s (WHO) 2030 target to eliminate hepatitis C as a public health threat among people who inject drugs, an increase in testing and treatment is required, together with improved coverage of harm reduction interventions. The population that remains to be treated in high- and middle-income countries with high hepatitis C prevalence are among the most socially disadvantaged, including people who inject drugs and are involved in the criminal justice system, a group with disproportionate hepatitis C prevalence, compared with people in the wider community. Imprisonment provides an unrivalled opportunity for screening and treating large numbers of people for hepatitis C, who may not access mainstream health services in the community. Despite some implementation challenges, evidence of the efficacy, acceptability, and cost-effectiveness of in-prison hepatitis treatment programs is increasing worldwide, and evaluations of these programs have demonstrated the capacity for treating people in high numbers. In this Perspective we argue that the scale-up of hepatitis C prevention, testing, and treatment programs in prisons, along with the investigation of new and adapted approaches, is critical to achieving WHO elimination goals in many regions; the Australian experience is highlighted as a case example. We conclude by discussing opportunities to improve access to prevention, testing, and treatment for people in prison and other justice-involved populations, including harnessing the changed practices brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Salari N, Darvishi N, Hemmati M, Shohaimi S, Ghyasi Y, Hossaini F, Bazrafshan MR, Akbari H, Mohammadi M. Global prevalence of hepatitis C in prisoners: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Virol 2022. [PMID: 35165781 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05382-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV), one of the most significant causes of liver inflammation, has a high annual mortality rate. The unfavorable hygiene conditions and inadequate health monitoring in many prisons increase the risk of blood-borne infections such as hepatitis C. The growing incidence of this disease among prisoners results in overspill transmission to the general population from undiagnosed prisoners that have been released. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of hepatitis C among the world's prison population. A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on the prevalence of hepatitis C was carried out using the keywords "Prevalence", "Hepatitis C", and "Prisoner" in the Iranian and international databases SID, MagIran, Iran Doc, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science (WoS) from January 1990 to September 2020. After transferring the articles to the information management software EndNote and eliminating duplicate studies, the remaining studies were reviewed based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, three stages of primary and secondary evaluation, and qualitative evaluation. Comprehensive meta-analysis software and Begg and Mazumdar and I2 tests were used for data analysis and assessment of dissemination bias, and heterogeneity, respectively. Out of 93 studies (22 from Asia, 26 from Europe, seven from Africa, 29 from America, and nine from Australia) with a total sample size of 145,823 subjects, the prevalence of hepatitis C in prisoners worldwide was estimated to be 17.7% (95% confidence interval, 15-20.7%). The highest prevalence of hepatitis C on the continents included in this study was reported in prisoners incarcerated in Australia and Oceania, with 28.4% (95% CI: 21.6-36.4) in nine studies, and Europe, with 25.1% (95% CI: 19.4-31.8) in 26 studies. All studies used an ELISA test for the detection of HCV antibodies. The results showed a prevalence of HCV of 17.7% in prisoners worldwide, ranging between 10 and 30% over five continents (Asia, Europe, America, Africa, and Australia and Oceania). The highest prevalence was reported in Australia and Oceania (28.4%), indicating the need to pay more attention to this issue on the continent. It is necessary to reduce the incidence of the disease in prisons by appropriate policy-making and the development of accurate and practical programs, including the distribution of free syringes and examination, testing, and screening of prisoners.
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Chen CT, Lu MY, Hsieh MH, Tsai PC, Hsieh TY, Yeh ML, Huang CI, Tsai YS, Ko YM, Lin CC, Chen KY, Wei YJ, Hsu PY, Hsu CT, Jang TY, Liu TW, Liang PC, Hsieh MY, Lin ZY, Huang CF, Huang JF, Dai CY, Chuang WL, Shih YL, Yu ML. Outreach onsite treatment with a simplified pangenotypic direct-acting anti-viral regimen for hepatitis C virus micro-elimination in a prison. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:263-274. [PMID: 35110949 PMCID: PMC8776526 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i2.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prisoners are at risk of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, especially among the people who inject drugs (PWID). We implemented an outreach strategy in combination with universal mass screening and immediate onsite treatment with a simplified pan-genotypic direct-acting antivirals (DAA) regimen, 12 wk of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir, in a PWID-dominant prison in Taiwan.
AIM To implement an outreach strategy in combination with universal mass screening and immediate onsite treatment with a simplified pan-genotypic DAA regimen in a PWID-dominant prison in Taiwan.
METHODS HCV-viremic patients were recruited for onsite treatment program for HCV micro-elimination with a pangenotypic DAA regimen, 12 wk of sofosbuvir/ velpatasvir, from two cohorts in Penghu Prison, either identified by mass screen or in outpatient clinics, in September 2019. Another group of HCV-viremic patients identified sporadically in outpatient clinics before mass screening were enrolled as a control group. The primary endpoint was sustained virological response (SVR12, defined as undetectable HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA) 12 wk after end-of-treatment).
RESULTS A total of 212 HCV-viremic subjects were recruited for HCV micro-elimination campaign; 91 patients treated with sofosbuvir/Ledipasvir or glecaprevir/ pibrentasvir before mass screening were enrolled as a control. The HCV micro-elimination group had significantly lower proportion of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, advanced fibrosis and chronic kidney diseases, but higher levels of HCV RNA. The SVR12 rate was comparable between the HCV micro-elimination and control groups, 95.8% (203/212) vs 94.5% (86/91), respectively, in intent-to-treat analysis, and 100% (203/203) vs 98.9% (86/87), respectively, in per-protocol analysis. There was no virological failure, treatment discontinuation, and serious adverse event among sofosbuvir/velpatasvir-treated patients in the HCV micro-elimination group.
CONCLUSION Outreach mass screening followed by immediate onsite treatment with a simplified pangenotypic DAA regimen, sofosbuvir/velpatasvir, provides successful strategies toward HCV micro-elimination among prisoners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ting Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital Penghu Branch, National Defense Medical Center, Penghu County 88041, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ying Lu
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsuan Hsieh
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chien Tsai
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Yuan Hsieh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lun Yeh
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ching-I Huang
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shan Tsai
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Ko
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chih Lin
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yu Chen
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Wei
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yao Hsu
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ting Hsu
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Tyng-Yuan Jang
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Wei Liu
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Po-Cheng Liang
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yen Hsieh
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Zu-Yau Lin
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Feng Huang
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Jee-Fu Huang
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yen Dai
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Long Chuang
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lueng Shih
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital Penghu Branch, National Defense Medical Center, Penghu County 88041, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lung Yu
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
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Moradi G, Alavian SM, Gholami F, Ramezani R, Ahangarzadeh L, Moradi Y, Sharafi H. Prevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Infections among Incarcerated Individuals in Iran: A Cross-Sectional National Bio-behavioral Study in 2019. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111522. [PMID: 34832678 PMCID: PMC8619467 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: To realize the global goals of eliminating hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) by 2030, it is necessary to monitor the status of disease among target populations and undertake the required interventions. This study is the third round of surveys to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B and C infections among incarcerated individuals in different provinces of Iran. Methods: This study was conducted in five provinces of Iran (including Kurdistan, Ardabil, West Azerbaijan, Markazi, and Semnan) in 2019. The subjects of the study were selected from incarcerated people in prisons of all provinces that had not been studied in the previous two rounds of the surveys (in 2015 and 2016) in Iran. In this study, 15 prisons were selected and 2475 incarcerated individuals were enrolled into the study based on the multistage sampling method; the selected subjects were surveyed and their dried blood spot (DBS) samples were collected to test HBsAg and HCV-Ab. In cases with a reactive result for HCV-Ab, an HCV-RNA test was also performed on their serum samples. The relationships between independent variables and outcomes were evaluated via logistic regression. Results: Of all participants (2475 subjects) enrolled in the study, 54.18% were selected from northern provinces and 45.82% from the central provinces. The prevalence of HCV-Ab and HBsAg among incarcerated individuals was 5.66% (95% CI: 4.81% to 6.64%) and 2.42% (95% CI: 1.89% to 3.11%), respectively. Among HCV-seropositive individuals, 73.68% (95% CI: 64.70% to 81.01%) had current HCV infection (detectable HCV-RNA). The results showed that histories of imprisonment, drug use, unprotected sexual contact, drug injection, tattooing, and younger age in the first-time drug use in incarcerated individuals significantly increased the risk of HCV transmission. Among these behaviors, drug injection was more likely than other behaviors to result in contracting HCV in incarcerated individuals (OR: 22.91; 95% CI: 14.92–35.18; p < 0.001). Conclusion: To achieve international and national strategies targeted to eliminate HCV and HBV by 2030, it is necessary to pay special attention to prisons in Iran. It is recommended to continue HBV vaccination of eligible people in prisons. Developing screening and treatment protocols for individuals with HCV infection in prisons can help the country to achieve HCV elimination goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghobad Moradi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj 6617713446, Iran;
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj 6617713446, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Gholami
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran;
| | - Rashid Ramezani
- Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran, Tehran 141994347, Iran;
| | - Leila Ahangarzadeh
- Faculty of Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran;
| | - Yousef Moradi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj 6617713446, Iran;
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj 6617713446, Iran
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (H.S.)
| | - Heidar Sharafi
- Middle East Liver Diseases Center, Tehran 1598976513, Iran;
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (H.S.)
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Yang TH, Fang YJ, Hsu SJ, Lee JY, Chiu MC, Yu JJ, Kuo CC, Chen CH. Microelimination of Chronic Hepatitis C by Universal Screening Plus Direct-Acting Antivirals for Incarcerated Persons in Taiwan. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa301. [PMID: 32818142 PMCID: PMC7423289 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Incarcerated persons are a special population with higher hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence and should be prioritized for microelimination. In this study, we investigate the seroprevalence and evaluate the effectiveness and safety of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy in custodial settings. Methods Incarcerated persons in Yunlin Prison were recruited to receive anti-HCV antibody screening. Patients with positive HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA) were treated with glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (GLE/PIB) in our special chronic hepatitis C (CHC) clinic in prison. The primary endpoint was sustained virologic response at week 12 off therapy (SVR12). Results A total of 1402 incarcerated persons were invited to anti-HCV screening and 824 (58.7%) accepted. The prevalence of anti-HCV positivity was 33.5% (276 of 824), and the viremic rate (detectable HCV RNA) was 69.2% (191 of 276). According to fibrosis index based on 4 factors, patients with F3 stage were 6 (3.1%), but none met the criteria of F4 stage. However, 6 (3.1%) had liver cirrhosis with splenomegaly, confirmed by findings of ultrasonography. The median log10 HCV RNA level at baseline was 6.235 (2.394–7.403). Genotype (GT) 6 was predominant (39.3%), followed by GT 1a (22.0%) and 1b (14.1%). Mixed GT HCV infection accounted for 3.6% of total infections. In total, 165 patients received GLE/PIB therapy. The overall SVR12 rates were 100%. Conclusions Direct-acting antiviral therapy is highly effective and safe for incarcerated patients in Taiwan. Our special prison-based CHC clinic, linking universal screening to medical care, can serve as a model for microelimination of HCV in custodial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Hua Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Douliu City, Yunlin County, Taiwan.,Hepatology Medical Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yunlin Branch, Douliu City, Yunlin County, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Fang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Douliu City, Yunlin County, Taiwan.,Hepatology Medical Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yunlin Branch, Douliu City, Yunlin County, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jer Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Douliu City, Yunlin County, Taiwan.,Hepatology Medical Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yunlin Branch, Douliu City, Yunlin County, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Yuh Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Douliu City, Yunlin County, Taiwan.,Hepatology Medical Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yunlin Branch, Douliu City, Yunlin County, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chin Chiu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Douliu City, Yunlin County, Taiwan.,Hepatology Medical Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yunlin Branch, Douliu City, Yunlin County, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Jyun Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Douliu City, Yunlin County, Taiwan.,Hepatology Medical Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yunlin Branch, Douliu City, Yunlin County, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Kuo
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Douliu City, Yunlin County, Taiwan.,Hepatology Medical Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yunlin Branch, Douliu City, Yunlin County, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Douliu City, Yunlin County, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
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Jafari S, Moradi G, Zareie B, Gouya MM, Zavareh FA, Ghaderi E. Tattooing among Iranian prisoners: results of the two national biobehavioral surveillance surveys in 2015-2016. An Bras Dermatol 2020; 95:289-297. [PMID: 32276795 PMCID: PMC7253895 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tattooing is among identified risk factor for blood-borne diseases. OBJECTIVE This study aims to determine the prevalence of tattooing during lifetime and in prisons and its related factors among Iranian prisoners. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study. The required data was obtained from hepatitis B and C surveillance surveys in prisons in 2015-2016 that was collected through face-to-face interview. 12,800 prisoners were selected by multi-stage random sampling from 55 prisons of 19 provinces in Iran. Weighted prevalence and associated factors (using Chi-Square test and multivariate logistic regression) were determined by Stata/SE 14.0 survey package. RESULTS Out of 12,800 prisioners, 11,988 participated in the study (93.6% participation rate). The prevalence of tattooing in lifetime and in prisons was 44.7% and 31.1% respectively. The prevalence of tattooing during lifetime was significantly associated with age<35 years, being single, illiteracy, history of imprisonment, drug use, piercing during lifetime, extramarital sex and history of STI; the prevalence of tattooing in prison had a significant association with history of imprisonment, drug use, piercing in prison, and history of extramarital sex (p<0.05). STUDY LIMITATIONS Information and selection bias was one of the study limitations. CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that the prevalence of tattooing during lifetime and in prison among prisoners was significantly high especially in high-risk groups such as drug users and sexually active subjects. Given the role of tattooing, drug injection and sex in the transmission of blood-borne diseases, harm reduction programs are recommended to reduce these high-risk behaviors in prisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeede Jafari
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ghobad Moradi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Bushra Zareie
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Gouya
- Iranian Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health & Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Azimian Zavareh
- Iranian Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health & Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Ghaderi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
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8
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Moradi G, Jafari S, Zarei B, Mahboobi M, Azimian Zavareh F, Molaeipoor L, Mohamadi Bolbanabad A, Darvishi S, Aghasadeghi MR, Tashakorian M, Gouya MM. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Exposure in Iranian Prisoners: A National Study in 2016. Hepat Mon 2019; 19. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.91129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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9
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Silva TMPM, Ferreto LED, Follador FAC, Vieira AP, Yamada RS, Lucio LC, Titon JP, Torres RH, Amaral GCD, Coelho HC. Characteristics associated with anti-HCV serological markers in prisoners in the state of Paraná, Brazil: a case-control study. Braz J Infect Dis 2019; 23:173-181. [PMID: 31228459 PMCID: PMC9428240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prison system in Paraná, Brazil, is experiencing serious problems related to the increasing number of prisoners. Control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) has become more intense because the incarcerated population is considered a high-risk group for contagious diseases due to the favorable conditions found in prisons for the spread of these morbidities. The objective of this study was to identify features associated with hepatitis C infection among male prisoners in correctional institutions of Paraná state, Brazil. Methods This was a case-control study (27 cases and 54 controls) of men incarcerated in 11 penitentiaries in Paraná, Brazil. Information was obtained through a questionnaire in a cross-sectional epidemiological survey on HCV infection during the period from May 2015 to December 2016. Eligible men were recruited after testing positive for anti-HCV antibodies. Cases and controls were selected based on serological results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and were matched by age, location of the penitentiary, and time in prison. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for HCV seropositivity. Results The main significant independent risk factor for the acquisition of HCV infection was the use of injectable drugs (OR = 4.00; 95%CI:1.41–11.35; p < 0.001). Conclusions This study provides evidence that HCV infection is associated with drug use by this population. This information is pivotal for tailoring prevention programs and guiding specific socioeducational measures that aim to reduce or prevent HCV transmission within the prison setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Maria Pazin Marques Silva
- Western Paraná State University, Department of Life Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Applied Health Sciences, Francisco Beltrão, PR, Brazil
| | - Lirane Elize Defante Ferreto
- Western Paraná State University, Department of Life Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Applied Health Sciences, Francisco Beltrão, PR, Brazil.
| | - Franciele Ani Caovilla Follador
- Western Paraná State University, Department of Life Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Applied Health Sciences, Francisco Beltrão, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Vieira
- Western Paraná State University, Department of Life Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Applied Health Sciences, Francisco Beltrão, PR, Brazil
| | - Roberto Shigueyasu Yamada
- Western Paraná State University, Department of Life Sciences, General Surgery Residency Program, Francisco Beltrão, PR, Brazil
| | - Léia Carolina Lucio
- Western Paraná State University, Department of Life Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Applied Health Sciences, Francisco Beltrão, PR, Brazil
| | - Joana Perotta Titon
- Western Paraná State University, Department of Life Sciences, General Surgery Residency Program, Francisco Beltrão, PR, Brazil
| | - Renata Himovski Torres
- Division of Public Security and Penitentiary Administration, Penitentiary Deparment, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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10
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Moazen B, Saeedi Moghaddam S, Silbernagl MA, Lotfizadeh M, Bosworth RJ, Alammehrjerdi Z, Kinner SA, Wirtz AL, Bärnighausen TW, Stöver HJ, Dolan KA. Prevalence of Drug Injection, Sexual Activity, Tattooing, and Piercing Among Prison Inmates. Epidemiol Rev 2018; 40:58-69. [PMID: 29860343 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxy002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prisoners engage in a range of risk behaviors that can lead to the transmission of viral infections, such as HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C. In this review, we summarize the epidemiologic literature from 2007 to 2017 on 4 key risk behaviors for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus among prisoners globally: drug injection, sexual activity, tattooing, and piercing. Of 9,303 peer-reviewed and 4,150 gray literature publications, 140 and 14, respectively, met inclusion criteria covering 53 countries (28%). Regions with high levels of injection drug use were Asia Pacific (20.2%), Eastern Europe and Central Asia (17.3%), and Latin America and the Caribbean (11.3%), although the confidence interval for Latin America was high. Low levels of injection drug use in prison were found in African regions. The highest levels of sexual activity in prison were in Europe and North America (12.1%) and West and Central Africa (13.6%); low levels were reported from the Middle East and North African regions (1.5%). High levels of tattooing were reported from Europe and North America (14.7%), Asia Pacific (21.4%), and Latin America (45.4%). Prisons are burdened with a high prevalence of infectious diseases and risk behaviors for transmission of these diseases, and, commonly, a striking lack of evidence-based infection control measures, even when such measures are available in the surrounding community. Given that most prisoners return to these communities, failure to implement effective responses has repercussions not only prisoner health but also for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Moazen
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Masoud Lotfizadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.,Department of Community Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Rebecca J Bosworth
- Program of International Research and Training, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Zahra Alammehrjerdi
- Program of International Research and Training, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrea L Wirtz
- Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Till W Bärnighausen
- Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Heino J Stöver
- Department of Health and Social Work, Institute of Addiction Research
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11
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Wirtz AL, Yeh PT, Flath NL, Beyrer C, Dolan K. HIV and Viral Hepatitis Among Imprisoned Key Populations. Epidemiol Rev 2018; 40:12-26. [PMID: 29688317 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxy003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prisons and other closed facilities create opportunities for transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and viral hepatitis during detention and after release. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of peer-reviewed publications (2005-2015) to describe the prevalence of HIV, hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus among key populations in prisons worldwide and to compare estimates of infection with those of other prison populations. Most data were reported for people who inject drugs (PWID; n = 72) and for men who have sex with men (MSM; n = 21); few data were reported on sex workers (SW; n = 6), or transgender women (n = 2). Publications were identified from 29 countries, predominantly middle- and high-income countries. Globally, PWID had 6 times the prevalence of HIV (pooled prevalence ratio (PPR) = 6.0, 95% CI: 3.8, 9.4), 8 times the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (PPR = 8.1, 95% CI: 6.4, 10.4), and 2 times the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (PPR = 2.0, 95% CI: 1.5, 2.7) compared with noninjecting prisoner populations. Among these articles, only those from Iran, Scotland, Spain, and Italy included the availability of methadone therapy; 2 articles included information on access to needle exchange programs by PWID detainees. HIV prevalence was more than 2 times higher among SW (PPR = 2.6, 95% CI: 2.2, 3.1) and 5 times higher among MSM (PPR = 5.3, 95% CI: 3.5, 7.9) compared with other prisoners. None of these articles reported HIV prevention coverage among SW or transgender women; 1 described HIV and sexually transmitted infection screening for MSM in prison. Prevention programs specific to key populations are important, particularly for populations that are criminalized and/or may cycle in and out of prison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Wirtz
- Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ping T Yeh
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Natalie L Flath
- Department of Health Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Baltimore City Health Department, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chris Beyrer
- Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kate Dolan
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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12
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Mundt AP, Baranyi G, Gabrysch C, Fazel S. Substance Use During Imprisonment in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Epidemiol Rev 2018; 40:70-81. [PMID: 29584860 PMCID: PMC5982797 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxx016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorders are among the most common health problems of people involved with the criminal justice system. Scaling up addiction services in prisons is a global public health and human rights challenge, especially in poorly resourced countries. We systematically reviewed the prevalence of substance use in prison populations in low- and middle-income countries. We searched for studies reporting prevalence rates of nicotine, alcohol, illicit drug, and injection drug use during imprisonment in unselected samples of imprisoned people in low- and middle-income countries. Data meta-analysis was conducted and sources of heterogeneity were examined by meta-regression. Prevalence of nicotine use during imprisonment ranged from 5% to 87%, with a random-effects pooled estimate of 56% (95% confidence interval (CI): 45, 66) with significant geographical heterogeneity. Alcohol use varied from 1% to 76% (pooled prevalence, 16%, 95% CI: 9, 25). Approximately one-quarter of people (25%; 95% CI: 17, 33; range, 0–78) used illicit drugs during imprisonment. The prevalence of injection drug use varied from 0% to 26% (pooled estimate, 1.6%, 95% CI: 0.8, 3.0). Lifetime substance use was investigated in secondary analyses. The high prevalence of smoking in prison suggests that policies regarding smoking need careful review. Furthermore, the findings underscore the importance of timely, scalable, and available treatments for alcohol and illegal drug use by people involved with the criminal justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian P Mundt
- Medical Faculty, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile.,Medical School, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Gergo Baranyi
- Center for Research on Environment Society and Health, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Institute and Polyclinic for Occupational and Social Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Caroline Gabrysch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Campus Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Seena Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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13
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Santos MB, Santos ADD, Silva PPD, Barreto AS, Santos EOD, França AVC, Barbosa CS, Araújo KCGMD. Spatial analysis of viral hepatitis and schistosomiasis coinfection in an endemic area in Northeastern Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 50:383-387. [PMID: 28700058 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0411-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: This cross-sectional study analyzed the spatial distribution of hepatitis B or C virus (HBV/HBC) and schistosomiasis coinfection. METHODS: Serum samples were collected from patients with Schistosoma mansoni infection. These were tested for serological markers of HBV/HCV infection. The spatial distribution of coinfection was analyzed using intensity kernel estimation. RESULTS: Overall, 9.4% of individuals had contact with HBV and 1.7% of samples tested positive for anti-HCV antibodies. We identified clusters of risk located in the central region. CONCLUSIONS: Spatial analysis allowed visualization of high-risk areas, leading to a definition of priority areas to be targeted for intensification of control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio Bezerra Santos
- Departamento de Educação em Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Prof. Antônio Garcia Filho, Lagarto, SE, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Prof. João Cardoso Nascimento, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - Allan Dantas Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Prof. João Cardoso Nascimento, Aracaju, SE, Brasil.,Departamento de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Prof. Antônio Garcia Filho, Lagarto, SE, Brasil
| | - Patrícia Pereira da Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Cidade Universitária Prof. José Aloísio de Campos, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil
| | - Aline Silva Barreto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Prof. João Cardoso Nascimento, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | | | - Alex Vianey Callado França
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Prof. João Cardoso Nascimento, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - Constança Simões Barbosa
- Laboratório de Referência em Esquistossomose, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Karina Conceição Gomes Machado de Araújo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Prof. João Cardoso Nascimento, Aracaju, SE, Brasil.,Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Cidade Universitária Prof. José Aloísio de Campos, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil
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14
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C infection is one of the health problems in the world. Several known risk factors are responsible in transmission of this infection. We are going to study the prevalence of these risk factors for different genotypes of hepatitis C and if possible, specify probable relations between each risk factor and transmission of each genotype. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a cross-sectional study done on 270 people who had positive anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody and HCV RNA. Demographic specificity and possible risk factors were collected using a questionnaire, and statistical analysis was done by SPSS software (version 20). Chi-square test used to estimate the prevalence and relation between each qualitative risk factor and HCV genotype transmitted. Analysis of variance was used for studying the prevalence and relation between quantitative risk factors and HCV genotypes. RESULTS The sample size was 270 persons. Of these, 217 (80.4%) were men and 185 (68.5%) were infected with genotype Type III. Most people were in age range of 31-40 years old 92 (34%). Single people were 126 (46.7%) and 169 (62.6%) were high school and university graduated. Tattooing as a risk factor had a meaningful relation with hepatitis C genotype (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS According to the findings, most people in central provinces of Iran with hepatitis C are carrying genotype III, with most prevalent risk factors such as intravenous drug use and unsafe sexual activity. Besides, tattooing had a significant association with hepatitis C genotype, so that in these groups of people, genotype I was more frequent isolated virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhgan Mokhtari
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hanieh Basirkazeruni
- Department of Pathology, Isfahan Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Rostami
- Department of Infectious Disease, Isfahan Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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15
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Puga MAM, Bandeira LM, Pompilio MA, Croda J, de Rezende GR, Dorisbor LFP, Tanaka TSO, Cesar GA, Teles SA, Simionatto S, Novais ART, Nepomuceno B, Castro LS, do Lago BV, Motta-Castro ARC. Prevalence and Incidence of HCV Infection among Prisoners in Central Brazil. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169195. [PMID: 28060860 PMCID: PMC5218405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this multicenter, cross sectional study was to assess the prevalence, incidence and associated risk factors among incarcerated populations from twelve Brazilian prisons. The total of 3,368 individuals from twelve prisons was randomly recruited between March 2013 and March 2014. Participants were interviewed, and provided blood samples which were tested for antibodies to Hepatitis C (HCV ab). One year after the first investigation, a cohort study was conducted with 1,656 inmates who participated the cross sectional study. Positive samples were tested for the presence of HCV RNA. Out of 3,368 inmates, 520 (15.4%) were females, and 2,848 (84.6%) were males. The overall prevalence of HCV was 2.4% (95% CI: 1.9 to 2.9), with 0.6% (95% CI: 0.4 to 0.8) in females, and 2.7% (95% CI: 2.1 to 3.3) in males (p<0.01). HCV RNA was detected in 51/80 (63.7%) samples. Among men prisoners, multivariate analysis of associated factors showed independent associations between HCV exposure and increasing age, inject drug use, length of incarceration, smoking hashish, sharing needle and syringe and HIV positivity. During the cohort study, 7/1,656 new cases of HCV infection were detected, and the incidence rate was 0.4/100 person-year. Once high frequency rates of specific HCV risk behaviors and new HCV infections have been identified inside prisons, effective interventions strategies such as screening, clinical evaluation and treatment to reduce the spread of HCV infection are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julio Croda
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Mato Grosso do Sul, MS, Brazil
- Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bruna Nepomuceno
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Rita Coimbra Motta-Castro
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Mato Grosso do Sul, MS, Brazil
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16
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Yang J, Hall K, Nuriddin A, Woolard D. Risk for hepatitis B and C virus transmission in nail salons and barbershops and state regulatory requirements to prevent such transmission in the United States. J Public Health Manag Pract 2014; 20:E20-30. [PMID: 25250760 DOI: 10.1097/PHH.0000000000000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The potential for hepatitis B and C virus (HBV/HCV) transmission in nail salons and barbershops has been reported, but a systematic review has not been conducted. These businesses are regulated by state cosmetology or barbering boards, but adequacy of sanitary requirements has not been evaluated. OBJECTIVES To conduct literature review to assess risk for HBV/HCV transmission in nail salons and barbershops and to evaluate sanitary requirements in HBV/HCV prevention in these businesses in 50 states and District of Columbia. DESIGN Several search engines were used for literature search. Studies that quantified risks associated with manicuring, pedicuring, or barbering were included. State requirements for disinfection and sterilization were reviewed and evaluated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE For literature review, odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and confounding adjustment were extracted and evaluated. For regulation review, requirements for disinfection or sterilization for multiuse items in nail salons and barbershops were assessed according to the US federal guidelines. RESULTS Forty-six studies were identified and 36 were included in this study. Overall, the results were not consistent on risk for HBV/HCV transmission in nail salons and barbershops. For sanitary requirements, disinfection with an Environmental Protection Agency-registered disinfectant is required in 39 states for nail salons and in 26 states for barbershops. Sterilization was described in 15 states for nail salons and in 11 states for barbershops, but the majority of these states listed it as an optional approach. Sanitary requirements are consistent in states where 1 board regulates both businesses but are substantially discrepant in states with separate boards. CONCLUSIONS Current literature cannot confirm or exclude the risk for HBV/HCV transmission in nail salons and barbershops. Existing sanitary requirements are adequate in the majority of states, but compliance is needed to prevent HBV/HCV transmission in these businesses.
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17
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Zampino R, Coppola N, Sagnelli C, Di Caprio G, Sagnelli E. Hepatitis C virus infection and prisoners: Epidemiology, outcome and treatment. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:2323-30. [PMID: 26413221 PMCID: PMC4577639 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i21.2323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The studies on hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in prison populations are few and mostly cross-sectional. We analyzed prevalently the articles appearing on PubMed in the last ten years. HCV infection is frequent in prisoners, prevalences ranging from 3.1% to 38% according to the HCV endemicity in the geographical location of the prison and in the countries of origin of the foreign prisoners and to the prevalence of intravenous drug use, which is the most important risk factor for HCV infection, followed by an older age of prisoners and previous prison terms. HCV replication in anti-HCV-positive cases varies from 45% to 90% in different studies, and the most common HCV genotypes are generally 1 and 3. The response to antiviral treatment is similar in prisoners to that of the general population. Unfortunately, treatment is administered less frequently to prisoners because of the difficulties in management and follow-up. The new directly acting antivirals offer a good therapy option for inmates because of their good efficacy, short duration of treatment and low incidence of side effects. The efforts of the prison authorities and medical staff should be focused on reducing the spread of HCV infection in prisons by extending the possibility of follow-up and treatment to more prisoners with chronic hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Zampino
- Rosa Zampino, Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Geriatric Sciences, Internal Medicine, Second University Naples, 80135 Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Coppola
- Rosa Zampino, Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Geriatric Sciences, Internal Medicine, Second University Naples, 80135 Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Sagnelli
- Rosa Zampino, Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Geriatric Sciences, Internal Medicine, Second University Naples, 80135 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Caprio
- Rosa Zampino, Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Geriatric Sciences, Internal Medicine, Second University Naples, 80135 Naples, Italy
| | - Evangelista Sagnelli
- Rosa Zampino, Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Geriatric Sciences, Internal Medicine, Second University Naples, 80135 Naples, Italy
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18
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Alonso M, Gutzman A, Mazin R, Pinzon CE, Reveiz L, Ghidinelli M. Hepatitis C in key populations in Latin America and the Caribbean: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Public Health 2015; 60:789-98. [PMID: 26298439 PMCID: PMC4636523 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-015-0708-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Summarize hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence in injecting (IDU) and non-injecting drug users (NIDU), men who have sex with men (MSM), sex workers, and prison inmates in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Methods Systematic review on HCV prevalence in sub-populations in LAC. Databases searched from 1-1-2000 to 10-30-2013. Inclusion criteria: prevalence studies in sub-populations in LAC. HCV-antibody was marker for prevalence of current/past HCV infection and HCV-RNA for prevalence of HCV current infection. Results IDU HCV current/past infection presented highest prevalence, from 1.7 % in Colombia to over 95 % in Ciudad Juarez and Tijuana, Mexico and pooled regional anti-HCV prevalence was 49 % (CI 95 % 22.6–76.3 %). NIDU, MSM and sex workers anti-HCV prevalence was below 10 %, and pooled regional prevalence of 4 % (CI 95 % 2.6–4.5 %), 3 % (CI 95 % 1.7–4.5 %) and 2 % (CI 95 % 1.0–3.4 %), respectively. Prison inmates presented higher values, but prevalence decreased over the 15-year time span (p < 0.001). Current HCV infection from three countries showed prevalence under 10 % in prison inmates and 1–46 % among drug users. Conclusions Disease burden is high and surveillance, prevention and treatment should target these groups in LAC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00038-015-0708-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Alonso
- Pan American Health Organization, HIV/STI/TB and Viral Hepatitis, 525 23rd St NW, Washington, DC, 20037, USA.
| | - Annika Gutzman
- Pan American Health Organization, HIV/STI/TB and Viral Hepatitis, 525 23rd St NW, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Rafael Mazin
- Pan American Health Organization, HIV/STI/TB and Viral Hepatitis, 525 23rd St NW, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Carlos E Pinzon
- Pan American Health Organization, Knowledge Management, Bioethics and Research, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ludovic Reveiz
- Pan American Health Organization, Knowledge Management, Bioethics and Research, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Massimo Ghidinelli
- Pan American Health Organization, HIV/STI/TB and Viral Hepatitis, 525 23rd St NW, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
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19
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Magri MC, Ibrahim KY, Pinto WP, França FODS, Bernardo WM, Tengan FM. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus in Brazil's inmate population: a systematic review. Rev Saude Publica 2015; 49:36. [PMID: 26247383 PMCID: PMC4544450 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-8910.2015049005886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in Brazil’s inmate population. METHODS Systematic review on hepatitis C virus infection in the inmate population. Brazilian studies published from January 1, 1989 to February 20, 2014 were evaluated. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using a scale of 0 to 8 points. RESULTS Eleven eligible studies were analyzed and provided data on hepatitis C virus infection among 4,375 inmates from seven states of Brazil, with a mean quality classification of 7.4. The overall hepatitis C virus prevalence among Brazilian inmates was 13.6% (ranging from 1.0% to 41.0%, depending on the study). The chances of inmates being seropositive for hepatitis C virus in the states of Minas Gerais (MG), Sergipe (SE), Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Goiás (GO) and Espirito Santo (ES) were 84.0% (95%CI 0.06;0.45), 92.0% (95%CI 0.04;0.13), 88.0% (95%CI 0.09;0.18), 74.0% (95%CI 0.16;0.42), 84.0% (95%CI 0.08;0.31) and 89.0% (95%CI 0.01;0.05) respectively, lower than that observed in the Sao Paulo state (seroprevalence of 29.3%). The four studies conducted in the city of Sao Paulo revealed a lower prevalence in more recent studies compared to older ones. CONCLUSIONS The highest prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in Brazil’s inmate population was found in Sao Paulo, which may reflect the urban diversity of the country. Despite Brazilian studies having good methodological quality to evaluate the prevalence of the hepatitis C virus, they are scarce and lack data on risk factors associated with this infection, which could support decisions on prevention and implementation of public health policies for Brazilian prisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Cavalheiro Magri
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Hepatologia por Vírus, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Karim Yaqub Ibrahim
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Walkyria Pereira Pinto
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Wanderley Marques Bernardo
- Centro de Desenvolvimento de Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Fátima Mitiko Tengan
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Tyczyno M, Halota W, Nowak W, Pawlowska M. Distribution of HCV genotypes in the populations of inmates in polish prison potulice and patients hospitalised in bydgoszcz. Hepat Mon 2014; 14:e14559. [PMID: 24910703 PMCID: PMC4030260 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.14559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to many studies, one of the social groups with high rate of HCV infections are prisoners. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to determine and compare the genotypes distribution among prisoners and patients of hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS HCV genotypes among prisoners (281 inmates) and patients of hospital (1415 patients) were determined in years 2002-2012. HCV genotypes were determined in 2002-2005 with INNO-LiPA HCV II test (Innogenetics, Gent, Belgium) and since 2006 with LINEAR ARRAY assay (Roche, Mannheim, Germany), after isolation and amplification of the material with COBAS AMPLICOR v 2.0 (Roche, Mannheim, Germany). RESULTS The most frequent HCV genotype among inmates was genotype 3, which was detected in169 of 281 patients (60.1%). Most frequent genotype among hospitalized was genotype 1, which was found in 1127 cases (79.6%). Comparing the results of prisoners with a group of patients with HIV/HCV co-infection gave similar results. In both groups most frequent was genotype 3 (respectively 60.1 and 45.5%). However, most prisoners in this study (96%) were HIV-negative. CONCLUSIONS The current study shows that the predominant HCV genotype among inmates from prison in Potulice is genotype 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Tyczyno
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Corresponding Author: Małgorzata Tyczyno, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland. Tel: +48-523255678, Fax: +48-523255673. E-mail:
| | - Waldemar Halota
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Nowak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pawlowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Abstract
The aim of the present work was to compare hepatitis C prevalence, genotypes, and risk factors between prisoners and non-prisoners in the city of Colatina, Espírito Santo, Brazil. This cross-sectional study involved approximately 1,600 residents and 730 prisoners, all of whom were living in Colatina. The percentage of individuals who tested positive for anti-HCV was 0.1% (2/1,600) in the non-prisoner group and 1.0% (7/730) in the prisoner group, confirming a higher risk of hepatitis C in the latter group. The percentage of subjects who progressed to HCV-RNA negative was 11.1% (1/9), confirming the high probability of evolution to chronicity. Genotype 1 was the most predominant genotype found. Factors associated with increased risk of hepatitis C were being male, being institutionalized, having an income of less than three minimum wages, having low educational attainment, and using injected drugs. Alcohol use, pain in the liver, migraine, and reported history of hepatitis were markedly associated with hepatitis C. The prison population tested positive for anti-HCV at a higher rate than the non-prison population.
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Rosa FD, Carneiro M, Duro LN, Valim ARDM, Reuter CP, Burgos MS, Possuelo L. Prevalence of anti-HCV in an inmate population. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2013; 58:557-60. [PMID: 23090226 DOI: 10.1590/s0104-42302012000500012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of hepatitis C using a rapid hepatitis C virus (HCV) test in an inmate population from the countryside of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. METHODS Through a descriptive study, 195 inmates were evaluated by random sampling. RESULTS A total of 9.7% of the inmates were positive. In this analysis, the variable injectable drug use was predictive of HCV infection. CONCLUSION The high prevalence of positive serology for HCV observed among the inmates is of particular concern, as it is much higher than in the general population. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct specific approach campaigns to gather more information on infectious diseases in prison settings, as well as to provide appropriate treatment to prevent viral dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda da Rosa
- Pharmacy Course, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
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Abdi F. Hepatitis C Prevalence Among Iranian Female prisoners. Hepat Mon 2012; 12:e8130. [PMID: 23087766 PMCID: PMC3475153 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.8130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Abdi
- Department of Nosocomial Infection Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Fatemeh Abdi, Department of Nosocomial Infection Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran. Tel.: +98-9122018795, Fax: E-mail:
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da Rosa F, Carneiro M, Duro LN, de Moura Valim AR, Reuter CP, Burgos MS, Possuelo L. Prevalência de anti-HCV em uma população privada de liberdade. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0104-4230(12)70249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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